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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-73251-2 - Active Grammer Level 1 With Answers Fiona Davis and Wayne Rimmer Frontmatter More information

active

GRAMMAR LEVEL 1 With answers Fiona Davis and Wayne Rimmer Series editor: Penny Ur

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-73251-2 - Active Grammer Level 1 With Answers Fiona Davis and Wayne Rimmer Frontmatter More information

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521732512 © Cambridge University Press 2011 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2011 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-521-73251-2 Paperback with answers and CD-ROM ISBN 978-0-521-17368-1 Paperback without answers and CD-ROM Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-73251-2 - Active Grammer Level 1 With Answers Fiona Davis and Wayne Rimmer Frontmatter More information

Introduction

What is Active Grammar? 7Yj_l[=hWccWh_iW]hWccWhh[\[h[dY[WdZfhWYj_Y[i[h_[i\ehi[YedZWhoijkZ[dji WdZkd_l[hi_joijkZ[dji$?j_iZ_l_Z[Z_djej^h[[b[l[bi"Yehh[ifedZ_d]jej^[b[l[bi e\J^[9ecced;khef[Wd
How are the books organised? ;WY^kd_j_dYbkZ[i š Wi^ehjfh[i[djWj_edj[njm^_Y^i^emij^[]hWccWh_dYedj[njWdZfhel_Z[i Wkj^[dj_YYedj[dj_dWh[WiikY^Wi][e]hWf^o"^_ijeho"ieY_WbijkZ_[iWdZiY_[dY[$  [Wio#je#kdZ[hijWdZ]hWccWh[nfbWdWj_edim_j^fb[djoe\[nWcfb[i$ š š J_fXen[im^_Y^^_]^b_]^jYecced[hhehiehej^[h_dj[h[ij_d]\WYjiWXekjj^[ ]hWccWh$  ]hWZ[Z]hWccWhfhWYj_Y[[n[hY_i[i"cWdoe\m^_Y^Wh[_dj^[ijob[e\ š 9WcXh_Z][;IEB[nWci"W_c[ZWjXk_bZ_d]ijkZ[djiÊYedÓZ[dY[$ š WCoJkhdWYj_l_jo"m^[h[ijkZ[djiYWdWYj_l[boWffboj^[]hWccWhjej^[_hemd [nf[h_[dY[i"ef_d_ediWdZf[hiedWbfh[\[h[dY[i$  WCoJ[iji[Yj_edm^_Y^WbbemiijkZ[djijeY^[Yaj^[_hkdZ[hijWdZ_d]e\a[o š fe_dji$ 7bie_dYbkZ[Z_dj^[Xeea š h[]kbWhH[l_[mkd_jim^_Y^fhel_Z[YedjhWij_l[fhWYj_Y[e\fh[l_ekikd_ji$ š Wd7dim[ha[o$ š j^[7ff[dZ_Y[i"m^_Y^_dYbkZ[W=beiiWhom_j^Z[Ód_j_edi\ehWbb^_]^b_]^j[Z mehZi_dj^[kd_ji$ J^[9:#HEC_dYbkZ[i š [njhWWYj_l_j_[i\ehWbbj^[]hWccWhYel[h[Z_dj^[Xeea$ š fh_djWXb[fhe]h[iij[iji$

How do I use the book? OekYWdmehaj^hek]^j^[Xeeakd_jXokd_j\hecKd_j'$7bj[hdWj_l[bo"oekYWd ki[Wdokd_jeh]hekfe\kd_jii[fWhWj[bo_\oekmWdjje\eYkiedWfWhj_YkbWhWh[W e\]hWccWh$ J^[XeeaYWdX[ki[Z\ehi[b\#ijkZo"eh_dj^[YbWiiheec$<ehj[WY^[hi"W Yecfh[^[di_l[edb_d[j[WY^[hÊi]k_Z[]_l[ifhWYj_YWbj_fied^emjeki[j^[ cWj[h_Wb_dYbWii$ mmm$YWcXh_Z][$eh]%[bj%WYj_l[]hWccWh

?djheZkYj_edÿ

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Contents

Introduction

3

19 Be going to

48

?Êc]e_d]jeki[cW]_Y$

1 Word class and word order

6

?dj^[mehbZjeZWo

8

7h[oekcoied5

3 Present simple 1: statements

10

CWoX[oekadem^[h$

4 Present simple 2: negatives and questions

12

:eoekb_a[peei5

5 Present continuous

14

I^[Êim[Wh_d]WXh_]^jo[bbemZh[ii$

6 Present continuous and present simple

16

?ÊcmWba_d]Å?ZedÊj^Wl[WYWh$

7 Imperatives

18

IjWoYWbc

R1 Review: present simple and present continuous 20

Past 8 Past simple 1: was / were

22

>[mWiWfefkbWh^[he$

9 Past simple 2: regular past forms

26 28 30 32

40

I_Yaf[efb[e\j[dki[Zjeib[[f_dj[cfb[i$

R3 Review: present perfect and used to

42

The future 17 Will, shall, won’t

58

Oeki^ekbZjWa[eùoekhi^e[i$

24 Modals of possibility: may, might

60

M[cWod[l[hadem¾

R5 Review: modals

62

Questions and answers 25 Yes / no questions and short answers

64

7h[X[[jb[i_cfehjWdj5O[i"j^[oWh[

26 Question words: Where? When? Why? How? Whose? 27 Object and subject questions 28 Be like and look like 29 What? and Which? 30 How …? questions

66

68 70 72

76

D[_j^[hZe?$

78

9^eYebWj[_iXWZ\ehoek"_idÊj_j5

80

Verbs 33 Have and have got

82

>Wl[oek]ejW\Wlekh_j[YheYeZ_b[5

34 Make, do and get

84

:eoek][jWd]ho5

86

J^_daWXekj_j

36 Phrasal verbs 46

74

>emYebZ_ij^[9^Wdd[b5

35 Prepositional verbs 44

?^ef[oekÊbb[d`eooe]W$

18 Present continuous with future meaning

23 Should, ought to

R6 Review: questions and answers 38

J^[YecfWdo^Wi_dl[dj[Zj^[CWYWdZj^[_FeZ$

16 Used to

56

?^Wl[jeijWo^[h[$

32 Question tags 36

J^[o^Wl[b_l[Zj^[h[\ehY[djkh_[i$

15 Present perfect or past simple?

22 Must, have to and can’t

31 So and neither 34

>Wl[oek[l[hjh_[ZckijWhZ_Y[Yh[Wc5

14 Present perfect 3

54

9ekbZm[]eedWiW\Wh_5

M^_Y^e\j^[c_ij^[gk[[dX[[5

J^[oÊl[Wbh[WZo_dl[dj[Z_j

13 Present perfect 2

21 Modals for requests: can, could, may

M^WjZe[iMebl[h_d[beeab_a[5

;l[hoed[mWijWba_d]WXekjj^[Wbb_]Wjehi$

R2 Review: past simple and past continuous 12 Present perfect 1

52

>emYWdZe]i^[bfki5

M^eijkZ_[ZWj>e]mWhji5

J^[oifea[9[bj_YbWd]kW][i$

11 Past continuous

20 Modal verbs: can, could, be able to

>emZ_Z^[Z_[5

24

I^[b_l[Z_dWjh[[$

10 Past simple 3: irregular past forms

50

Modal verbs

Present 2 Be

R4 Review: the future

88

7\h_[dZjej_Zokfoekhheec$

I^[ÊiÔo_d]je=bWi]emjecehhem$

Ā

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-73251-2 - Active Grammer Level 1 With Answers Fiona Davis and Wayne Rimmer Frontmatter More information

37 Verbs with two objects

90

J[bboekh\h_[dZij^[jhkj^$

38 Verb + -ing or verb + to-infinitive; like and would like

92

94 96

Articles, nouns, pronouns, etc. 40 Countable and uncountable nouns

102

:eoekademj^[Wdim[h5

43 Articles 2

104

114 116 118

124 126 128 130

?jÊid[Wh[hj^Wdoekj^_da$

55 Superlatives

132

J^[bem[ijfe_djed;Whj^

56 Adverbs of manner

134

J^_iY^W_h_ijeeie\j$

164

Relative clauses 69 Defining relative clauses

166

7XWbb]Wc[j^Wj_ifbWo[Z_dcWdoYekdjh_[i

70 Linking words: and, but, or, so, because

168 170

M^Wj_iĆ"ćĀĀacbed]WdZcWZ[e\ijed[5

71 Time and sequence adverbs: first, then, afterwards 172 7\j[hbkdY^m[l_i_jj^[F[]kY^[MWj[h\Wbb$

72 Both, either, neither

174

J^[oXej^b_l[_dW\WdjWiomehbZ$

73 Word order

176

Ekji_Z[j^[fehjjeZWo

R14 Review: linking words and word order

178

Appendices L[hXj[di[i

'.& '.'

136

'.(

If[bb_d]0WZ`[Yj_l[i"WZl[hXiWdZdekdi

'.)

138

=beiiWho

'.*

=hWccWh_dZ[n

'.,

Answer key

'.-

?i_j[nY_j_d]5

59 Too and enough

162

If[bb_d]0l[hXi

M^_Y^m_bb\Wbb\Wij[h5

58 -ed and -ing adjectives

160

?hh[]kbWhl[hXi

;Wj^[Wbj^_bo$

57 Comparative and superlative adverbs

68 Say and tell

Linking words and sentences

$$$medZ[h\kb]ebZ[di^e[i$$$

54 Comparatives

67 Reported speech

122

?jÊiWmedZ[h\kbfbWY[$

53 Order of adjectives

158

?ÊZj^hemWYWa[Wj^_c_\^[Z_ZdÊjijef$

R13 Review: reported speech; say / tell; relative clauses

Adjectives and adverbs 52 Adjectives

156

?\oekijkZoY^[c_ijho"oekÊbbd[l[hijefb[Whd_d]$

120

?jÊiWl[hokdkikWbXeea$

R9 Review: pronouns; possessives; quantifiers

Conditionals

I^[jebZc[jec[[j^[h$

M^ei[XW]_ij^_i5

51 There and it

154

7beje\hkXX_i^_ifheZkY[Z$

I^[iW_Zi^[mekbZd[l[h^Wl[WfWhjoW]W_d$

Co]h[Wj#]hWdZ\Wj^[hÊib[jj[hi

50 Whose?, my, mine

152

Reported speech 112

?ZedÊjademj^[cWdZj^[oZedÊjademc[$

49 Possessive ’s

64 Passive: present and past simple

R12 Review: the passive; conditionals

7beje\\kd

48 Subject and object pronouns

150

The passive

110

IWodej^_d]$

47 Much, many, a lot of, a little, a few

148

=[jeùj^[XeWjWdZim_cjej^[_ibWdZ$

66 Second conditional

J^[h[Wh[dejhW_diehXki[i$

46 Something, everywhere, nobody, anyone

146

?j^Wff[d[ZWjd_]^j$

106 108

J^_i_ic[$

45 Some, any, no, none

62 Prepositions of time: at, in, on

65 Zero and first conditionals

FbWocki_YWdZmWjY^j^[X_hZi$

R8 Review: nouns and articles 44 This, that, these, those

144

?Êl[b[\jcoa[oiWj^ec[$

R11 Review: prepositions 100

>[Wj[ĄćiWdZm_Y^[i_dj[dc_dkj[i$

42 Articles 1

61 Prepositions of place

63 Prepositions of movement 98

M^[h[Ze[iiWdZYec[\hec5

41 Plural nouns

R10 Review: adjectives and adverbs

Prepositions

?cW]_d[Wijeho$

R7 Review: verb structures

142

M[WbmWoi^Wl[Zh[Wci$

B[Whdjeif[WaWdobWd]kW][_djmem[[ai

39 State verbs

60 Adverbs of frequency

140

ā

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-73251-2 - Active Grammer Level 1 With Answers Fiona Davis and Wayne Rimmer Excerpt More information

1

Word class and word order In the world today

In the world today, people speak around

750

2,700 different languages.

million people use the English language. More than But only about million people speak it as a first language. About

About There are

350

885 million people speak Chinese as their first language.

80% of the information on the world’s computers is in English.

26 letters in the English alphabet. The sentence

The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog uses all 26 letters.

?

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Word class and word order ý 7dekdYWdX[i_d]kbWh[$]$mehbZehfbkhWb[$]$ Yecfkj[hi"f[efb[$ ;nWcfb[ie\dekdiWh[0 cWd"]_hbf[efb[ \enWd_cWbi Yecfkj[h"b[jj[h"bWd]kW][j^_d]i mehbZfbWY[i ikYY[iigkWb_j_[i þ 7fhedekdYWdh[fbWY[Wdekd$ ;nWcfb[ie\fhedekdiWh[0 ?"c["oek"i^["^_c"_j"m["j^[c ÿ 7dWZ`[Yj_l[Z[iYh_X[iWdekd$ ;nWcfb[ie\WZ`[Yj_l[iWh[0 gk_Ya"Xhemd"Óhij"Z_ù[h[dj"]eeZ Ā 7Z`[Yj_l[ikikWbboYec[X[\eh[j^[dekd$ WÓhijbWd]kW][DEJWbWd]kW][Óhij 7Z`[Yj_l[i^Wl[defbkhWb\ehc$ Z_ù[h[djbWd]kW][iDEJZ_ù[h[djibWd]kW][i

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ā 7l[hXYWdh[\[hjej^[fWij"fh[i[djeh\kjkh[$ ;nWcfb[ie\l[hXiWh[0 if[Wa"`kcfWYj_edi X["b_a["ijWoijWj[i Ă 7dWZl[hXYWdZ[iYh_X[Wl[hX"WdWZ`[Yj_l[ehWm^eb[ i[dj[dY[$;nWcfb[ie\WZl[hXiWh[0 YWh[\kbbo"ibemboWZl[hXij^WjZ[iYh_X[Wl[hX l[ho"[njh[c[boWZl[hXij^WjZ[iYh_X[WZ`[Yj_l[i ^em[l[h"iec[j_c[i"bkYa_boWZl[hXij^WjZ[iYh_X[ i[dj[dY[i ă 7i[dj[dY[kikWbboYedjW_diWikX`[YjIWdZWl[hXL$ >[ImedL$ M_bb_WciImWiLj^[m_dd[h$ Ekhj[WcI_ifbWo_d]L_dj^[X_]ijWZ_kc$ Ą CWdoi[dj[dY[iYedjW_dWdeX`[YjE$?dj^[i[ i[dj[dY[ij^[mehZehZ[h_iILE$ I^[ImedLj^[hWY[E$ ą 7Zl[hXim^_Y^Z[iYh_X[Wl[hXkikWbboYec[Wjj^[[dZ e\Wi[dj[dY[$ CoXhej^[hif[Wai;d]b_i^gk_Yabo$

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Practice 7 <_dZ[nWcfb[ie\dekdi"fhedekdi"l[hXi"WZ`[Yj_l[i WdZWZl[hXi_dj^[\ebbem_d]i[dj[dY[iWdZmh_j[j^[c X[bem$ ý þ ÿ Ā ā

J^[Wbf^WX[j^Wi(,b[jj[hi$ -+&"&&&"&&&f[efb[ki[j^[bWd]kW][$ ?j^WiÓl[lem[bi0W"["_"eWdZk$ J^[gk_YaXhemd\en`kcfiel[hj^[bWpoZe]$ >[ijkZ_[Zj^[d[mmehZil[hoYWh[\kbbo$

Dekdi0 ALPHABET LETTERS Fhedekdi0 7Z`[Yj_l[i0 L[hXi0 HAS 7Zl[hXi0

THEALPHABET

        

(EWALKSQUICKLY mWbai%^[%gk_Yabo m[%if[Wa%Hkii_Wd W%mecWd%ijhWd][%_i%i^[ l[hoXWZbo%Zh_l[i%coWkdj j^[o%b_l[%_dj^_iijh[[j ^[%jmeXhej^[hi%^Wi j^[Ze]%coiWdZm_Y^%Wj[ m[%Óbc%j^[%d[m%iWm

Ki[j^[mehZi_dj^[XenjeYecfb[j[j^[jWXb[X[bem$

 

þ Ā

9 9ecfb[j[j^[i[dj[dY[im_j^WdWffhefh_Wj[mehZ$ Ki[j^[fWhje\if[[Y^_dXhWYa[ji$ 

ý þ ÿ Ā ā Ă ă Ą

My turn!

8 M^Wj_ij^[ikX`[Yj_d[WY^e\j^[i[dj[dY[i_d ;n[hY_i[75 ý ÿ ā

: CWa[i[dj[dY[iXofkjj_d]j^[mehZi_dj^[Yehh[YjehZ[h$

HAPPY Y^_bZÅ^[ÊiWbmWoiic_b_d]$ ý >[ÊiW WZ`[Yj_l[ þ bel[i^[h$fhedekd ÿ I^[ jej^[feeb[l[hoIWjkhZWo$l[hX Ā 9Wdoekif[Waceh[ 5?YWdÊjkdZ[hijWdZ oek$WZl[hX ā J^[oÊh[Xej^l[ho WdZj^_d$WZ`[Yj_l[ Ă BkYa_bo"j^[m[Wj^[h_i ]eeZ$?j^WiX[[d ikddoWbbm[[a$WZl[hX $dekd ă ?ijkZoWjiY^eeb$?ÊcW Ą Coj[WY^[h h[Wbbo]eeZijeh_[i$l[hX $J^[oÊh[dkhi[i$dekd ą J^[omehaWjj^[ ýü CoYeki_dib_l[_d8hWp_b$ if[Wa Fehjk]k[i[$fhedekd

WZ`[Yj_l[i   WZl[hXi   dekdi   fhedekdi   l[hXi ý

NOUNS

X[[  Yekdjho  ]Wc[  ]_hWõ[ b[Wl[i  cWd  ceed CeheYYe  f_ppW  if_Z[h ijWj_ed  j[dd_icWjY^  mecWd

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X[Wkj_\kb  YhWpo  fkhfb[ icWbb  ijh_fo  jWbb  k]bo medZ[h\kb  oekd]

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X[  ZWdY[  [Wj  ]e  ^Wl[ mWjY^  m_d

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Demki[j^[mehZi\hecj^[jWXb[je cWa[j[dehceh[i[dj[dY[iWdZmh_j[ j^[c_doekhdej[Xeea$Ki[j^[l[hX_d WdoWffhefh_Wj[j[di[$Oekhi[dj[dY[i ckijX[Yehh[YjXkjj^[oYWdX[YhWpo ;nWcfb[04HETALLMANATEHISPIZZASLOWLY

My test! 9_hYb[j^[Yehh[Yjefj_ed$ ý þ ÿ Ā ā

Coi_ij[hWdZ?bel[Yecfkj[h]Wc[i$ Wbbj^[j_c[$   W M[fbWoj^[c   X J^[cfbWom[   Y FbWom[j^[c CokdYb[if[Wai\ekh $   W Z_õ[h[djbWd]kW][i   X bWd]kW][iZ_õ[h[dji   Y Z_õ[h[djibWd]kW][i Xej^if[Wa;d]b_i^m_j^c[$   W m[   X j^[c   Y j^[o Cocej^[h_iIfWd_i^WdZco\Wj^[h_i@WfWd[i["Xkj ?b_a[j^[XeeaWdZco\h_[dZb_a[i jee$   W Xeea   X ^_c   Y _j 9Wj"hWXX_j"Ze]WdZidWa[Wh[ $   W WZl[hXi   X dekdi   Y fhedekdi CoJ[ijWdim[hi0'W(W)Y*Y+X

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2

Be Are you my son?

J^[A_d]l_i_jij^[

fh_dY[eh_i^[j^

King: I don’t unders tand! Are you my so n? Tom: No, I’m not a prince, I’m poor. King: Are you sure? Your clothes are not very old! Tom: They’re not m y clothes. They’re Edward’s clothes. H e’s poor now. King: Oh no! This is terrible! Is it true? Tom: Yes, it is. I’m re al You aren’t my father ly sorry, King Henry. , you’re my King.

J^[Fh_dY[WdZj^ [FWkf[h '..'_iWXeea XoCWha JmW_d$J^[Xee a_iWXekj jmeXeoi"JecW dZ;ZmWhZ$ J^[oWh['+o[ WhiebZXkj j^[_hb_l[iWh[l[ hoZ_õ[h[dj$ Jec_iWfeehX eoXkj ;ZmWhZ_iWfh_d Y[$J^[o Y^Wd][fbWY[iX oc_ijWa[ ie;ZmWhZ_iWf eehXeo WdZJec_iWfh_d Y[$J^[ebZ A_d]">[dhoL??? "_idejm[bb Xkj^[_i;ZmWh ZÊi\Wj^[h WdZ^[mWdjije adem j^[jhkj^¾

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O[i"^[_i$ De"^[_idej_idÊj%Êidej$

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Practice 7 KdZ[hb_d[j^[Yehh[Yjefj_ed$ ?X[%Wc%_ijm[bl[o[WhiebZ$ J^[oX[%Wc%Wh[_dj^[]WhZ[d$ ?jWc%_i%Wh[i_neÊYbeYa$ OekX[%_i%Wh[WZ[dj_ij$ ?Wc%_i%Wh[_dj^[ijWj_ed$ ?jWc%_i%Wh[l[ho^ej$ Coi_ij[hWc%_i%Wh[Wjmeha$ ?X[%Wc%Wh[^kd]ho$ M[Wc%_i%Wh[ijkZ[dji$ J^[XeeaX[%_i%Wh[WXekjj_][hi$

ā   Ă   ă   Ą  

8 9ecfb[j[j^[i[dj[dY[i\hecijeh_[im_j^j^[fh[i[dj i_cfb[e\X[$Iec[Wh[d[]Wj_l[iehgk[ij_edi$ ý þ ÿ Ā ā Ă ă Ą

S YebZ$ J^[feehXeo^WideYeWj$>[ M[Wh[j^[j^h[[X[Whi$M[ _dj^[meeZi$ 9_dZ[h[bbW_ihkdd_d]^ec[$?j '(eÊYbeYa$ Jm[[Zb[ZkcWdZJm[[Zb[Z[[^Wl[j^[iWc[fWh[dji$ J^[o Xhej^[hi$ J^[cedij[h^WiWl[hok]bo\WY[$>[  ^WdZiec[$ J^[m_Ya[Zgk[[d_iWia_d]^[hc_hheh0 ? X[Wkj_\kb5 \h_[dZi$ 7Y^_bb[iWdZ>[YjehÓ]^j$J^[o HeX_died9hkie[^Wide\h_[dZiedj^[_ibWdZ$ ^[kd^Wffo5

5 $?ZedÊj^Wl[W

5 $J^[oÊh[_d
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J^[Fh_dY[WdZj^[FWkf[h' IS Wl[ho]eeZXeea$? ( ''o[WhiebZWdZ?)dej l[ho_dj[h[ij[Z _d^_ijehoXkj?h[Wbbob_a[j^_iXeea$CWhaJmW_d*  + W]h[Wjmh_j[h$?j dej Wjhk[ijehoXkjj^[ Y^WhWYj[hi, l[hoh[Wb_ij_Y$J^[ijeho-dej  Z_öYkbj$?j. [WiojekdZ[hijWdZWdZ[d`eoj^[ Xeea$Jec/ Wi_cfb[;d]b_i^Xeo$>_i\Wc_boWh[ '& feehWdZj^[o WbmWoi^kd]ho$;ZmWhZ''dej feehX[YWki[^['( Wfh_dY[$J^[Xeoi ') l[hoZ_õ[h[djXkjWjj^[[dZe\j^[Xeeaj^[o '* \h_[dZi$J^[h[Wh[cWdoÓbcie\j^[Xeeajee '+ Xkjj^[o dej l[ho]eeZÅj^[Xeea_ij^[X[ij

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CoceX_b[f^ed[ ISN´T d[m$ JeZWo CedZWo$ 9eõ[[ co\Wlekh_j[Zh_da$ W]eeZYeea$ ? Co[o[i Xbk[$ ?j mWhcjeZWo$ Yb[Wd$ Coi^e[i ? Wj^ec[$ >_ijehoXeeai _dj[h[ij_d]$ CoX[Z d[njjej^[Zeeh$

My test! 9_hYb[j^[Yehh[Yjefj_ed$

: CWa[JecÊigk[ij_edi"ki_d]j^[mehZi]_l[dWdZX[$ J^[dcWa[;ZmWhZÊih[fb_[im_j^i^ehjWdim[hiki_d]X[$ oek%fh_dY[5 !REYOUAPRINCE Jec0 9ES )AM ;ZmWhZ0 A_d]>[dho%oekh\Wj^[h5 Jec0 ;ZmWhZ0

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ý   þ  

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-73251-2 - Active Grammer Level 1 With Answers Fiona Davis and Wayne Rimmer Excerpt More information

3

Present simple 1: statements Maybe you know her.

There’s a new girl at sch ool. Maybe you know her. She has beautiful black hair down to her waist . Her big, brown eyes are pools of chocolate.

?

Jhk[eh<Wbi[5 BWobWb_l[i_d;]ofj$

We her every day. er and I see st si y M r a. yl of ou name is La on the corner The new girl’s e apartments th in s ppy. ve ha li is e . Sh pe she think she’s 15 r school. I ho te af ry ra lib e es to th . Her mum street. She go hool together sc to k al w ey Egypt. I don’t ung brother. Th e comes from Layla has a yo Sh . ol ho sc r ins in Cairo. eaner at ou that it never ra ys works as a cl sa d da y M about Egypt. know much

7dim[h0<Wbi[

Present simple 1: statements ý Ki[j^[fh[i[dji_cfb[\eh0 Åj^_d]ij^WjWh[WbmWoiehkikWbbojhk[ ?jd[l[hhW_di_d9W_he$ Åh[]kbWhehh[f[Wj[Z[l[dji J^[omWbajeiY^eebje][j^[h$ ÅijWj[i"m_j^l[hXiikY^Wi\[[b"^Wj["adem"b_a[" beea"bel["fh[\[h"j^_da"kdZ[hijWdZ"mWdj$ M[j^_dai^[Êiāą$CWoX[oekadem^[h$ þ Ki[j^[_dÓd_j_l[m_j^ekjjem_j^?"oek"m[WdZj^[o$ 7ZZ#im_j^^["i^[WdZ_j$ ijWj[c[dj

tip

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j^_da

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j^_dai

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i^[]e[i YWjY^©
^[YWjY^[i fki^©
i^[fki^[i c_ii©
_jc_ii[i Ón©
i^[Ón[i M^[dj^[l[hX[dZi_dYediedWdj!#o"Zhefj^[#oWdZ WZZ#_[i$ Ôo©
j^[X_hZÔ_[i 8kjWZZ#im^[dj^[l[hX[dZi_dlem[b!#o$ fbWo©
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^[^Wi

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Practice A Change the infinitive without to of these verbs into the correct present simple form with it. 1 4 7 10

play it ptoijS 2 do fix 5 miss teach 8 think wash

C Complete Layla's letter using the correct present simple forms of the verbs in brackets.

3 enjoy 6 say 9 try

Every morning 1

Wiki

1

(make)

breakfast for my brother and me. I (walk) to school with my 2

brother. We girls. They always 1 3

B Complete these facts about Egypt. Use the correct present simple forms of the verbs in the box.

4

5

buy come have have live show study visit

(see) the same two (say) 'hello'. (feel) lonely sometimes, but I

really like my new school. The school (have) a very good library. My brother ' (go) to primary school. He always (wear) his 6

1 Egypt fi&5 a population of around 80 million. 2 17 million people in Cairo. 3 The name 'Egypt' from the Greek word

8

old red coat. My mother work early in the morning. She (work) very hard.

4 5 6 7 8

(go) to

9

Egyptos.

Around 6,000,000 tourists Egypt every year. Every tourist presents from a night market. Egypt about 100 pyramids. Tourist guides people the pyramids of Giza. An egyptologist is a person who Egyptian history from a long time ago.

Thank you for the card. You (write) very good letters. Write again soon! Love, Layla

1 0

1 1

about your school morning.

1 Every morning I 2 3

4 5 6 7

(vave breakfast with ituj famitij. I always You never My teacher The school My friends sometimes We

| Circle the correct option. I 1 to the shops. a They walks b She walk c He walks 2 Layla's mum by bus. a go b gos c goes 3 in Cairo. a It never rains b It never rain c It's never rain 4 big brown eyes. a Layla have b Layla haves c Layla has 5 Her mum English. a study b studys c studies 3C 3fc Bf

37 : T

:SJBM SUE iisai

Aw

Present simple 1 11

4 n

Present simple 2: negatives and questions Do you like zoos?

o n cv

Do you (ike zoos? Do you think zoos are a good idea? Welcome t o A n i m a l The in

park

danger.

animals

World

i s different

Park

from

i n California,

other

zoos.

When i t i s p o s s i b l e , we r e t u r n

to their

USA.

We h e l p

animals

young

homes. We h a v e m o r e t h a n in

t h e park.

30

gorillas

A mother

gorilla

doesn't

h a v e many b a b i e s .

gorilla

stays

three You

with

often find They

colobus

have b e a u t i f u l white

monkeys i n

a r e i n danger

c o l o b u s monkeys and

for

years.

zoos. they

A baby-

i t s mother

atotot money.

because

f u r . Young

don't

fur - their

have

black

fur i s

white.

Fi n d t h e n a m e s o f t h e a n i m a l s i n t h e p h o t o s .

m

Xa>|uoui snqo]03 e pile B||uo8

E :J9 MSUV

Present simple 2: negatives and questions 1

To m a k e n e g a t i v e f o r m s i n t h e p r e s e n t s i m p l e , u se an d doesn't

2

+ t h e i n f i n i t i v e f o r m w i t h o u t to o f t h e ver b .

They don't A mother

don't

have gorilla

black and white doesn't

have

Do you like zoos ?

fur.

many

Does

the park cost

3

Us e do or does or doesn't

1 / Yo u / We / T h e y

d o n o t ( d o n ' t ) b el i ev e

H e / Sh e / I t

d o e s n o t (d o e s n ' t ) b el i ev e

T h e r e is n o -s o n t h e m a i n v e r b a f t e r does o r think...

Does she know?

a lot of

money?

babies.

n eg at i v e X

She doesn't

To m a k e a q u e s t i o n , u se do or does i n f r o n t o f t h e s u b j ec t .

N O T She doesn't

N O T Does she knows ?

i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e s h o r t a n s w e r an d

don't

i n t h e n eg at i v e s h o r t an sw er .

Yes, I do. No, he

doesn't.

q u est i o n ?

s h o r t an sw er / X

Do

Yes, (1) d o .

1 / y o u / w e / t h e y l i k e. . . ?

doesn't.

N o , (1) d o n ' t .

thinks... Do es

h e / sh e / i t

l i k e. . . ?

Yes, (he) d o es. N o , (he) d o e s n ' t .

12

Practice

A Un d e r l i n e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n .

D

1

I don't know / doesn't

2

M o s t t r ees don't

know the an sw er .

3

Do/ Does

Sar a u n d e r s t a n d t h i s ?

4

Do/ Does

yo u w an t t o t al k ab o u t it ?

5

Th e p r i ce don't

6

I don't think/ doesn't

7

We don't see/ doesn't

8

Th ey don't

grow/ doesn't

include/ doesn't

Re a d p a r t o f an i n t e r v i e w w i t h a g o r i l l a k e e p e r . Co m p l e t e h er an sw er s, u si n g t h e ver b s i n t h e b o x .

grow v er y q u i c k l y .

n o t eat h ave

include

ser vi ce.

think he's v er y n i ce.

1

Yes, I

2

Yes, b u t t h e y

see o u r g r a n d p a r e n t s v er y o f t e n .

live/ doesn't

live v er y n ear .

WW

l i vi n g h er e. Bl ack r h i n o s g r ou p s. T h e y

b an an as al l t h e t i m e . T h ey

T h e g o r i l l as i n t h e p ar k ar e al l f r i e n d s . T h ey Yes, i t d o es. T h e p ar k

5

Yes, t h e y d o . We

6

m o r e t h a n 5 0 g o r i l l as. a b ab y g o r i l l a i n t h e p ar k

Yes, b u t s o m e t i m e s a m o t h e r h er b ab y. T h e n w e h el p t h e b ab y.

7

(p r ef er ) t o l i ve al o n e.

Yes, I g i ve t h e b ab y m i l k ev er y f o u r h o u r s, d ay an d night. I

Black r h i n o s ar e i n d an g er b ecau se o f t h e i r h o r n s. Peo p l e 8

(use) t h e

4

at 6 . 3 0 ev er y m o r n i n g .

3

(n o t l i ve) i n

3

U.p

I

i n t h e ev en i n g . I sl eep at t h e p ar k . m y j o b ! N o d ay is t h e sam e!

mum

horns as m ed i c i n e. A m o t h er b l ack r h i n o (n o t h ave)

5

m any b ab i es. A b ab y

J

(st ay) w i t h

6

it s m o t h er f o r t h r e e t o f o u r

h ave

at t h e m o m e n t .

(h ave) a l ar g e n u m b e r o f r h i n o s 2

tyt

not go hom e

l o ve

4 p r esen t s i m p l e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s i n b r a c k e t s . 1

got up

like a l o t o f o t h er f r u i t , t o o .

B Co m p l e t e t h e t e x t a b o u t b l a c k r h i n o s u s i n g t h e c o r r e c t

We

not fight n o t l o o k af t er

W h a t d i d t h e i n t e r v i e w e r as k ? M a k e p r e s e n t s i m p l e q u est i o n s u si n g t h e w o r d s i n b r ack et s an d w r i t e t h e m in you r n o t eb o o k .

years. Th e m o t h e r r h i n o (n o t st ay) w i t h t h e f at h e r .

7

Rhinos

(n o t f i g h t ) w i t h o t h e r an i m al s i n

8

1

Po j SM f c t ap earUjf*

(ear l y)

2

? (b an an as)

3

? (f i g h t )

4

?(a l o t o f g o r i l l as)

C M ak e p r e s e n t s i m p l e q u e s t i o n s f r o m t h e w o r d s , t h e n

5

?(h av e b ab i es)

an sw er t h e q u e s t i o n s i n y o u r n o t e b o o k u s i n g s h o r t

6

? (st ay w i t h i t s m o t h e r ]

7

? (d r i n k m i l k )

t h e p ar k . In f ac t , t h e y ar e f r i e n d l y an i m al s.

an sw er s.

' (l i k e)

8 1

a m ech an i c / f i x car s Dees a mechanic {i£ car s?

2

y o u / w o r k at t h e w e e k e n d Oo j o a worfc.

N o w t h i n k o f a t l east t h r e e m o r e p r e s e n t s i m p l e q u e s t i o n s f o r t h e g o r i l l a k eep er an d w r i t e t h e m i n y o u r n o t eb o o k .

attkt, wukudL

3

a v et / l o o k a f t e r an i m al s

4

z o o k e e p e r s / w o r k i n sh o p s

5

a y o u n g c o l o b u s m o n k e y / h ave w h i t e f u r

Ci r c l e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1

A:

6

w e / g o t o sch o o l o n Su n d ays

7

nur ses / w o r k i n a h o s p i t a l

2

We

b Wa n t y o u

M y si st er a d o es n ' t l i k e

8

y o u / d o s p o r t i n t h e ev en i n g

4

b d o n ' t vi si t

c d o es n ' t v i s i t

z o o s. b d o es n ' t l i k es

Sh e says t h e an i m al s a n o t h ave

5

c Do you w an t

z o o s v er y o f t e n ,

a ar en ' t v i s i t 3

B: N o , I d o n ' t ,

t o go t o t he zoo?

a Yo u w a n t s

c d on't like

a v e r y h ap p y l i f e,

b d o es n ' t h ave

c d o n ' t h ave

A: D o t h e r h i n o s f i g h t w i t h o t h e r an i m al s? B: N o , a d o es n ' t t h e y

' . V SO T W SV V V W W W

b i t d o esn ' t DCJ

Of

E£

c t h ey d o n ' t (\ l

0\ :SJ9AASUE j;S3J_

Pr e s e n t s i m p l e 2

A"\AJ

13

Mark: Hi, Monica. Areyoulookingfor Nicole' „ i f Y« ,ve'rewairingforherartheparry. iark: No, she isn't. She's lyingon the

» Monica: AreyouseriousEveryone's arrivingnow. Mark: She isn't feelingwell.

M o ^ ^ a s ^ e ^ ^ X

O

W h o is i l l ?

a Mar k

b M o n i ca c Ni co l e

plavinghis newgmtar and some peop 'strange g^Bia^ i . ^ ^ ^ ^ yellowdress and agreenhat. Shes... a y Mark: Wait aminute... Nicole is comingnow.J Seeyou there, Monica.

:j 3Msuy

Present continuous 1

st at em en t

T h e p r esen t c o n t i n u o u s d escr i b es a t e m p o r a r y ac t i v i t y i n p r o g r ess at o r ar o u n d n o w . She is lying

on t he sofa now.

this book at t he

moment. Mark

is speaking

Are you

1 a m ('m ) w o r k i n g

1 am n o t f m not) w o r k i n g

Yo u / We / T h ey a r e ('r e) w o r k i n g

Yo u / We / T h ey ar e n o t (ar en ' t / ' r e n o t ) w o r k i n g

He / Sh e / It i s f s) w o r k i n g

H e / Sh e / It i s n o t (i sn ' t / 's n o t ) w o r k i n g

on t he phone.

q u est i o n ?

s h o r t an s w er / X

Am 1 working?

Yes, 1 a m . No , 1 a m n o t f m n o t ).

listening? A r e yo u / w e / t h ey w o r k i n g ?

2

M a k e p r esen t

n eg at i v e X

future

p r esen t I'm reading

/

con t i n u ou s

Yes, (yo u ) a r e . N o , (yo u ) a r e n o t (a r e n ' t / ' r e n o t ) .

s t a t e m e n t s w i t h am / is / are + - ing form Monica

Is h e / sh e / i t w o r k i n g ?

o f t h e ver b .

/ am watching

TV.

is washing

We are drinking

N o , (h e) i s n o t (i sn ' t / ' s n o t ) . her hair.

coffee.

I f a v e r b e n d s i n - e, d r o p t h e - e. dance

3

- * People are dancing.

NOT. . .

danccing

M a k e n eg at i ves, q u est i o n s an d I f a v er b en d s i n o n e v o w e l an d o n e co n so n an t , d o u b l e t h e co n so n an t .

sh or t f o r m s lik e t h i s:

stop

The train is stopping.

NOT. . .

stoping

/ am not watching

TV.

Is Monica

her hair?

•

See p ag e 1 8 2 f o r m o r e sp el l i n g r u l es.

coffee?

•

See Un i t s 6 an d 1 8 f o r m o r e i n f o r m at i o n o n t h e p r esen t co n t i n u o u s.

washing

A: Are they drinking B: Yes, they 14

Yes, (h e) i s.

are.

Practice

A Un d er l i n e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1

She is walking/ are

walking

D

t h e v e r b s i n t h e b o x . So m e a r e n e g a t i v e s o r q u e s t i o n s .

d o w n t h e st r eet .

2

Peop l e is singing/ are

3

We isn't waiting/ aren't

singing

waiting

4

I am running/ is

b ecau se I'm l at e.

5

Hel l o ? Are I speaking/ Am

6

Th e g u est s is not enjoying / are not enjoying

running

Co m p l e t e t h e sen t en ces u si n g t h e p r esen t c o n t i n u o u s o f

t o o l ou d l y.

car r y

i n t h e r i g h t p l ace.

I speaking

t al k

t o Lu cy?

A t t h e m o m e n t I am living/ are

8

/s that boy smiling/ Are

try

p l ay

st ay

st u d y

w at ch

w ear

write

flrejjoa wat cf vuuj

1

t h e p ar t y

m u ch . 7

f eel

2

I

3

A: Be q u i e t ! We

living w i t h m y f r i e n d .

this film? v er y w e l l . t o l i s t en t o t h e r ad i o !

B: So r r y.

that boy smiling a t m e?

A: M y t e a m ar e l o s i n g ag ai n ! B: T h e y

B Co m p l et e t h e s e n t e n c e s u s i n g t h e p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s o f t h e ver b s i n b r a c k e t s . 1

It 's r ai n i n g .

2 Th e b ab y 3

We

4

I

5

Th e cat

7

I

8

He

9

She

6

A: Wh e r e ' s Ro b e r t ?

m y r ed d r ess?

B: H e 7

n o w . (n o t cr y)

a l et t er .

A:

you

a n y t h i n g d an g er o u s w i t h y o u , Si r ?

o u r h o l i d ay , (p l an )

B: N o , t h er e' s n o t h i n g d an g er o u s i n m y su i t case.

t o s c h o o l , (w al k )

Th ey

6

Sar ah ,

(r ai n )

is n o t cr ij it uj

ver y w e l l t h i s seaso n .

5

v er y f as t , (n o t r u n )

8

so m e m i l k , (d r i n k )

9

Ev er y o n e

a b o u t h er p u r p l e h ai r . Al i ce

Eco n o m i cs at u n i v er s i t y ?

a g o o d t i m e , (n o t h ave) 10

a c o m p u t e r u p st ai r s, (car r y)

A : Can I p h o n e y o u at t h e h o t e l ? B: N o , I

h ar d t o d ay , (n o t w o r k )

t h er e.

C Co m p l et e t h e t e l e p h o n e c o n v e r s a t i o n u s i n g t h e p r e s e n t co n t i n u o u s o f t h e v e r b s i n b r a c k e t s . So m e a r e n e g a t i v e s or q u est i o n s . 'Hel l o , Dad . Yes, I'm s t i l l at t h e p ar t y . Wh a t ' s h ap p en i n g ? Wel l , ever yo n e

i ddhdh^

1

(d an ce) b u t I

(sit) on t h e so f a. Ge o f f

2

/

A n s w er t h e q u est i o n s i n y o u r n o t e b o o k u si n g sh o r t an sw er s.

(t el l ) s o m e f r i e n d s

ab out his h o l i d ay an d h e

p ict ur es. D i eg o an d Bi a n c a

Is i t r ai n i n g ?

(sh o u t ), sh e j u s t sp eak s

6

very l o u d l y. I'm g l ad sh e

7

t er r i b l e si n g er ! Wa i t . . . N i c o l e

8

door. She l o o k s O K n o w . Ev er y o n e Anyway, w h a t a b o u t y o u , D ad ?

A r e y o u w a t c h i n g T V?

3

A r e y o u w e a r i n g j ean s ?

4

A r e an y o f y o u r f r i e n d s s i t t i n g n ear y o u ?

5

A r e yo u f eel i n g h u n g r y?

Klo, I'm. w t .

(si n g ) - sh e is a

6

Is y o u r m o b i l e p h o n e r i n g i n g ?

(co m e) i n t h e

7

A r e y o u w r i t i n g t h i s w i t h a b l ack p en ?

(sm i l e).

8

Is y o u r w a t c h / t h e cl o ck s h o w i n g t h e r i g h t t i m e ?

(d o )

9

A r e y o u l i s t e n i n g t o an y m u si c?

9

1 0

an yt h i n g i n t er es t i n g ? I see. Gr eat , t h e y

2

Yes, i t i s.

(l o o k ) at t h e

5

p ict ur es b ecau se t h e y t h i n k t h e y ar e b o r i n g . Wh a t ? O h , t hat 's Hel en . Sh e

1

(sh o w ) t h e m t h e

4

1 1

(bring) t h e f o o d . I'm h u n g r y ! I'l l p h o n e l at er . Bye.'

|

Ci r cl e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1

w e l l , so I w a n t t o st ay i n b e d .

2

A:

t h e g u i t ar ?

3

Ever yon e at t h e p a r t y

4

A: Is Bi an ca w e a r i n g a y e l l o w d r ess?

5

M ar k

t o Mo n i ca.

B:Yes, h e is.

a I am n ' t f eel i n g a Is D i e g o p l a y i n g

a ar ed an cei n g B:Yes,

a i sn ' t l i s t e n i n g

b I ar en ' t f e e l i n g

c I'm n o t f e e l i n g

b D i e g o is p l a y i n g

b d an c i n g

a sh e w ear s b n o t l i st en i n g

c Is p l ay i n g D i e g o

c is d an c i n g b sh e ar e

c sh e is

c d o n ' t l i s t en eg ~> y - > i

E£

ox : sj 9 M5 ue \ \ < &\ _ X

Pr e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s 1 5

6

Present continuous and present simple I'mwalking-1 don't have a car.

Go o d . I n ever d r i v e i n Par is. T h e t r af f i c is t er r i b l e.

i n e t h e co r r ect o p t i o n : Par is is a bad / good

"

'

p l ace f o r cars. pEq IJ9MSUV

Present continuous and present simple 1

t h i n g s t h a t ar e a l w a y s o r u s u a l l y t r u e . Do you speak We don't 2

English ?

p r es en t c o n t i n u o u s

H e u su al l y w a l k s t o w o r k .

He's w a l k i n g t o w o r k t o d ay .

It d o e s n ' t r a i n o n t h e m o o n .

It i s n ' t r a i n i n g at t h e m o m e n t .

D o y o u ever r e a d c o m i c s ?

Sh e's r e a d i n g a c o m i c n o w .

1 h ave t w o b r o t h er s.

I'm h a v i n g a sh o w er .

Ch ar l es p l ay s t h e p i an o .

Ch ar l es i s n ' t at h o m e . He's

have a car.

Us e t h e p r e s e n t s i m p l e t o t a l k o r ask a b o u t r eg u l ar o r r ep eat ed even t s an d h ab i t s. Sandra phones Do you drink

3

p r es en t s i m p l e

Us e t h e p r e s e n t s i m p l e t o t a l k o r ask a b o u t

her mother coffee

every

in the

day.

morning?

p l a y i n g i n a co n cer t .

We o f t e n u se t h e p r e s e n t s i m p l e w i t h a d v e r b s

A : Wh a t d o y o u d o ?

A: Wh a t ar e y o u d o i n g ?

o f f r e q u e n c y [always,

B: I'm a t a x i d r i v er .

B: I'm d r i v i n g t o t h e a i r p o r t .

It never snows I sometimes

never, sometimes,

here in

dream

et c . ).

summer.

about

you. T h e p r es en t si m p l e is m u c h m o r e c o m m o n t h a n t h e

4

Use t h e p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s t o d e s c r i b e an

p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s , a n d i n m o s t cases y o u s h o u l d u se

a c t i v i t y i n p r o g r e s s n o w / a r o u n d n o w , o r an

t h e p r esen t si m p l e.

u n f i n i sh ed act i vi t y. Are you reading They are building

/ think

this page. (= n o w ) a shopping

She is Turkish

centre. (= i t is

N O T . . . she's

n o t f i n i s h e d yet ) 5

We r a r e l y u se t h e p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s f o r v e r b s w h i c h ar e a b o u t s t a t e s , n o t a c t i o n s , e.g . believe,

know, like, love, need,

understand,

want.

/ know

16

seem,

See U n i t 3 9 .

English. N O T

Do you need

it's nice. N O T I'm

I'm

a pen?NOT

knowing... Are you needing... ?

•

thinking...

and she comes

from

Istanbul.

coming...

See Un i t s 3 an d 5 f o r m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e p r esen t si m p l e an d p r esen t co n t i n u o u s.

Practice

A Un d er l i n e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1

Th ey play/ are

2

playing

D

Co m p l e t e t h i s p o st car d w i t h t h e p r esen t si m p l e o r p r esen t co n t i n u o u s

r u g b y t w i c e a w eek .

o f t h e ver b s i n b r ack et s.

Are you having / Do you have b r eak f as t ev er y m o r n i n g ?

3

It snows/ is

4

Yo u r g u i d e speaks/ is

snowing so w e can ' t g o s k i i n g . speaking

Hi, Ri t a,

t h r e e l an g u ag es.

fc.M*M$

1 1

5

We don't know/ aren't

knowing t h e w ay .

6

The DJ plays/ is

7

Do you like / Are you liking t h e f o o d ?

8

\ 'mnot laughing / don't

playing

M an ch est er . The w eat h er i s nice an d w ar m t o d ay ,

m y f a v o u r i t e so n g .

"the su n

(sh i n e) an d ever yo n e (w ear ) T- sh i r t s. Ou r t eac h er

laugh, I'm crying / cry.

i s g r eat . He

(co m e) f r o m

4

M an c h e s t e r t o o b u t he

B M at c h t h e p ai r s . She speak s Fr en ch

(h ave) a lovely t i m e in

(n o t sp eak ) En g l i sh w i t h an accen t . We w e l l ^ ^ a b ecau se t h e t o u r i s t d o esn ' t k n o w It al i an ,

( s t u d y ) t h r e e h o u r s in t h e

She is sp eak i n g F r e n c h - ^ ^ b b ecau se h er m o t h e r is f r o m Par i s. It r ains a l o t

m o r n i n g an d

(g o) on ex cu r si o n s

7

in t h e af t e r n o o n . Now 1

a in M o z am b i q u e,

It 's r ai n i n g a l o t

a caf e o n King St r e e t . 1

b an d I'm w e t .

t h i n k ) a k i ng r e a l l y

7

(live) her e!

1 0

Ho w ar e y o u ?

She's h avi n g l u n ch

b at s c h o o l .

t h i s su m m er ? Wr i t e so o n .

A: D o y o u b u y c o m p u t e r

a b

B: N o , I d o w n l o a d t h e m

/—H3B

f r o m t h e In t er n et .

c o m p u t er g am e? a

It 's Su n d ay,

I'm n o t w o r k i n g .

b

I'm a s t u d e n t .

1 1 A: Wh a t is she d o i n g ?

a

B: She's r ead i n g ,

12

b

B: She's a s t u d e n t .

A: Wh a t d o es sh e d o ?

(wo r k )

1 1

Love, Ju l i o

B: Yes, I'm i n t h e sh o p .

I don't w o r k .

(n o t

9

a - p l ease p h o n e l at er ,

g am es?

9

(s i t ) in

8

She al w ays has l u n ch

A: Ar e y o u b u y i n g a

10

5

Yo u ar e o n h o l i d a y . I n y o u r n o t e b o o k , w r i t e a t e x t m es s ag e t o y o u r f r i e n d . D e s c r i b e w h a t y o u ar e d o i n g a n d w h a t y o u ar e w e a r i n g . Tel l y o u r f r i e n d w h a t y o u d o

C Co m p l et e t h e d i a l o g u e s u s i n g t h e v e r b s i n t h e b o x i n t h e p r e s e n t

ever y d ay an d w h a t y o u l i k e / d o n ' t l i k e.

si m p l e o r p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s . So m e ar e n e g a t i v e s o r q u e s t i o n s .

Ex a m p l e : I'm tijwuj bij t(ve poet, I swim every ctotj. agree 1

car r y

A: I

know

n eed

r ai n

u n d er s t an d

< font u t u i er st ai u i

w ai t

w ear

t h es e i n s t r u c t i o n s .

B: Wh y n o t ? T h ey l o o k cl ear t o m e. 2

A: Lo n d o n is a v er y ex p en si v e ci t y . B: Yes, I

3

A:

Ci r c l e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n .

w i t h you. you

1

an y h el p ?

B: No , I'm O K, t h an k s . 4

A: She

2

a c o at .

A: 1 h ey

3

*5

A: Wh e r e is t h e H i s t o r y M u s e u m ? A:

T er r y

f o r m e?

4

A:

a car ? B: Yes, b u t I n ever d r i v e i n Par i s. b D o y o u h ave

Wh e n w e ar e i n Par i s, w e al w ay s

by

m et r o . a ar e g o

A: It 's a l o v el y d ay f o r a p i cn i c. B: We' r e l u ck y t h a t i t

it. b d o esn ' t u n d er st an d

c A r e y o u h av i n g

B: Ye s - y o u ' r e l at e. 8

H e has a m ap , b u t h e

a A r e y o u h ave

B: Sor r y, I 7

c ar e l o o k i n g

c i sn ' t u n d er s t an d

a p i a n o u p t h e st ai r s.

B: Hel p t h e m - i t 's v er y h eavy. 6

f o r t h e Ei f f el To w er , b look

a i sn ' t u n d er s t an d i n g

B: Th at 's st r an g e - i t 's v er y c o l d t o d a y . 5

Th e t o u r i s t a is l o o k i n g

5

b ar e g o i n g

c go

It is o f t e n su n n y i n Par i s, b u t t o d a y i t a ar e r ai n

b is r a i n i n g IS t

c r ai n s K

°Z T :sjaMsue jjsai Xyv E

Pr e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s a n d p r e s e n t s i m p l e 1 7

7

Imperatives Stay calm! C^Staycalm!

belowis for US teenagers.

Inside Stay inside. Sit under a table or stand against a wall. Don't stand near doors or windows. Never take an elevator.

Outside

V

• An earthquake 1 in California

Always stay where you are. Don't run inside.

H

Find a clear place away from buildings and trees Lie down on the ground until the earthquake stops

In acar Slow down and stop the car in a clear place. H

9

Un d e r l i n e t h e c o r r ec t o p t i o n :

Don't stop on a bridge.

A l ar g e ear t h q u ak e is

Stay inside the car until the earthquake stops.

1 /

not possible i n

possible

Cal i f o r n i a. aiqissod j aM su y

Imperatives

Re q u e st s w i t h im p er at ives of t en sound not ver y polit e t o English

Use i m p e r at i ve s f or :

sp eak er s, even i f you add 'please'. It's b et t er t o use ot h er st r uct ur es, e.g:

- i n st r u ct i o n s Answer

the

Could

questions.

- advice Stay

you mind

bag over

putting

there?

your

bag over there ?

inside the car.

- or d er s Be

you put your

Would •

See Un i t 2 1 f o r t h e use o f can an d could for r eq u est s.

2

U se t h e inf init ive w i t h o u t t o f o r i m p e r at i ve s. T h e r e is u su al l y no subj ect .

quiet!

- i n vi t at i on s Come

in and have

Lie down

a coffee.

on the ground.

N O T You lie down

on the ground- .

- r e q u e st s Please

put your

bag over

there.

3

M a k e n eg at i ves by ad d i n g don't Don't

4

Always Never Always

18

I Do not stand an d never take an

near

(do not) in f r o n t .

windows.

can be u sed at t h e b eg i n n i n g o f t h e i m p er at i ve p h r ase. elevator.

stay where you are.

A Wh a t d o y o u d o i f t h e r e i s a fire i n t h e h o m e ?

Yo u are vi si t i n g a f r i e n d t h i s w e e k e n d . Co m p l e t e

Un d er l i n e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n .

yo u r f r i en d 's ad vice w i t h an ap p r o p r i at e ver b in t h e

1

Panic! / Don't

i m p e r at i ve or n eg at i ve i m p e r at i ve .

2

Leave/ Don't

3

Take time/ Don't

4

Close/ Don't

panic! leave t h e h o u se q u i c k l y .

1

take time t o c o l l ec t y o u r t h i n g s .

yO

2

l at e. T h e t r a i n al w ays

close al l d o o r s b e h i n d y o u .

5

If a d o o r is h o t , open/ don't

6

Go back/ Don't

7

Phone/ Don't

t o b ed ear l y t o n i g h t .

l eaves o n t i m e .

open i t . Go t o t h e w i n d o w .

3

T h e s t a t i o n is al w ay s b u sy.

go back i n si d e.

y o u r t i c k et b ef o r e y o u co m e.

phone t h e f i r e f i g h t e r s .

4

a s an d w i c h o n t h e t r a i n - t h e y ' r e v er y ex p en si v e.

B Co m p l et e t h e d i a l o g u e s w i t h t h e i m p e r a t i v e o r

5

T h e t r a i n ar r i ves at p l a t f o r m 2

n eg at i ve i m p e r a t i v e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s i n t h e b o x .

d o w n t h e st ai r s an d

out of

t h e m a i n en t r an c e. f o r g et

go sh o p p i n g

t u r n l ef t 1

h ave

turn down

A:

Turn

p i ck u p

put

t ak e

6

l e f t an d

worry

t o t h e car p ar k .

t h a t m u si c

7

&W!

i n t h e car p ar k . I'll m eet yo u t h er e.

B: I can't h ear y o u . T h e m u si c's t o o l o u d ! 2

A: It's m y ex am t o d ay .

3

A: I f eel r eal l y b o r e d . Wh a t can I d o ?

I t ' l l b e O K. B:

! Th at ' s w h a t I d o w h e n I'm b o r ed !

4

5

A: Please

yo u r f eet o n t h e

seat.

Gi ve so m e ad vice t o t o u r i st s. Wr i t e t h r e e i m p er at i ve

Sorry.

se n t e n ce s and t h r e e n eg at i ve i m p er at i ve se n t e n ce s in yo u r n ot eb ook .

A: These cak es ar e l o vel y. B:

6

two!

A: I'm r ead y t o g o n o w . B:

Ex a m p l e s:

Srifuj a buj coat, Dont drive into tfve centre,

a g r eat h o l i d a y ! t o sen d a p o s t c ar d .

7

A: Look at t h a t sn ak e! Can I t a k e i t h o m e ? B: No ! Never

8

a sn ak e!

A This is t h e r o ad

now!

B: Wh a t d i d y o u say?

mm m • • '

• • •••| Ci r cl e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1

! It 's 8 o ' cl o ck an d y o u ' r e l at e.

2 A: Can I g o t o a p ar t y t o n i g h t , M u m ? a yo u ar en 't 3 |

b Go i n g

b Ge t s u p

c Ge t u p

n o i sy w h en y o u co m e h o m e.

c d o n 't be a D o n ' t n ever r u n

4 A: Ex cuse m e? Wh e r e is t h e t o i l e t ? a Go

I

b be n o t

acr oss t h e r o ad .

a Yo u g e t u p

B: O K , b u t p l ease

B:

b Never r u n

c Don't running

u p t h es e st ai r s an d t u r n l e f t . It 's t h e r e .

c Yo u g o i n g

5 A: Sorry. I can 't h el p y o u t o d ay . I'm v er y b u sy.

B:

a Don't wo r r y

b Do n ' t be w o r r y _

_ E

c D o es n ' t w o r r y _

_

S fr 1£ Z a x B

3

_

_

: S J 3 M S U B

_

J

U l^ W sa

Im p er at i ves

19

-J^ J Review: present simple and present continuous A

Co m p l e t e t h e sen t en ces w i t h t h e co r r ect f o r m o f t h e ver b . Be c a r e f u l w i t h s p e l l i n g . 1

M y si st er

2

(p l ay) t e n n i s ever y w e e k an d

watckes

1

(w at ch ) t e n n i s m at c h es o n TV.

Lo o k at t h a t cat ! I t

I'm. not wnj joo4 at sports, but I t iU watching sport on TV.

(t r y) t o cat ch t h a t b i r d .

M y u n cl e

(w o r k ) i n a f a c t o r y . H e

2

(f i x ) b r o k e n c o m p u t e r s . 4

I'm v er y g o o d at sp o r t s, b u t I d o n ' t l i k e w a t c h i n g s p o r t o n TV.

(r u n ) v er y f as t . I t h i n k

it 3

Ch a n g e t h e s t a t e m e n t s i n t o n e g a t i v e s an d t h e n eg at i ves i n t o st at em en t s .

ploys

al w ay s

C

T h e b ab y

M y b r o t h e r p l ays t h e g u i t ar , b u t h e i sn ' t ver y g o o d at s i n g i n g .

(cr y) ag ai n . Sh e al w ay s (cr y) w h e n she's h u n g r y .

5

Lo o k ! Ever y o n e

(h ave) a g r eat t i m e at

t h e p ar t y . So m e p e o p l e ar e so m e 6

4

A n n an d Ro b e r t l i k e Lo n d o n an d t h ey ' r e

(d an ce), an d

M a r k u su al l y

(st u d y ) v er y h ar d f o r ex am s, (n o t st u d y ) t o n i g h t .

He

p l a n n i n g t o st ay t h e r e .

(m ak e) a m o d e l .

A l i ce r eal l y

(n o t w a n t ) h er y o g a co u r se t o

en d . Sh e 8

We ar e v er y h ap p y. O u r t e a m is w i n n i n g .

(ch at ).

but he 7

3

(say) i t 's g r eat .

Dan i el

5

(h ave) an easy l i f e . H e j u s t (r el ax ) al l d ay an d

Lu cy is v er y g o o d at d an c i n g . We e n j o y h er sh o w s.

(g o )

t o p ar t i es at n i g h t . 6 B

Un d er l i n e t h e co r r ect o p t i o n .

night.

Ch r i s: H e l l o ? Sue:

H i Ch r i s. It 's Su e. Are/ l

Do y o u at h o m e ? Ch r i s: N o , l'm not/ I

7

don't.

2

3

Are I Do y o u h ave m y

Bi o l o g y b o o k ?

8

Ch r i s: Yo u r Bi o l o g y b o o k ? I t h i n k I h ave i t b u t l'm not 1I don't Sue:

6

isn't/ doesn't

remember

T o n y d o es n ' t eat h am b u r g er s . H e d o es n ' t eat a l o t o f m eat .

4

5

T h a t so n g is v er y g o o d . I w a n t t o l i s t en t o i t ag ai n .

I'm at sch o o l . Wh y ? Su e:

M a r c u s is p l a y i n g a c o m p u t e r g am e at t h e m o m e n t . H e p l ays c o m p u t e r g am es ever y

where. Ju st a m o m e n t . . . n o , i t

i n m y b ag .

9

/ s / d o e s i t o n y o u r d esk at h o m e ?

Jo an n a has a s w i m m i n g c o m p e t i t i o n n ex t w eek , so sh e is p r ac t i s i n g v er y h ar d t o d ay .

Ch r i s: A h , yes. So r r y . A r e / D o y o u n eed i t ? 7

Su e:

Yes, I d o . We h ave a b i g Bi o l o g y t e s t t o m o r r o w . l'm 8

not/ 1

don't

u n d e r s t a n d Bi o l o g y , so I n eed t o st u d y .

Ch r i s: N o , y o u aren't/ don't. 9

M r s Wi l l i a m s

1 0

i sn 't / d o esn 't

at sch o o l t h i s w eek . She's i l l . Su e:

Real l y?

Ch r i s: Yes. So t h e t e s t ^ isn't/ doesn't Th u r sd ay. Yo u aren't/ don't 12

20

t o m o r r o w . It 's n ex t n eed t o s t u d y t o n i g h t .

10

I d o n ' t g o t o s c h o o l b y b u s - I w al k . So I d o n ' t h ave t i m e t o r ead m ag az i n es o n t h e w ay.

D Co m p l et e t h e e m a i l w i t h t h e p r e s e n t s i m p l e o r t h e p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s o f t h e v e r b s i n b r a c k e t s . e e e

0

s

Delete

I I

Q

a

Reply Reply All Forward Print

Hi Luis Thanks for your e m ail. I ' m really pleased t hat you 2

1

k « JJ« j U $

( e nj o y) yo ur English co urse in t he UK. ( yo ur English / g et ) bet t er?

We're all fine here - as a l wa ys. I (no t / h a ve ) m uch free t im e at 14 (p ract ise) hard for t he t ennis compet it ion - only t hre e we e ks to go and about it. I really ( wa n t ) to win t he compet it ion t his year. Brian playing well, but 1 (no t t hi nk) I a m . s 9 (yo u / r e m e m b e r ) my ' b ab y sist er' M aria? W ell, can yo u believe We (st ill / t hi nk) of her as a little child , but she' s ve r y g ro wn- up io ( l e arn) to play t he violin, and she' s alread y quit e good. Sh e now, while 1 ( wri t e ) t his e m a i l . Right, time to stop writ ing . I have loads of wo rk t o do! Se e you so o n. 5

5

6

t he m o m e nt . I ' m really nervous ( t hink) I ' m

7

ZIIIIII

1 1

she s 13 now? now. Sh e ( p lay) right

1 2

Angela

E Cross o u t al l t h e w r o n g o p t i o n s . 1

Car l work/ works doesn't

2

v e r y h ar d m o s t d ays, b u t h e

work/ works

at t h e w e e k e n d . He

M y cat sleep/ sleeps

al l d ay an d go/ goes

She n ever catch/ catches 3

A: Do/ Does

We al w ay s visit/ visits

relax/ relaxes.

Sh e live/ lives

o u t al l n i g h t .

doesn't

t o a p r i vat e

5

A: Do/ Does

Leo al w ay s beat/ beats

y o u know/ knows

B: M ayb e. Do/ Does A: Yes, she

t e n n i s ev er y w e e k , b u t Sam

doesn't

him.

n o n - st o p f o r w eek s. I

St u a r t an d Pau l a like/ likes

sh e have/ has

enjoy/ enjoys

A : Do/ Does

Fr an ces?

v e r y o f t e n h er e, b u t

d an ci n g ?

d an c i n g , b u t Pau l a

don't/

it.

y o u r c o m p u t e r stop/ stops

B: Yes, i t do/ does.

don't/

it.

B: We l l , St u a r t love/ loves

Sam an d Leo play/ plays never win/ wins.

like/ likes

A : Do/ Does

sch o o l i n t h e ci t y. 4

snow/ snows

s o m e t i m e s i t rain/ rains

t o y o u r sc h o o l ?

Sh e go / goes

o u r g r an d m o t h er in t h e w i n t er .

o n a f ar m .

It don't/ doesn't

b i r d s - she's t o o sl o w .

Car o l i n e go/ goes

B: No , she don't/ doesn't.

don't/

I want/ wants

very

o f t en ?

t o b u y a n e w o n e.

l o n g b l o n d e h ai r ?

do/ does.

F Wh a t d o t h e p e o p l e say i n t h e s e s i t u a t i o n s ? C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e i m p e r at i v e o r n e g a t i v e i m p e r a t i v e o f t h e w o r d s i n t h e b o x . be lat e 1

be q u i et

bring

drink

go o u t

l o o k at

It is l u n ch t i m e. Wh a t d o y o u say t o y o u r y o u n g si st er ? (dash

2

co m e

t o u ch

w ai t 6

y o u r h an d s b e f o r e y o u eat .

T h e p a r t y s t ar t s at 8 7

t h e p o t - i t 's h o t ! 3

I f y o u e n t e r A u s t r al i a, t h e r e ar e s o m e t h i n g s y o u can ' t f r esh f r u i t i n t o t h e co u n t r y.

8

Please

Yo u n eed t o s h o w y o u r p assp o r t at t h e a i r p o r t . T h e r e ar e a l o t o f p e o p l e t h e r e . Wh a t d o es t h e si g n say?

A st u d en t is t r y i n g t o see h i s f r i en d ' s an sw er s. Wh a t does t h e t eac h er say?

Pl ease 9

y o u r f r i en d ' s w o r k . 5

!

h ave w i t h y o u . Wh a t d o es t h e si g n i n t h e a i r p o r t say?

You are s i t t i n g i n t h e e x am r o o m . Ev er y o n e is t a l k i n g b ef o r e t h e ex am . Wh a t d o es t h e t e a c h e r say?

4

Yo u r f r i e n d w a n t s e v e r y o n e at t h e p a r t y o n t i m e . Wh a t d o es t h e i n v i t a t i o n say?

Yo u r y o u n g si st er w a n t s t o h el p w i t h t h e c o o k i n g . Wh at d o y o u say?

w ash

You r ecei ve an i n v i t a t i o n t o a f r i en d ' s p ar t y . Wh a t does t h e i n v i t a t i o n say? t o m y p ar t y o n Sat u r d ay .

h er e.

Yo u ar e i l l . Wh a t d o es t h e d o c t o r say? St ay at h o m e -

10

T h e d o c t o r w a n t s y o u t o h ave m o r e w a t e r . Wh a t d o es h e say? t h r e e g l asses o f w a t e r ev er y d ay.

Re v i e w 1

21

Past simple 1:was /

8

were

He was apopular hero.

Robin

Nobody knows. In the film, Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, Robin w a s rich - but this probably wasn 't true. We know that he w a s a popular hero in the 13th century. It's possible the real man w a s born before then.

is afamous hero. He is the subject of stories andI films. But was he areal man?

^ o w w c t t t c M e m M e n ?

Little John and Will Scarlet w e r e famous Merry Men. Robin Hood w a s the leader of this group of men (and women).

m

w e r e R O D i n f l o o f l a n u Bi s

M e m

M e n i a m o m ?. They w e r e famous for robbing rich people. But Robin Hood and his Merry Men wer en 't robbers - the money w a s for poor people.

C o m p l e t e t h i s sen t en ce: T h e r e ar e m an y

a b o u t Ro b i n H o o d . mum

Past simple 1: was / were 1

4

He was t he leader. Was I

quest ion ? Wa s 1 / h e / sh e / i t

Hood?

Were you

f or robbing

rich

people. We r e y o u / w e / t h e y

f am o u s?

(were not) f o r t h e

W h o w a s h e? Wh e r e w e r e y o u ?

neg at ive. true.

They weren't

robbers. was I were st at em ent /

Yes, (t h ey ) we r e . N o , (t h ey ) wer en 't .

Men ?

U se wasn't (was not) an d weren't This wasn't

Yes, (h e) was. N o , (h e) wasn 't .

there?

Who were t he Merry

22

a r o b b er ?

Were is t h e p ast o f are. They were famous

3

short answer / X

asleep?

Who was Robin 2

M a k e q u e st i o n s an d sh o r t a n sw e r s as f o l l o ws:

Was is t h e p ast o f am and is.

negat ive A

1 / H e / Sh e / I t

was

w a s n ot (wasn't )

Y o u / We / T h e y

were

w e r e n ot (wer en't )

Shakespeare

born was born in 1564

and died in 1616.

Practice

A Com plete t h e se n t e n ce s using was, wasn't, were or

D

weren't. 1

Ch i ar a an d h er si st er

2

It

were

h er e a m o m e n t ag o .

was

home

M e n . In t h e 1 3 t h c e n t u r y t h e f or est

w o r r i ed ab o u t yo u .

m o s t p e o p l e , b u t Ro b i n an d h i s

It

t h e w o r s t film

o f t h e su m m er ! Ben at f o o t b a l l p r ac t i c e o n M o n d a y ? ! An d w h er e

you ?

y o u r p ar en t s an g r y ?

a c am p

4

n ear a l ar g e t r e e . T o d ay t h e f o r e s t a p o p u l a r p l ace f o r t o u r i s t s

5

B: No , he

h ap p y t h e r e .

3

Th ei r h o m e

it a good film?

B: No , i t

a saf e p l ace f o r

2

f r i en d s

l at e.

A:

1

at h o m e , so i t w as q u i e t .

A:

6

Sh e r w o o d Fo r e s t

at m y u n cl e's h o u se. M y co u si n s

B:The t r ai n

5 A:

weren't.

f o r Ro b i n H o o d an d h i s M e r r y

a h o l i d a y l ast w e e k an d w e

3 A: You'r e h er e at l ast ! I 4

Co m p l e t e t h e t e x t w i t h is, are, was, were, wasn't or

t o v i si t , an d t h e t r e e

st i l l t h er e.

6

So m e p e o p l e say t h a t Ro b i n H o o d an d M a i d M a r i a n l o ver s. In f ac t , Ro b i n

7

al r ead y m ar r i e d !

8

Bu t d o y o u p r e f e r t o b el i ev e t h e st o r i es? T h en y o u can s t i l l

B: No , t h ey

see St M ar y ' s Ch u r c h w h e r e t h e y B Robin Hood's e n e m y, t h e Sh e r i f f o f N o t t i n g h a m , is

m ar r i ed .

9

St M ar y ' s Ch u r c h an d Sh e r w o o d Fo r e s t

c i t y o f N o t t i n g h a m i n t h e c en t r e o f En g l an d .

asking him som e q u est i on s.

MV TURN!

Com plete t h e q u est i ons and t h e sh o r t a n sw e r s. Sherif f : W h e r e

were^ OU

1

born?

Rob i n : I'm n o t t e l l i n g y o u ! Sherif f : We r e y o u at h o m e y est er d ay ? Rob in: N o , 1

In you r n ot eb ook , w r i t e se n t e n ce s using was, were,

2

wasn't and weren't

Sherif f : We r e y o u w i t h y o u r f r i e n d s ? Robin: Th e M e r r y M e n ? Yes, 1 Sherif f :

n ear t h e

1 0

3

I i n t h e f o r est ?

4

Robin: N o , w e Sherif f : Wh e r e

we

it

t h e w eat h er

ab ou t a place yo u have vi si t ed .

the t own

t h e s t r eet s

t h e sh o p s

t h e p eo p l e

5

y es t er d ay ?

6

Robin: W e '

Ex a m p l e : (Oe visited 6 at(i. Tfietownwas beautiful

i n y o u r cast l e!

Sherif f : Wh er e' s m y m o n e y ? Rob in: I'm n o t t e l l i n g y o u ! C Complete t h e se n t e n ce s using wasn't or weren't

and an

appropriate adj ect ive f r o m t h e box . So m e t i m e s m o r e Ci r c l e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n .

than one answer is p ossib le.

1 af r ai d

cl ean

in a h u r r y

f r i en d l y

hot

hungry 2

2

al l y es t er d ay ev en i n g ?

a w er e yo u

ver y b i g

1 The t o w n w as p r e t t y b u t i t

A : Wh e r e B: A t t h e c i n em a.

wasn't venj by

c yo u w er e

v er y g o o d , b u t Kevi n Co s t n e r

w as ex c el l en t .

The r est au r an t w as n i ce b u t I

3 The f o o d w as g o o d b u t t h e w a i t e r s

b w as y o u

Th e f i l m a w as n ' t

I

b w er e n o t

c w er en ' t

3 Bo t h Sh ak esp ear e an d Gal i l e o a w er e b o r n

b w as b o r n

in 1564. c ar e b o r n

4 The d o g w as ver y b i g , b u t t h e c h i l d r e n

A: M u m , w h e r e

5 The w eat h er w as su n n y b u t i t

a I w as

6

The b each w as g r eat b u t i t

A: We r e t h e M e r r y M e n v er y r i ch ?

7

The h o t e l w as n i ce b u t t h e r o o m s

born?

B: In N o t t i n g h a m , b w er e I

B: N o , a t h ey w er en 't

8

c w as I

b w er e n o t

c t h e y w as n ' t

The sh o p w as b u sy b u t w e eg at E£ ez e x

: S J 3 M S U E

il l s s

Past s i m p l e 1 2 3

Past simple 2: regular past forms

9

She livedin a tree. [ail

I criminal iWe asked Julia, 'Why did you decide to do it?'Julia replied, 'It seem ed the right thing to do. They didn't need to cut the tree down. I told them not to do it but they didn't listen to me. I believed I was right.'

O

Un d e r l i n e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n : Ju l i a lives

/ doesn't

live i n a t r e e t o d a y . 9A| i ^usaop :J9Msuy

Past simple 2: regular past forms 1

4

Use t h e p a s t s i m p l e f o r p a s t a c t i o n s , s t a t e s a n d g e n e r a l t r u t h s . / phoned

2

Julia

yesterday.

Did you stay

at the party long last

Once people

didn't

believe

night?

the world

was

yesterday,

(a few

/ two

ago, are

months / 10

years)

minutes

s o m e t i m e s u sed w i t h t h e p ast s i m p l e . round.

She didn't

Th e p ast t i m e c o u l d b e r ec en t o r d i s t a n t . We finished

Past t i m e ex p r es s i o n s , e.g . last (night / week / year),

arrive

yesterday.

Did you clean the car last

one minute

Colombus

ago.

years

discovered

weekend?

America

500

ago.

Sp e l l i n g p ast

future

p r esen t

W h e n a v e r b e n d s i n - e, a d d - d. die - >

The Chinese

invented

paper.

died

love - >

A d d - ed t o m a k e t h e p a s t s i m p l e ( r e g u l a r ) f o r a l l p e r s o n s . Us e did

not

a n d t h e i n f i n i t i v e w i t h o u t to t o m a k e t h e n e g a t i v e a n d u se did t o m a k e a q u e s t i o n . We u s u a l l y say a n d w r i t e didn't

loved

W h e n a v e r b e n d s i n a c o n s o n a n t (b, t, m, et c. ) a n d - y, d e l e t e t h e - y a n d a d d - led.

i n s t e a d o f did not i n

copy - »

i n f o r m a l s i t u a t i o n s , e. g . an e m a i l t o a f r i e n d .

try - *

copied tried

W h e n a v e r b e n d s i n a s i n g l e v o w e l (a, e,

I / Y o u / H e / Sh e / I t / W e / T h e y

st at em en t /

n eg at i v e X

i, o, u) a n d a s i n g l e c o n s o n a n t , d o u b l e t h e

st ar t ed

d i d n o t (d i d n ' t ) s t ar t

l as t c o n s o n a n t . stop prefer

q u est i o n ?

s h o r t an sw er

-»

stopped preferred

/ /

D i d 1 / y o u / h e / sh e / i t / w e / t h e y s t a r t ? Yes, (1) d i d . N o , (1) d i d n o t ( d i d n ' t ) .

24

-»

•

See p age 1 8 2 f o r m o r e sp el l i n g r u l es.

MV TURN!

Practice A Wh a t w as M a r g a r e t ' s l i f e l i k e i n 1 9 7 0 w h e n sh e w a s yo u n g ? Wr i t e p as t s i m p l e s t a t e m e n t s (/ ) a n d n e g a t i v e s (X) u si n g t h e i n f o r m a t i o n b e l o w . / w o r k i n a sh o p

1

Ski worked in. a sksp.

2

X l i k e h er j o b

2

She didn Hik e her job,

3

/ l i v e in a f l at

3

4

X w an t a h o u se

5

/ p r ef er f l at s

6

X w at ch T V m u c h

6

7

/ en j o y d an c i n g

7

Qu es t i o n

An sw er 8 7 yes 13 no

4

Di d yo u w at ch a DVD l ast Sat u r d ay night?

5

Di d yo u use t h e I n t e r n e t y est er d ay ?

7 0 yes 3 0 no

Di d yo u d o w n l o ad a song l ast w eek ?

19 yes 8 1 no

Di d yo u p l ay a co m p u t er gam e y es t er d ay ?

3 5 yes 6 5 no

Di d yo u em ai l a f r i e n d l ast week ?

5 8 yes 4 2 no

Di d yo u l i k e co m p u t er s f i ve y ear s ago?

9 0 yes 10 no

8

/ d ance t h e Salsa

8

9

/ l ear n Sp an i sh

9

X st ay at h o m e m u c h

past s i m p l e. So m e ar e n e g a t i v e s o r q u e s t i o n s . 1

I was t i r e d , so I d_i_d_A. t _ w O ^ L L t o w o r k . youw

t h e m a t c h l ast n i g h t o n T V?

3

Yest er d ay she w

4

The r ai n _s

5

Tony was ver y q u i e t . He

al l d ay i n t h e f ac t o r y . , so t h e t e n n i s s t a r t e d . '_

X_

to

an yo n e. 6

1

8 7 teenagers

watched a DVD last Saturday nujht.

2

1 3 teenagers didn't watch a DVD last Saturday nujht.

3

3 0 t een ag er s

4

1 9 t een ag er s

5

3 5 t een ag er s

6

5 8 t een ag er s

7

1 0 t een ag er s

N o w an sw er t h e q u est i o n n ai r e i n y o u r n o t eb o o k .

Last su m m er w e _t

a r o u n d Eu r o p e

by t r ai n . 7

|

10

B Co m p l et e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h an a p p r o p r i a t e v e r b i n t h e

2

a b o u t t e c h n o l o g y . Ch an g e t h e i r an s w er s i n t o p ast s i m p l e sen t en ces. So m e ar e n e g a t i v e .

1

10

I A h u n d r e d Br i t i s h t e e n a g e r s a n s w e r e d a q u e s t i o n n a i r e

A:

Jan e g

1

(didn't watcd a DVD last Saturday ntjht. / watched a DVD last Saturday ni^ht.

t h e t es t ?

B: No , sh e f a i l e d . 8

IJ

9

A:

t o t h e c o n c er t as a p o d cast . t h e ch i l d r en j _

al l t h e i r b r eak f ast ?

B: Yes, t h ey w e r e h u n g r y . 10

Th e p ar t y w as t e r r i b l e , I

'_

J

it.

C Co m p l et e t h e t e x t u s i n g t h e p as t s i m p l e o f t h e v e r b s i n b r ack et s. tiv&d

1

(l i ve) i n a f r i d g e

f o r 4 0 d ays f r o m D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 8 t o Feb r u ar y 1 9 9 9 - a w o r l d r eco r d . A r e p o r t e r ' New Year i n t h e f r i d g e ?' T r a v i s (r ep l y),'No . 1

t h at i t was N e w Year : m y w a t c h

i n t h e t r ee f o r 7 3 7 d ays, b w as st ay ed

She

w h e n she f i n i s h ed h er p r o t e s t ,

3

(n o t k n o w )

4

b cr i ed

5

(t r y) a n o t h e r

w o r l d r eco r d - 6 0 h o u r s i n a f r eez er .

b Tal k ed she

b save

c did

a d i d n ' t w at ch ed

T V f o r t w o year s, b d o n ' t w at ch ed

c d i d n ' t w at ch

(f ai l ). 'Th e

8

3

f r eez er was j u s t t o o c o l d . I

S

^ t^ E

qz

Ei

: S J3 M S U E

iisax^ w

(n o t l i k e)

9

it ,'Tr avis s a i d . ' l

c D i d she t al k

B: Yes, she

A: Ju l i a, w as i t b o r i n g ? B: Yes, i t w as. I

Two year s ag o , Tr avi s

c cr y

A: D i d sh e save t h e t r ee? a saved

6

c is st ay ed

t o j o u r n al i st s? a D i d she t a l k e d

(not w o r k ) b ecau se i t w as so c o l d ! '

This t i m e h e

She a st ay ed a cr y ed

(cel eb r at e) 4

5

7

2

(ask ) Tr avi s l at er ,

you

3

• ••••

Ci r c l e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1

Travis C a r t e r

'

QB3BL

1 0

(p r ef er ) t h e f r i d g e. ' Past s i m p l e 2

25

10

Past simple 3: irregular past forms

r

They spoke Celtic languages. W h e r e

d i d E n g l i s h

Old English Modern English

c o m e

f r o m ?

he on pa duru eode he went to the door

The ancient Britons spoke Celtic languages like Welsh. The Romans made Britain a colony in 43 AD but Latin didn't become the language of the common people. Not many of the ancient Britons knewLatin and they didn't feel happy with anewlanguage. In the 5th century AD, the Romans left Britain because they had problems at home. The Angles, Saxons andJutes then went to England from Denmark and Germany. They brought their own Germanic languages. These languages became Old English. The story of English began.

FRANCE

T r u e o r Fa l se ? En g l i sh is a La t i n l an g u ag e . 3S| E-| MSMSUy

Past simple 3: irregular past forms 1

M a n y p ast si m p l e ve r b s d o n ot e n d in - ed. T h e y have ir r egular f o r m s. For n eg at i ve an d q u e st i o n f o r m s, u se

p r esen t

p ast

p r esen t

p ast

did an d t h e inf init ive w i t h o u t t o.

be

w as / w e r e

know

k n ew

b eco m e

b ec am e

l eave

l ef t

b eg i n

b eg an

m ak e

m ad e

bring

brought

m ean

m ean t

buy

bought

p ay

p ai d

co m e

cam e

put

put

do

did

say

sai d

eat

at e

see

saw

g et

got

sp eak

sp o k e

g i ve

g ave

The Romans They didn't

made feel

Did they speak st at em en t

Britain

a colony.

happy. Latin ?

/

Yo u san g .

Sh e t o l d h er b r o t h e r .

n e g at i v e X Yo u d i d n o t ( d i d n ' t ) s i n g .

Sh e d i d n o t (d i d n ' t ) t e l l h er b r o t h er .

26

m

t ak e

took

Th e ar m y w e n t

Th e ar m y d i d n o t (d i d n ' t ) g o

go

w en t

t el l

told

h o m e.

h o m e.

h ave

h ad

think

thought

h ear

h ear d

q u est i o n ?

s h o r t an s w er /

D i d 1 / y o u / h e / sh e / i t /

Yes, (1) d i d .

w e / t h e y si n g ?

N o , (1) d i d n o t ( d i d n ' t ).

X See p age 1 8 1 f o r a l i st o f i r r eg u l ar ver b s.

1

Practice

Circle t he 1 2 past si m p l e f o r m s in t h e w o r d se a r ch

Re a d t h e n o t e s ab o u t a t yp i cal t een ag er 's day in 1 0 0 0

puz z le, t hen wr i t e t h e i r inf init ive- wit hout - t o f o r m s.

A D . Wr i t e f u l l se n t e n ce s in t h e p ast si m p l e . So m e are

1

h

e

a

r

d

t

y

r

t

u

i

0

P

a

w

s

q

d

k

3

s

a

w

t

s

f

g

h

0 0

n

4

J

k

I

h

X

b

r

0

k

e

z

s

P

0

k

e

w

e

c

w

I

m

b

u

s

f

u

d

n

J

8

m

e

e

g

d

a

y

g

m

I

9

g

a

f

h

i

e

m

a

d

e

0

n

h

t

k

c

g

k

I

f

t

t

J

k

(c

a

m ~ e)

i

t

st a t e m e n t s (/ ) an d so m e ar e n eg at i ves (X).

come

2

U *•

A t een ag er in 10OO AD / g e t up: 5 . 3 0 / breakfast {bread and water) X go t o school / go to work

5 6 7

/ wor k begin: 6 . 3 0 / lunch (m eat ) / g e t hom e: 5 . 0 0 / m ak e clothes: evening »/ b ef or e bed: t el l s t o r y t o s i s t er X sleep in a bed / sleep on t h e floor

10 11 12

B The most f am ous p oem in O l d Eng l i sh is

U 1 H 1 11 I I | | i l ;» ;» *» .» »« .» « «• «. *. «, * „

Beowulf.

She^ot ap at 5 3 0 and

Complete t he t e x t using t h e co r r e ct p ast si m p l e f o r m of the verbs in b r ack et s. Be o w u l f ago. He

was

1

(b e) a g r e a t f i g h t e r 1,000 y e ar s (w i n ) m a n y b at t l es ag ai n s t

2

m on st er s an d d r ag o n s . Gr e n d e l w as a t e r r i b l e m o n s t e r f r o m D en m ar k . H e

(h ave) b i g t e e t h

3

and h e was v e r y s t r o n g . G r e n d e l (not sleep ) a n d He

(n o t e at ).

5

/ W h a t d id yo u do ye st e r d a y? A n sw e r t h e q u est i on s

(d r i n k ) b l o o d . K i n g H r o t h g ar o f

6

Den m ar k Beo wu l f

in yo u r n o t e b o o k u si n g past si m p l e sh o r t a n sw e r s

(p ay) Be o w u l f t o k i l l Gr e n d e l .

7

an d se n t e n ce s. T h e n w r i t e t h r e e m o r e q u e st i o n s

(g o ) t o D e n m a r k ,

8

an d a n sw e r t h e m in t h e sa m e way.

(f i g h t ) t h e m o n s t e r a n d k i l l e d i t . K i n g

9

Hr o t h g ar

1

(g i v e) Be o w u l f a l o t o f

1 0

m oney. Be o w u l f

(n o t c o m e ) b a c k .

2

D i d y o u sp eak En g l i sh ?

3

D i d y o u b u y an yt h i n g ?

4

D i d y o u g o a n y w h e r e i n t h e ev en i n g ?

/ e&, I did. I said 'tfetta' to iwj €njtisk teacher.

(b ec o m e) a K i n g . Fi n al l y ,

1 3

D i d y o u g e t u p ear l y ?

K)& I didn't, l^ct up at 10 o'clock.

(l eave) D e n m a r k a n d

1 1

1 2

He

4

Beowu l f d i ed b ecau se a d r a g o n k i l l e d h i m .

5

D i d y o u f o r g et an yt h i n g ?

6

D i d y o u see an y f r i e n d s ?

.• .M.MAM.MJ |

Cir cle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n

|

1 A: Di d t h ey f e e l h ap p y ? B: N o , t h e y

I

2 Wh er e

from?

v e r y an g r y.

a d i d t h e Sax o n s c o m e

3 A : D i d Be o w u l f sp eak O l d En g l i sh ? B: Yes, h e '

4 The A n ci en t Br i t o n s

I 5 Beo w u l f

p en s an d p en ci l s.

so r r y t o t h e Ki n g .

• •••••••

a sayed

a f el ed

b f el l

b t h e Sax o n s cam e a did a h ad n ' t b sai d

c f el t

c d i d t h e Sax o n s cam e

b sp o k e

b d i d n ' t h ave

c d o es c d i d n ' t h ad

c saw

t• • • • # • 1

qg

q-t?

e£

EZ

: 5 J3 M SU E u s a i

Xw

Past s i m p l e 3 2 7

Past continuous

11

Everyone was talking about the alligators. Urban legends are stories about strange things that happen in everyday life. But they are probably not true. Or are they?

Years ago inFlorida and Georgia, you could buy baby alligators. But they are difficult pets, so people set themtree. Where did these alligators go? While we were studying English, my wife and I were living inNewYork. ™ th^eeverylnewas talking about the alligators mthe sewers. Afriend told me that one day a man was working in the sewers. It was five o coCk and he was just finishing for the day. Has fnends were watUngLhiminthestreet.Theyhearda scream.When they pulled , the man out of the sewer, he was scared and he was shakmg. There was an alligator in the sewer! Wh a t d o y o u t h i n k ? Is t h i s st o r y t r u e?

Past continuous 1

2

Us e t h e p as t c o n t i n u o u s t o t a l k a b o u t e v e n t s w h i c h

W h e n when

w e r e i n p r o g r e s s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e i n t h e p as t .

sen t en ce, p u t a c o m m a i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e sen t en ce.

At that

time everyone

in the

sewers.

was talking

about

the

alligators

Us e t h e p as t c o n t i n u o u s t o s e t t h e b a c k g r o u n d t o a

While I was falling, 5

/ forgot

h ap p e n e d . T h e m a i n e v e n t s ar e u s u al l y i n t h e p as t s i m p l e .

telephone.

heard

a

were

waiting

for him in the street.

They

Us e when

I closed

m y eyes.

about

She shouted

the bath

because

at me because

I was talking

I was driving

o r while

t o l i n k p ast s i m p l e an d p ast

c o n t i n u o u s . We can u se when

form.

b ef o r e t h e p ast s i m p l e o r st at em en t

His friends were waiting when

for him

Yo u / We / T h e y

/

wer e w o r k i n g

1 / He / Sh e / I t

I

w as w o r k i n g

p ast

Us e while

p r esen t

his friends were waiting

for him , they heard a

scream.

q u est i o n ?

b ef o r e t h e p ast c o n t i n u o u s .

his friends were waiting

for him , they heard a

We r e

scream.

yo u / w e / t h ey

s h o r t an sw er / X working?

Wa s

1 / h e / sh e / i t

working?

28

English, m y wife and I were

Yes, (1) w as . N o , (1) w a s n ' t .

s am e t i m e . Wh/ '/ e we were studying

Yes, (yo u ) w e r e . N o , (yo u ) w e r e n ' t .

w i t h t h e p ast c o n t i n u o u s i n b o t h p ar t s o f a

in New York.

w a s n o t (w as n ' t )

future

sen t en ce t o t al k ab o u t t w o si t u at i o n s g o i n g o n at t h e

living

w e r e n o t (w er en ' t )

working

1

We can al so u se while

n eg at i v e X

working

they

heard a scream.

While

fast.

M a k e t h e p a s t c o n t i n u o u s u s i n g t h e v e r b was / were + v e r b + - ing

t h e p as t c o n t i n u o u s .

When

on the

scream. 6

3

co m e at t h e b eg i n n i n g o f a

Us e t h e p as t c o n t i n u o u s t o g i v e t h e r eas o n f o r a p ast ev en t .

s t o r y - t o t a l k a b o u t w h a t w a s g o i n g o n w h e n an e v e n t His friends

a n d while

•

See p age 1 8 2 f o r sp el l i n g r u l es.

C o m p l e t e t h i s u r b a n l e g e n d . Us e p as t c o n t i n u o u s o r

Pr a c t i c e

p as t s i m p l e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s i n b r a c k e t s .

A Wh a t w as Gr ace d o i n g t h i s t i m e l as t w e e k ? L o o k a t t h e

was

mkty

p i ct u r e an d c o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e c o r r e c t

A T V t e a m i n A l ask a

past c o n t i n u o u s f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s i n t h e b o x .

a b o u t t h e l i f e o f s al m o n . T h ey

1

(m ak e) a f i l m

2

(cat ch ) a s al m o n i n t h e sea an d v er y c ar e f u l l y drink

f eel

r ead

sh i n e

5+ t

(p u t ) a r ad i o t r a n s m i t t e r o n i t . Th e

3

w ear

r ad i o t r a n s m i t t e r

'Can you b el i eve i t ? Th i s t i m e l ast w e e k I w as o n h o l i d a y . . .

(sen d ) m essag es

4

t o t h e T V t eam . T h e y

(f o l l o w ) t h e

5

sal m o n ' s j o u r n e y f o r t w o m o n t h s . O n e d ay t h e cam er am en

(cam p ) at

6

t h e si d e o f t h e r i ver an d t h e y

7

( f o l l o w ) t h e s al m o n as u su al . Su d d en l y t h e f i sh (l eave) t h e r i ver an d 9

(g o ) t h r o u g h a f o r e s t . T h e t e a m

10

(t ak e) t h e i r cam er as an d

f o l l o w e d . In t h e f o r e s t a g r o u p o f b o y s 1

I

was s i t t i t u j i n a caf e.

2

T h e su n

3 I

m y su n g l asses.

4

I

m y book.

l e m o n ad e . 6

I

r el ax ed . '

5

I

(f i n d ) t h e b o ys, t h e y

1 2

(si t ) a r o u n d a fire. T h ey

1 3

(co o k ) t h e s al m o n o n t h e fire.

1 4

MV TURN!

IB Wr i t e f u l l sen t en ces u s i n g t h e w o r d s i n t h e s am e o r d e r . Change t h e v er b s t o t h e p a s t c o n t i n u o u s o r p a s t s i m p l e . One o r b o t h v er b s s h o u l d b e i n t h e p a s t c o n t i n u o u s . 1

He / si t / i n t h e k i t c h en / w h e n / t h e f i r e / s t a r t

In y o u r n o t e b o o k , co p y an d c o m p l e t e t h e r ep l i es

He was sittituj in the kitchen when the {ire started. 2

1 1

(cam p ). Wh e n t h e T V t e a m

w i t h y o u r o w n i d eas u s i n g t h e p a s t c o n t i n u o u s .

It / g et l at e / an d / t h e m an / w o r k / q u i c k l y .

1

A : D i d y o u h ear t h e p h o n e?

B: K)o, I was listening to music.

3 The p en ci l / b r eak / w h i l e / I / w r i t i n g d o w n / h er p h o n e 2

num ber.

A : So m e o n e j u s t k n o c k e d at t h e d o o r . B: W h o w as i t ?

4

A: I d o n ' t k n o w

It / sn ow / b u t w e / n o t w e ar / w a r m c l o t h es . 3

A : Wh a t w as t h e w e a t h e r l i k e w h e n y o u l e f t h o m e?

4

A : D i d y o u cat ch a c o l d y est er d ay ?

B: T e r r i b l e !

5 A cat / r u n / i n f r o n t o f t h e car / w h e n / I / d r i v e / h o m e .

B: Yes, I d id

6 The l i g h t s / ch an g e / w h i l e / sh e / s t i l l cr o ss / t h e r o ad . 5 7

A : We r e y o u at s c h o o l o n M o n d a y ? B: N o , I w as n ' t

Yo u / s t i l l s l e e p / w h e n / I / g et u p . 6

• • •»i

A : D i d y o u h ear m e? B: N o , so r r y,

8 They / n o t b u i l d / t h e s t ad i u m / w h e n / 1 / l i ve / i n t h e ci t y.

«* »* ,

• «•

• •_• a a a

• i

•••••••

| Circle t h e c o r r ec t o p t i o n . I

1 He was w o r k i n g i n t h e sew er I 2 They

h e saw t h e al l i g at o r .

a t h en

t el ev i s i o n w h e n t h e y saw a c o w i n t h e i r g ar d en .

[3

I was w ear i n g su n g l asses b ecau se t h e su n

?4

A:

15

A: Wer e yo u w ear i n g a h el m et w h e n y o u f e l l o f f y o u r b i k e?

r ai n i n g w h e n y o u ar r i ved ?

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • III• • • • • • * • * • <

v er y b r i g h t l y .

B: N o . It w as v er y su n n y. B:

b w h en

aar ewat ch i n g awassh i n i n g a Wa s i t

c while b w at ch i n g

c w er e w at ch i n g

b is s h i n i n g b It w as

a No , I w er en ' t

c sh o n e

c I t is b N o , I w asn ' t qS *P

c N o , I'm n o t I

?Z qi :sj 9 M su Ei ;sai Aw

Past co n t i n u o u s 2 9

Review: past simple and past continuous A

Co m p l e t e t h e st o r y by m a t ch i n g t h e p h r ases in t h e box t o t h e cor r ect places.

b an d s h o w i n g m e h i s p h o t o s w h i l e w e w e r e e a t i n g

1

I was having/ had

2

Wh i l e Sal l y was walking/

3

d b ecau se w e w e r e h u n g r y

walked t o t h e s t a t i o n ,

T o m w e n t t o b ed an d was

saying/ said,

' Go o d n i g h t '

e i t r an aw ay

4

w h e n i t h ap p e n e d

D i d y o u g e t an g r y w h e n she f i n al l y was told

I w as v i s i t i n g m y f r i e n d Jo h n i n A u s t r a l i a We w e r e h av i n g d i n n e r ear l y

a sh o w er w h e n m y f r i e n d cal l ed .

sh e m e t Har r y .

c w h e n Jo h n w as s p eak i n g

t

1

2

He w as t e l l i n g m e a b o u t h i s f a m i l y

3

Su d d en l y , a k an g ar o o j u m p e d t h r o u g h t h e w i n d o w Wh i l e w e w e r e t h i n k i n g w h a t t o d o n e x t , He t o o k a p h o t o o f t h e k an g ar o o B

Un d e r l i n e t h e cor r ect op t ion. So m e t i m e s m or e t h a n on e op t i on is possible.

a w h i l e i t w as r u n n i n g

f

C

telling/

you ?

5

We d an ced w h i l e t h e m u si c was

6

I was meeting/ met

7

Were the Romans

playing/ played.

D a v i d m an y year s ag o . using / Did

the Romans

use

p ap er ?

4

8

Wh e n sh e wasn't

watching/ didn't

watch,

5

I t o o k a n o t h e r b i sc u i t .

6

M a t ch each p ict ur e t o t h e co r r e ct se n t e n ce . 1

Sh e w as r u n n i n g

3

w h e n sh e saw h i m . 2

We w e n t h o m e

Sh e r an w h e n

4

sh e saw h i m .

w h en w e g o t h o m e.

r ai n i n g , w e

We t a l k e d a b o u t i t w h i l e w e w er e g o i n g h o m e.

30

•

•

I

Wh e n i t s t a r t e d w en t h o m e.

We t a l k e d a b o u t i t

. —.

w h i l e i t w as r ai n i n g . I

•

Wh e n h e f i n i s h e d h i s l u n ch , D ad r ead

.—.

t h e p ap er .

I

I

D a d r ead t h e p ap er w h i l e h e w as

.—.

f i n i s h i n g h i s l u n ch .

I

I

D Co m p l et e t h e s e s t o r i e s u s i n g t h e c o r r e c t p as t s i m p l e o r p as t c o n t i n u o u s f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s i n b r a c k e t s .

The c l o c k

(b r eak ) w h i l e t h e c h i l d r e n

bnh

1

Ji l l

(p l ay) f o o t b a l l i n t h e h o u se.

2

The c l o c k

(f al l ) w h e n t h e b al l

3

(h i t ) i t . T h e a c c i d e n t

4

(happen) w h i l e t h e i r p a r e n t s

Wh a t

Dr i ver :

1

Police o f f i cer :

t o t h e t a b l e an d

G

M a k e ex c u ses f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g s i t u a t i o n s u s i n g t h e T h e ex c u s es can b e f u n n y !

q u i ck l y ? No , I

1

f as t b ecau se t h e r e w e r e a l o t o f

4

(r u n )

1 0

(g i ve) Ji 11 s o m e f l o w e r s .

1 1

p a s t c o n t i n u o u s (an d p a s t s i m p l e , i f y o u w a n t ) .

w h e n y o u saw t h e el ep h an t ?

1

(sp eak ), a m an

9

(co m e) h o m e .

6

t h r o u g h t h e p ar k .

2

3

Dr i ver :

(h ear ) h er p h o n e . It w as h er m o t h e r . Wh i l e

t h ey

5

E Cir cl e t h e c o r r ec t o p t i o n . Police o f f i cer :

(d r i n k ) h er co f f ee w h e n sh e

7

8

an i m al s. M y w i f e

5

Wh y ar e y o u l at e f o r sch o o l ? (was taking

mij pet kangaroo for a watt and it ran. awaij.

out of the window

an d w a t c h i n g s o m e l i o n s. Sh e

t o t ak e

6

so m e p h o t o s o f t h e m b u t w h i l e sh e

2

Wh y ar e y o u r sh o es d i r t y ?

3

Wh y d i d y o u eat al l t h e ch o co l at es?

4

Wh y d i d n ' t y o u d o y o u r h o m e w o r k ?

5

W h y ar e y o u s l eep i n g i n cl ass?

6

Wh y d i d n ' t y o u an sw er t h e t e l e p h o n e ?

7

t h e cam er a o u t o f h er b ag , an e l e p h a n t r an at t h e car ! Police o f f i cer : Dr i ver :

Wh y

aw ay w h i l e t h e e l e p h a n t

8

Th e e l e p h an t w as v er y f as t . I o n l y

9

1 0

? the

el ep h an t w h e n i t h i t o u r car. 1

a d o yo u d o

2

a was d r i vi n g

3

a Di d yo u g o

4

a wasn 't d r i v i n g

5

a was l o o k i n g

6

a wer e w a n t i n g

b w as y o u d o i n g b d r o ve

(c)w er e yo u d o i n g

c w er e d r i vi n g

b We r e y o u g o i n g

7

a got

8

a d i d n ' t y o u d r i ve

c Was y o u g o i n g

b w er en ' t d r i vi n g b w er e l o o k i n g

c l o o k ed

b w as w a n t i n g

b was g e t t i n g

c d i d n ' t d r i ve

H

Ci r c l e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1

c w an t ed

c w er e g et t i n g

b w as n ' t y o u d r i v i n g

a w at ch i n g 2

c w er en 't y o u d r i v i n g 9

a ran

b was r u n n i n g

I 10 a w er e seei n g

We w e n t t o t h e c i n em a l ast n i g h t an d

a film.

It w as ex c el l en t . (b ) w a t c h e d

c w er e w at ch i n g

Sh e d i d n ' t u n d e r s t a n d t h e g am e. Wh i l e I

the

i n s t r u c t i o n s , sh e w as w r i t i n g a t e x t . c w er e r u n n i n g

b w as seei n g

c

saw

a w as e x p l a i n i n g 3

b am e x p l a i n i n g

T h e m an t o o k h er b ag an d

c ex p l ai n ed aw ay w i t h i t . We

n ever saw h i m ag ai n . F Mak e sen t en ces f r o m t h e w o r d s a n d w r i t e t h e m i n y o u r n o t eb o o k . Pu t o n e v e r b i n t h e p a s t s i m p l e a n d o n e v e r b

a run 4

in t h e p ast c o n t i n u o u s . 1

I / s h o p / w h en / m e e t / h er

I was shopping wnen I met ker.

1 4

Sarah / n o t g o / b ecau se / sh e / n o t f e e l / v er y w e l l As / 1 / f al l / m y p ar ach u t e / s u d d e n l y / o p e n

5

you / have / a s h o w er / w h e n / 1 / p h o n e?

6

Gavin / b r eak / h i s ar m / w h i l e / h e / d o / j u d o

c w as r u n n i n g

a h el m et . a n o t w ear i n g 5

A: Wh a t

b d i d n ' t w ear

c w as n ' t w e a r i n g

w h e n y o u h ear d t h e n o i se?

B: I r an o u t s i d e t o h el p .

I 2 Wh i l e / w e / eat / b r eak f ast / t h e l e t t e r / ar r i v e 3

b r an

Sh e h u r t h er h ead w h e n sh e f e l l o f f h er b i k e. Sh e

a d i d you d o 6

b w er e yo u d o i n g

c yo u w er e d o i n g

We r e y o u p l ay i n g h o c k ey w h e n y o u b r o k e y o u r n o se? B: Yes, I a did

b w er e

c w as

Revi ew 2 3 1

Present perfect 1

12

They've already invented it! Sorry I'm late. I ha ve n' t le ft y e t !

T h e y 've a l r e a d y i n v e n t e d it, Dad! The taxi's j u s t a r r i v e d !

Find six w o r d s O

rCC

from

the cartoons

in t h i s w o r d snake: 'jsnf'ya] 'Apeaj|e 'paAUje 'pajuaAU! :SJ9MSUV

Present perfect 1 1

Use t h e present p e r f e c t f o r a past e v e n t

statement

w h i c h t h e s p e a k e r f e e l s is c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e present. The taxi's arrived. (The taxi is here now.) 2

The taxi's just

have n o t (haven't) v i s i t e d

He/She/It

has fs) v i s i t e d

has n o t (hasn't) v i s i t e d

a n d yet. Already

a n d n e g a t i v e s . Already

c o m e s a f t e r has

comes at t h e end o f t h e sentence o r question. They've already left

invented

it.

yet.

Have the boys arrived

Has

he / she / i t

visited...?

Yes, (he) i t has.

A d d -ed t o f o r m t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e o f r e g u l a r v e r b s , e.g. visited, arrived,

's = is a n d has

tried. (These a r e t h e s a m e

as t h e p a s t s i m p l e v e r b f o r m s . )

he's visited = he has visited

See page 182 f o r spelling rules.

he's cold = he is cold

However, t h e r e are many irregular f o r m s .

yet?

be

stresses t h a t t h e s i t u a t i o n is c o n t i n u i n g

been

go +

gone

see •# seen

break -> broken

give -> given

speak •*

come -* come

steal -> stolen

wake up •* woken up

spoken

do -> done

now. left home.

S o m e i r r e g u l a r past p a r t i c i p l e s a r e t h e s a m e as t h e past

M a k e t h e present perfect using t h e verb

simple f o r m .

have + past p a r t i c i p l e . I've just seen her. I haven't

Yes, (1) have.

N o , (he) hasn't .

St/7/ w i t h t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t n e g a t i v e

/ st/7/ haven't

visited...?

a n d yet m e a n

a n d b e f o r e t h e m a i n v e r b . Yet

I haven't

1 / you / we / they

No,(l) haven't.

' b e f o r e n o w ' . W e use yet i n q u e s t i o n s /have

short a n s w e r / /

arrived.

W e can use t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t w i t h already

32

have f v e ) v i s i t e d

Have

recent.

5

1/You/We/They

question ?

t o e m p h a s i s e t h a t t h e e v e n t is

just

4

negative X

W e o f t e n use t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t t o t a l k about a recent event. Use t h e adverb

3

/

visited

the museum

yet.

•

find •* found -* found

read •* read -> read

have •* had -> had

say •* said -> said

leave -* left -* left

spend -> spent-*

lose -* lost -* lost

tell -* told -> told

make -> made -> made

win -> won -* won

See page 1 8 1 f o r a list o f irregular verbs.

spent

Practice A Match t he pairs o f se n t e n ce s. 1 She can 't d o s p o r t s . ^

D

~x

2 He's st i l l n o t f e e l i n g w e l l . 1 3 She's cr y i n g .

Wr i t e r eason s f or each o f t h e se sit uat ions. Use t h e w o r d s in b r ack et s and t h e cor r ect f o r m o f

a

She's l o s t h er b ag .

b

He's j u s t h ad f l u .

t h e ver b.

She's b r o k e n h er a r m .

1

I d o n ' t h ave m y g l asses.

2

He's s t i l l asl eep .

3

T h e b o o k l o o k s v er y n ew .

4

Sh e i sn ' t h er e an y m o r e .

5

I d o n ' t h ave m y o l d p h o n e an y m o r e .

t h e m , (l o se)

6

Sh e d o e s n ' t k n o w .

i t . (f i n i sh / al r ead y )

7

I s t i l l h aven ' t r ecei ved t h e l et t er .

V- c

4 I'm ver y h ap p y.

d

I h av en ' t h ad a s h o w e r y et .

5 The car w o n ' t st ar t .

e

I've s p en t i t o n CD s.

6 I have n o m o n ey .

f

I h av en ' t l e f t y e t .

7 You're l o o k i n g w o r r i e d .

g T h e t a x i has j u s t ar r i v e d .

I st ilt haven't (ound them.

(f i n d / st i l l ) (w ak e u p / y e t )

8 We can g o n o w .

h

M y f o o t b a l l t e a m has j u s t w o n .

9 I'm n o t r ead y t o g o .

i

Wh a t has h ap p en ed ?

(I / r ead / st i l l ) (go/ j u st )

B Complete t he sen t en ce s using t h e w o r d s in b r ack et s in t h e I

correct f orm and p osit ion.

I I

(g i ve i t t o m y d ad )

He can't f i n d h i s k eys. I t h i n k

M SWK t

(t h ey / t e l l h er / s t i l l )

[ 2 Haven't y o u d o n e y o u r h o m e w o r k y et ? I 3 It's m i d n i g h t an d sh e

(p o s t m a n / c o m e / yet )

h o m e y e t . (n o t / c o m e)

4

l u n c h y et ? (y o u / h ave?)

5 This is t er r i b l e. So m e o n e

8

Th er e' s n o m o r e m i l k . (I / f i n i s h / j u s t )

m y b i k e, (st eal )

6 We

a r eal l y ch eap car ! (j u st / b u y)

MV TURN!

7 Take yo u r b o o t s o f f b e f o r e y o u c o m e i n . I the car p et s, (j u st / cl ean ) 8

t h e d o c t o r y et ? (y o u / p h o n e?)

9 They

t h e f i l m , (see / al r ead y)

t h i n g s you h aven 't d one.

C It's Sunday night and D a d is ask i n g Joe w h e t h e r he is r ead y f o r f

I m ag i n e it's Su n d ay even i n g . In you r not eb ook , w r i t e t h r e e t h i n g s you have d one and t h r e e

Ex am p l e : I've cleaned RUj bike,

school in t he m or ning. Wr i t e D ad 's q u e st i o n s and Joe's r ep l i es in your not ebook 1 pack sch o o l b ag [ / ] j3

2

do yo u r sci en ce h o m e w o r k [ / ]

5 wash t h e d i n o s au r [X]

t i d y y o u r cave [X]

4

h ave a b at h [X]

6

m ak e y o u r san d w i c h es [ / ]

7 buy t h e d i n o s au r f o o d [X]

1

0 : ffavejou packed jour school bay j et f

J: / es, I have

What four t hings hasn't Joe d one ye t ? Wr i t e se n t e n ce s.

Example:

He hasn't tidied his cave j et .

• • *

• i

Circle the cor r ect op t ion. 1 The t ax i h asn ' t ar r i v ed 2 He's

his n ew w at ch .

a al r ead y a b r eak ed

3 He l ef t h o m e f o u r h o u r s ag o an d h e

b j u st b broke

c yet c b r o k en

t o say he's ar r i v ed ,

a st i l l h asn 't p h o n ed

b h aven ' t p h o n e d y et

c h asn ' t j u s t p h o n e d 4

yet ?

a Have y o u eat en y o u r veg et ab l es

5 A: Is Al ex t h er e?

B: O h so r r y. He's

.

b Yo u h ave eat en y o u r veg et ab l es

a g o n e al r ead y h o m e

c Have y o u y o u r veg et ab l es eat en

b j u st gone hom e

c g o n e h o m e yet QS

v\

B£

oz

3 1 :SJ3 M SU E

' I

N SA J_

Pr e s e n t p e r f e c t 1 3 3

Present perfect 2

13

Have you ever tried mustard ice cream?

Ingredients food

n^aga-zii^t

fm H a v e i c e

4-

y o u

e v e r

t r i e d

m u s t a r d

c r e a m ?

Or chocolate on your vegetables? These are just some of the things you can eat at The Fat Duck restaurant near London. Some people have called The Fat Duck the best restaurant in the world. The chef, Heston Blumenthal, has become famous and has been on many TV shows. John Willoughby of the New York magazine Gourmet says that The Fat Duck is possibly 'the most fun restaurant I've ever eaten in' But what do you think?

'I've never had mustard ice cream and I don't want to Just give me strawberry!' - John, a shop assistant

U n d e r l i n e t h e a n s w e r w h i c h is n o t t r u e : T h e Fat D u c k r e s t a u r a n t is

famous/cheap/fun

Present perfect 2 1

Use t h e present p e r f e c t w h e n y o u do n o t k n o w exactly w h e n t h e p a s t e v e n t t o o k p l a c e , o r i t is n o t i m p o r t a n t . He has been on many TV shows. He has become

2

W e o f t e n use t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t w i t h ever, never before.

and

Never a n d ever c o m e a f t e r has / have a n d b e f o r e

t h e m a i n v e r b . Before

comes at t h e end o f t h e sentence.

Have you ever tried mustard

ice

It was the most fun restaurant I've never had chocolate I haven't 34

•

See Unit 12 f o r the forms o f t h e present perfect.

famous.

on my

been to the restaurant

cream?

I've ever eaten vegetables. before.

gone o r been? My brother

Croatia.

(= M y b r o t h e r is t r a v e l l i n g t o C r o a t i a o r is t h e r e now.) My brother

in.

has gone to has been to

Croatia.

(= M y b r o t h e r w e n t t o C r o a t i a b u t he is back h o m e now.)

ractice C

Answer t he quest ions wi t h p r esent per f ect shor t an swer s.

C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ce s u si n g t h e p r e se n t p er f ect o f t h e ve r b s in t h e box .

1 Have v o u ever t r i e d r a w f i sh ? frig, I tUMKt.

b r eak

ever f o r g e t

n o t p l ay

2 Have y o u ever u sed c h o p s t i c k s ?

see

2

4 Have y o u ever p u t su g ar i n a s an d w i c h ? 5 Have y o u ever m ad e i ce cr eam ? 6 Have y o u ever eat en ch i p s w i t h su g ar ?

ever h ave

3

Th ey We

write

m y n o se b ef o r e.

H e p l ays t h e g u i t ar b u t h e

4

n o t m eet

n ever s p en d

I've broken

1 3 Have y o u ever seen a b an an a t r e e ?

go

n o t sp eak

i n a b an d b ef o r e. Ch r i s t m a s aw ay f r o m h o m e. o u r n e w n ei g h b o u r s.

5

M y f r i e n d s ar en ' t h er e n o w , t h e y

6

M y si st er

7

I

h o m e.

an ar t i cl e f o r t h e l o cal n ew sp ap er . t o m y p ar en t s a b o u t m y e x am r esu l t s.

8

y o u r t e ac h e r t o g i ve y o u h o m e w o r k ?

7 Have y o u ever d r u n k c o c o n u t m i l k ?

9

We

10

8 Have yo u ever c o o k e d a m e a l f o r y o u r f a m i l y ? D

t h e n e w Jam es Bo n d f i l m .

She's t h e b est f r i e n d I

C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ce s w i t h gone o r been.

Which of t h ese t h i n g s have you d on e or not d o n e ? 1

Complete t he se n t e n ce s u si n g t h e p r e se n t p e r f e ct o f the verbs in b r ack et s. 1

1

M y g r a n d p a r e n t s h ave

2

haven't won

a

2

t o Cu b a, (b e)

3

a b o o k i n o n e d ay. (r ead )

t o Sc o t l an d . 3

M y f a m i l y l o ves t r a v e l l i n g . We ' v e t o 1 0 d i f f er en t co u n t r i es t o g et h er .

]4

r u g b y , (p l ay)

4

5

an e l e p h an t , (see)

5

6

a f a m o u s p er s o n , (m eet )

T h ey ' ve

o u t an d l e f t t h e l i g h t s o n .

A: Wh e r e h ave y o u

?

B: To p o s t a l et t er .

a l eg . (b r eak )

MY TURN!

i n a r es t au r an t , (w o r k ) 9

t e n k i l o m e t r e s , (r u n )

^m^ouMio^

Do you know p eop le w h o have d on e t h e se t h i n g s?

t hings you

have d o n e in t h e p ast .

Write t rue se n t e n ce s ab ou t p eop le you k now. Example: Mij

t o A u s t r al i a.

T h ey ' ve v i s i t e d t h e UK, b u t t h e y h av en ' t

c o m p e t i t i o n , (w i n )

7

yone

T h e y ' l l ar r i v e t o m o r r o w - t h e j o u r n e y t ak es 2 2 h o u r s.

Ex am p le: I've been to Australia,

brother has met a famous person,

N o w w r i t e t h r e e q u e st i o n s t o ask a f r i e n d using Have you

(ever)...?

Ex a m p l e :

ffave j o u ever been to Australia?

Wr i t e ab o u t you r f r i e n d . Ex a m p l e :

,

Setty has never been to Australia,

.

Circle the cor r ect op t i on . 1 My si st er

su sh i t h r e e o r f o u r t i m e s , b u t sh e d o e s n ' t l i k e i t .

2 I've t r i ed m o s t t h i n g s , b u t 3 A:

o n T V?

an i n sect . B:Yes, h e has.

a I've ever eat en

a Has H e s t o n ever b een

4 It's o u r f a v o u r i t e r es t au r an t .

t h er e m an y t i m es.

5 A: Have y o u ever b een t o T h e Fat D u c k ?

B:

a t r i es

b has t r i e d

b I h av en ' t n ever e at e n

b Has H e s t o n b een ever

a We' s b een a Yes, w e' v e

c I've n ever eat en

c H e s t o n ever has b een

b We' v e g o n e b Yes, w e b een

c is t r i e d

c We' v e b een c N o , w e h av en ' t

—

DS

3f

E

£

3?

Q I : S J 3 M S U E J ; S 3 XX ^

Pr e s e n t p e r f e c t 2 3 5

Present perfect 3

14

They have lived there for centuries.

THE RICH AND FAMOUS IN LONDON r p h e rich a n d f a m o u s h a v e l i v e d i n M a r y l e b o n e f o r T c e n t u n e s . Past residents i n c l u d e C h a r l e s

* * ™ n L

the B e a t l e s . R i n g o Starr r e n t e d an Sauare i n M a r y l e b o n e . J i m i H e n d n x also l i v e d there. T h e r e h a s n ' t b e e n a f a m o u s resident at 3 4 M o n t a g u Square s m c e the 1960s, b u t t o u r i s t s s t i l l g o t o see the b u i l d i n g . Marylebone has been Madonna's favourite place in London for a few years now. The star owns four houses in the same street!

C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e : M a r y l e b o n e is a p l a c e in uopuo"| :J3MSUV

Present perfect 3 Use t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t f o r a s i t u a t i o n w h i c h s t a r t e d in t h e past a n d c o n t i n u e s n o w . Marylebone

has been Madonna's

place in London for a few years : P 2

favourite

days, for a week, for six months,

now.

time). They have lived there for

I present

a s t

future

W e can use for a n d since w i t h t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t . The rich and famous

have lived in Marylebone

for

centuries. There hasn't

U s e t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t + for t o e m p h a s i s e h o w l o n g a s i t u a t i o n has b e e n g o i n g o n , e.g. for an hour, for a few

been a famous

resident

since the

1960s.

Use How long ...?to

centuries.

U s e t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t + since t o e m p h a s i s e w h e n a s i t u a t i o n b e g a n , e.g. since 12 o'clock, since since January, got

married. The couple have been married

since last year.

resident

How long has she lived in

London?

She has lived in London for a few

years.

w i t h the present perfect.

I've always wanted can r e m e m b e r )

• • 36

1960s.

U s e t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t , n o t t h e p r e s e n t , w i t h since a n d for. She has lived here for a few years.

W e can use always

since the

ask f o r h o w m u c h t i m e a s i t u a t i o n

has c o n t i n u e d .

4

Monday,

since last year, since the 1960s, since she

There hasn't been a famous 3

for ages (= for a long

to live in the city. (= f o r all t h e t i m e

See Units 12 and 13 f o r other uses o f the present perfect. See U n i t 12 f o r the forms o f t h e present perfect.

N O T She lives here for a few years.

A Com p l et e each t i m e e x p r e s s i o n w i t h for o r Ml

for

C

t w o w eek s .

13

2003.

I

l ast year .

4

15

1

long...?

M i c h a e l D o u g l as an d Cat h e r i n e Zet a- Jo n es ar e m ar r i ed .

.... (few (G n j have t hej been married?

t h r e e year s.

16

A s k q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h e c e l e b r i t i e s u s i n g How an d t h e p r esen t p er f ec t .

a l on g t i m e.

12

•

since.

2

M a d o n n a d r i v es a M i n i Co o p e r car .

3

Si en n a M i l l e r l i ves i n M a r y l e b o n e .

4

Pau l M c Ca r t n e y p l ays t h e p i an o .

5

Ri n g o St ar r is a v e g e t a r i a n .

6

Je n n i f e r Co n n e l l y sp eak s I t al i an .

o n l y a d ay! 7

Ch r i s t m as .

8

I w as 1 2 .

|

Now an sw er t h e q u e s t i o n .

I

How l ong have y o u l i v ed i n y o u r h o u se?

I

I've lived in m y h o u se

B Com p let e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t o f t h e verbs in b r ac k et s. Us e s h o r t f o r m s w h e r e p o s s i b l e . 1 They

W

always wanted

MY TURN!

t o v i s i t N e w Yo r k , (al w ay s

want ) 2 We

m y co u si n s si n ce t h e b e g i n n i n g

o f last year . T h ey ar e al w ay s v er y b u sy, (n o t see) 3 It

a r eal l y g o o d s u m m er . I d o n ' t

1

I / be / h u n g r y

I've been hungry since 16 clock this morniny.

i n t h e sam e h o u se al l 2

I / n o t see / m y co u si n

3

I / be / a t t h i s sch o o l

o u r o w n r o o m s , (n ever h ave)

4

I / k n o w / m y / b est f r i e n d

you

5

I / n o t d o / t h e w ash i n g - u p

6

M y f am i l y / l i ve/ h er e

t h ei r l i ves, (l i ve) 5 My si st er an d I sh ar e a b e d r o o m . We 6 How l o n g your m o u n t a i n b i k e? (h ave) 7 He

a n d a t i m e p h r ase

w h i c h is t r u e f o r y o u . W r i t e t h e m i n y o u r n o t e b o o k .

wan t i t t o en d . (b e) 4 They

f ^ ak eser^

his h o m e

t o w n , (al w ays l o ve) 8 How l o n g

she

i l l ? (b e)

9 He

in t h e

same b an k f o r year s, (w o r k ) 10 I

h e w as t h e

best, (al w ays t h i n k )

Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1

t o m eet Mad o n n a. a I al ways h ave w a n t e d

b I've al w ay s w a n t e d

c I've w a n t e d al w ay s

2 We've l i ved i n M a r y l e b o n e a f o r ag es

b ag es ag o

c si n ce ag es

3 They've h ad t h e i r f l a t i n M a r y l e b o n e si n ce t h e y a get

b got

4 A: Ho w l o n g

?

a are t h ey f a m o u s 5 She a isn't v i si t

m ar r i ed .

c h ave g o t B: For a b o u t si x year s.

b h ave t h e y b een f a m o u s

c t h ey ' v e b een f a m o u s

Lo n d o n si n ce sh e w as a c h i l d . b d i d n ' t vi si t

c h asn ' t v i s i t e d 3

S

QT?


Z

e

QI

: S J 9 M S U E J} S3 ] _A Y \ /

Pr e s e n t p e r f e c t 3

37

Present perfect or past simple?

15

The company has invented the Mac and the iPod.

S t e v e J o bs w a s b o r n in 1 9 5 5 a n d w a s a m u l t i m i l l i o n a i r e b e f o r e t h e a g e o f 3 0 . H e is d y s l e x i c a n d o n e of his t e a c h e r s a t school r e m e m b e r s his 'different w a y of looking at things'.

In t h e 1970s, c o m p u t e r s w e r e large machines and only large companies used t h e m . In 1976, Steve l o b s a n d S t e v e W o z n i a k c h a n g e d all t h a t . T h e y started the company Apple Inc and produced the world's first personal computer, Apple I. Since t h e n , A p p l e I n c ha s also p r o d u c e d Macintosh c o m p u t e r s a n d t h e iPod.

S t e v e Jobs also helped t o s t a r t Pixar A n i m a t i o n

1

Studios. S o m e of the best-loved animated films h a v e c o m e f r o m P i x a r , i n c l u d i n g Toy Story, Nemo

a n d Ratatouille.

Finding

Pixar has w o n m a n y

O s c a r s ™ o v e r t h e last 25 years.

V

C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e w i t h t h r e e p o s s i b l e a n s w e r s : S t e v e J o b s is f a m o u s f o r sojpnjs uojiewmv Jexy 'pcy; am'sjsjndwoD Ljscnupeyv '| 9]ddv'3U| 9|ddy :s.iaMSiie aiqjsscy

Present perfect or past simple? 1

Use t h e present perfec t t o t a l k a b o u t recent events o r

3

U s e t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t t o t a l k a b o u t an e v e n t o r s i t u a t i o n w h i c h began in t h e past and continues now.

a p a s t e v e n t w h i c h t h e s p e a k e r f e e l s is c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e present.

W e o f t e n use t i m e e x p r e s s i o n s w i t h since a n d for w i t h t h i s use o f t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t , e.g. for a week, since

C e r t a i n t i m e e x p r e s s i o n s a r e c o m m o n w i t h t h i s use

yesterday,

for a long time, since 2004, a n d ask q u e s t i o n s

o f t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t . T h e s e i n c l u d e already,

w i t h How

long?

just, ever, never, I haven't

yet,

How long have you worked at Pixar?

before.

I've worked here for ten

eaten yet. (= I'm h u n g r y now.)

Has he left? (= He isn't here now.)

4

Use t h e past s i m p l e t o t a l k a b o u t a f i n i s h e d a c t i o n . Certain t i m e expressions m a y be used w i t h t h e past s i m p l e . T h e s e i n c l u d e yesterday,

last week, ago,

when, in + y e a r. In the 1970s, computers When did Apple invent

38

then,

T h e c h o i c e o f t h e p a s t s i m p l e o r p r e s e n t p e r f e c t can s o m e t i m e s d e p e n d o n t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f t h e speaker, or on the context. / didn't

were large

machines.

see George this morning.

(The speaker is t a l k i n g

at t h e end o f t h e day and this morning / haven't

the iPod?

years.

seen George this morning.

t a l k i n g in t h e m o r n i n g - this morning

is finished.)

(The speaker is is still g o i n g on.)

Practice A Und er line t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n t o c o m p l e t e t h e

C

sentences a b o u t T o m Cr u i s e .

1

11 Wh en he w as a b o y, T o m Cr u i se went / has

been

t o f o u r t een d i f f e r e n t sch o o l s.

2

2 Wh i l e he w as at h i g h s c h o o l , h e acted/ has

acted

in sch ool p l ays. 3 Since his f i r st f i l m i n 1 9 8 1 , t h e a c t o r

3

starred/ has

starred in so m e v er y p o p u l a r f i l m s , e.g. Top Gun, Mission: Impossible 4 He worked/ has

an d Jerry

worked

4

Maguire.

He was/ has

w i t h s o m e v er y f a m o u s 5

been m a r r i e d t o act r ess N i c o l e 6

Kidm an u n t i l 2 0 0 1 . 6 He became/ has

af t er n o o n . )

I sen t al l t h e l e t t e r s t h i s

(It 's el even o 'cl o ck i n t h e

morning.

m orning.)

Sh e l e ar n t t o sp eak seven

a

(She is n o t st i l l alive.)

l an g u ag es.

b

(She is st i l l alive.)

He w o r k e d f o r t h e co m p an y f o r

a

(He st i l l w o r k s t h er e.)

t h r e e year s.

b

Sh e has l e ar n t t o sp eak seven

(He d o esn ' t w o r k t h er e

He has w o r k e d f o r t h e c o m p a n y

n ow.)

f o r t h r e e year s.

become

a f at h er in 2 0 0 6 , w h e n h i s d aught er Su r i was/ has

(It 's f o u r o 'cl o ck i n t h e

I've sen t al l t h e l et t er s t h i s morning.

l an g u ag es.

f i l m m ak er s, i n c l u d i n g Ku b r i c k an d Sco r sese. [5

M a t ch t h e pairs.

been

7

H e has s o l d a l o t o f car s t o d a y .

8

H e s o l d a l o t o f car s t o d a y .

a

(It 's 1 0 p m an d he is n o t w o r k i n g n ow.)

born.

b

(It 's 4 p m an d h e is st i l l work ing.)

Tom says: 7 'I had / 've had a v er y i n t er est i n g l i f e. '

i : ni u, ni

IB Com p let e t h es e s e n t e n c es u s i n g t h e p a s t s i m p l e o r present p e r f e c t o f t h e v e r b s i n b r a c k e t s . 1

My g r an d f at h er

didnt

have

M a k e past sim p le or p r esent p er f ect q uest ions f r o m t h e wor d s

m u ch m o n ey w h en

/

he was a y o u n g m an . (n o t h ave) 2 It 3

possible.

d i f f i c u l t t o g e t a g o o d j o b t h e n , (b e) yo u

4 Wh at

t h i s so n g b e f o r e ? (h ear ) you

a b o u t l ast

night ? (d r eam ) 5 My uncl e co l l ect s o l d m o t o r b i k e s . H e t h r e e , (b u y) 6 Wh en t h e t eac h er

in t h e r o o m , we

st ood u p . (co m e) 7 There

m o r e acci d en t s o n t h e r o ad

last m o n t h t h a n i n t h e w h o l e o f l ast year , (b e) 8 You

and wr i t e t h e m in your not ebook . So m e t i m e s bot h t en ses are

1

y o u / ever / see a d o l p h i n ?

2

w h e n / y o u / l ast / g o s w i m m i n g ?

3

h o w m a n y d i f f e r e n t sch o o l s / y o u / s t u d y at / b e f o r e n o w ?

4

w h a t / y o u / y e s t e r d ay / d o ?

5

h o w m a n y ex am s / y o u / t h i s y ear / t ak e ?

6

Wh e n y o u r m o t h e r w as y o u n g , w h e r e / sh e / l i ve?

7

y o u / ever / l i ve / a n o t h e r c o u n t r y ?

8

w h a t / y o u r f a m i l y / l ast w e e k e n d / d o ?

1

Have JGU. ever seen a dotpjunf

t h a t c o at f o r a In y o u r n o t e b o o k , a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s a b o u t y o u r s e l f a n d y o u r

long t i m e ! (n o t w ear )

f a m i l y . Use t h e p as t s i m p l e o r p r e s e n t p e r f e c t i n y o u r an sw er s .

Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1 A: Ho w l o n g I

a m u l t i - m i l l i o n a i r e ? B: Si n ce I w as 3 0 .

A: Have yo u ever seen Finding Nemo?

2

B:Yes,

h er A p p l e I c o m p u t e r si n ce 1 9 7 7 .

>:

We've seen so m e Pi x ar f i l m s , b u t I

L

a She has Ratatouilteyet.

t o g et h er f o r 2 0 year s, f r o m 1 9 7 6 t o 1 9 9 6 .

I 5

a h ave y o u b een

i t o n D V D l ast w eek , b She's h ad

c y o u h ave b een b I've w a t c h i n g

c I w at c h ed

c She h ave

a d o n ' t see

a Th ey w o r k

b ar e y o u

a I've w at c h e d b h aven ' t seen

b Th ey' ve w o r k e d

c h aven ' t see

c Th ey w o r k e d

3

S

QT?

Q£

~*Z

E X : SJ9 A A SU E

JI SA I A W

Pr e s e n t p e r f e c t o r p a s t s i m p l e ?

39

Used to

16

Sick people often used to sleep in temples.

The Ancient

The Greeks didn't use to take medicine and they didn't use to go to the doctor. The first 'doctors' used to be witches or people with magic powers.

Greeks

u s e d t o think

that ,r

t h e y w e r e ill b e c a u s e of b a d m a g i c

or

because the gods unhappy with

were

them.

Some people used to eat flowers and herbs when ey were ill but this d.dnt use to help everyone.

So, sick people often used to sleep in temples.

th

Hippocrates, born about 460 BC on the island of Kos, made medicine into a serious science. He is often called the father of medicine. Underline the correct option: The first doctors Drs I were Greek / believed

in magic

/ were

women.

3I8ELU UJ paA3||aq MSMSUV

Used 1

to

Used to is f o r h a b i t s a n d s t a t e s w h i c h f i n i s h e d i n t h e

4

past. Used to o f t e n c o n t r a s t s t h e past a n d t h e p r e s e n t .

Used to + i n f i n i t i v e w i t h o u t t o . Used to has n o p r e s e n t o r continuous forms.

Jack used to live in Brighton, but now he lives in Liverpool.

Sick people often used to sleep in

temples.

Most people used to believe in magic. 5 2

T h e past s i m p l e can u s u a l l y r e p l a c e used The Greeks used to sleep / slept

to.

in temples

M a k e q u e s t i o n s w i t h Did + n o u n / p r o n o u n + use to...? Did doctors

when

they

use to study

science?

Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were young?

were ill. They didn't

use to go / didn't

go to

doctors.

6

M a k e t h e n e g a t i v e w i t h did not (didn't) used

3

use to or never

to.

U s e t h e p a s t s i m p l e , n o t used to, w h e n t a l k i n g a b o u t

They didn't

use to take

single activities, h o w l o n g t h e y t o o k o r h o w m a n y

Operations

never used to be easy.

medicine.

times they happened. / went to the doctor yesterday. We didn't

N O T / used to go...

eat for two days.

N O T We didn't used to eat... Jane visited

me in hospital

N O T Jane used to visit... 40

twice.

In s p o k e n English p e o p l e o f t e n use did + used ( i n s t e a d o f use) i n q u e s t i o n s a n d n e g a t i v e s. Did you used to play with dolls ? I didn't

used to like him.

[Practice A Charlie is n o w a m i l l i o n a i r e b u t h e u s e d t o b e p o o r . In y o u r

6

M o s t p e o p l e l i v ed i n t o w n s .

7

T r av e l l i n g b y sea w as d an g er o u s .

8

Ch i l d r e n l ear n ed En g l i sh .

not eb ook , w r i t e s e n t e n c e s a b o u t Ch a r l i e ' s l i f e w i t h used to and didn't use to. 1

Now

1 0 year s ag o

1 He get s u p at 1 1 . 0 0 .

7£0

2 He d o esn 't w o r k .

su p er m ar k et

3 He has a ver y b i g h o u se.

X b i g h o u se

4 He plays g o l f .

Xg o l f

5 He wear s ex p en si ve c l o t h es .

ch eap c l o t h es

n o t an s w er

be

6 He is u n h ap p y.

h ap p y

g et

n o t i st en

1

D

C o m p l e t e t h i s a d v e r t i s e m e n t w i t h used to o r t h e p ast s i m p l e o f t h e ver b s i n t h e b o x .

l o se

ch an ; ;e

cr i t i ci s e si t

do

not worry

tie used to j e t up at 7.00 Mj ouj et

out o f bed t h i s m or ni ng ond f eel t er r i b l e?

B Und er lin e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . So m e t i m e s b o t h o p t i o n s a r e m u ch f i l t er ond b eol f hi er once?

possible. 1

I had/ used

j r an swer is 'yes', you need

to have a s h o w e r l ast n i g h t .

12 Kurt was I used to be a v er y g o o d f r i e n d . I

3 It snowed/ used 4 I met/ used

Eva Clark (England):'!

to snow a l o t i n w i n t e r .

I never

to meet Jan i ce y est er d ay .

5 Child r en d i d n ' t watch/ use used

to watch

powetf

l a k e s ! about my health but

3

exercise and my health got

4

worse and worse. Then I tried Powerflakes! Now I feel like a new woman.'

so m u c h TV.

:

6 It wasn't/ never

to be v er y ex p en si ve.

Andrei Wojdylo (Poland): 'My f r i en d s

i

7 My sist er went/ used

to go t o M e x i c o i n 2 0 0 7 .

me all the t im e because I was so lazy and unfit but 1

8 My sist er went/ used

to go t o M e x i c o ev er y s u m m e r .

t o t hem . I

5

6

7

in front of theTV all night and eat chocolates. If the phone rang, C Read t h ese sen t en c es a b o u t l i f e 2 , 0 0 0 y e a r s ag o . (Fo u r ar e

I

I

t rue, f o u r ar e f al se. ) I f t h e s e n t e n c e i s t r u e , r e w r i t e i t w i t h

year everything

I

used to. I f t h e s e n t e n c e is f a l s e , r e w r i t e i t w i t h didn't

1 0

I I

use to.

i t ! Last

8

because I

9

my job and I needed to change

my life. Now, I have Powerflakes and life is perfect!'

Lat in was an i n t e r n a t i o n a l l an g u ag e.

Ut t n used to be an international lanjuaje. 2 People used t o t h i n k t h a t t h e w o r l d w as r o u n d .

People iiih't

use to think, t hat the world was round,

3 There w er e b ear s i n En g l an d . In y o u r n o t e b o o k , w r i t e sen t en c es a b o u t ch an g es i n 4 People at e a l o t o f m eat .

y o u r l i f e w i t h used to, didn't use to o r never used to. Ex a m p l e :

5 Builders m ad e h o u ses o u t o f w o o d .

I used to dojudo but now I do karate,

...... —

—

—

—

Hi

—

—

—

] Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . | 1 She w an t s t o b e a v e t n o w , b u t sh e 1 2 He I 3

eat h e al t h y f o o d , b u t n o w h e o n l y eat s v eg et ab l es. g o t o t h e d o c t o r ver y o f t e n w h e n y o u w e r e y o u n g ?

I 4 My d ad u sed t o s m o k e, b u t h e I 5 My p ar en t s L

w an t t o be a d o ct o r

w h e n I w as b o r n

g i ve us m ed i ci n e w h e n w e w e r e sick .

a u se t o

b u sed

a d i d n ' t u sed

b d i d n ' t u se t o

a D i d y o u u se t o a u sed t o s t o p

n ever d i d n ' t use t o

c u sed t o c d o esn ' t u sed t o

b Yo u u sed t o

b st o p p ed

c D i d y o u u sed

c u sed t o s t o p p e d

b d i d n ' t n ever use t o

c n ever u sed t o

-

°S qV £ m T :sJ9Msue i;s9i / (YV E

]

Used

to

41

R e v i e w :

A

p r e s e n t

C omple te t h e ta ble w i t h t h e missing forms. infinitive

pa st simple

p e r f e c t

C

y o u r sister / live in Australi a / h o w long?

ffow tcnj has jour sister lived in Australia

w i t h o u t to

ate

eat

used to

M a k e pre se nt pe rfe ct que stions f r o m t h e words. 1

pa st pa rticiple

a n d

done fell

7

2

ever / y o u / make a pizza?

3

s t a r t / y e t / t h e film?

4

y o u / h o w m a n y t i m e s / ride a horse?

5

all seven H a r r y P o t t e r books / y o u / read?

6

be m a r r i e d / h o w l o n g / H e n r y and Gloria?

7

ever / y o u / have a p a r t y in y o u r house?

8

Tony / y e t / say t h a n k - y o u f o r t h e present?

9

s t u d y English / y o u / b e f o r e?

felt got had look lived made play

10

walk wrote B

R e write the se se nte nce s w i t h used to, but only i f it's possible . 1

I had a red bike w h e n I was l i t t l e .

2

D i d y o u play c o m p u t e r games w h e n y o u w e r e a child?

I used to have a red biU when I was tittle.

D

W r i t e pre se nt pe rfe ct or pa st simple a nswe rs t o the que stions in Exercise C, using t h e words give n. 1

six m o n t h s

She's lived in Australia [gr stjc months. 2

never

3

just

3

I played t e n n i s t h r e e t i m e s o n holiday.

4

three times

4

The Romans ate a l o t o f f i s h .

5

f o u r o f t h e m already / t h e o t h e r t h r e e n o t yet

5

She played t h e v i o l i n at university.

6

t w o years

6

He d i d n ' t go t o t h e d o c t o r yesterday.

7

last year

7

D i d n ' t t h e y w o r k hard at t h e i r o l d school?

8

a l r e a d y / f o u r times

8

This m o r n i n g w e made a cake f o r Grandma's visit.

9

never

10

42

clean her shoes / M a r i a / yet?

yesterda y

I

Complete t hese d ialog ues u si n g t h e p r e se n t p er f ect , p ast si m p l e

or used to. Ml

come

A:

t h e t ax i

B: Yes, i t •

2 see

came

A:

yet ?

y o u ever

B: Yes, I 3 have

CCme

f i v e m i n u t e s ag o . a UFO ?

o n e l ast year .

A: H o w l o n g

you

y o u r cat ?

B: A b o u t a year . We 14

play

A:

h er si n ce Ch r i s t m as .

you

t e n n i s ev er y w e e k ?

B: Yes, I I

5 wr i t e

, b u t I h u r t m y l eg .

A:

you

B: Yes, I 6 meet

A: Lisa,

you

B: Yes, w e •

7 decide

a t h an k - y o u e m a i l t o y o u r au n t y e t ? t o h er t h i s m o r n i n g . m y co u si n A l a n b e f o r e ?

at y o u r b i r t h d a y p a r t y l ast year .

A:

you

ab o u t y o u r h o l i d ay yet ?

B: We l l , w e 18

want

t o g o sk i i n g , b u t w e

A: Wh e n y o u w e r e y o u n g ,

w h e r e y et .

you

t o be a

t r ai n d r i v er ? B: Yes, w h e n I w as 1 2 . Be f o r e t h a t , I ;

9 watch

A:

you

B: N o , I f

t o b e a ci r cu s c l o w n .

Titanic o n T V l ast n i g h t ? al r ead y

i t f o u r t i m es.

Underline t he cor r ect op t i on .

Lee Gould is in the middle of a tour of Europe ... o n a bike. We spoke to him in Portugal. Int erviewer: Hi Lee. Tell u s ab o u t yo u r t o u r o f Eu r o p e.

Lee: Well, I've 1alwavs / ever w an t ed t o vi si t d i f f er en t count ries, an d 21 was always / I've always been g o o d at cycling. So ab o u t t w o year s ag o I 3

decided/ have decided to

cycle ar o u n d Eu r o p e. My p l an is t o vi si t ever y c o u n t r y i n t h e European Un i o n .

did / haveyou

Int erviewer: A n d h o w m an y co u n t r i es 4

used /ha veto g et r eal l y t i r ed at t h e since / from I lef t Sp ai n . 14 Interviewer: Did / Have y o u h ad an y p r o b l em s so f ar ? Lee: Wel l , / fell /I've fallen o f f m y b i k e m an y t i m es, b u t I 'don't/haven't r eal l y h u r t m ysel f . I've al so l ost m y b i k e t h r ee t i m es , b u t I've 17always /already f o u n d it ag ai n . It 's a ver y sp eci al b i k e f o r m e - / have/I've had it f o r six year s, Lee: Yes, I a m . I

vi si t ed

so far?

1 2

b eg i n n i n g b u t it h as g o t easi er 13

1 5

16

1 8

an d it h as b een l i k e a g o o d f r i en d f o r m e.

Lee: Only 1 1 . I've t e e n /gone to all t h e c o u n t r i es i n t h e south of Eu r o p e. I 6started/have started i n Cyp r u s last year , and t h en I 7took/have taken a b o at t o Gr eece. Si n ce t h e n 8/ cycled/ I've cycled ab o u t 5 , 0 0 0 k m . 5

still /yef?

Interviewer: Have y o u 1 9 'met/ 20

meet an y

i n t er est i n g p eop l e?

didn't / haven't

Lee: h ad t i m e t o t al k t o p eo p l e, b u t in ever y c o u n t r y t h e p eo p l e h ave b een ver y g o o d t o m e. Th ey h ave h el p ed m e a l ot .

Int erviewer: Have yo u b een t o Ir el an d 9

Interviewer: On e l ast q u es t i o n . Wh y ar e y o u d o i n g t hi s?

didn't/haven't. I h aven ' t b een t o an y co u n t r i es in t he n o r t h of Eu r o p e yet/'already, b u t I'm g o i n g t o t ak e a

So

Lee: No , I 10

11

Lee: I'm t r y i n g t o co l l ect m o n ey f o r a ch i l d r en ' s h o sp i t al .

f a r 21 1 collected /

I've collected al m o st

£ 5 ,0 0 0 .

boat f r o m Sp ai n t o Ir el an d n ex t w eek . Int erviewer: Ar e yo u t i r ed af t er c y c l i n g so f ar ?

r

Re v i e w 3

43

Will, shall, won't

17

I hope you'll enjoy yoga. W e l c o m e E a s y

t o

Y o g a

c o u r s e !

U n d e r l i n e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n : T h i s is a business

/ fitness

/ music

CD.

Will, shall, won't Will is t h e m o s t u s u a l w a y t o t a l k a b o u t t h e f u t u r e i n

4

speaking.

E n g l i s h. 1

/7/go.

Use will f o r g e n e r a l p r e d i c t i o n s b a s e d o n w h a t y o u t h i n k .

You'll be happy and your whole body will feel good.

W o r d s l i k e think, hope a n d sure, w h i c h s h o w y o u r o p i n i o n

T h e n e g a t i v e s h o r t f o r m won't

a n d a t t i t u d e , a re c o m m o n w i t h will. It won't

be easy but it will be healthy

I think the CD will be very I hope you'll 2

enjoy

and

fun.

yoga.

You won't 5

continue.

is c o m m o n in s p e a k i n g

and w r i t i n g w i t h nouns and pronouns.

popular.

Use w/7/ f o r i n s t a n t decisions m a d e a t t h e t i m e o f s p e a k i n g . Right, I'll

T h e s h o r t f o r m 7/ is u s e d m a i n l y w i t h p r o n o u n s a n d in

want to turn this CD off.

U s e Shall I / we . . . ? ( N O T will) f o r o f f e r s a n d suggestions. Shall I open the Shall we

bottle?

start?

I don't know, I'll check. Shall is o c c a s i o n a l l y used w i t h / a n d we in v e r y D o n ' t use will for p l a n s o r a r r a n g e m e n t s . I'm going to have a yoga lesson N O T /'// have a yoga lesson Are we meeting 3

tomorrow.

at 6? N O T Will we meet at 6?

Use will w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e w i t h o u t t o . I hope the lessons will start

44

We shall be very happy to see you.

tomorrow.

That will be nice.

•

f o r m a l B r i t i s h E n g l i s h.

1 / You / H e / S h e /

statement S

negative X

w i l l ('11)

w i l l n o t (won't)

It/We/They

soon.

See Units 18 and 19 f o r more f u t u r e forms.

question ?

s h o r t answer / X

Willi/you/he/she/

Yes, (1) w i l l .

it / w e / t h e y go?

N o , (1) w i l l n o t ( w o n ' t ) .

Practice |A Wr i t e t h e s h o r t f o r m o f eac h f u l l f o r m . I f n o s h o r t f o r m

Un d er l i n e t h e co r r ect o p t i o n .

is possible, p u t X. 1

Pau l :

I w i l l t r y yo g a.

(It

2 Shall w e si t d o w n ?

Wh a t d o y o u t h i n k , shall/ will Su n d ay will/ won't

Su e:

%

b e f i n e f o r m e. Bu t , w a i t . . .

z

Su n d ay is m y d ad 's b i r t h d a y .

3 We w i l l f eel b et t er .

Shall/ Will\ Ne

4 Wi l l she l i k e i t ?

Pau l :

3

5 That w i l l n o t be easy.

Su e:

4

Pau l :

We will

| 6 Shall I p l ay i t ag ai n ?

Shall/

h ave t h e p i cn i c t o m o r r o w t h e n ?

Will w e h ave e n o u g h t i m e t o b u y t h e f o o d ? / won't

s

n eed m u c h , j u s t s o m e snack s. M y

m u m shall/ will

7 I w i l l n o t l i st en ag ai n . 18

Su n d ay b e al l r i g h t

l

f o r t h e p i cn i c?

p r o b a b l y m ak e s o m e t h i n g n i ce.

6

Su e:

Wi l l t h e co u r se b e ex p en si v e?

9 I w i l l st o p t h e CD . 10 The i n st r u ct o r w i l l n o t r ep eat i t . 11 I hope i t w i l l b e f u n

7

Shalt/

Wilt I cal l ev er y o n e o r shall/ will 8

Pau l :

I 7 / / w o n ' t d o i t , i t 's n o p r o b l e m .

Su e:

Gr e at . It shall/ will

Pau l :

I j u st hope i t

you do it?

9

b e a l o v el y p i cn i c.

l0

1 1

7 / / won't r ai n .

B Read t h e t e x t an d m a k e p r e d i c t i o n s a b o u t V i c t o r i a ' s new l i f e. Co m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h will, '11 o r

won't.

! Vi c t o r i a i s f r o m Ru s s i a . Sh e m o v e d t o V a n c o u v e r Mast w e e k w i t h h e r p a r e n t s . V i c t o r i a i s 1 3 a n d she i s a g o o d s t u d e n t , b u t s h e d o e s n ' t

sp eak

m u ch En g l i s h . W h a t d o y o u t h i n k V i c t o r i a ' s

new

I

In y o u r n o t e b o o k , w r i t e p r e d i c t i o n s a b o u t t h e f u t u r e w i t h iv/ 7/ a n d won't. Be g i n eac h s e n t e n c e w i t h / [don't] think, I hope o r I'm (not) 1

e v e r y o n e / sp eak Ch i n ese

2

w e / l i ve / o n M a r s

I'm not sure everjone witt speak Chinese.

Life i n C a n a d a w i l l b e l i k e ?

1

She

It

l ear n En g l i sh v er y q u i c k l y .

2 Vi ct o r i a

l i k e Can ad i an f o o d .

3 Her f r i en d s i n Ru ssi a 4 She

w r i t e t o h er .

f o r g e t Ru ssi an .

5 The cl i m at e

be a p r o b l em .

6 Her p ar en t s

w o r r y a b o u t h er .

7 She

f e e l h o m esi ck .

1 8 Vi ct o r i a

g et l o s t i n Van co u v er .

9 Her g r an d m o t h er

v i s i t h er .

l l O Her l i f e

b e v er y d i f f e r e n t .

C Use t h e p h r ases i n t h e b o x a n d will/ 'll buy som e t o m o r r o w give her so m e m i l k il

I'm co l d . l i t j e t ituj co at .

2 The b ab y is h u n g r y .

I hope we won't tive on Mars. 3

r o b o t s / d o / al l t h e h o u s e w o r k

4

ch i l d r en / d r i ve / t o sch o o l

5

e v e r y o n e / h ave / a c o m p u t e r

6

p e o p l e / l i ve / u n t i l t h e y ar e 1 2 0

7

I / r i ch

8

t h e w o r l d / b e / v er y d i f f e r e n t

omul •

t o m a k e d ec i s i o n s .

do it t om or r ow h ave a s w i m

sure.

g o t m y co at

t al k t o h i m

*

• ••••• • • • • • • • • * * •

•»s

I

Ci r c l e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n .

I

1

I i i I

I h o p e m y si st er a w i l l l i k es

t h i s yo g a CD .

b will liking

I'm su r e

c w i l l like

t i m e t o d o y o g a,

a she w o n ' t has

b she w o n ' t h ave

c sh e w o n ' t b e h ave 3 A:

t o o u r n ew CD n o w ?

a We sh al l l i s t en

B: Yes!

b Sh al l w e l i s t en ed

c Sh al l w e l i s t en

3 I d o n 't have an y eg g s.

A: Wi l l I b e g o o d at y o g a? 4 I'm t i r ed .

B: Yes, a you w i l l

5 The sea is l o vel y.

I

b you w o n ' t

5 I think

c you d o

t h i s y o g a CD . It 's t o o d i f f i c u l t ,

a I'l l s t o p p e d

b I'l l s t o p

c I st o p

6 There's T o m . i• •

•••••<

•

• • • • •

I

qs

*< v 3 £

Will, shall,

m

3 i : i JS3 i A w

won't

45

Present continuous with future meaning She's flying to Glasgow tomorrow.

Lucy Green is only sixteen but she is already a famous actress. Today is Monday and there is a busy week ahead. Look at her diary.

1 W e d n e s d a y

On Tuesday morning she's flying to Glasgow. She isn't having lunch because she's making a video. At 9:00 on Wednesday she's meeting her manager and they're talking about a new film. Lucy is seeing a friend at 11:00 and she's opening a new theatre i n the afternoon. The next morning she's going back to Southampton. She isn't working on Thursday, she's spending time with her family.

' T h u r s d a y

T rue o r False? T h u r s d a y is a f r e e d a y f o r Lucy. 3MI :J9MSUV

Present continuous with future meaning 1

U se t h e pre se nt continuous (be + ve rb + -ing) f o r pla ns in t h e f u t u r e w h e n w e a lre a dy k n o w t h e t i m e a nd place. On Tuesday morning We're meeting

2

tonight.

on Thursday,

to inste a d o f t h e

pre se nt continuous w i t h f u t u r e me a ning.

at two o'clock.

at home

She isn't working

W e can o f t e n use going

to Glasgow,

W e ofte n use t h e pre se nt continuous t o t a l k a bout a de finite t i m e in t h e f u t u r e , e.g. tomorrow, six o'clock, on Friday. I'm staying

46

she's flying

She's spending = She's going •

time with her family. to spend time with her family.

See U n i t 5 f o r t h e present continuous and Units 17 and 19 f o r more f u t u r e forms.

Practice A Look at Lucy's diary f or Friday, t h e n co m p l e t e t h e

C

summary using p r esen t co n t i n u o u s st a t e m e n t s.

Co m p l e t e t h i s t e l e p h o n e d i al og u e w i t h p r esen t co n t i n u o u s f o r m s o f t h e ver b s in t h e box . co m e

do

n o t sp en d A n g e l a:

not do

g i ve

n o t st ay

H i , St a c y .

go

m eet

p l ay

p l ay

t ak e Ore

1

you

^ Oin^

t o t h e s c h o o l d i sco t o n i g h t ?

p: 00 mt et wMager + yi gn umj r ai t i yWdh^i ^^f ^dkr i Ki haM + r ead wr ' upt MOO - 17: 30 W Kat e- _ U: 00 - i nt er vi ew wvt k j cur ndi ^h _ I VOOt i ki jrS^ M. hwi ( Mm wt Mi vi a

St acy:

N o w ay ! I sch o o l . 1

A n g el a:

m y Fr i d ay n i g h t at

2

m y b r o t h e r at 8 .

3

he

4

you w i t h

h i m t o t h e h o ck ey g am e? St acy:

Yes, I'm so e x c i t e d . H e

ag ai n st

5

a v er y g o o d t e a m t o n i g h t . St ev en St am k o s .t h at guy f r o m t h e N H L

6

A n g e l a: Key Bi e

1

Sj et t iiuj

up earty

0

n

St acy:

h o m e. Her m an ag er

I •

afternoon s h e

t h e c o n t r a c t . Lu cy

1 0

t h e sc r i p t . In t h e

t h e p r i z es. H e

8

l o n g . A n y w ay , w h a t

h er at 1 1 : 0 0 an d t h e y

6

you

af t er t h e

d i sco ? A n g e l a:

1

a n y t h i n g sp eci al .

1 1

h er f r i e n d Kat e.

7

I At 18:00 som e j o u r n a l i s t s • 21:00 s h e

No , he 9

l u n ch w i t h ev er y o n e i n t h e theatre and t h e y

he

too?

Fr i d ay m o r n i n g . A t 9 : 0 0

2

•

St ev en St a m k o s ! '

MV TURN!

h er . A t

8

t h e t r a i n h o m e . H er

9

mum •

h er at t h e s t a t i o n . ^^ma$n^

Here is part of Lucy's i n t er vi ew. M a t ch t h e q u e st i o n s

Wh a t are you d oing

n e x t w e e k ? First , w r i t e n o t e s in yo u r n ot eb ook , t h e n w r i t e at l e ast six p r e se n t co n t i n u o u s se n t e n ce s. So m e

I to the correct an swer s, t h e n w r i t e b ot h in f u l l u si n g t h e present cont inuous.

can be n eg at i ves.

1 Lucy / y o u / g o / t o t h e Can n es f i l m f es t i v al ?

Ex a m p l e s:

2 y o u / h av e/ a

I'm watcnin^ mtjself on TV. I'm not j et t i n g up before 12 tomorrow,

h o l i d ay/ t h er e?

3 y o u / f l y / t o Zu r i c h ? 14 where / y o u / st ay?

•

15 your si st er / t r a v e l / w i t h y o u ? •

N o / 1 / d o / a d r am a co u r se b No / we/ n o t g o / t o g et h er

Ci r cl e t h e co r r e ct op t i on .

|c No / 1 / sp en d / t h e s p r i n g / i n Sw i t z e r l a n d

1

Id I / r en t / a f l a t / i n Gen ev a

a I'm m e e t i n g

e Yes / b u t / I / n o t st ay / i n Z u r i c h

I I Quest ion: Uc i j , are^ jcujeind to tne Cannes film f est ival Lucy: lOo, Im spending tne spring in Switzerland.

2 7

Lucy:

a H e' l l b r i n g i n g a Yo u ' r e 4

B: N o , a I don't

I

Lucy:

5

b He's b r i n g i n g

c He's b r i n g

b Wi l l y o u

c Ar e you

A: A r e y o u m a k i n g a v i d e o n e x t w e e k ?

3 Qu est i o n : Lucy:

c I m eet

co m i n g t o t h e t h eat r e?

I

4 Qu est i o n :

b I m eet i n g

t h e n e w c o n t r ac t .

3

2 Qu est i o n : I

m y m an ag er t o m o r r o w ev en i n g .

We a ar en ' t

I m ad e i t l ast w e e k . b I won't

c I'm n o t

s t ay i n g i n a h o t e l . b won't

c don't

5 Qu est i o n : I

Lucy:

E

S

3^

3

£

QZ

B

T

: S J S M S U B I I SA I

Pr e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s w i t h f u t u r e m e a n i n g

47

Be going to I'm going to use magic.

The dragon is very angry (and hungry!) now - it's going to eat you! You don't have a sword

—ipo

so you aren't

going to fight an angry dragon! Are you going to run away? I'm not going to fight. I'm going to run away. 9* Turn to page 2 1 2 .

^

I'm going to use magic. »» Turn to page 4 5 . I'm going to speak nicely to the dragon. We're going to be friends! »» Turn to page 1 7 0 . W h i c h answer •

w o u l d y o u give?

Be going to 1

Use be going

to + i n f i n i t i v e w i t h o u t to (e.g. do, say, have) f o r

statement

p r e d i c t i o n s a b o u t t h e f u t u r e b a s e d o n w h a t w e see o r k n o w now.

1

The dragon is very angry - it's going The water is cold. I'm not going

to

to eat

/

negative X

a m ('m) g o i n g t o see

swim. He/

2

O f t e n be going

to + i n f i n i t i v e w i t h o u t to s h o w s t h a t

She/

s o m e t h i n g is g o i n g t o h a p p e n i m m e d i a t e l y o r v e r y s o o n . Be careful, it's going Julie is working

g o i n g t o see

to get

You/

ill.

are ('re) g o i n g t o see

They

a r e n o t ( a r e n ' t / 're n o t ) g o i n g t o see

to use magic.

Are you going 4

is n o t (isn't / ' s not )

to fall!

too hard. She's going

Use be going to + i n f i n i t i v e w i t h o u t to for plans a n d decisions. I'm going

is ('s) g o i n g t o see

It

We/ 3

am f m ) not going to see

you!

to clean your shoes ?

W e can also use t h e p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s (be + v e r b + -ing) t o t a l k a b o u t plans a n d d e c i s i o n s . I'm meeting

question ?

short a n s w e r / X

A m 1 g o i n g t o see...?

Yes, 1 a m . No, 1 a m f m ) not.

Fiona tonight. = I'm going to meet Fiona

tonight. Is he / she / it g o i n g

Yes, (he) is.

t o see...?

N o , (he) is n o t (isn't / ' s n o t ).

f o r plans w h i c h have n o t b e e n s c h e d u l e d .

A r e you / w e / they

Yes, (you) are.

I'm going

g o i n g t o see...?

N o , (you) are n o t ( a r e n ' t / 're not).

Be going

laptop

to ( N O T t h e p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s ) can be u s e d

to buy a laptop

tomorrow.

One day, I'm going marrying

tomorrow.

= I'm buying a

(A plan, I k n o w when.) to marry

a prince. N O T One day, I'm

•

V

See Units 17 and 18 f o r more f u t u r e forms.

a prince. (A plan b u t I d o n ' t k n o w when.)

• 48

Practice A What is (or is n o t ) g o i n g t o h a p p e n n e x t ? L o o k a t t h e pictures an d c o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h be going

B

buy

cr y

f i n i sh

h ave

to. So m e ar e

n eg at i ves o r q u est i o n s.

and a ver b f r o m t h e b o x . break

C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h be going

to

sn o w

1

I l o ve sci en ce.

2

She f eel s h u n g r y , so sh e

I rn^ Otncj to

3

T h e p ar t y is t o m o r r o w .

4

He's b r o k e n h i s l eg , so h e

s t u d y Ph ysi cs at u n i v er si t y . h ave d i n n er . you

co m e? p l ay t o n i g h t .

5

T h e y l i k e f as t car s. T h e y

6

A:

b u y a Fer r ar i .

7

We d o n ' t h ave t i c k e t s f o r t h e c o n c er t . We

he

win?

B: I h o p e so.

see it. C

U n d e r l i n e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . So m e t i m e s b o t h o p t i o n s ar e p o s s i b l e . We ' r e going to do/ doing Jo h n is going to do/ doing

i t so o n . it t om or r ow.

M y so n is going to win/ winning

an O l y m p i c m e d al i n

2020. A r e y o u going to study/ studying

h ar d at co l l eg e n ex t

year ? M y si st er is going to have/ having

a b ab y i n D ecem b er .

We' r e n o t going to finish/ finishing

i t so o n , u n f o r t u n at el y .

Gl e n d a is going to write/ writing Is D ad going to take/ taking

a b o o k o n e d ay.

yo u t o t h e ai r p o r t on

Sat u r d ay ?

J

Read going

t h e s e n t e n c e s , m a k e y o u r o w n p r e d i c t i o n s w i t h be to a n d w r i t e t h e m i n y o u r n o t e b o o k .

1

T h e d o g is h u n g r y . It sees s o m e m e a t o n t h e t ab l e .

2

M i k e sees a n i ce j a c k e t i n t h e sh o p w i n d o w .

Tke ao^'s jouuj to jump on the table and eat tne meat,

1 E

3

She sjeuuj to bcuj a new dress. The b al l

window.

13 It ft

I d o n ' t sp eak Fr en ch w e l l b u t I k n o w t h e p h o n e n u m b e r o f a p r i v at e Fr en ch t each er .

The baby

5 The m an ag er

4

Yo u l i k e Bi o l o g y an d y o u ar e a g o o d s t u d e n t .

5

Sal l y w a n t s a car b u t h er sal ar y is v er y s m al l .

6

T h e y l i ve i n a t o w n b u t t h e y d o n ' t l i k e t h e n o i se an d

w o r k ear l y.

[6 She

pollution.

a b ab y.

• • • • • i

7

Yo u f i n d 1 0 0 eu r o s i n t h e st r eet . Yo u see a p o l i ce o f f i cer .

• •••••••

Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1 Be car ef u l ! Th e d r ag o n •

up.

[3 A: Are t h ey g o i n g t o b e f r i en d s ? m A:

b is g o i n g t o w a k e

B:Yes,

a I don't going

at h eyar e

b t h ey g o i n g

m ag i c? B: N o , she i sn 't . She's g o i n g t o r u n aw ay, a She is g o i n g t o use

1 5 Relax! Th e d r ag o n

L

a be g o i n g t o w ak e

t o r ead t h i s ad v e n t u r e b o o k ag ai n . D o y o u w a n t i t ?

y o u . It 's a ver y f r i e n d l y d r ag o n ,

— — — — — — —— • ••••••••••

a ar en ' t g o i n g t o eat

c is g o i n g t o w a k i n g b I'm n o t g o i n g

c I won't going

|

c t h ey d o b Is she g o i n g use

c Is she g o i n g t o use '

b i sn 't g o i n g t o eat qS

c n o t g o i n g t o eat E

£

°Z

qi

'

: S J 3 M S U G J;S8XA'VV

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Be going

to

49

R4 A

B

Review: the future

M a t c h t h e questions t o t h e answers. 1

Shall w e g o dancing t o n i g h t ? -

Yes, t h e y ' r e never late.

2

W i l l i t be c o l d in G e r m a n y ?

N o , I'm n o t . She's o n holiday, so I'm g o i n g t o stay at h o m e .

3

A r e y o u m e e t i n g Rachel t o n i g h t ?

Yes, she w i l l . Is t h a t O K ?

4

Is t h e t r a i n g o i n g t o be late?

Yes, w e are. I t h i n k i t ' l l be really g o o d .

5

W i l l t h e y arrive o n t i m e ?

O K . That's a g o o d idea.

6

Are you both going t o watch t h e tennis match?

Yes, i t is. Sue called t o say she's s t i l l w a i t i n g at t h e s t a t i o n .

7

W i l l y o u r sister w a n t t o c o m e w i t h us?

Yes, he is. He's b o u g h t some pizzas.

8

Is D a n c o o k i n g d i n n e r t o n i g h t ?

N o , it w o n ' t . A t t h i s t i m e o f year it's usually w a r m .

Read t h e reasons f o r u s i n g d i f f e r e n t f u t u r e f o r m s b e l o w . Find a n e x a m p l e i n Exercise A t o m a t c h each r e a s o n . 1

Will f o r p r e d i c t i o n s based o n w h a t y o u t h i n k :

(Oitt i t be cotd in Qermawj?

2

Shall f o r offers and suggestions:

3

Present c o n t i n u o u s f o r plans w h e n w e already k n o w t h e t i m e and place:

4

Be going to f o r p r e d i c t i o n s a b o u t t h e f u t u r e based o n w h a t w e see o r know now:

C

C h a n g e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s i n t o q u e s t i o n s (?) o r n e g a t i v e s (x).

1

She's arriving at 1 0 p m t o n i g h t . (?)

2

This f i l m w i l l be v e r y e x c i t i n g . (X)

3

W e ' r e g o i n g t o be late. (?)

4

I'll need m y passport at t h e h o t e l . (?)

5

Susan's g o i n g t o t h e party, so I'll go. (X)

6

You'll e n j o y t h i s b o o k . (X)

7

It's g o i n g t o s n o w t o n i g h t . (?)

8

You're g o i n g t o be sick. (?)

9 10

50

Your parents w i l l be angry. (?) W e ' r e g o i n g t o w i n t h e m a t c h . (X)

Is s(ve arriving at 10 pm tonyfitf

This film won't bi

very

exscititu).

undejrUne t he cor r ect o p t i o n . • Jill: Willyou

go / Are you going t o Jo e's H a l l o w e e n p a r t y n e x t w e e k ?

l

Belly: O f cou r se. I'm r eal l y e x c i t e d a b o u t i t . Wh a t a b o u t y o u ? I Jill: Yes, I'll I I'm going to g o . Bu t I d o n ' t k n o w w h a t t o w ear . M a y b e I'll / I'm 2

3

going to b e a w i t c h . Kelly: Oh no, p l ease d o n ' t . / 7 / / I ' m going to b e a w i t c h . I've b o u g h t a b l ack h at an d 4

5

l'll/ l'm

going to h ave a g r een f ace.

• Ji l l : Oh , r i g h t . OK, so I won't/ I'm

not going to g o as a w i t c h . I k n o w . I ' l l / I ' m

6

7

going

to p u t a w h i t e sh eet o n m y h ead an d b e a g h o s t . Kelly: Hm m m ... Sue an d Ch r i s an d Sh ar o n will

all/ are

8

all going to b e g h o st s.

Sue t o l d m e y est er d ay . Jill: OK, O K. I ' l l / I ' m

going to b u y s o m e D r ac u l a t e e t h . Is t h a t

9

OK?

Kelly: Yes, t h at 's a g r eat i d ea. Rob: Hi Ji l l . Hi Kel l y. Willyou l0

Jill: Oh yes. Yes, an d ... l'll/ l'm 11

go/ Are

you going t o Jo e's p a r t y ?

going to b e D r ac u l a.

Rob: Dr acula? O h n o . . . p l ease d o n ' t . l'll/ I'm

going to b e D r ac u l a t o o .

12

Match the pairs. 1 We're g o i n g t o Ko r ea n e x t m o n t h .

- ^ ^—a N

2 It's a b eau t i f u l m o r n i n g , w i t h n o c l o u d s . ^ — b 3 She's al ways l at e.

It 'l l p r o b ab l y be h o t . a

'4 She p h o n ed t o say h er b u s d i d n ' t c o m e .

I t h i n k i t 's g o i n g t o b e h o t .

She p r o b ab l y w o n ' t b e h er e o n t i m e t o d ay .

b Sh e i sn ' t g o i n g t o b e h er e o n t i m e .

5 O u r f o o t b a l l t e a m is r eal l y g o o d .

a

6 It's 6 - 1 , w i t h o n l y 1 0 m i n u t e s t o p l ay.

b We ' r e g o i n g t o w i n t h e m a t c h .

7 I've seen t h i s f i l m b e f o r e . I k n o w t h e e n d i n g .

a

8 It's a g r eat f i l m . H o w w i l l i t en d ?

b She's g o i n g t o m a r r y t h e d o c t o r .

9 How m an y c h i l d r en ar e y o u g o i n g t o h ave? 10 How m an y c h i l d r en w i l l y o u h ave? Make predictions (using will and be going

a

I'm su r e w e ' l l w i n t o d ay ' s m a t c h .

M a y b e sh e' l l m a r r y t h e d o c t o r .

I d o n ' t k n o w . Ask m e ag ai n i n 1 0 y ear s ' t i m e.

b Two. Nex t m o n t h . to) and p lans (using be going

to and

[present cont inuous) w i t h t h e w o r d s g iven. So m e are n e g at i ve s. p i It / be ver y co l d / t o n i g h t . (It 's 8 o ' cl o ck i n t h e e v e n i n g , an d al r ead y b e l o w z er o ! )

[

It'sjouuj to be very coui tonight.

;-2 It / be ver y c o l d / n ex t w e e k . (Yo u t h i n k ; y o u h av en ' t seen t h e w e a t h e r f o r ecast . ) 3 I/ go t o t h e c i n e m a / t o n i g h t . (Yo u ' r e g o i n g w i t h y o u r si st er ; i t s t ar t s at 8 o 'cl o ck .) 4 I / go t o t h e ci n em a / n ex t w e e k . (Yo u d o n ' t k n o w w h e n , w h o w i t h o r w h a t f i l m . ) 5 My f avo u r i t e f o o t b a l l t e a m / p l ay a m a t c h / t h i s w e e k e n d . (Yo u h ave a t i c k e t , the gam e st ar t s at 3 o 'cl o ck .) 6 My f avo u r i t e f o o t b a l l t e a m / w i n t h e cu p / t h i s year . (Yo u t h i n k , b u t y o u don't k n ow.) 7 We / go t o a h o t c o u n t r y o n h o l i d a y / n e x t w e e k . (Yo u h ave t h e p l an e t i ck et s. ) 8 We / g o t o a h o t c o u n t r y o n h o l i d a y / t h i s s u m m e r . (Yo u d o n ' t k n o w w h i c h co u n t r y o r t h e d at e.)

20 r ^ H o w

Modal verbs: can, could, be able to How can dogs help us?

c a n d o g s

help

u s ? j

In World War I I , dogs w e r e a b l e

Dogs c a n h e a r a n d see m u c h b e t t e r

to smell or hear

t h a n h u m a n s . T h e y c a n also s m e l l

survivors that

m a n y things that human s can't.

people c o u l d not find.

D u r i n g W o r l d W a r I, m a n y soldiers w e n t b l i n d . Dogs w e r e a b l e t o l o o k after t h e b l i n d soldiers. Sony's A i b o . W i l l a robot ever b e a b l e t o r e p l a c e a dog ?

W h y are dogs very g o o d at

finding

people?

suewnq UEL|; jauaq ipnw ]|aws pue sas 'jeaq UBD Aaqx:J3MSU\/

Modal verbs: can, could, be able to 1

Use can t o t a l k a b o u t a b i l i t y .

5

Dogs can hear and see much better

than

M a k e q u e s t i o n s a n d s h o r t a n s w e r s as f o l l o w s :

humans. question ?

2

Can d o e s n o t c h a n g e . I t is t h e s a m e w i t h a l l s u b j e c t s . / can swim. He can swim. They can swim.

3

s h o r t answer / X 1 / y o u / he /

Can

she/it/

Dogs can hear much better

than

humans.

N o , (he) can't.

we/they

Can is f o l l o w e d b y a s e c o n d v e r b . T h e s e c o n d v e r b is t h e i n f i n i t i v e w i t h o u t to.

Yes, (he) can. swim?

H o w can do; *s h e l p us?

N O T They can to hear... U s e could (not) or was / were (not) able to for t h e past. 4

T h e n e g a t i v e o f can is cannot.

T h e s h o r t f o r m is

can't. T h e s h o r t f o r m is m o r e c o m m o n , e s p e c i a l l y i n

In World

Warn, dogs were able to smell or hear

survivors

that people could

not find.

conversation. U s e will be able to for t h e f u t u r e . T h e n e g a t i v e f o r m o f

Emily can't swim very well. statement 1/You/He/She/ It/We/They

52

/

negative X c a n n o t (can't)

can s w i m .

swim.

t h e f u t u r e is will not be able to o r won't A robot

will / won't

Will a robot

be able

be able to replace a dog.

ever be able to replace a dog?

See U n i t 2 1 f o r can (request). See U n i t 22 f o r can't (forbid).

to.

actice Underline t he cor r ect op t i on .

D

couldn't,

1 Dogs can/ could t r a v e l a l o n g w a y t o find f o o d . 2 Most d ogs can't/ couldn't

C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s u s i n g can, can't,

see t h e d i f f er en c e b e t w e e n

co m e

3 Of t en d u r i n g Wo r l d Wa r s I an d II, p e o p l e were not able

h ave

be able t o find t h e m .

al so car r y m essag es.

6 In t he f u t u r e, sci en t i st s will be able to/ can

h ear

see

I tJUU

1 t o / c a n ' t f i n d su r vi vo r s. 5 They can/ could

be able to a n d a v e r b

f r o m t h e box.

red and g r een .

4 However, d o g s were able to/ will

will be able to o r won't

could,

i m ag i n e

sp eak

u n d er st an d

1

It 's t o o d ar k i n h er e. I

2

I w a n t t o l ear n Sp an i sh .

3

Wh e n w e m o v e t o t h e c o u n t r y n e x t year , w e

4

We d o n ' t r eal l y k n o w w h a t l i f e w as l i k e i n t h e p ast . We

m ak e b e t t e r

can 't r ead

m y book. you

a n o t h e r l an g u ag e?

robot d og s.

a dog.

Make sentences b y p u t t i n g t h e wo r d s in t h e co r r e ct order.

only 5

si b o t t l e / 1 / o p e n / c a n ' t / t h i s

Bat s v er y w e l l b u t t h e y h ave e x c e l l e n t h ear i n g .

I cant open th.Cs bottle. 2 couldn't / n am e / h er / r e m e m b e r / I

6

T h a t f i l m w as r eal l y b o r i n g .

3 st an d / ch i l d / ab l e/ Th e/ w asn 't / t o

7

I c o u l d n ' t sl eep l ast n i g h t . I

8

I f I g o t o A u s t r a l i a t o st u d y , I

you

w h a t i t w as ab o u t ? a st r an g e n o i se. h o m e v er y o f t e n .

4 a t / m e e t / w e / Can / 7 ? 5 quest ion / He / t h e / an sw er / c o u l d n ' t 6 p l ay/ can 't / I / t e n n i s I

M a k e s e n t e n c e s a b o u t w h a t y o u can / can't could I couldn't

\ 7 t ruck / d r i ve / Can / a / sh e?

won't

do now,

d o w h e n y o u w e r e y o u n g e r o r will /

be able to d o i n t h e f u t u r e a n d w r i t e t h e m i n y o u r

n o t e b o o k . Us e e x p r e s s i o n s f r o m t h e b o x o r y o u r o w n

8 able / co m e / f r i e n d s / M y / w e r e n ' t / t o

i d eas . d r i ve

Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n .

r u n 1 0 k i l o m et r es

s t an d o n m y h ead

sp eak En g l i sh

t o u c h m y t o e s w i t h m y n o se

1 I... use m y m o b i l e h er e - i t d o e s n ' t w o r k . a can

(Tj) can ' t

c co u l d n 't

d w as n ' t ab l e t o

Ex a m p l e :

(dhen I was (our, (couldn't speak €njttsn.

2 In 1 9 9 8 , 2 0 %o f t h e w o r l d ' s p o p u l a t i o n ... n o t w r i t e , a can

b can ' t

c co u l d

d w as ab l e t o

3 The box was ver y h eavy - I... car r y i t . a w i l l b e ab l e t o c can't

b w o n ' t b e ab l e t o

d co u l d n 't

Ci r c l e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n .

4 When I was y o u n g er , I... r ead a b o o k i n o n e d ay. a could

b can

c w i l l b e ab l e t o

1

d can ' t

5 I... t ak e t h i s t o t h e p o st o f f i ce. I h aven ' t g o t en o u g h t i m e , a can

b can ' t

c co u l d

2

d co u l d n 't

6 I'm n ot busy. I... g o t o t h e p o st o f f i ce f o r y o u . a can't

b w o n ' t b e ab l e t o

c can

3

d co u l d n 't

b can

c b e ab l e t o

c w o n ' t b e ab l e t o

4

c is ab l e

u n d e r s t a n d o n e w o r d o f En g l i sh ,

a d o e s n ' t can

b can ' t

c can n o t

Wh e n t h e p eo p l e

M y dog

find

t h e su r vi vo r , t h e i r d o g s b can ' t f o u n d

1

5

c co u l d n 't f o u n d

ver y f ast .

a d o esn ' t can r u n

b w e r e n ' t ab l e t o d w as ab l e t o

b can

Bu t h e

a co u l d n 't

d can ' t

8 The w i n d o w w as ver y s m al l b u t m y d a u g h t e r . . . c l i m b i n . a wasn 't ab l e t o

u n d er st an d ab o u t 2 0 w o r d s i n a can t o

h el p ed t h e m .

7 Don't st ay o u t l at e o r y o u w o n ' t . . . g et u p ear l y, a cou l d

M y dog Sp an i sh .

b can ' t r u n

c c an n o t r u n s

A : Wi l l t h e r o b o t d o g b e ab l e t o s w i m ? B: N o , i t

a can ' t 3

5

IT

b i sn ' t 7

E

£

V

c won't

3 1 :SJ3 M SU E

jlSBX^W

M o d a l v e r b s : can, could, be able to

53

21

Modals for requests: can, could, may Could we go on a safari?

ep]

Write to^l\OTand tell him your dreams. For one lucky winner, your dream will come true! Dear Jim, Could we go on a safari in South Africa? We'd really like to see some real lions. Can our friends come too? Best wishes, Claudia and Elena (13 years old)

Dear Jim, May I have a baby sister, please? I have two brothers but I really want a sister to play with. Best wishes, Rita (10 years old) P.S. Please could she have brown hair and brown eyes like me?

Dear Jim, Can you send me a model Ferrari? I emailed you last month but you didn't send it. Could you answer 'yes or 'no'? (I hope 'yes'.) Best wishes, Charles (11 years old)

Dear Jim, Could I work in the circus? I'm still at school but all my teachers say I am a clown. May I send you a video clip of myself? Best wishes, John (12 's years old) 3

1 Claudia

a a sister

M a t c h each person

2 Charles

t o t h e i r request:

b a holiday

3 John

c a car

4

Rita

d ajob E

17 P£ 2 I T :J3AASUV D

Modals for requests: can, could, may 1

Use can, could a nd may t o ask f o r so me t h in g polite ly; can a nd

W e can use can, could a nd may w i t h the first

could are more c o m m o n t h a n

pe rson t o ask for pe rmission. Could is more

Can you send me a model

may.

Ferrari?

polite tha n can. May is forma l. W e usually give

Could I have a cake?

pe rmission w i t h can, or we can just say Of course

May I have a baby

or Sure.

sister?

A: Can I leave the room? 2

Use can a nd could, but not may, t o ask pe ople t o do things. Could she phone me when she's free? Can you come

B: Yes, you can.

A: Could we have some more? A: May I start?

B: No, you can't!

B: Of course.

here? Please + impe ra tive is not ve ry polite . Please + can / could / may + t h e infinitive w i t h o u t to is polite . D o n ' t say Please do it!, say Please can you do it?

54

actice Match each request t o t h e cor r ect reply.

D

T h e se e m a i l s t o Ji m ar e n ot p olit e. In you r n ot eb ook , w r i t e p olit e ver si ons o f

F1 May I com e i n ?

a

I'm n o t su r e. I' l l ask h er .

2 Could yo u r i n g b ack l at er ?

b

N o , t h e sh o p is c l o sed ,

t h e m using can, could, may and

So r r y, I d o n ' t k n o w I t al i an ,

1

3 Can we m eet o n Sat u r d ay ?

c

4 May I t ak e y o u r n u m b e r ?

d Su r e, I'l l p h o n e ag ai n i n an h o u r ,

5 Can your si st er c o m e?

e Yes, t a k e s o m e. It 's v er y g o o d .

the way h o m e?

f

Give me a Sony PlaySt at ion

Could JJOU please j ive me a Soixej PlayStation? / Can j o u j ive me a Sonj PlayStation, pleasef

6 Could t h ey b u y so m e b r ead o n 7 Can I see y o u r h o m e w o r k ?

please.

N o , I'm b u sy at t h e w e e k e n d ,

g I h av en ' t d o n e i t y et .

8 Could we t r y t h e cak e?

Buy m e a new b i k e

- h O n e m o m e n t , I'll o p e n t h e d o o r ,

9 Can you t r an sl at e i t ?

i

Su r e. 7 3 7 - 5 2 - 2 5 . I wan t t o vi si t Lon d on .

Write sentences ask ing f o r p e r m i ssi o n . 2

Translat e t h i s em ai l f r o m m y f r i en d in Mong ol i a.

Do m y Geography hom ework .

I w a n t t o sp eak t o Sar ah .

CanUs oat, please?

Send m y sist er a b i r t h d ay present . I w an t t o ride yo u r b i k e.

7

wan t t o go int o space.

We want t o come hom e late t on i g h t . V

I wan t t o be in t h e nex t Spider- Man f i l m .

your notebook, wr i t e a r equest f o r each sit uat ion using can, could, may

MY TURN!

and the words in bracket s. Use may w h e n you n eed t o be ver y polit e. 1 rou You are are in in aaver very exfpensive cafe. Yo u want a coffee. (I / have) y ex

In you r n ot eb ook , w r i t e em ail s t o Ji m .

Mow I nave a. coffeef

M a k e t h e m p olit e w i t h can, could, may

'2 You are l o st . Yo u see an o l d m an w i t h a m o b i l e p h o n e . (I / use)

and

3 Your co m p u t er w o n ' t w o r k . Yo u r f r i e n d is g o o d w i t h c o m p u t e r s . I

TO

please.

Ex a m p l e s:

(you / help )

Could (meet ftyer federerf

4 You are l at e f o r class. Yo u w a n t t o g o i n t o t h e r o o m . (I / c o m e i n ) 5 You w an t t o see y o u r f r i e n d a f t e r sc h o o l , (w e / m e e t ) 6 You have i n v i t ed y o u r f r i e n d t o a p ar t y . Yo u l i k e h i s CD . (y o u / b r i n g ) 7 It is col d . Yo u r f r i e n d is i n f r o n t o f an o p e n w i n d o w , (y o u / cl o se) 8 You are g o i n g t o p l ay t e n n i s w i t h a f r i e n d . Yo u h ave t h e b al l , (w e / st ar t )

••••••••

• ••

• i

| Circle the correct op t ion. I I

Dear Ji m . Can y o u

I 2 A:Ex cu sem e •

m y f r i en d ?

f o r m y s i x t een t h b i r t h d ay ? 4 Dear Jim . Please

a be

y o u r t o i l e t , p l ease?

c t o be

a M a y y o u g i ve m e a car

a n ew m o b i l e p h o n e?

5 A: M u m ? Can w e h ave a d o g ?

b b ei n g

B: Yes, o f co u r se.

B: N o , w e

a M a y I u se

b Co u l d g i ve y o u m e a car

a c o u l d h ave m y si st er a don't

b M a y I u si n g

b h av en ' t

c

Maylt ouse

c Co u l d y o u g i ve m e a car

b c o u l d m y si st er has

c c o u l d m y si st er h ave

c can ' t

8 * 35

> T? 3 £

E X : S J 3 M S U E JJSA X A Y V

M o d a l s f o r r e q u e s t s : can, could, may

55

22

Must, have to and can't I have to stay here. People t e l l y o u all t h e t i m e ,

settles down on my knee,

Poems d o n o t have t o r h y m e .

and he carries a letter

It's o f t e n b e t t e r i f t h e y d o n ' t

H o v e t h e first b i t o f t h e m o r n i n g

A n d I'm d e t e r m i n e d t h i s one w o n ' t .

s

,

w

i

p

e

y

o

u

r

f

e

e

t

b

Coral Rumble

e

f

o

r

e

y

o

u

w

a

i

fori cannot go with you as 1 have to stay here.

Wendy Cope

k

mother to me g

O h dear. V o o ™

tommy

Littlebird,takethe reeting take a kiss and a tear

I have a fairy by my side Which says I must not sleep, When once in pain I loudly cried It said 'You must not weep'. Lewis Carroll W h i c h p o e m is a b o u t being far away f r o m someone you love? \r uiaoj :J9MSUV

Must, have to a n d can't 1

Use must

6

- t o t a l k a b o u t rules and laws All passengers

must

wear a seat belt. (This is t h e rule.)

T h e p a s t of don't I didn't

You must phone me. (The speaker feels t h a t thi s is important.) T h e n e g a t i v e f o r m is must Use must

not or mustn't

not. T h e s h o r t f o r m is

mustn't.

7

3

smoke in the

W e can use can't

i n s t e a d o f mustn't

t o talk about things

/ can't I cannot I couldn't 4

Use have

go with

8

9

at the

airport.

Must

d o e s n o t c h a n g e . I t is t h e s a m e w i t h a l l subjects.

Must

go. They must

go.

is a m o d a l v e r b , a n d is f o l l o w e d by a second verb

i n t h e i n f i n i t i v e w i t h o u t to.

to

You must not

have to wear a seat belt. (This is t h e rule.)

M a k e q u e s t i o n s a n d s h o r t a n s w e r s as f o l l o w s :

/ have to stay here. (The speaker can't change t h e situation.) have to o r doesn't

weep.

1 0 Q u e s t i o n s a re m o r e c o m m o n w i t h have to t h a n must.

o t h e r s o r circumstance.

Use don't

to.

T h e r e a r e n o p a s t o r f u t u r e f o r m s o f must. Use f o r m s

/ must go. He must

- t o t a l k a b o u t o b l i g a t i o n i m p o s e d o n t h e speaker by

5

have

yesterday.

I will have to leave early.

- t o t a l k a b o u t rules and laws (a similar use t o must) All passengers

have to is didn't

have to get up early

/ had to show my passport

you.

have sweets when I was a girl.

airport.

future.

restaurant.

w e are n o t a l l o w e d t o do.

/ doesn't

at the

of have to t o t a l k a b o u t o b l i g a t i o n in t h e past o r

t o t a l k a b o u t things w e are n o t

allowed t o do. You mustn't

to.

I had to show my passport

- t o t a l k a b o u t s o m e t h i n g t h e speaker feels is necessary.

2

T h e p a s t o f have to is had

have to t o t a l k a b o u t

question ?

short a n s w e r / /

D o 1 / y o u / w e / t h e y have t o stay?

Yes, w e d o . No, we don't.

s o m e t h i n g w h i c h is n o t necessary. Poems do not have to rhyme. (The speaker d o e s n ' t t h i n k

D o e s he / she / it h a v e t o stay?

this is necessary.)

Yes, he does. N o , he d o e s n ' t .

Don't

have to is n o t t h e s a m e as

You mustn't

mustn't.

walk on the grass.

N O T You don't have to walk on the grass.

56

•

See Units 2 0 , 2 1 , 2 3 and 24 f o r more modal verbs.

actice Complete the sent ences w i t h have to or don't

have

Fo l l o w t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s t o c o m p l e t e t h e p o e m .

to. Make t hem t r ue f o r you.

T h i n k o f s o m e t h i n g y o u n eed t o buy. ( Wr i t e t h e v er b i n 1 an d t h e o b j e c t i n 2.) T h i n k o f s o m e o n e y o u n eed t o t a l k t o . ( Wr i t e

If you wan t t o b e m y f r i e n d , . . . 1 you

b e r i ch .

2 you

be g ood look ing.

3 you

be kind.

4 you

l i k e t h e sam e t h i n g s as m e.

5 you

t a l k a b o u t y o u r f eel i n g s .

6 you

r em em b er m y b i r t h d ay.

t h e v er b i n 3 an d t h e p er so n i n 4.) T h i n k o f s o m e t h i n g y o u w a n t t o e at . ( Wr i t e t h e v er b i n 5 an d t h e f o o d i n 6.) N o w r ead y o u r p o e m .

2

1

buy

I m u st

4

3

Example: an d

1 j6k aWt have ts be rich..

6 Complete the sent ences using must, mustn't

an d

or

can't and a verb f r om t h e box . 4 be d r ink

d r i ve

ride your bike

st ep

t al k

buy

I m u st n o t

6 or 2 or

J^ o u a r ^ g ^

in t h e su m m er . In

y o u r n o t e b o o k , w r i t e t w o t h i n g s y o u have to d o a t t h e c a m p s i t e , t w o t h i n g s y o u mustn't don't

1 Drivers

ar r i ve ear l y

must Stop

2 You

o n y o u r m o b i l e p h o n e.

3 You

h er e.

•

Cars

u n d er 6 0 k m p er h o u r .

: 5 You

t h e w at e r .

6 You

q u i e t h er e.

d o an d t w o t h i n g s yo u

have to d o . Ch o o s e f r o m t h e v e r b s i n t h e b o x . bring a t en t

k eep t h e c am p s i t e cl ean p ay i n ad van ce

g et u p ear l y

h ave p ar t i es

m ak e a l o t o f n o i se

w ear a u n i f o r m

Ex a m p l e : (don't have to j e t up early,

Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . II I

I

r em em b er it 's m y m u m ' s b i r t h d ay n ex t w eek . w r i t e p o em s at sch o o l ?

a Hav e y o u

a m u st t o

b h as

b D o y o u h ave t o

c D o yo u m u st

3 Please d o n ' t t e l l m y p ar en t s I h ad a h am b u r g er . T h ey

know.

4 I

b m u s t r ead

m y p o em t o t h e class yest er d ay.

6 t r a v e l

a h ad t o r ead

a l o t w h e n y o u w er e a p o p si n g er ?

a H ad y o u t o

c m u st

aa m u s t n ' t

b h ave n o t tt o

c d o es n ' t m u s t

c m u s t t o r ead

b Mu st you

c D i d y o u h ave t o 35

ET ? E £

1

qz

3 1 : S J 9 M S U E JI SSX

23

Should, ought to You should take off your shoes.

You should not touch somebody on the head in Thailand. The head is a special part of the body in Thai culture.

Here are some things you should remember if you go to different countries.

In Russia, you shouldn't whistle inside a house. (No one knows why!)

If you go to a restaurant in South Korea, you should take off your shoes. This is polite.

You ought to knock loudly on doors in Nicaragua knocking softly is not polite

Guests in Mexico should always leave a little bit of food on their plate. This shows they are not hungry.

VP-

J

In Taiwan, you shouldn't give somebody an umbrella as a present. An umbrella will bring people bad luck.

True or False? It is a bad idea t o w e a r shoes in a restaurant in South Korea.

. 9

ami uaMsuy

Should, ought to 1

Should

4

has a simila r me a ning t o must, but is not so

W e ma ke que stions by p u t t i n g should

be fore t h e

subje ct.

strong. You should

eat healthy

In Taiwan, you shouldn't

Should

food. give somebody

an umbrella

we buy a guidebook

What should

as

?

I do?

a present. 5 2

U se should

What should

B: You should

shouldn't.

You should

I do now?

A: I don't feel well.

W e ma ke ne ga tive s w i t h not. T he short f o r m o f should not is

t o ask f o r a nd give a dvice .

Children 3

Should

on the head in

shouldn't

play here.

is a moda l ve rb so it has no -s in t h e t h i r d pe rson

singula r. I t is f o l l o w e d by t h e infinitive w i t h o u t to. Simon should

come with us.

N O T Simon should to come with us. 58

not touch somebody

Thailand.

go home.

6

Ought

to = should

but it is much less common. Ought

is ve ry ra re in que stions a nd ne ga tive s. You ought

to be polite.

to

actice Match the correct advice t o each se n t e n ce . a

It's r a i n i n g . —

b

I'm t i r ed . It's m y b i r t h d ay.

-c

I'm w o r r i ed ab o u t t h i s t es t . My t o o t h h u r t s.

D

Gi ve ad vice in t h e f o l l o w i n g si t u at i on s using should

Yo u s h o u l d n ' t t h i n k a b o u t i t . Yo u s h o u l d r e m e m b e r i t .

Yo u ar e al w ay s t i r e d i n t h e m o r n i n g s .

2

Yo u r n e i g h b o u r p l ays l o u d m u si c at n i g h t .

3

Yo u h ave n o t h i n g n i ce t o w e a r t o a p ar t y .

4

Yo u d o n ' t k n o w w h a t t o b u y y o u r f a t h e r f o r

you should j o to bed early.

d Yo u o u g h t t o see a d e n t i s t , e

Yo u s h o u l d an sw er i t .

f

Yo u s h o u l d n ' t eat i t .

7 It's i m p o r t an t i n f o r m a t i o n .

g Yo u s h o u l d n o t w o r k so h ar d ,

8 It smells st r an g e.

h

to.

1

Yo u s h o u l d t a k e an u m b r e l l a ,

6 My phone is r i n g i n g .

or ought

Yo u s h o u l d b u y a n i ce cak e.

his b i r t h d ay. Complete the sen t en ces u si ng should buy

eem e

eat

1 Guests

g i ve

k i ss

m eet

should come

2 You

and t h e ve r b s in t h e box . o p en

5

Yo u ar e w a i t i n g f o r a f r i e n d b u t he is ver y l at e.

6

T h er e ar e m i c e i n y o u r h o u se.

7

Yo u w a n t t o b e a p o p st ar .

8

Yo u r m u m says y o u can ' t g o t o t h e p ar t y .

say

l at e t o p ar t i es i n Sw i t z e r l a n d .

f l o w e r s f o r w o m e n o n 8 M a r c h i n Ro m an i a.

3 In Uk r aine, y o u

g u est s w i t h b r ead an d sal t .

4 If you g et a p r esen t i n T h ai l an d , y o u

i t at h o m e .

5 When you an swer t h e p h o n e i n Ger m an y , y o u

y o u r n am e.

6 In Belgium , f r i en d s 7 Guests

t h r ee t i m es w h en t h ey m eet . e v e r y t h i n g o n t h e i r p l at e i n Bo l i v i a.

MY TURN!

8 If you have a h o u se p a r t y i n N e w Zeal an d , y o u a key t o g u est s. Tick / the correct op t i on .

Wh a t advice wo u l d you give t o t our ist s com ing t o your cou n t r y? In your not ebook , wr i t e six sen t en ces using should, shouldn't

" t neather

Ex a m p l e : a It is necessary t o w e a r t h e [ hat i f it 's r ai n i n g .

g r am m ar .

b You can w ear t h e h at i f i t 's raining.

M i k e sh o u l d d o m o r e g r am m ar .

c It isn't a g o o d i d ea t o w e a r the hat i f i t 's r ai n i n g . /

M i k e has n o t i m e f o r g r am m ar .

:> 3

l-«

2

b This t o o t h p a s t e is t h e b est f or cl ean i n g y o u r t e e t h .

Li z d o es n ' t k n o w i f sh e n eed s t o b u y f l o w e r s . Li z w a n t s Ge o f f t o b u y f l o w er s.

c It is a g o o d i d ea t o u se t h e t o o t h p ast e t w o t i m e s a d ay.

Li z t h i n k s i t is n ecessar y t o b u y so m e f l o w er s.

5

I i s I SH U

f* You should not open the ^ back of the computer.

b It is i m p o ssi b l e t o o p e n t h e back o f t h e c o m p u t e r . c It is a b ad i d ea t o o p e n t h e back o f t h e c o m p u t e r .

b

Read t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s f i r s t .

c

T h i s is n o t a t e s t f o r b eg i n n er st u d en t s.

i n t h e b u s, so

a st an d u p

b st an d i n g u p

Yo u

w e ar a h at i n so m eb o d y' s h o u se,

3 4

c t o st an d u p

b sh o u l d n 't

c n o t sh o u l d

t a k e o f f m y sh o es i n t h e h o u se? a Sh o u l d I

b D o I sh o u l d

c I sh o u l d

Wh e n a m an m eet s a n o t h e r m a n , h e h i s h an d .

v3

a s h o u l d sh ak es

b s h o u l d sh ak e

c s h o u l d t o sh ak e

I PA GE I

Yo u o u g h t t o b eg i n r e ad i n g t h e t est .

Ch i l d r e n s h o u l d

a d o n ' t sh o u l d

5

You should not begin before vou read the instructions.

l a It is n ecessar y t o o p e n t h e back o f t h e c o m p u t e r .

Vou ooddt to come in summer,

t h a t o l d e r p e o p l e can si t d o w n .

[Should I buy flowers? [a It is a g o o d i d ea t o cl ean your t eet h .

to.

Ci r c l e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1

(Geoff,

3

or ought

1

Yo u

a t h an k - y o u e m a i l f o r t h e

p r esen t . a sh o u l d t o w r i t e •'• •3 a njnnln

b ought t o wrote

c ought t o write qt- E£ qz

EX

: SJ9 M SU

e

i

Should, ought to

59

-O A

Modals of possibility: may might

U

We may never know ...

Jk

n 1925 a Greek photographer saw a strange thing in the Himalayas. It was like a man but much bigger. Since then many more people say tbey have seen it; they call it the Yeti. Is the Yeti real? It's possible, but we don't know for sure.

I

You might see a Yeti if you go to the Himalayas. There may be many Yetis or there might not be any. The Yeti may live very high in the mountains. It may be very shy. It might not want to meet people. It mightn't be very glad to see you (and you mightn't be very glad to see it!). 9

W h a t is t h e Y e t i ?

a A man

b An animal

c W e d o n ' t know.

Modals of possibility: may, might 1

Use may or might

t o t a lk a bout t h e cha nce o f

4

some thing be ing t r u e . The Yeti may live in the It might 2

Use might

people.

inste a d o f may i f you t h i n k t h e chance is less

ce rta in. It may snow in the Himalayas

next week. (It's cold in the

a nd could are f o l l o w e d by t h e infinitive

We may / might

mountains.

not want to meet

May, might w i t h o u t to.

5

/ could go by

T he ne ga tive o f might mightn't.

is might

helicopter. not, or ( some time s)

T he ne ga tive of may is may

It might

not / mightn't

not.

be very glad to see you.

Many people may not return

alive.

mountains.) You might 3

see a Yeti there, ( if the y exist...)

W e can also use could t o t a lk a bout possibility (see U nit 2 0 ) . We could go in summer. Where could the Yeti be?

Maybe

is not t h e sa me as may

Maybe

(one word) me a ns 'possibly' a nd usua lly

be.

be gins a se nte nce . Maybe

the Yeti is friendly. Maybe

it lives in the

mountains. may be is t w o words: a moda l ( like can a nd must) + verb. The Yeti may be friendly. It may be in the

60

mountains.

actice

MY TURN!

Match f act s 1 - 8 t o t h e p o s s i b l e r eas o n s / c o n s e q u e n c e s a - h . 1 The sky is d ar k .

—^

a

She m i g h t b e a m o d e l .

b

It m a y r ai n .

T h i n k o f a p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r each

3 The t o u r i st s ar e l o st .

c

He m i g h t b e h u n g r y .

f a c t o r s i t u a t i o n u s i n g may o r might.

4 You don't w an t t o g o t o t h a t h o t e l ,

d

Yo u m ay b e i l l .

Wr i t e t h e m i n yo u r n o t eb o o k .

2 She speaks En g l i sh .

^ »

5 She is b eau t i f u l .

e

She m i g h t b e A m e r i c a n .

6 You aren't at sch o o l .

f

T h ey m a y b e i n t h e car .

7 I can't f i n d m y k eys.

g

It m i g h t b e ex p en si ve.

8 The baby is cr yi n g .

h

T h ey m a y n o t h ave a g o o d m ap .

1

/ cu. m j h t be ill. / / cu may have a coU. 2

You are g o i n g o n an e x p e d i t i o n t o f i n d t h e Ye t i . Us e may (not) o r might

A d o g f o l l o w s yo u h o m e.

4

Yo u h ear s o m e b o d y k n o c k i n g l o u d l y at

5

an sw er .

JI I UVV

2

not work

6

3 get lost

4

r u n aw ay

7

6

n o t h ave e n o u g h f o o d

8

n o t at t ac k

7 follow 9 writ e a b o o k

8

Yo u r f a t h e r h as a f r e e t i c k e t t o t h e A g o o d f r i e n d h asn ' t sp o k en t o y o u f o r t w o w eek s.

m j n t snow

2 The cam era

Yo u see a st r an g e l i g h t i n t h e sk y. o p e r a b u t h e d o es n ' t w a n t t o g o .

1 0 n o t su r vi ve

[ l It

Yo u r p h o n e r i n g s. Yo u an sw er i n En g l i sh . T h e o t h e r p er so n d o esn ' t

X

ft not f i n d t h e Yet i

Yo u r st eak t ast es t e r r i b l e .

3

y o u r d o o r ear l y i n t h e m o r n i n g .

(not) and t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e b o x t o c o m p l e t e t h e s en t en c es .

1

Yo u f e e l b ad .

v er y h ar d

may / m j n t not work.

i n t h e co l d

3 We

in t h e m o u n t ai n s

______

saSsssSssssm

4 The Yet i 5 We

I

[6 We ft

Anim als

8 The Yet i B

I

Ci r c l e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n .

us.

T h e p h o t o g r ap h e r ' s s t o r y

us.

t r u e. a m ay d o n ' t be

af t er t h e ex p ed i t i o n b u t

10 We

c m ay n o t b e

Captain Oak es i s o n an e x p e d i t i o n t o f i n d t h e s o u r c e o f t h e r i v e r

n e x t year . H e

b n o t m ay be

M y u n cl e's g o i n g t o t h e H i m al ay as Ganges. Read h i s e m a i l a n d c o m p l e t e i t w i t h may (not) o r might

a m a y see

(not)

and t he w o r d s f r o m t h e b o x . be

be f i n d

g o t l o st

I

h ave

like

n eed

see

work

I

write

I

... I'm t ak i n g a g o o d m ap b ecau se w e I We

t h e so u r ce o f t h e r i v er b u t n o t g e t an y

5

pictures. Th i s

people w h o l i ve t h e r e Well, w e

a g o o d t h i n g b ecau se t h e

6

8

9

10

a m ig ht t o be

b m i g h t be

c ar e m i g h t A r e y o u su r e y o u saw a Yet i ?

I

w as j u s t a b i g m an .

I

a Mayb e i t

b Mi g h t beit t h i s, b u t I saw a Yet i

yest er d ay i n y o u r g ar d en ,

i n t h e c o l d . So , w e

4

c m ays see

ab l e t o sp eak ,

Yo u

e n o u g h f o o d b u t w e can ' t car r y m o r e . I

have my cam er a b u t i t

b m a y sees

Yet i s

c M ay be i t

a co m p ass t o o . I'm w o r r i e d t h a t w e

2

3

[1

m j h t j e t lost

1

a yet i .

a m i g h t n o t t o b el i eve

•::S

b m i g h t n o t b el i eved c m i g h t n ' t b el i eve

i t i f w e t ak e p i c t u r es.

7

t h e so u r ce o f t h e r i ver , b u t i f w e d o

3

S f r IE Z T E

E

3

: SJ3 M SU E

jisax ^v\ l

a b o o k a b o u t o u r e x p e d i t i o n . We f a m o u s o n e d ay !

Captain Oak es

M o d a l s o f p o s s i b i l i t y : m ay, might

61

Review: modals

R5 A

C o m p l e t e t h e se nte nce s using t h e words in t h e box. S ome time s t w o or thre e a nswe rs a re possible . can

could

ought

have

may

might

must

1 2

W h e n I was a y o u n g m a n , I

mast

C o m p l e t e t h e se nte nce s using t h e moda l ve rbs f r o m the boxe s.

mustn't

should

W h e n y o u t r a v e l by bus, y o u

C

have a t i c k e t .

could 1

Last year I C5U.W

2

Now I

3

run 1 0

M y m u m says I

t o come home before 10

I g o h o m e early t o d a y , please?

4 5

You

6

I'm g o i n g t o t a k e an u m b r e l l a because i t

t o read t h i s b o o k - it's very i n t e r e s t i n g .

rain later.

W h a t do you think?

must/have to

I d o t h e exam t h i s year

w a t c h t e l e v i s i o n , b u t please keep i t

11

Yesterday y o u Today y o u

6

Tomorrow you

Don't worry. You don't

t o b u y m e a present.

A t the zoo, you

a

t a l k i n g a b o u t present a b i l i t y ( U n i t 20)

b

t a l k i n g a b o u t past a b i l i t y ( U n i t 20)

c

asking p e o p l e t o d o t h i n g s ( U n i t 21)

d

asking f o r p e r m i s s i o n ( U n i t 21)

e

g i v i n g permission ( U n i t 21)

f

t a l k i n g a b o u t rules and laws ( U n i t 22)

g

t a l k i n g a b o u t t h i n g s w e are n o t a l l o w e d t o d o ( U n i t 22) t a l k i n g a b o u t an o b l i g a t i o n i m p o s e d by o t h e r s ( U n i t 22)

i

t a l k i n g a b o u t s o m e t h i n g w h i c h is

j

asking f o r advice ( U n i t 23)

k

giving advice ( U n i t 23)

n o t necessary ( U n i t 22)

talking about the possibility o f s o m e t h i n g being t r u e ( U n i t 24)

62

wash you r

could, couldn't

can, can't 7 8

W h e n I was 5 I

c l i m b trees b u t I

N o w I'm 1 4 I 5 0 years f r o m n o w I

drive a

car b u t I d i d n ' t have t o , had t o

7

ride a bike b u t I

drive a car. 9

using moda l ve rbs.

I

wash m y car.

w i l l be able t o , w o n ' t be able t o

give f o o d t o t h e animals. It's

M a t c h t h e se nte nce s in Exercise A t o the se reasons f o r

h

wash t h e w i n d o w s .

clothes - t h e y ' r e very d i r t y .

y o u give m e s o m e money, please? I've l e f t

very bad f o r t h e m . B

had t o

ride a bike.

m y bag at h o m e . 12

w i l l have t o

5

quiet. 10

run 1 5 0 0 metres

4

o r next year? You

l

N e x t year I

speak French and Spanish, b u t her

English is t e r r i b l e . 8

run 1 5 0 0 metres in 5 A minutes. run 1 5 0 0 metres in 5 minutes.

2

o'clock.

She

can

in 4y m i n u t e s .

k i l o m e t r e s , b u t n o w I'm t o o o l d . 3

w i l l be able t o

c l i m b trees. have t o , d o n ' t have t o

w o n ' t have t o , w i l l have t o 10

W h e n I was small I but I

11

Now I

d o homework, go t o bed early. do homework, but I go t o b e d early.

12

In 1 0 years I and I

do homework go t o b e d early, b u t I get a j o b .

W r i t e thre e more simila r se nte nce s a bout yourse lf.

Complete each sen t en ce b so t h a t it m e a n s t h e sa m e as

a

sentence a. Use t wo t o f o u r w o r d s i n cl u d i ng t h e co r r ect

b

I w as n ' t ab l e t o u n d e r s t a n d h er .

form of the word in b r ack et s

c

I c o u l d n ' t u n d e r s t a n d h er .

1

6

a It's a g o o d i d ea t o eat f r u i t an d v eg et ab l es ev er y d ay.

a Co u l d y o u b e q u i e t ? b Can y o u b e q u i e t ?

(ought ) b You

I can ' t u n d e r s t a n d h er .

OUjkt t(5 eat

c

f r u i t an d v eg et ab l es

Sh o u l d y o u b e q u i e t ?

every day. 2 a Maybe Sh ar o n w i l l k n o w t h e an sw er . Yo u s h o u l d ask her. (m i g h t ) i

b You sh ou l d ask Sh ar o n . Sh e

Co m p l e t e t h e d i al og u e w i t h t h e m od al s f r o m t h e box . So m e t i m e s t h e r e is m o r e t h a n one cor r ect an swe r . b e ab l e t o

t he answer.

m u st

3 a She'll be ver y g o o d at p l ay i n g t h e p i a n o n e x t year . (able) ,

F

b Nex t year she w i l l t he piano ver y w e l l .

To Sw i t z e r l a n d . We ' r e g o i n g sk i i n g .

Al i ce

Re a l l y ?

Br ad

We l l , 1

Can

1

might

y o u sk i ? sk i q u i t e w e l l w h e n I w as a

2

c h i l d , b u t t h a t w as 1 0 year s ag o . I t h i n k I h ave s o m e p r o b l e m s .

3

A l i c e:

No , y o u ' l l be f i n e. Y o u ' l l

b e c ar ef u l

4

o n t h e f i r s t d ay, b u t a f t e r a d ay o r t w o o f l esso n s you'll

cl ean b e f o r e y o u g o i n

t he sw i m m i n g p o o l .

Lesso n s?

A l i c e:

1 h ave an i n s t r u c t o r ?

H m m ... yes, I t h i n k y o u

6

t o h ave

7

s o m e l esso n s. Yo u d o n ' t

garden, (co u l d ) b

sk i q u i t e f as t .

5

Br ad :

6 a Bob w i l l be r ead y i n f i v e m i n u t e s . Pl ease w a i t i n t h e

, b u t i t 's a

8

g o o d i d ea. f o r Bo b i n t h e

garden, p l ease? H e' l l b e r ead y i n f i v e m i n u t e s .

Br ad :

I don't know. I t

A l i c e:

It

b Don't w o r r y . Yo u a t i e at t h e o p er a.

k n o w a ch eap

1 1

1 2

cal l

him.

asl eep .

8 a Don't w o r r y . It 's n o t n ecessar y t o w e a r a t i e at t h e opera, (have)

b e. Ju st a seco n d , m y f r i e n d is a

i n s t r u c t o r i n Sw i t z e r l a n d . Yo u

(may) b I'll p hone An n a. Sh e

b e ex p en si ve.

9

1 0

sk i i n s t r u c t o r . He

7 a It's p ossib le t h a t A n n a i sn ' t asl eep . I'l l p h o n e h er .

I

m ay

sh o u l d

Wh e r e ar e y o u g o i n g o n h o l i d ay ?

swi m m i n g p o o l , (h ave) b Your hair

h ave t o

Br ad

t h e w i n d o w , p l ease?

5 a You m u st have cl ean h ai r b e f o r e y o u g o i n t h e I

ought

co u l d

Al i ce

4 a I wan t t o o p en t h e w i n d o w . Is t h a t O K? (m ay) b

can / can ' t

Br ad :

Gr e a t .

A l i c e:

Er... 1

1 3

1 4

1 h ave h i s n u m b er , p l ease? r e m e m b e r i t . Bu t m y m u m know it.

1 5

Br ad :

Gr e a t .

A l i c e:

O f co u r se.

1 6

y o u ask h er ?

Tick / the odd one out . 1 a You m u st n ' t sp eak i n t h e ex am . b You d o n ' t h ave t o sp eak i n t h e ex am . / c You can't sp eak i n t h e ex am . 2 a We m ay g o h o m e n o w . b We sh o u l d g o h o m e n o w . c We o u g h t t o g o h o m e n o w . 3 a It m i g h t be su n n y t o m o r r o w , b It m ay be su n n y t o m o r r o w . c It has t o be su n n y t o m o r r o w . 4 a May I si t h er e? b Mu st I si t h er e? c Can I si t h er e?

Re v i e w 5

63

25

Ye s / no que stions an d short ans w e rs Ar e beetles impor tant? Yes, they are!

c e m a g a z i n e s c i e n c e m a g a z i n e T h i s week Dr S t e p h e n E l l i o t answers your q u e s t i o n s about b e e t l e s •

Q

A Q

Are beetles important? People often ask me this, this and the answer is, yes, they are! Beetles are important because they feed on dead plants and animals. Do beetles lay eggs?

A

Yes, they do. Then the eggs change into larva, pupa and adult beetle. This is called metamorphosis.

Q

There are 350,000 species of beetle. Is this true?

A

No, i t i s n ' t - there are probably more! We just haven't found and named them all yet!

Q

Do beetles live everywhere?

^

No, they d o n ' t . Beetles don't live i n the sea. But beetles were living on Earth before dinosaurs were here - and they have adapted to almost every habitat.

Q

Have beetles adapted to the Arctic?

A

You may not believe this - but yes, they have! The Arctic beetle can live i n temperatures of - 4 0 ° C !

9

T rue o r False? Be e tle s o n l y live in w a r m countrie s. as|E-| uaMsuy

Yes / no qu est ion s a n d sh or t an sw er s 1

To ma ke a yes / no que stion, put t h e a uxilia ry ve rb (e.g. Is this true? Have beetles adapted

to the

2

I f t h e re is no a uxilia ry ve rb, use do or does. Does it have wings ? Do beetles lay eggs ?

am, is, are, has, have) be fore t h e subje ct. Arctic?

auxiliary verb

subject

...?

Is

he / she / it

OK?

Am

1

happy?

Are

you/we/they

living here?

Has

he / she / it

arrived?

auxiliary verb

subject

...?

D oe s

he / she / it

look good?

Do

1 / you / we / the y

have a question?

M a k e a yes / no a nswe r w i t h ju s t t h e subje ct pronoun a nd t h e a uxilia ry ve rb.

H a ve

1 / you / we / the y

found it?

A: Is it true?

B: Yes, it is. / No, it isn't.

A: Are you cold ?

B: Yes, I am. / No, I'm not.

A: Has she arrived?

B: Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't.

A: Have beetles adapted Yes / no que stions in E nglish a lwa ys have an a uxilia ry ve rb. Do you come from here? N O T You come from here ?

64

to the Arctic?

B: Yes, they have. / No, they A: Does it look good? A: Do beetles lay eggs ?

haven't.

B: Yes, it does. / No, it doesn't. B: Yes, they do. / No, they don't. I

practice

/

h Match these que stions a bout la dybirds t o t h e corre ct I answers. The ve rbs w i l l he lp you.

Y ou are coming t o visit your gra ndmothe r in

wings

t h e U S A. A t t h e a irport, t h e immig ra t io n offio asks you some que stions. M a k e t h e que stions using t h e words in bra cke ts a nd w r i t e t h e m in your note book. 1

(your name / M a rco de Silva)

2

(over 18)

Is^our name Marco De Sitvaf

In 1999, four ladybirds went into space in a NASA space shuttle. They came back alive.

3

( more tha n one bag)

4

( l i v e / i n the USA)

5

( gra ndmothe r / living / in the USA)

6

(been / t o the USA / be fore )

7

( sta ying/ fo r more tha n a month)

N o w a nswe r t h e que stions in your note book 1 Are ladybirds beetles?

a Yes, t h e y d o .

2 Are all ladybirds red and black? 3 Do ladybirds lay eggs?

>^

b N o , t h e y aren't. \

c N o , it isn't.

4 Have ladybirds a d a p t e d t o all h a b i t a t s ? \ 5 Is the ladybird larva red?

d N o , t h e y haven't. V e Yes, t h e y are.

6 Does the ladybird larva have black spots?

f Yes, it has!

7 Has a ladybird been in space?

g N o , it doesn't.

using t h e i n f o r m a t i o n be low. NAME: Marco De Silva AGE: 16 LIVES: Capri REASON FOR VISIT: Visiting grandmother. First visit. LENGTH OF STAY: 2 weeks

B Your aunt and uncle have a holida y house . Y ou are going t o sta y there this summe r, but you have some que stions. C o m p l e t e f their answers. 1 Is it close t o t h e beach? 2 Is it big? 3 Does it have a s w i m m i n g p o o l ?

0 E

4 Is my cousin Silvia c o m i n g t o o ?

e E

5 Has Silvia been t h e r e recently?

E

6 Are the neighbours f r i e n d l y ? 7 Do the neighbours k n o w we're c o m i n g ? 8 Have you left t h e keys w i t h t h e neighbours?

NUMBER OF BAGS: 2

/es, it is.

%, it is. tOc, it isn't. : : : : : :

0 0 0

C ircle t h e corre ct o p t i o n . 1 2

Sorry

late?

a Do I

b Are I

A:

?

a D o beetles eat fish

C Use the words in t h e ta ble t o ma ke e ight or more diffe re nt

b A r e beetles eat fish

questions and w r i t e t h e m in your note book.

c Eat beetles fish A: A r e beetles very i n t e l l i g e n t ?

Have

beetles

have

eggs?

Do

a bee

ever seen

wings?

B: N o ,

Does

mosquitoes

ever picked up

spots?

a it isn't

you

lay

a l a d y b i r d larva?

3

4

important?

Are

black and y e l l o w ?

Examples:

Do mosquitoes tau e^sf f)re mosquitoes important?

. They have very small brains, b they don't

c t h e y aren't

A: Have y o u ever eaten a beetle? B: N o , I

a worm? Is

c Am I

B: Yes, some beetles eat dead fish,

a don't 5

b didn't

c haven't

A: Does y o u r pet b e e t l e have a name? B: Yes, he

His name's Ringo.

a has

c have

b does

qS yty 0£

DX :SJ9 M SUE

\isa\_ <w

Yes / no q u e s t i o n s a nd short a nswe rs

65

Que s tio n w o rds : Where? When? Why?

26

How?

A

Whose?

How d id he die?

I n 1984 a fa rme r found a

Whose body was it?

b o d y i n a field i n L i n d o w

It was a man's body. He was about

M o s s ne a r M a nche ste r.

3 0 years old.

T he f a r m e r ca lle d

When did the man die?

the police . S cie ntists found tha t the pe rson

He died in about 5 5 BC ( 5 5 years

d i e d 2 , 0 0 0 ye a rs a go. I t

Before Jesus Christ was born).

wa s a ve ry i m p o r t a n t

How did he die?

a rcha e ologica l discove ry.

•

— .

The Celts - the people of Britain at

«•', jJtt

V

T h e y c a l l e d i t "T he

that t i m e - killed him with an a x e .

L i n d o w M a n ! T he re we re m a n y inte re sting

Why did they kill him?

que stions for scie ntists

We d o n ' t know!

a n d a r c h a e o l o g i s t s t o a sk

Where is the body now?

a n d a nswe r.

It is in the British M u s e u m .

O

U n d e r l i n e t h e corre ct o p t i o n : A f a r m e r found/killed

t h e L i n d o w M a n. puno_) J3Msuy

Qu e st ion w o r d s : Where? When? Why? How ? Whose? Where, When, Why, How a nd Whose 1

2

Use Where

...?to

A: Where

is Lindow Moss ?

A: Where

are my shoes ?

Manchester.

B: Next to the door.

6

B: 7July. B: Ten o'clock.

B: It's

raining.

A: Why did you become a teacher?

B: I tike

children.

7

66

T he w o r d orde r is: que stion w o r d + a uxilia ry (e.g. is, did, que stion w o r d

a uxilia ry

subje ct

When

will

they

understand?

Where

are

you

going?

Why

did

Jane

cry?

Whose can come be fore a singula r or plura l noun. Whose

Whose streets are cleaner - London's or B: By taxi.

B: I'm fine, thank

you.

ma in verb

A: Whose bag is it? B: It's Barry's.

pe ople fe e l. A: How did you get home ?

B: Napoleon's ami)

can re fe r t o pe ople , a nima ls or things.

U se How . . . ?to ask a bout t h e wa y things are or t h e wa y

A: How are you ?

B: It's hers.

will, etc.) + subje ct + ma in ve rb.

ask a bout re a son.

A: Why are you wet ?

ask a bout w h o has some thing.

A: Whose army invaded Russia in 1812?

U se When . . . ?to ask a bout t i m e .

Use Why ...?to

U se Whose ...?to

A: Whose is this?

B: It's near

A: When did you get home ?

4

5

ask a bout pla ce .

A: When is your birthday?

3

a re que stion words.

• •

Manchester's?

See U n i t 50 for more i n f o r m a t i o n on whose. See Units 27 and 28 f o r Who...? and What...?questions U n i t 30 f o r more How...?questions.

and

Practice A Make questions by putting t h e words in t h e corre ct orde r. 1 did / he/ live / w h e r e

D

W r i t e que stions w i t h Where,

I

2 is / why / he / f a m o u s

I

3 farmer / t h e / d i d / b o d y / w h e r e / t h e / f i n d

?

It's m y b i r t h d a y cake.

2 ... (Often isjjour birtfiiatj? ?

4 I

(Ohose (nrtUaij cake is it?

1

(dkere did kt tivef

When, Why, How, and Whose.

It's t o m o r r o w .

it/whose/farm/was ?

I 5 when / did / invade / t h e / B r i t a i n / Romans I _

I usually celebrate it at h o m e . 4

?

6 did/the/Celts/why/him/kill I __

Because m y f a m i l y is t h e r e 5

?

Last year? O h , I c e l e b r a t e d it w i t h a b i g party!

7 do / about / k n o w / p e o p l e / h o w / t h i s

6 ?

8

T h a t was m y idea.

him/see/we/can/where

7 It s t a r t e d early, a b o u t 4 o'clock. 8

B Write Where, When, Why, How or • 1

I

flow

It s t a r t e d t h e n because m y gran goes t o bed at 9.

Whose. 9

was y o u r t r i p ?

I i n v i t e d her because she's a great cook!

2

is t h e British M u s e u m ?

3

d o t h e y k n o w he died 2,000 years ago?

4

w i l l t h e m u s e u m be o p e n ?

5

axe was it?

1 6

is t h e L i n d o w M a n so f a m o u s ?

7

/

did the farmer feel?

8

can you come w i t h m e t o see t h e L i n d o w M a n ?

jC Complete the que stions w i t h Where,

When,

Why,

How

or Whose and a f o r m of be or do. T he n choose t h e correct answers f r o m t h e box. An apple

Brazil

Egypt

George W a s h i n g t o n

eleventh

Greece

1 Question:

horse

Microsoft

(dkere are

Answer: They are in

t h e Pyramids?

t h e N o r m a n s invade England?

Answer: They invaded in t h e

century.

3 Question:

picture

on an American $ 1 n o t e ?

de te ctive story. In your note book, w r i t e que stions a bout it using a ll t h e que stion wo rd s Where,

When,

Why, How a nd

Whose

a t le a st once .

E xa mple s:

1

N e w t o n discover g r a v i t y ?

2

Answer: They w e r e in Answer:

f e l l o n his head. Bill Gates leave university?

Answer: Because he w a n t e d t o create t h e company. n a t i o n a l dance

the samba?

J

OOnx) is he atone?

»• • • • • • • • •

b o d y d i d t h e f a r m e r find? a Why

b Whose

How

3

c Where

more about L indow Man?,

a I learn

b I can learn

Why

4

c can I learn

broken bones?

a did t h e body have

b had t h e body

c t h e body had

we going t o the museum? a W h e n do

5

b W h e r e do

A: I can't find m y book.

c W h e n are

B: I'll help you. W h e r e

looked?

Answer: It's t h e n a t i o n a l dance o f Question:

(Ofiere is he?

QBS&.

the 1896 Olympics?

4 Question:

7 Question:

The man is alone. It is cold and wet but he isn't wearing a coat. He has been here a long time. He wants to leave but he can't. The police are not here yet. The man is afraid, very afraid. Suddenly, he hears a voice. He doesn't recognise the voice but he understands everything. The man runs back to his car. The car won't start. He sees a face in the mirror. He screams.

C ircle t h e corre ct o p t i o n .

Answer: It's a pictur e o f

6 Question:

Chapter 1

pa ra gra ph o f a

€^ijpt

2 Question:

5 Question:

R e a d t h e first

a did y o u

the Greeks e n t e r Troy?

b y o u have

Answer: They hid in a w o o d e n

3S Of E£ iz

• • • • • • • •

Q u e s t i o n w o r d s : Where?

c have y o u

When?

Why?How?

q-r:sJ3MSUEj;sai/fw

Whose?

67

Obje ct and s ubje ct que stions

27

Who studied at Hogwarts?

O

D o y o u k n o w t h e a nswe rs t o a ny o f t h e s e que stions?

i i u i ; ( M^ i ^ Mi V0 i r ^ ^ i i : ( Mi i ( i i i y i i ( ^

[

What happened on

r

Wh did Sir Alexander What

24 August, 79 AD?

i

Fleming Flemi discover in 1928?

Who lives at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington D.C.?

Who did Romeo love?

Who studied

What happens in the ninth month

I!

at Hogwarts?

of the Muslim calendar?

ue pe we y u; Xep au,i Suunp jes

swusnyv lue pe we y 9 asno|-| ajjUAA 3 4 1 Joj ssajppe le piyo 9i|) SJ sim sa jE is pajjun amJO a ua pjsa jj au,x 5 ujupiusd pa-iaAODsip an \ ) ou op

Ja iicy X JJE H £ J3 !| nf 7 na dwod pa X cosa p smAnsa/\:iunoyv I :SJ3MSUV

Ob je ct a n d su bject qu est ion s 1

O bje ct que stions. In que stions be ginning w i t h who or what

a nd using t h e a uxilia ry ve rb do, does or did, t h e

que stion w o r d is t h e obje ct. A" WhjDiMJohn B: He married (WhoI A: What

lemon Yoko

marry in

Ono.

Yoko Ono = object) does she

B: She wants a new

want? car.

2

S ubje ct que stions. I f t h e que stion w o r d is t h e subject, w e don't use t h e a uxilia ry ve rb do, does or did. A: Whotdiscovered

1969?

B: Alexander

Fleming

(Who I Alexander A^yVhat

penicillin ? penicillin.

Fleming = subject)

happens in November

\ \ What I Thanksgiving B:

discovered

in the USA?

= subject)

Thanksgiving.

(What I a new car = object) In a subje ct que stion, t h e ve rb a fte r t h e que stion w o r d is in t h e t h i r d pe rson singula r, e ve n whe n t h e a nswe r is plura l, e.g. A: Who lives at number

42?

B: Elena and

Chris.

i

;

i

\

i

f

practice | A Make questions by putting t h e words in the corre ct orde r.

C

1 Who / l o v e / d i d / Scarlett O ' H a r a ?

There was an accident in our road yesterday. A driver was going

(Oko did ScarUtt 0 ffara Love?

• • • • • •

2 What / o n 4 A p r i l 1 9 6 8 / h a p p e n e d ? 3 Who / Around the World in 80 Days / w r o t e ? !

4 landed on M a r s / W h a t / i n 1 9 7 6 ? 5 Who / W i l l S m i t h / m a r r y / in 1 9 9 7 / d i d ? 16 i n v e n t / d i d / W h a t / F r a n k W h i t t l e ? 7 in 1969 / W h a t / N e i l A r m s t r o n g / d o / did?

Now match answers a - g t o que stions 1 - 7 . a Jules Verne

e

R h e t t B u t l er

lb He walked on t h e m o o n .

f

The j e t e n g i ne

|c Viking 1

g

The assassination o f

d JadaPinkett

Read t h e te xts a nd w r i t e a que stion for each a nswe r.

M a r t i n Luther K i n g j r .

d o w n the road too fast. A b i r d hit the car roof and surprised the driver. The driver came off the road and hit a tree.

tOhat did tke car kit (Okat kit tke car

1 2

? A tree. ? A bird.

M a t t l i k e s cats b u t K e l l y l i k e s b i r d s .

3

? Birds.

4

? Matt.

My m u m t o l d my n e i g h b o u r t h a t I d i d n ' t like s c h o o l . A n d my neighbour told my teacher! ? M y mum.

5 6

? M y teacher.

The world ma ke s mone y a nd mone y ma ke s the world go round.

Write complete que stions using t h e pre se nt simple or the past simple o f t h e ve rbs in t h e box. destroy

invent

live

love

paint

sing a b o u t

7

? Money.

8

? Money.

write

num.

1 What / M i g u e l de Cervantes?

(Okat did Mu^et di Cervantes write?

Don

Quixote

2 W h o / a t 10 D o w n i n g Street? ? The British Prime M i n i s t e r

/

Y ou ha ve t h e chance t o go on a sports irts a ctivity (course ,

\

but you a re not sure i f you w a n t t o go. In your

3 What / most o f San Francisco in 1 9 0 6 ? ? An earthquake

note book, w r i t e que stions t o ask t h e orga nise rs, using who or what

4 Who / M a r y Jane W a t s o n ? ? Spider M a n 5 Who / Sunflowers? ? V i n c e n t Van G o g h 6 What / Tim Berners-Lee?

teach E xa mple :

a nd t h e words in t h e box.

happen

can c o m e

wear

bring

contact

(dkat oc^ou. teack on tke course?

? The W o r l d W i d e W e b 7 Who / Elton John in his song Candle in the Wind? ? Marilyn Monroe

Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1 A: W h o

?

B: Tolstoy.

a d i d w r i t e War and Peace

2 A: Wha t

?

3 A: W h a t

on 3 1 August 1997?

B: The Harry Potter books.

b d i d War and Peace w r i t e

a write J K Rowling

b w r o te J K Rowling

B: Princess Diana died in a car crash.

4 A: W h o

o n t h e l e f t side o f t h e road?

5 A: What

every February or March?

B: British and Japanese people.

B: The Carnival,

a happen in Rio

a happened a drive

i

c w r o t e War and Peace c did J K Rowling write b d i d happen b drives

c does drive

b does happen in Rio 3

S

c happens

c happens in Rio E

£ 2 Di D

:SJ9 MSUB

jisaiXw

O b j e c t and subject questions

69

WHO are the X-Men?

The X-Men first appeared in comic books published by Marvel Comics in the 1960s.

X-Menlike?

w WATQte

X-Men are people who are born with superhuman powers.

X-Menlooklike?

w tyATdo

X-Men are very similar to humans but they are a little different. They may have strange-coloured skin, for example.

Wolverine looklike?

w ftATdoes

He has dark hair, blue eyes and claws.

Wolverine is one of the most popular X-Men.

he like?

WHAT'S

Wolverine is good-looking. He is more than 100 years old, but he is still very strong. He can see and hear very well

^

W h a t s u p e r h u m a n p o w e r s doe s W o l v e r i n e have? A.I3A JE3L) pUE 33S UE3 3L| pUE SuOJJS Xj3A S| 3|-| :j3MSliy

Be like an d look like 1

U se t h e que stions What

is... like? a nd What

4

does ...

A: What

does Wolverine

look like ?

B: He has dark

2

is Wolverine

like ?

B: He is

W e can also use t h e que stion What

good-looking.

is... like?to

do... look

are...

like?

like?

hair

and blue eyes. A: What

T he plura l f o r m s o f t h e que stions a re What a nd What

look like? to find o u t a bout a pe rson's looks.

find o u t

W ha t

is

he / s h e / it

like ?

W ha t

a re

you / we / the y

like?

W ha t

doe s

he / s h e / it

look like ?

W ha t

do

you / we / the y

look like ?

a bout a person's cha ra cte r. A: What's

he like ?

B: He is still very strong. He can see

and hear very well. O t h e r ve rbs simila r t o look like include feel like, smell 3

Use t h e que stion What

is / was it like? to ask f o r a

de scription o f t h e we a the r, a place or a n e ve nt. A: What

was the weather

like

yesterday?

B: It was really hot. A: What's A: What

Mexico

City like ?

was the football

B: It's very big and busy.

match

like?

like, sound

like a nd taste

like.

What

does the coat feel

What

do olives taste

What

does the flute sound

What

does the sea smell

like?

like? like ? like?

B: It was great! G e ne ra lly, w e don't include t h e w o r d like in t h e

What...

like? is n o t t h e sa me as

A: What's jo like? B: He's really A: How's Jo? B: He's fine.

70

How's...?

nice.

a nswe rs t o the se que stions. A: What does he look

like?

B: He is tall and he has a beard.

Practice A Match t h e q u e s t i o n s t o t h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r s . 1 What does Batman look like? — - x

It's one o f t h e largest cities in Italy and it's very fashionable.

a

2 What is Superman like?

J b They're always s t r o n g and t h e y usually have a g o o d heart.

3 What is M i l a n like?

/

4 What's the b o o k like?

^ - d He wears a black suit and a mask.

c

They're usually ugly.

5 What do witches l o o k like?

e

It's f u n n y , b u t also a l i t t l e sad.

6 What are superheroes like?

f

He has short, dark hair a n d he wears a red and blue suit.

B Complete t h e q u e s t i o n s u s i n g t h e v e r b s i n t h e b o x . feel like

look like

1 A: What

smell like

^

sound like

butterflies

t a s t e like

toot

/

l i b ?

W r i t e a ppropria te que stions f o r the se dia logue s,

B: Beautiful. 2 A: W h at

using What...

sulphur

?

honey

?

1

feathers

?

2 A:

?

3

drums

4

A:

?

A:

? It's very b e a u t i f u l .

look like? a n d t h e w o r d s i n t h e t a b l e . 5

A:

?

B: It w a s by t h e sea and very m o d e r n . I had a

do

your grandparents

like?

does

the party

l o o k like?

did

?

B: It's an Italian island in t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n .

C In your n o t e b o o k , w r i t e e i g h t o r m o r e q u e s t i o n s u s i n g

What

?

B: She's f e e l i n g b e t t e r now, t h a n k s .

B: Very loud.

What... like?, What...

A: (Ohat are^jow neighbours l i b

B: She's t a l l and dark.

B: Very soft. 5 A: What

look like? a nd

B: They're k i n d and f r i e n d l y .

B: Very sweet. 4 A: W h at

like?, What...

How...?

B: Very bad. 3 A: What

MY TURN!

Harry Potter

going t o

is/'s

Charlie C h a p l i n

be like?

are

the weather

was

Superman and Lois

were

the first computers

lovely r o o m .

6 A:

?

B: I'm f i n e , thanks. 7

A:

?

B: It was great. Everyone w a s t h e r e !

8 A:

?

B: They're q u i t e o l d n o w b u t t h e y are s t i l l g o o d looking!

Example: fOkat was Charlie Ckapttn l i t e f

9

A:

?

B: He's t a l l a n d he wears glasses.

[QUEL

| Circle t h e c o r r e c t option .

| 1 A: Wha t I

[ 3 A: I

like?

B: He is very friendly , b u t he w o r r i e s a lot.

2 A: W h a t does Iceman's skin like?

like?

B: It's cold and hard.

B: It was really g o o d . I loved it.

4 A: H o w is y o u r sister?

B: She's

5 A: W h a t does y o u r b r o t h e r l o o k like? B:

a does Iceman l o o k a feel

a H o w was t h e f i l m

a very p r e t t y

b friendly

a H e likes f o o t b a l l

b smell

b is Iceman l o o k

c is Iceman

c sound

b W h a t did the film

c W h a t was t h e f i l m

c fine , thank s b He's t a l l and t h i n

c He's very nice q5

3^7 D £ B 7

3X

:SJSM SU E

iisax Ayv

Be like a n d look like

71

29

What? and

Which?

Wh ich of them is the queen bee?

W h a t kinds of bees do you know? There are many different kinds of bees, but which bees make honey? Honey bees, of course! Every family of honey bees has one - and only one - queen bee. Look at the three pictures of bees. Which of them is the queen? Look carefully. Which one has the longest body? "Yes, the bee in picture 2. This is the queen bee. Picture 1 is a drone and picture 3 is a worker.

^

/ S

W h a t work does the queen do? She doesn't make honey - the workers do that. The queen bee is the mother of all the drones and workers. The workers give special food to the queen. W h a t food is this? It is called 'royal jelly'and only queen bees eat it.

q

C o m p l e t e t h e se nte nce

ma ke s hone y.

H |

a T he w o r k e r be e

c T he que e n be e

b T he dron e

E M3MSliy

What? an d Which? 1

Use both What

or Which

+ singula r a nd plura l nouns t o

3

time... ?, What

kind(s) of... ? a nd What size...?

time is it?

What

colour is a honey bee?

What

kinds of bees do you

Which

bees are dangerous ?

What

size are these jeans ?

What

know?

food does a queen bee eat? 4

2

W e say What What

ask que stions.

Use What

+ noun f o r ge ne ra l que stions w h e n t h e r e a re

ma ny possibilitie s, a nd Which

+ noun w h e n t h e re is a

U se Which

of... + pronoun or the.

Which

of them

Which

of the answers do you

is the

queen? know?

sma ll or limite d numbe r o f possibilitie s. What

language

do they speak in

Timbuktu?(many

5

possibilities) Which

language

possibilities)

72

shall we use -Japanese

or

English?(two •

W e say Which

one(s)...?

Which

one would you

Which

ones are worker bees ?

like?

See U nit 27 for how to make

What...?questions.

practice A Complete t h e q u e s t i o n s u s i n g Which

1

Which team.

and a noun f r o m t h e box.

is w i n n i n g ?

am I on? r a r t h ? B Complete t h e q u e s t i o n s w i t h What .IN) hat

c o l o u r is it?

bed

3

shall I go?

5

is ringing?

6

do you want?

o r Which.

W r i t e What

o r Which q u e s t i o n s a b o u t bees i n

t h e c o r r e c t places in t h e d i a l o g u e .

B: I like jazz.

game are y o u playing?

MY TURN!

/

season d o y o u prefer: s u m m e r or w i n t e r ?

Beekeeper:

B: W e ' r e playing chess.

H e l l o , nice t o m e e t y o u . lOhat^oestionsaojca have abcat bees ? ;

b o o k is Janet reading? She's reading Charlie and the Chocolate

You:

Factory.

Beekeeper:

B: I w e n t t o Sheffield H i g h School.

You:

| C Underline t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n .

You:

What/ Which size are y o u ? o f t h e f i l m s have y o u seen? kind o f music d o y o u like?

This one w i t h t h e y e l l o w spot.

H o n e y bees live in m a n y countries. Y o u can find t h e m o n f o u r c o n t i n e n t s .

What/ Which one d o y o u w a n t ?

What/Which

Beekeeper:

4

A n t a r c t i c a . It's t o o c o l d ! T h e r e are seven m a i n t y p e s o f h o n e y bee b u t

What/ Which o f her books is t h e best? I don't k n o w what/which

none o f t h e m live t h e r e .

t i m e i t is.

You:

A: Here's y o u r pizza, Sir. B: What/ Which pizza? I d i d n ' t o r d e r any!

Beekeeper:

A: What/ Which university is older, C a m b r i d ge or O x f o r d ?

5

I have European honey bees. They make great honey.

B: O x f o r d .

You:

10 A: Good m o r n i n g j a n e S m i t h calling. B: I'm sorry, I can't hear y o u . What/

2

3

Beekeeper:

What I Which t i m e d o y o u go t o bed?

What/Which

I can see a l o t o f b e e s !

?

school d i d y o u go t o - Sheffield H i g h o r

Sheffield G r a m m a r ?

telephone w a y

is mine?

Winter.

6 A:

team

2

B: It's blue.

music d o y o u like?

car p l a n e t

Beekeeper:

Which name was t h a t ?

M y honey, o f course!

___________

• • • • • • • •

Circle the c o r r e c t o p t i o n . I 1 I don't know the difference b e t w e e n bees and wasps. W h i c h I

2 A:

f o o d do wasps eat?

the f l o w e r s in y o u r garden d o t h e bees like?

3 [4 A: What

?

isdangerous?

B: M o s t l y t h e y eat o t h e r insects, a Which

B: O r a n g e and black o r b r o w n and black,

a Which b What

a fromthem

b Which o f

b ofthem

c ofthey

c What

c Which o f

a are h o n e y bees c o l o u r

b c o l o u r are honey bees

I

c colour honey bees are 5 A: I -

homes d o wasps live in?

B: Paper nests,

a W h a t kind o f

b H o w kind

i

c W h a t kind e

S

3

£

What?and

P I : SJ9 M SUE i+sai Ky\j

Which?

73

ENGLAND

Swimming the Channel: frequently Asked Questio' H ow ma ny people have s w u m the C h a n n e l ? Around a thousand people have swum the Channel, the sea between England and France. The 'Queen of the Channel .

F R AN C E

H ow cold is the wa te r? The water temperature is from 13-17° in summer. The cold is probably the biggest problem in swimming the Channel. H ow much should I practise?

Alison Streeter, has swum it 38 times.

A lot! You will need to swim for one or two hours a day.

H ow far is it? The direct route is 32 kilometres from Shakespeare Beach.

Some of this training must be in open water. H ow often should I eat during the swim?

Dover to Cap Gris Nez, France.

Eat every half-hour. Eating in the water is not easy, so

H ow long doe s it take? It takes 10-20 hours, depending on how good you

practise.

are at swimming and the weather.

T he C h a n n e l goe s b e t w e e n E

I

a nd F

9DUBJ-) :puE|Sug :J3MSU\

How ...? qu est ion s 1

Use How + an a dje ctive or a n a dve rb in que stions. How cold is the How hungry

water?

...?to

A: How often

are you ?

How late did you get

U se How often

ask a bout fre que ncy.

do you go

swimming?

B: Every day. / Twice a week. home?

A: How often

is Steven

here?

B: He only comes on Tuesdays / Not very 2

Use How far...?

A: How far is it from London to Paris ?

U se How many...?

B: One hour by plane.

Use How long ...?to

w i t h plura l counta ble nouns.

How many people have swum the

A: How far did you drive ? B: 600 3

often.

t o ask a bout dista nce .

kilometres.

ask a bout t i m e or le ngth.

How many

U se H o w / m u d ? . . . ? w i t h singula r uncounta ble nouns.

A: How long is the film ? B: It's two hours

long.

How much food shall we take?

A: How long is the canal?

kilometres.

How much time do you

B: About 200

Channel?

eggs do we need?

need?

See U nit 40 for more informa tion on countable and uncountable nouns. Use How long does it take? to ask a bout h o w much t i m e you ne e d t o go some whe re or do some thing. A: There's a plane to Paris. B: How long does it A: One hour.

take?

U se How much...

? w i t h o u t a noun t o ask a bout the price

or q u a n t i t y o f some thing. A: How much does it cost?

B: Eleven euros.

A: How much did she eat?

B:A lot!

See U nit 26 for more information on How in questions.

74

Practice A Match t h e q u e s t i o n s t o t h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r s . 1

How wide is the Channel?

-

a

Very. 4 0 0 ships cross t h e Channel every day.

2 How importan t is it?

b

A b o u t 2 0 0 euros.

3 How deep is it?

c

Between 32 and 2 4 0 kilometres

4 How many types o f f i s h live there?

d

Rarely, t h e w a t e r is usually c a l m .

5 How often are there big storms in t h e Channel?

e

3 0 0 , 0 0 0 people visit it every year.

6 How long does it take t o get t h r o u g h t h e

f

It's a b o u t 1 2 0 metres in t h e middle.

Channel t u n n e l ? 7 How much does a t i c k e t t h r o u g h t h e t u n n e l cost?

g

2 0 m i n u t es on m o s t trains.

h

There are a b o u t 1,000 different kinds.

8 How popular is Dover Castle?

B Complete t h e q u e s t i o n s w i t h t h e w o r d s i n the box. far

fast

good

1 A: How

long o(4

much

often

eW

js y o u r g r a n d m o t h e r ?

B: She's 85 t o m o r r o w . 2 A: How

is y o u r house f r o m school?

mum / z z z : _ you'd like t o ask an O l y m p i c a thle te . E xa mple : ffo"w often do^oa tra in/

B: It's about a t e n - m i n u t e w a l k . 3 A: How

is her English?

B: She speaks it a l m o s t p e r f e c t l y . 4 A: How

are y o u staying in M a d r i d ?

B: We're only here f o r t h e w e e k e n d . 5 A: How

does it cost?

B: Seven euros. 6 A: How

does it go?

B: About 6 0 k i l o m e t r e s an hour. 7 A: How

d o y o u go t o t h e cinema?

B: Once a m o n t h . C Complete each q u e s t i o n b so t h a t i t m e a n s t h e s a m e as question a. Use o n e t o t h r e e w o r d s .

I

Circle the correct option.

I

1 A: H o w

I

a old 2

1 a Does Alison S t r e e t er t r a i n hard? b How

mti

does A l i s o n S t r e e t e r t r a i n?

b How

•

swim?

I

'

t h e w a t e r in t h e

4 a Wha t is t h e distance f r o m England t o France?

c long

w a t e r should I drink?

f r o m England t o France?

4

b many

A: H o w

c often

d o t h e y go s w i m m i n g ?

I

B: Five t i m e s a w e e k .

I

a long

I

5

b often

A: H o w

c many

t o go s w i m m i n g in y o u r city?

B: Five euros.

5 a Did you s w i m t h e C h a n n e l quickly? take

you t o s w i m t h e Channel? 6 a Did you eat a l o t d u r i n g t h e s w i m ? b How

b many t i m e

B: A b o u t 5 litres.

Channel?

b How

c age d i d it take y o u t o s w i m t h e Channel?

A: H o w a much

Channel?

b How

b many

A: H o w a longtime

3

3 a Wha t is t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e w a t e r in t h e b How

B: I was 15 years o l d .

B: A b o u t 1 8 hours.

I

2 a Do you s w i m every day o r every w e e k ?

w e r e y o u w h e n y o u first swam

t h e Channel?

eat

*

a m a n y it costs

b much it costs

I

c m u c h does it cost 1$ It E Z E"[ :SJ9MSUEjlS9XA\A/ 7

E

3

during t h e s w i m ?

How...?questions

75

31

So and

neither

Neither do I.

chat

T H E

1 2 3

\M.t&£.aO)t boards.

contact

litotes

us

C H A T R O O M f o r t e e ^ s o ^ L y

S E N D US Y O U R C O M M E N T S .

Te ll us t h i n g s y o u d o n ' t n e e d i n y o u r l i f e . [e mma ]

Easy. M y b r o t h e r . M a t h s . W i n t e r . M i l k c h o c o l a t e

[nicko]

N e i t h e r d o I. D a rk c h o c o l a t e is t h e be st.

[suz i a n d a b i ]

H e l l o , E m m a ! Y o u ' r e r i g h t . W i n t e r is so b o r i n g .

[todd]

H i , e v e r y o n e . I t h i n k w i n t e r is O K.

[nicko]

M e t o o . I l o v e snow. A n d t h e r e ' s f o o t b a l l

[todd]

S o a m I. ©

I 'm a M a n c h e s t e r U n i t e d

[e mma ]

I ha te footba ll.

[suz i a nd a b i ]

So do w e . And

I d o n ' t lik e i t

fa n.

© ca bba ge .

D oe s a n y o n e l i k e ca bba ge ? [e mma ]

N o.

[todd]

Y uk!

So an d neither 1

Use so + a uxilia ry ve rb + subje ct t o me a n ' too' or 'also'. A: I'm a Manchester

United

4

I f the r e is no a uxilia ry ve rb in t h e origina l sta te me nt, use a f o r m o f do.

fan.

B: So am /.'(= I'm a M a nche ste r U nite d fa n, too.)

A: Nicko likes white

A: I think winter

B: So does Todd.

is OK.

B: So do I. (= I think winte r is O K , too.)

A: I hate

A: I hate

B: So do we.

football.

chocolate.

football.

B: So do we. (= W e hate footba ll, too.) 5 2

T he ne ga tive is neither

3

do I. (= I don't like it either.)

Neither

Use t h e sa me a uxilia ry ve rb a fte r so or neither

as t h e

a uxilia ry ve rb in t h e origina l sta te me nt. A: I am a football

t h e a uxilia ry ve rb come s be fore the |

So am I. N O T So I am.

A: I don't like it. B: Neither

A f t e r so a nd neither subje ct.

+ a uxilia ry ve rb + subje ct.

6

does she. N O T Neither

she docs.

I nste a d o f So am I or So do I we can say Me too. Instead o f Neither

am I or Neither

do I we can say Me

neither.

fan.

B: So am I. I've never been to Spain. Neither

has my

brother.

Y ou can pronounce neitherwlth

an / a i / or an / i : /

sound. T he first is more c o m m o n in Brita in, t h e se cond in t h e U S A.

76

Practice A Match each s e n t e n ce t o an a p p r o p r i a t e r e p l y .

7

B: (we)

1 I'm tired today. —

a

So can I.

2 I'm not w o r k i n g this w e e k e n d X

b

So was I.

3 I don't come here o f t e n .

c

N e i t h e r d o I.

4 Frank plays tennis really w e l l .

d

So has her sister.

5 I haven't heard t h e n e w C D y e t .

e

N e i t h e r am I.

6 Isabel has been t o t h e USA

f

So does

lots o f times.

\

\

7 She can count t o 2 0 in G e r m a n .

8

8 My friends were on h o l i d a y

h

A: I can't see t h e b o a r d . B:(l)

9

A: M r s Jacobs isn't very p o l i t e . B: (her husband)

10

A: They live in t h e city centre.

11

A: I'm really c o l d .

12

B:(l) You weren't listening!

B: (my cousins)

his b r o t h e r . Vg

A: I t h o u g h t t h e f i l m was great.

So am I. N e i t h e r have I.

last week.

B: (you)

B Suzi and Abi a l w a y s a g r e e . W r i t e A b i ' s r e p l i e s t o w h a t Suzi says ( t w o r e p l i e s each t i m e ) . <suzi>

j

1 lam 16.

I

2 I chat on the w e b s i t e



So ami

Me too

^^WTipUjte^

a b o u t yourself.

W h i c h p e o p l e have t h e same o p i n i o n s ? W r i t e sentences in y o u r n o t e b o o k .

every evening. • 3 I don't eat chocolate.

Me

Emma

Todd

Nicko

likes cabbage

no

no

no

likes M a t h s

no

yes

no

is a M a n c h e s t e r

no

yes

yes

yes

no

no

4 I am good at English. j 5 I don't watch h o r r o r movies. 6 I hate f o o t b a l l . 7 I'm not going o u t t h i s w e e k e n d . 8 I think w i n t e r is b o r i n g . C Write sentences a b o u t Suzi a n d A b i u s i n g t h e

United fan

|

t h i n k s w i n t e r is

information in Exercise B.

I I

Sixziib 16 and so is ftbi,

boring

• 2

E x a m p l e : Toio' tides Matds a n i so etc 1!

I 3 I 4 I 5

j

6

I 7 8 Circle t h e correct o p t i o n . D Write replies t o t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s u s i n g so o r

M y cat is b e a u t i f u l and so

1

neither and t h e s u b j e c t in b r a c k e t s .

a do

a So have I

B: (we) So are we!

a So s h o u l d n ' t y o u

3 A: Maria's s t u d y i n g m e d i c i n e.

c N e i t h e r I have

b Neither shouldn't you

c Neither should you

B:(her sister)

4

m

A: R o b e r t isn't c o m i n g t o t h e party. B: N e i t h e r

B:(l)

a are

5 A: M y dad hasn't been here b e f o r e .

5

B:(my m u m ) 6 A: I was up late last night.

B:

B:

B: No, they're n o t and (my friends)

4 A: I didn't u n d e r s t a n d w h a t he said!

b N e i t h e r have I

A: Y o u s h o u l d n ' t say bad t h i n g s a b o u t y o u r brother.

3

2 A: Are your parents c o m i n g t o t h e s h o w ?

my dog.

c is

A: I've never used a c h a t r o o m .

2

1 A: We are ready!

b does

b is

c do

Emma c h a t t e d last n i g h t f o r f o u r hours. So a Todd did

u

Paul and Jack,

b d i d Tod d

c does Todd

_ qs *\

°Z n :sj9Msue jisaj. Xw

>•••••••• So a n d neither

77

Que s tio n tags

32

Chocolate is b a d for you, isn't it?

_

What

do you

know

Chocolate is bad for you, i sn' t i t ? Not really. Chocolate has a lot of calories but this is only a problem i f you eat too much of i t . Coffee stops you sleeping, doesn't i t ? Yes, i t does. The caffeine in coffee is a st imulant , so i t isn't a good idea to drink coffee before you go to bed. Vitamin tablets aren't necessary, are t hey? No, they aren' t . Taking vitamins every day is definitely not idea.

O

U n d e r l i n e t h e corre ct o p t i o n : I t is b e t t e r t o d r i n k coffe e in t h e

morning/evening. SUJLUOW M3MSUV

Qu e s t ion t ags 1

Use que stion ta gs in conve rsa tion t o che ck i n f o r m a t i o n

3

is ne ga tive .

or t o check t h a t t h e liste ne r agrees w i t h you. Chocolate

is bad for you, isn't

You phoned

the doctor, didn't

It's a lovely day, isn't 2

it?

She's a doctor, isn't

you?

It could help, couldn't

it?

she? it?

I f t h e ma in clause is ne ga tive , the que stion ta g is affirmativj You don't feel well, do

A se nte nce w i t h a que stion t a g has a ma in clause (You know Simon...)

U sua lly, i f t h e ma in clause is a ffirma tive , t h e que stion ta;|

a nd t h e que stion t a g (... don't

you?

Mike won't be in hospital

you?).

long, will

he?

T he que stion t a g has an a uxilia ry (e.g. is, do, have) or a moda l (e.g. iv/7/, can) + a subje ct pronoun. ma in clause

que stion t a g

He's coming,

isn't he ?

They won't

go,

will

T he intona tion on t h e ta g rises if it is a real question (i.e. if t h e spe a ker is not sure o f t h e a nswe r) . Canberra

isn't the capital

is it?

I f the re is no a uxilia ry or moda l, use t h e corre ct f o r m

T he intona tion on t h e t a g fa lls i f t h e spe a ke r is

o f do.

sure o f t h e a nswe r.

You know DrJones, don't The doctor

didn't

I'm right, aren't

you?

phone, did

I'm in t h e ma in clause

You're American,

she?

aren't

aren't you ? You have an

American

accent.

I in t h e que stion ta g.

4

M a k e a short a nswe r w i t h a subje ct pronoun a nd an a uxilia ry ve rb.

I?

A: You're OK, aren't you? A: Did you see the doctor?

78

of Australia,

Sydney is bigger.

they?

•

B: Yes, I am. B: No, I

didn't.

See Units 25 and 3 1 for more information on short answers.

Practice Sarah: N o , t h e pain is t e r r i b l e . You d o n ' t have any

jA Match the sentence be ginnings t o t h e corre ct ta gs. [ 1 You don't like p i z z a , — 2 It's a fact

\,

3 The children know,

\

4 I'm not going,

\

5 His mum hasn't p h o n e d ,

|

\

aspirin,'

isn't it?

a

?

D o c t o r : A s p i r i n w o n ' t help. You've s t o p p e d t r a i n i n g ,

b

aren't I?

c

won't they?

d

d i d it?

5

?

Sarah: A l m o s t . J o g g i n g is all r i g h t ,

?

6

H a l f an h o u r a day w o n ' t d o any h a r m ,

^e

d o you?

6 They'll remember,

f

can't he?

7 It didn't rain,

g

has she?

8 Simon can come,

h

am I?

9 I'm the winner,

i

don't they?

7

Doctor: E

?

I suppose not .

C ha nge the se sta te me nts into a ffirma tive or ne ga tive que stions w i t h que stion ta gs.

IB Complete the que stions w i t h the corre ct ta gs. 1 You're M r S m i t h ,

aren'tMoa

?

2 We aren't late,

?

3 I'm next,

?

4 He's having a m e e t i n g ,

?

5 The dog w o n ' t b i t e ,

?

6 You had f u n at t h e party,

?

7 Your w i f e knows,

?

8 The workers made a m i s t a k e ,

?

9 It hasn't s n o w e d ,

?

10 You don't have a b r o t h e r ,

?

C Write a ffirma tive ( / ) or ne ga tive (X) short a nswe rs. 1 Is it 6 o'clock? ( / )

mm

Vis, i t is.

2 Do you k n o w Glenda? (X)

m

K)<5,1 a V t .

1

3 Are you ready, Simon? ( / )

Its a icy, isn't i t f

2

4 Is this my pen? (X)

3

5 Did Dave t e l l you? ( / )

4

6 Have you t w o had dinner? (X)

MYTURN!

7 Can your cat s w i m ? ( / ) 8 Are the children c o m i n g ? (X) D Sarah is a runne r. She is t a l k i n g t o he r doctor. C o mp le t e

ta gs t o ask a f rie nd a bout a pa rty he / she has be e n t o .

the dialogue w i t h t h e corre ct que stion ta gs. Doctor: Hello, you're S a r a h ,

Ask a bout t h e gue sts, t h e music, t h e f o o d , the t i m e

aren't^OU,

1

?

Sarah: Yes, I am. I'm n o t l a t e , '

he / she le ft, e tc.

?

-

E xa mple : Tke

Doctor: No, d o n ' t w o r r y . N o w , y o u r back isn't f e e l i n g I

good,

3

food, washed, wasn't i t f

?

e the correct o p t i o n . 1 She eats a l o t o f chocolate,

?

a isn't she

J 2 The doctor w i l l t e l l me t o d o m o r e exercise, I 3 I'm getting very s u n t a n n e d , 4 You haven't been ill f o r a l o n g t i m e ,

b d o n ' t she ?

c d o e s n ' t she

awon'tshe

b she w o n ' t

? M a y b e I'm s u n b a t h i n g t o o m u c h . you?

5 A:They shouldn't take v i t a m i n s every day, should they ?

a do

b were

B: N o ,

a am n o t I

cdoesn'tshe b aren't I

c amn't I

c have a t h e y should

b shouldn't they

c they shouldn't 35 3fr q£ ez

Dx

: S J S M S U B

il

S 3

Q u e s t i o n tags

l^W

79

M a t c h t h e q u e s t i o n s a b o u t Rosa t o t h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r s .

A

v i s i t e d / H o w / have / many / y o u / countries?

7

eyes / a r e / W h a t / y o u r / c o l o u r ?

1

Is Rosa b e a u t i f u l ?

H

2

W h e n is her b i r t h d a y ?

•

3

Has she been t o India?

•

8

games / y o u / H o w / d o / o f t e n / c o m p u t e r / play?

4

W h a t does she like?

LJ

9

school / H o w / it / t o / t a k e / does / get / l o n g / to ?

5

W h a t ' s she like?

•

6

W h y does she speak English w e l l ?

•

7

W h o likes her?

•

8

W h o does she like?

•

a n s w e r s a n d so o r

9

W h e r e does she live?

•

1

H o w is she?

•

10

B

6

a

She's very nice,

b

In February.

c

W e all like her. She's very popular,

d

Yes, she has.

N o w answer t h e questions f o r yourself. C

C o m p l e t e t h e dialogues, using question tags, short

A You're 1 5 , B No,

2

B Yes,

g

She likes horses and dancing,

A Didn't you?

h

Yes, she is.

3

4

2

o f / W h a t / like / d o I k i n d / music / y o u ? What (ana cfmusic a6.JJ.tt tike,

5

5

6

i But I can't speak Korean. !]

A You've lived here f o r e i g h t years,

fl

I've lived here f o r 1 1 years.

7

1

A You d o n ' t like m u s h r o o m s ,

I . B u t I d o n ' t like fish.

A Don't you?

1

A Y o u r sister is g o i n g o n h o l i d a y t o Peru,

?j

B No,

She's g o i n g t o Chile.

A Is she? 8

my sister!

A Y o u r b r o t h e r has b r o k e n his a r m , B No, A Has he?

80

!

A You can't speak Chinese,

B Yes,

y o u r / are / H o w / parents / old?

a r e / f r i e n d s / y o u r / W h a t / like?

i

But I d i d n ' t go t o Helen's party.

A Have y o u ?

?

book / W h o / favourite / w r o t e / your?

y o u / d o / c o m p u t e r / W h o s e / use?

A Y o u d i d n ' t go t o Phil's party,

B No,

?

4

J

A Can't you?

?

3

3 I w r i t e songs.

B Yes,

M a k e q u e s t i o n s by p u t t i n g t h e w o r d s in t h e c o r r e c t o r d e r . 1

!

A D o you?

Because her dad is f r o m Scotland,

In t h e c i t y centre.

? I'm 14.

5oami

B No,

She likes Brad Pitt. She t h i n k s he's cool,

j

I'lHWt

A You w r i t e poems,

f

N o t very w e l l . She feels sick t o d a y ,

aren't ^<5U.

A Really?

e

i

neither.

?

He's broken his leg. my brother!

D Put the dialogue in t h e c o r r e c t o r d e r . W r i t e n u m b e r s 2 - 1 3 n e x t t o t h e l i n e s . 1

14

a

A: Are y o u g o i n g t o t h e c o n c e rt t o n i g h t ?

b

B: Er... no, 1 d o n ' t . Hey, t h e t i c k e t has a p h o t o o f t h e band. W h i c h one is y o u r b r o t h e r ?

c

A: No, he doesn't. He's a d r u m m e r . Have y o u heard h i m play?

d

A: Because 1 p r e f e r small concerts. 1 d o n ' t like it w h e n hundreds o f p e o p l e are s h o u t i n g .

e

A: He's t h e one w i t h l o n g black hair and a b i g black hat. D o y o u t h i n k he looks cool?

f

A: So d o 1. It's g o i n g t o be really g o o d . D i d y o u k n o w m y b r o t h e r is playing?

g

A: O h yes. He's fantastic. H o w m a n y p e o p l e w i l l be t h e r e t o n i g h t ?

h

A: Heavy m e t a l and hard rock. D o y o u like rock music?

i

B: N o , 1 haven't. Is he g o o d ?

j

B: N o , 1 d i d n ' t . O h , 1 r e m e m b e r . He plays guitar, d o e s n ' t he?

k

B: N e i t h e r d o 1. W h a t k i n d o f music does y o u r b r o t h e r play?

I

B: Yes, 1 a m . 1 love concerts.

m

B: 1 d o n ' t know. M a y b e 5 0 0 . W h y ?

n

B: Er... m a y b e.

E Complete each q u e s t i o n w i t h o n e w o r d f r o m Box A a n d

F

R e a d t h e t e x t , t h e n w r i t e a q u e s t i o n f o r each a n s w e r .

one word f r o m Box B.

Hew What

How

How

Which

How

How

What

What

Whose B

coffee one 1 A:

far

kind

like

long

many

much

often

time tffiw

far

is it f r o m t h e Earth t o t h e M o o n ?

B: 384,403 k m . 2 A:

does r a b b i t m e a t t a s t e

1

?

d o y o u v i s i t y o u r grandparents ?

B: About six t i m e s a year. 4 A:

o f c o m p u t e r games d o y o u like?

B: I love fantasy games. 5 A:

hats d o y o u have?

B: Three. T w o w i n t e r hats and a sun hat. 6 A:

is t h i s ?

B: It's John's, he drinks a b o u t five cups a day. 7 A:

w e r e y o u r shoes?

B: I paid 5 0 euros f o r t h e m . 8 A: We have f o u r d i f f e r e n t pizzas.

do you

want? B: Can I have t h a t one, please? 9 A:

is t h e j o u r n e y f r o m L o n d o n t o N e w

York? B: A b o u t 7V hours. 2

10 A:

ffow M

is Tom

? He's 13 years o l d .

2

B: It's a bi t like chicken. 3 A:

Hi. My name's Tom and I'm 13 years old. I love computers. When I was 6 years old, I opened my mum's computer to see how it worked. She was very angry, because I couldn't put it back together. But I kept all the pieces and learnt about them, and when I was 8,1 made a new computer for my mum. It was better than the old one, so she was very happy. Now I write computer games. I put my first game on my website when I was 10, and my friends all loved it. They said it was fantastic. I've written about eight games now, and they're all really good. Last week a man from a big software company wrote to me. He says he likes my new game, "Ice Jungle', and he wants me to write games for them. So next week I'm going to London for a meeting. I'm very excited.

? Computers.

3

? His mum's.

4

? Yes, she was. She was very angry.

5

Because he c o u l d n ' t p u t it back t o g e t h e r .

6

O n his w e b s i t e .

7

A b o u t eight.

8

A m a n f r o m a b i g s o f t w a r e company .

9

His n e w one,'Ice Jungle'.

10

?

To L o n d o n .

d o y o u usually go t o bed?

B: Between 1 0 p m and 1 1 p m .

Review 6

81

33

Have and have got Have you got a favour ite cr ocodile?

T he S a mutpra ka n C rocodile F a rm ( T ha ila nd) h a s g o t ove r 60,000 crocodile s. T he fa rm h a s a zoo, it' s g o t a re se a rch ce ntre a nd the shops, of course , h a v e lots of crocodile souve nirs. M r U ta i h a d t h e i d e a of ope ning the m u s e u m in 1950. H e h a d s o m e fre e t i m e ye ste rda y to a nswe r que stions Q ue stion: D oe s the fa rm h a v e a ny unusua l crocodile s? M r U ta i: W e ' v e g o t the bigge st crocodile in the w o r l d . C ome a nd see it h a v e b r e a k f a s t t o m o r r o w m o r n i n g ! Q ue stion: H a v e y o u g o t a ny pla ns for the future ? M r U ta i: I 'm going to h a v e a crocodile T V show. C rocodile s h a v e n ' t g o t a good ima ge . H o l l y w o o d films only s h o w crocodile s t r y i n g to e a t pe ople ! W e ne e d to h a v e more informa tion a bout crocodile s.

U n d e r l i n e t h e corre ct O

option: M r U ta i likes/sells

eats/

crocodile s. sa>)i] :J9MSUV

Have an d have got 1

W e can say have or have got. Have is m o r e c o m m o n .

sta te me nt

W e can use have got in conve rsa tion, e spe cia lly in 1 / You / W e /

British E nglish. The farm has a zoo. It has got over 60,000

ha ve

do not (don't) have

has

doe s not (doesn't) have

crocodiles. crocodiles ?

In t h e past a nd f u t u r e , w e can only use have. I'm going to have a crocodile In 1950 the zoo didn't

He/She/It

que stion ?

short a n s w e r / X

TV show.

have many

Did the shop have any crocodile 3

crocodiles. T-shirts

D o 1 / you / we / the y have...?

yesterday?

W e can use have + noun f o r ma ny e ve ryda y a ctivitie s.

D oe s he / she / it have...?

have much free time

The crocodile

is having

N o , (1) don't.

N o , (he) doe sn't.

yesterday.

breakfast.

Y ou can have: an accident

Yes, (1) do.

Yes, (he) does.

Have w i t h a ctivitie s can be in t h e continuous f o r m . He didn't

negative X

T he y

Does the farm have any unusual 2

/

M a k e ne ga tive f o r m s of have got w i t h not. M a k e

|

que stions w i t h Have / Has + subje ct + got...?

j

/ a break / a rest / a sleep / a cold

tea I coffee; breakfast a chat I a discussion

/ lunch / dinner; a / a talk

fun I a good time / a nice day / a

sta te me nt

sandwich 1 / Y ou / W e /

holiday

/

ha ve (Ve) got

negative X have not (haven't) got

They

a shower / a bath / a swim / a run / a walk He / She / It 4

has fs) got

have inste a d. / had a dog but it died. N O T / had got a dog...

que stion ? H a ve 1 / you / we / the y got...?

5

M a k e que stions a nd ne ga tive s w i t h have using t h e a uxilia ry ve rb do. Do you have a pen?

82

has not (hasn't) got

W e do not use have got in t h e f u t u r e or pa st. W e use

Has he / s h e / it got. . . ? She doesn't

have

it.

short answer / X Yes, (1) have.

j

No, (1) haven't.

I

Yes, (he) has.

?

N o , (he) hasn't.

j

Practice A What do these pe ople have? U se t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t o ma ke a t le a st e ight

D

W r i t e se nte nce s w i t h have (got) in

sentences w i t h an a ppropria te pronoun a nd have, a nd w r i t e t h e m in

t h e pre se nt, pa st or f u t u r e . S ome are

your notebook. S ome se nte nce s a re ne ga tive .

ne ga tive s or que stions.

Me

4

/

Me and my b r o t h e r

4

I

2

We

3 4

X

a d o g ; it's very nice.

(vaven't^Ct

Oii (jfiu. Uve

green hair. It looks

A l l m y friend s

X

X

6

James c o u l d n ' t run because he

7

France

8 9

have got breakfast at 6 o'clock and some ^have/have visitors ask m e , ' D o crocodiles 5

b

7

11

Are you going t o

12

We

9

13

A:

y o u r n e w house a garden?

had B: Yes, it

got a special

have/hadn't

a swim? time to

w e r e late.

got a great t i m e in

/hadgot a holiday in England and I w e n t t o L o n d o n Z o o . T h e z o o crocodile research centre. Doyou

a chat a b o u t it last

coffee because w e

8

w

We

got f u n in t h e

got lots o f nice v i s i t o r s . Last year I had

/hadgot a lot o f crocodiles b u t t h e y didn't

Sharon

night.

have/

got special diets.

crocodiles

farm?' I always a n s w e r , ' O f course!' T h e y have/have the shows and w e h a v e / h a v e

2

got a w a l k a r o u n d t h e f a r m . M a n y have/Have

a h o l i d a y in

your new phone number? 10

got a great j o b b u t it's very h a r d ! The c r o c o d i l e s

After breakfast, w e have/have

I want to Thailand.

option. S ome time s both options a re possible .

4

a King o r Q u e e n

now.

A crocodile ke e pe r is t a l k i n g a bout his w o r k . U nde rline t h e corre ct

l

mobile

a b r o k e n leg.

I futve a aq<j. (Oe aWt have a sister.

I have/have

c o l d last w e e k ?

She

X

Examples:

a

phones b u t I d o n ' t .

X

/

Tom and Lucy

an uncle b u t we've

strange! 5

Sarah

(vave

g o t an a u n t i e .

X

Brian

1

have/ Have you got any questions? '

lx

C Complete the se nte nce s w i t h t h e pre se nt or pa st of have or

have

got to make t h e m t r u e . S ome se nte nce s a re ne ga tive . 1 Bill Gates

tent

Uve / rvasft't^Ct

a u n i v e r s i t y degree.

2 The Fnglish a l p h a b e t

In your note book, w r i t e a t le a st six

26 letters.

3 Princess Diana

que stions, using have a nd have got, t h a t

a d a u g h t e r.

4 Penguins

you w o u l d like t o ask a fa mous pe rson.

wings.

5 Water

E xa mple :

vitamins.

6 The Romans

ffave j 5 u ^6 t a by dcusef

a big e m p i r e .

7 Cats

nine lives.

8 A beach v o l l e y b a l l t e a m

t w o players.

___________________ Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1 How many t e e t h

?

a has a crocodile

2 When he was a child, he

3 A: Have crocodiles g o t cold b l o o d ? 4 They 5

fish f o r breakfast. a nice t i m e at t h e f a r m ?

b has a crocodile g o t

a baby crocodile as a pet. B: Yes, t h e y a usually have a Have y o u g o t

a had a do

c a crocodile has got

b has g o t

c had g o t

b have g o t

b usually have g o t

c have

c have usually g o t

b A r e y o u having g o t

c A r e y o u having DS Bf 0£ ?Z m

:SJ9 M SUB

jisai XyV

Have a n d have got

83

Make, do an d get Do you get angr y? Read our questionnaire and answer the questions.

e Your friend uses your phone and makes

a lot of calls. Do you get angry?

a You get a text message from a friend.

(K_3_> (EBB^

iBEsb

Do you reply immediately? ^T T I j

iB3_j

f Do you always get your friends a

ii^fl'^j

present on their birthdays?

IE© *

Your friend has made a cake, but it tastes horrible. Do you tell him or her? (E!3^

^B M t >

d^fl^j ( spue uj ou OADU,

c Your best friend has done something

MSBj

\ QH3\ m

ON

3J.noA=

2L-rj

noA JOUM spueuj JnoA | | 9 | o) oepi pooB D s,(i

you tell your other friends? ft-§j

uoos PUD)

(•oo) 'peau

really stupid, and tells you about it. Do ,

M.noA

ing) (SJi) SJBL|)O JO ^uim SADMID noA PUD 'pueu|

GEEBj

pooB D 3J,noA'aN3ldd IfldHilVd = E Z - £ l

A>pri| BJD QZ-VZ-kM £ ou '£ eqADLU

•noA «ou>| oj

spirauj jnoA iaN3ldJ 1V3U9

d You helped your friend do her home-

work, and she gets a good mark. Do

D aj,noA=

'g seA j :g ou '£ sqAoui '£ ssA 9 :g ou 'rj aqAouj o

you tell the teacher?

saA p :g ou 'o eqADiii 'o seA o :g ou '£ eqADW 'o q :Q OU '£ sqADLu 'g saA D JSJOOS jnoA (no puy

I23_v

seA

W h a t d o y o u t h i n k ? A r e y o u a g o o d frie nd?

Make, do a n d get 1

Get can have diffe re nt me a nings. U se get + obje ct to

U se make t o ta lk a bout producing some thing .

me a n 're ce ive ' or 'obta in'. Y ou can get:

make a cup of coffee, make a cake, make a meat W h e n w e say w h o w e a re ma king it for, w e can say: / made my dad a cake. O R / made a cake for my dad. She makes them lunch. O R She makes lunch for • 2

them.

See U nit 37 for more verbs with two objects.

a bad / good a

some milk from

U se do t o ta lk a bout w o r k a nd a ctivitie s ( which o f t e n

the shops (= buy)

a present a text

e nd in -ing). Y ou can do:

mark

letter

message

Use get + a dje ctive t o me a n 'be come '. angry

cold

late

an exam

the

shopping

better

dark

older

exercise

the

washing

bigger

(your) homework

the

washing-up W e can use get in othe r e xpre ssions. Y ou can get:

3

Make

a nd do are use d in a n u m b e r o f e xpre ssions.

Y ou can make: the bed

a

mistake

a decision

money

friends

a noise

84

best

nothing

A A dressed

up

to(=

rarra

a plan

sure

back(=

a phone call

a promise

a bus I train (= t r a v e l on)

Y ou can do: your

on I off [a bus)

well j

badly

return )

W e say get to school

arrive)

lost married

b u t get home ( w i t h o u t to).

Practice

/

A Write each w o r d / p h r a s e f r o m t h e b o x u n d e r t h e c o r r e c t v e r b . breakfast a job

a dress

a paper plane

an exam

exercise

a salad

homework

t h e shopping

t h e washing

do

M a k e up t h e questions f o r a questionnaire a n d w r i t e t h e m in y o u r n o t e b o o k . Use t h e o p t i o n s i n b r a c k e t s a n d do, make a n d get. 1

make

Your m u m is f e e l i n g very t i r e d , (a cup o f coffee o r a sandwich?)

breakfast

OflJBfc mlu ker a cap of coffee or mate der a saniwickr 2

You're h u n g r y b u t t h e f r i d g e is e m p t y , (a pizza o r t h e shopping?)

3

It's a sunny Sunday in t h e summer, (up early o r up late?)

4 B Match t h e s e n t e n c e b e g i n n i n g s t o t h e m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e e n d i n g s . I

(a snack o r some lunch?)

How to be a g o o d f r i e n d ...

5

1 Text messages are f u n b u t it's b e t t e r t o make

—

[ 2 Don't be j e a l o u s i f a f r i e n d makes n e w

a friends, c

mistake,

d y o u r best,

5 Talk t o y o u r f r i e n d s b e f o r e y o u make an i m p o r t a n t

e well, f money,

7 Nobody is p e r f e c t - j u s t d o 8 It's more i m p o r t a n t t o make f r i e n d s t h a n make

6

It's t h e s u m m e r holidays soon but y o u d o n ' t have any money.

4 And listen t o her w h e n she has d o n e 6 Say sorry i f y o u make a

You are late f o r school, (the bus or t o school late?)

^ - b a p h o n e cal

[ 3 Be happy w h e n a f r i e n d does

Your y o u n g e r b r o t h e r is really hungry but y o u r m u m and dad are n o t at h o m e .

(a j o b o r nothing?) N o w answer the questions.

g badly, h decision.

IC Complete t h e s e n t e n c e s u s i n g a f o r m o f get a n d w o r d s I

from t h e box. angry late

a really bad mark lost

married

any text messages

better

some m i l k

dressed older

up

I

Circle t h e correct o p t i o n .

I

1 It's m y best friend's birthday, so I'm going t o a make a card her b make a card t o her c make her a card

1 I'm going t o stay h o m e and s t u d y t o n i g h t . I j e t a realty bad m a r t j y M a t h s exam.

W h e n y o u m e e t new people, is it easy t o friends w i t h t h e m ?

n m

2 My frien d has been in h o s p i t a l b u t she is

a make

slowly 3 It's O K t o

always

it later. W e should go h o m e .

5 My mobile phone isn't w o r k i n g . I d o n ' t like i t

a does I I

when I d o n ' t 6 My brother is

in f-ebruary.

1

me

c gets

4 I'm sorry I'm late. I

lost, and I couldn't f i n d the

cafe. a made

b did

c got at m i d n i g h t . It was

terrible.

7 You w i l l p r o b a b ly need t o w e a r glasses w h e n y o u

f r o m t h e shop, please?

his best, b makes

O u r plane was late, and w e

Lots o f people are c o m i n g t o t h e w e d d i n g .

8 Could you

c get

M y f r i e n d doesn't always get g o o d grades, but he

if you talk about

4 It's

b do

a got t o home

b made h o m e

c g o t home

DS D-f £ Z DT E

e

:SJ9 M SU E

jiss^Xw

9 I didn't take a m a p and I soon 10 I

late thi s m o r n i n g . I and had breakfast in t e n

minutes!

Make,

do a n d get

85

Pre po s itio nal ve rb s Think about it !

L o o k a t a m e n u in a restaurant in t h e United States a n d y o u ' ll find French fries. But d o n ' t a s k f o r French fries w h e n you g o t o France. The French call t h e m pommes

frites w h i c h means

'fried potatoes'.

Do y o u w o r r y a b o u t t o o

T h i n k a b o u t it! S a l m o n b e l o n g s t o a

m u c h salt in y o u r d i e t ?

g r o u p o f f i s h w h i c h have O m e g a - 3 .

Then listen t o t h i s - y o u

O m e g a - 3 helps you t h i n k !

need a l i t t l e salt. Your body d e p e n d s o n salt f o r healthy blood pressure. W h y is sa lt g o o d f o r y o u ? ajnssajd poo]q Aqi|e3L| Jty ij spaau Apoq mo\ :j3Msuy

Pr e p os it ion a l ve r b s 1

P re positiona l ve rbs ha ve t w o words. T he t w o words a re :

S ome time s t h e me a ning o f t h e ve rb + pre position is

ve rb + pre position.

ve ry diffe re nt f r o m t h e me a ning o f t h e ve rb on its own.

Think about

it!

Don't ask for French fries. I'm listening

to some

depend on

learn about

suffer

believe in

get off

look

talk

about

belong

get on

look at

wait

for

go

look for

worry

consist

across of

stop.

S ome ve rbs can be f o l l o w e d by a diffe re nt pre position

(dis)agree with

come

presents.

Get off the bus at the next

music.

O t h e r ve rbs include :

to

/ didn't get many birthday

with

laugh at

after

pay for

from

about

t o give a diffe re nt me a ning. Look at the menu. I'm looking

for my glasses - have you seen them?

We looked

after

my neighbour's

dog last

weekend.

Q ue stions which be gin w i t h a Wh- w o r d a nd use pre positiona l ve rbs o f t e n finish w i t h t h e pre position. What are you looking

at?

See Units 26 and 27 for more information on forming questions.

86

Practice [ A Complete t h e s e f o o d f a c t s w i t h t h e c o r r e c t

C

C omple te t h e sentences w i t h t h e corre ct verbs f r o m the box.

form o f t h e verbs in t h e b o x . come across go with

consist o f

look after

believe

depend on

suffer f r o m

1 Rosemary is t h e p e r f e c t herb t o wltd

all kinds o f m e a t .

come

1

W e don't

2

Do you

3

Nurses have t o

depend

get

get

jet

go

look

look

o f f here. It's t h e next s t a t i o n . in ghosts? a f t e r s o m e d i f f i c u l t people. o n the t r a i n ! It's leaving!

4

Pineapples came t o Europe in

5

1493 when C h r i s t o p h e r C o l u m b u s

6

That shirt doesn't

t h e m in t h e

7

I've j u s t

3 An apple f l o a t s in w a t e r because it

8

Julia visits m y g r a n d p a r e n t s every day. They really

2

at t h i s p h o t o in t h e paper. w i t h y o u r trousers. across some o l d photos at t h e back o f

t h e cupboard.

Caribbean.

o n her.

2 5 % air.

I 4

y o u r b o d y - eat at least five p o r t i o n s o f f r u i t o r vegetables every day.

5 A l o t o f people in m y f a m i l y high b l o o d pressure.

W r i t e a ppropria te que stions f o r the se re plie s. U se t h e ve rbs

6 Half o f the w o r l d ' s p o p u l a t i o n

f r o m t h e box in t h e corre ct te nse .

rice in t h e i r diets.

agree w i t h

| B Underline t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n .

talk about

1 The politician agreed with/on

listen t o

l o o k at

pay f o r

1 A lOkat are j c a tdmkuuj about? B: N o t h i n g m u c h . I'm j u s t really t i r e d .

I 2 I want t o go skiing t h i s w e e k e n d , b u t it 3 I'll ask for/to

laugh at

everything

the journalist said. depends on/of

belong t o think about

the weather.

A

3

A

4

A

5

A

m y keys w h e n he

6

A

Flavia. She's always

7

A

8

A

some help.

4 My parents are always w o r r y i n g

lOkfi agrees w t t U o e f

B: M e . W e always like t h e same films. B: M y new CD.

B: C o l i n j u s t t o l d m e a really f u n n y j o k e .

in/about

something. 5 I was looking for/after

2

came in.

B: T h a t j a c k e t in t h e w i n d o w .

B: O h , e v e r y t h i n g - t h e i r f r i e n d s , t h e i r f a m i l i e s , t h e i r j o b s .

6 I'm not w a i t i n g to/for late.

B: M e . I f o r g o t t o take it h o m e last night.

7 I was jus t t h i n k i n g about/on 8 He suffers from/of

you.

a l o t o f headaches.

9 That dog belongs to/in

N ow

the waiter.

le a st

10 In this morning's H i s t o r y class w e learnt about/of

B: M y b r o t h e r . He's g o t lots o f money!

The C o l d W a r .

•Si.:-

Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1 I'm looking

t h e salt, b u t I can't find it. Have y o u seen it?

2 A: W h a t

?

b y o u are w a i t i n g f o r

3 A: W h o does t h i s ' F o o d Facts'book

—

_

B: It's Alan's.

»••••* • i

a depend on

in diets. I t h i n k t h e y ' r e a w a s t e o f t i m e and m o n e y . _

_

_

_

c for

c f o r are y o u w a i t i n g ?

5 S o r r y - I ' v e f o r g o t t e n m y money. C o u l d y o u L _

batter

B: You . W e d i d n ' t w a n t t o s t a r t e a t i n g w i t h o u t y o u .

a are you w a i t i n g f o r 4 I don't

a at

_

_

_

_

_

_

? _

_

_

_

a f o r m e pay _

_ >• • • • <

b consist o f

a believe

b agree

b m e pay f o r _

_

_

_

_

c belong t o c worry

c pay f o r m e —

— OS

— 3£

— <ez

—

—

—

J

O T : SJ3 M SU EJI S9 1 / < W

Prepositional verbs

87

I

Phras al ve rbs A fr ien d to t idy up your r oom eed a friend to welcome you home wash ..n

a n

never tell you off or need to lie down?

^ «,* ^

"

P

y

°

U

r

r

o

o

m

?

A

n

c

Sadly for you, that's still just a dre a m But things could ge t better with H o n d a ' s A s i m o is t h e m o s t a d v a n c r o b o t i n t h e w o r l d . One d a y Asimo p e o p l e o r w o r k i n place s w h i c h a r e d a n g e r o for humans.

But it's not all good. . . You need t o cha rge up Asimo after only one hour! Each Asimo robot costs nearly $ 1 million to make.[

I f t h e phrasa l ve rb ta ke s an obje ct, it can usua lly go be fore or a fte r the a dve rb particle. Asimo can turn

lights

Asimo can turn on

But t h e obje ct a lwa ys come s be fore t h e

S ome phra sa l ve rbs which we o f t e n use w i t h o u t an obje ct a re : break down

get up

run away

wake up

find out

hurry up

sit down

wash up

get back

lie down

stand

a dve rb pa rticle i f it is a pe rsona l pronoun. Asimo can turn them on. N O T Asimo can turn on them.

up

S ome phra sa l ve rbs which w e c o m m o n ly use w i t h a n obje ct a re : charge up

put on

throw

away

look up

take back

tidy up

pick up

tell off

turn

W e o f t e n use pre positiona l a nd phrasal

turn off I on

ve rbs in informa l speech a nd w r i t i n g a nd one - word ve rbs in more f o r m a l

down

conte xts. For e xa mple , We

T he re are some ve rbs w e can use in both wa ys, e.g. give up, off, turn

in the evening

take

got back in the

up.

He's given up

on.

lights.

returned

is more f o r m a l tha n We evening.

smoking.

Never give up! S ome ve rbs me a n t h e sa me i f the y are

S ome time s t h e ve rb has a diffe re nt me a ning in each case. The plane has just

taken off. (no obje ct = leave the

use d as one - word ve rbs, but t h e n the y

airport)

Take off your shoes, please, ( with obje ct = remove)

sound more f o rma l , e.g wake = wake

They turned

up, tidy = tidy up, lie = lie

up late, (no obje ct = arrive)

Can you turn the music u p ?( with object = make

sit = sit

louder) •

88

down,

down.

See U nit 35 for more information on prepositional verbs.

Practice A Complete t h e t e x t u s i n g t h e p h r a s a l v e r b s f r o m t h e b o x in the correct t e n s e . breakdown hurry up

C

C o m p l e t e t h e d i a l o g u e s u s i n g t h e v e r b s in t h e b o x a n d a p p r o p r i a t e a d v e r b p a r t i c l e s . Use t h e s t r u c t u r e : v e r b +

find out

run away

get back take o f f

pronoun + adverb particle.

lie d o w n

w a k e up

I hadn't seen Jason f o r six weeks. He

give ran awaij

1

B

New York and t h a t was all I knew. W h e r e was he? W a s he 2

November 1

3

2

late. I o n t h e sofa and f e l l asleep r i g h t

there. W h e n I f i n a l l y

5

, it was 1 0

what day it was. A n d t h e n I r e m e m b e r e d - it was Sunday '

J a c k , ' I said t o myself. T h e plane 7

throw

turn

turn

5 6

The music is t o o l o u d . W h y don't you The l i t t l e g i r l was really rude t o m e ! W h y didn't you

A W e ' v e had these biscuits f o r weeks.

7 A The T V is b o r i n g . B W h y don't you

started the engine. The car j u m p e d f o r w a r d and s t o p p e d . I couldn't believe it. This was n o t a g o o d t i m e f o r t h e car t o

A D D A B B

w i t h o u t you.'

It was icy cold o u t s i d e . I t h r e w m y bags in t h e car and

Tab tnem back!

A W h a t d o y o u t h i n k o f t h i s hat?

B

4

and today I was g o i n g t o f i n d Jason. mustn't

tell

3 A I d o n ' t k n o w w h a t t h i s w o r d means.

o'clock the next m o r n i n g . For a m o m e n t I c o u l d n ' t t h i n k

6

ta+se

B It's great! W h y d o n ' t y o u

O n t h e last n i g h t in

4

put

1 A I b o u g h t thes e shoes b u t t h e y ' r e t o o smal

after the f i g h t w i t h his b r o t h e r . I g o t a postcar d f r o m OK? I had t o

look

8

A I d o n ' t e n j o y learning t o play t h e piano. B W h y don't you

B Rewrite each p h r a s a l v e r b s e n t e n c e u s i n g a n

MV TURN!

appropriate n o u n o b j e c t i n s t e a d o f t h e p r o n o u n . Rewrite each s e n t e n c e in t w o d i f f e r e n t w a y s .

out u n t i l I have tidied it up. Mij mum sous I can't do out until I nave tiiiti nttj room, up/ until! nave tidied up nw room..

1 My mum says I can't go

2 Take t h e m off! The sun isn't shining in t h e house. 3 The beach is really d i r t y . People s h o u l d pick it up w h e n they go h o m e .

W h a t activities w o u l d you like a r o b o t t o do f o r you? W r i t e a t l e a s t five s e n t e n c e s in y o u r n o t e b o o k u s i n g v e r b s f r o m page 88. Example:

la' l i b it to tidxj up nuj bedroom.

QD3H

Circle t h e correct o p t i o n .

4 It's t o o dark in here. Turn t h e m o n !

1

and washes t h e m .

5 I can't ring Louie. I need t o charge it up first.

a picks t h e m up 2

a turn 3

c picks up t h e m

b take

c tell

This r o b o t is b r o k e n , so I'm g o i n g t o t a k e

to

t h e shop.

them off.

a it back 4

b back it

Asimo

c back

m y T-shirt. He t h o u g h t it was

rubbish!

8 When you sit in a car, y o u need t o p u t it o n .

a ran away 5

9 You can't leave. I've locked t h e d o o r and t h r o w n it away.

b t h e m picks up

A s i m o can clean y o u r shoes, b u t y o u have t o t h e m o f f first.

6 Let's have a party! Turn it u p ! 7 They were w r i t i n g on t h e w a l l . The p o l i c e m a n t o l d

I always leave m y d i r t y c l o t h e s on t h e floor . A s i m o

b broke d o w n

A s i m o always a looks up

c t h r e w away

after a meal.

b picks up

c washes up 35

of

e£

qz

E

T :SJ9 MSUB j ; s 9 i Aw

Phrasal verbs

89

Ve rbs w ith two o bje cts

37

Tell your fr iends the t r ut h.

AK£ A n s w e r

YOU

A$$£KT(Ve?

t h e questionnaire

t o find

out.

A cla ssma te se lls y o u r young

Y o u le nd your f r i e n d €8 0 ,

siste r

h i s b i k e . I t d o e s n ' t w o r k . D o y o u ...

b u t s h e doe sn't give it ba ck.

a a sk f o r your mone y ba ck?

D o y o u ...

b a sk f o r a l i t t l e mone y ba ck?

a a sk f o r t h e mone y ba ck? b n e v e r le nd mone y t o

c b u y your siste r a ne w bike ?

he r

a ga in?

4

f o r g e t a bout it?

M o s t l y a a nswe rs: you're very a sse rtive . No one worrie s you.

A f r i e n d se nds an e ma il t o some cla ssma te s. Y ou se e it. T h e r e is s o m e

Y o u r u n c l e g i v e s you a book

informa tion

M o s t l y b a nswe rs: you're a diplomat, but is tha t always the best thing?

a b o u t y o u w h i c h is n o t t r u e .

f o r your birthda y. Y ou

D o y o u ...

a l r e a d y h a v e i t . 6 0 y o u ...

a

a te ll him t h e t r u t h ?

ma ke sure your f r i e n d te lls your cla ssma te s t h e

b t a k e it a nd give it a wa y?

truth?

M o s t l y c a nswe rs: life is not easy f o r you. How can you change this?

b se nd an e ma il t o yo u r

sa y t h a n k y o u a n d

cla ssma te s?

ke e p it?

c n o t go t o s c h o o l f o r a w e e k ?

W h a t d o y o u t h i n k ? A r e y o u a sse rtive ?

Ver bs w it h t w o ob je ct s 1

S ome ve rbs have t w o obje cts. E xa mple s include bring, buy, get, give, lend, make, offer, read, sell, send, tell,

W i t h t h e ve rb tell, w e pre fe r t o say:

show,

throw.

/ told him the truth. N O T / told the truth

subject

verb

dire ct obje ct

to

indire ct obje ct

You

lend

€8 0

to

your frie nd.

3

to him.

U se for not to w i t h buy, get a nd make. She bought

lunch for me.

She got some milk for him. She

sends

an e ma il

to

some classmates.

We made a cake for our

parents.

Aga in, w e can p ut t h e indire ct obje ct 2

W e can also p ut t h e indire ct obje ct first a nd ta ke o u t to.

You

verb

indire ct obje ct

+ dire ct object.

lend

your frie nd

€80.

N O T You lend to your friend

90

€80.

She bought

me lunch. N O T She bought

She got him some milk. We made our parents

a cake.

first. for me lunch.

A Rewrite the que stions w i t h o u t to or for. |

In your note book, w r i t e a t le a st six diffe re nt se nte nce s using the se words.

1 Your friend has a n e w haircut. It d o e s n ' t l o o k g o o d . D o y o u tell the t r u t h t o y o u r f r i e n d ? DejCiitettjCW friend tke t r a d

i

C

?

2 You were playing w i t h y o u r sister's p h o n e and n o w it's n o t working. D o y o u get a n e w p h o n e f o r y o u r sister? ?

3 Your cousin w a n t s t o go o u t o n Saturday n i g h t . You d o n ' t want t o go. D o y o u phone o r send a t e x t message t o h i m ? ?

E xa mple : Tke woman ja ve me a cap of tea.

4 An old w o m a n gets o n t h e bus. There are n o seats. D o y o u offer your seat t o t h e o l d w o m a n ?

OUJI2Q-.

?

5 Your mum is n o t f e e l i n g w e l l and d o e s n ' t w a n t t o make lunch. Do y o u make lunch f o r y o u r f a m i l y ? ?

;

6 Your M a t h s teacher talks very f a s t and y o u d o n ' t understand t h e lessons. Do you t e l l t h e p r o b l e m t o her?

W h a t can you do f o r the se pe ople ? In your note book, w r i t e sugge stions using t h e ve rbs in bra cke ts. 1

It's y o u r mum's b i r t h d a y , (buy)

Saij ker a present, / Sat) a present for ner.

I 7 You want t o learn t o drive , b u t y o u have no m o n e y . Does 2

Y o u r l i t t l e cousins are b o r e d , (read)

3

A p o o r m a n needs help, (give)

4

Y o u r l i t t l e b r o t h e r is hungry, (make)

What are the pe ople doing? U se t h e words in bra cke ts a nd

5

I'm t h i r s t y , (bring)

make sentences simila r t o t h e e xa mple .

6

A f r i e n d d o e s n ' t k n o w t h e answer t o 12 x 12 . (tel

7

A f r i e n d needs t o make a phone call, (lend)

your dad give d r i v i n g lessons t o you?

1

tie is sk&otM tke

Circle the correct o p t i o n .

teenager / her tke CDs. (show the CDs)

(lend h i s j a c k e t )

1

D o you remember? I lent a €80 you

2

last w e e k .

b t o you €80

W h y did you tell a her m y secret

c you €80

? b t o her m y secret

c m y secret her 3

I t h i n k you've g o t m y phon e in y o u r bag. Can y o u show

4 (make a cake)

(give some f l o w e r s )

.please?

a m e t o it

b it f o r me

I've

these earrings f o r y o u . D o y o u like

c it t o me

them? a made 5

b given

c lent

W h e n y o u go t o t h e shop, y o u can b u y a t o me a present

b f o r me a present

c me a present

(throw t h e frisbee)

(buy some balloons) Verbs w i t h t w o objects

91

-38

Ve rb + -ing or ve rb + to-infinitive; like and would

like

Learn to speak any language in two weeks!

Do you lik e t r a ve llin g? Do you e n joy m e e t in g people? Do you w a n t t o co m m u n ica t e w it h people easily? Wo u ld yo u lik e t o speak other languages? I f you r answer is 'yes' to any o f these questions then we have the pr oduct for you - SUP6I* Lifl£ 0 ! Lear n to speak any language in two weeks with our new Super Lingo! system. Yes, two weeks! And thanks to your big vocabulary, you won't need to ca r r y a dictionary around with you.

W e hope to hear from you O

If you decide to t r y Super Lingo! then telephone 095 973 2593 or send an email to [email protected]. We pr omise to give your money back if you're not happy.

soon!

U n d e r l i n e t h e corre ct o p t i o n : S upe r Lingo! is a dictionary

r b + -ing or ve r b + e a n d w ould like I finished 2

/ like playing

talking.

to learn

3

•

tennis.

See U nit 56 for more information on the word order of adverbs.

course.

W h e n you le a rn a ne w ve rb, le a rn w h a t come s a fte r it.

people.

O R / like to help

people.

O n l y -ing

O n l y to- infinitive

-ing or to- infinitive

avoid

decide

plan

begin

enjoy

hope

promise

continue

de cide /di'said/ • verb 1 © [I OR T] to choose something, especially after thinking carefully about several possibilities: They have to decide by next Friday. O / don't mind which one we have-you decide. O [+ to INFINITIVE] In the end, we decided to go to the theatre.

finish

intend

refuse

hate

mind

learn

wait

like

Would

love

or might

prefer

wouldn't).

start

invita tion.

need offer

want

like ( short f o r m : 'd like) is one wa y o f saying want

/ would

want. T he ne ga tive is would not (short form: Use Would you like + to- infinitive for a polite like to learn

You wouldn't Would

92

much.

English.

S ome can ta ke e ithe r -ing or to- infinitive .

suggest

tennis very

N O T / like very much playing

to try the

/ like helping

school.

t h e ve rb a nd t h e obje ct.

English.

S ome ve rbs, e.g. want, ta ke a nothe r ve rb w i t h to-

I decided

/ a language

Very much is an a dve rb, so it ca nnot go be twe e n

infinitive . / want

programme

to-infinitive;

Some ve rbs, e.g. enjoy, ta ke a nothe r ve rb w i t h -ing. I enjoy learning

/ a study

Greek one day.

like to be in a strange town without

you like to come to the cinema with me?

any mo/|

ractice Complete t h e s e n t e n c e s u s i n g t h e v e r b s i n b r a c k e t s in

watching.'

the -ing o r t o - i n f i n i t i v e f o r m .

channel f o r teenagers. T e e n a g e r s w a n t t o

1

Do you p r o m i se

to" t i d y

a special

6

be/being

7

d i f f e r e n t , so a d i f f e r e n t channel is a g o o d idea. T V is a

your r o o m this weekend

g r e a t w a y o f learning. Teenagers can learn to

understand

8

(tidy)? 2

Erica suggests to create/creating

I've always w a n t e d

a d o g (have).

3 Would you m i n d

t e e n a g e r s t h i n k ? Emily, 1 3 , said,'It's a bad idea. W e have

the window,

see/seeing

one more.' Erica s a i d , ' W e are p l a n n i n g to

show/showing

w

4 Dogs d o n ' t e n j o y

at h o m e all day (be).

5 Philip refused

t h e f i r s t p r o g r a m m e o n t h i s n e w channel next spring.'

t o m y advice (listen).

6 Did the h o t e l offer

y o u r r o o m (change)?

7 Children love

t o t h e circus (go).

C o m p l e t e t h e e m a i l w i t h t h e verbs f r o m t h e box. The

D

v e r b s s h o u l d be -ing or t o - i n f i n i t i v e f o r m s .

an u m b r e l l a w i t h us (take).

9 You should avoid

e n o u g h channels already. I w o u l d n ' t like to 9

please (open)? It's t o o h o t here.

8 We don't need

the w o r l d throug h television.' W h a t do

/understanding

t o o many sweet thing s (eat).

10 The workers f i n i s h e d

buy

t h e house (paint).

complain

study

teach

get

hear

learn

listen

spend

write

Rewrite t h e s e s e n t e n c e s u s i n g t h e c o r r e c t f o r m s o f like and would like.

To: [email protected]

1 Do you w a n t a banana? fcfotfUjMt. tike a

I want

ba.tuw .aj

decided

2 I enjoy playing t e n n i s .

^0 COmpUtn

1

Arabic very quickly for a business trip. You

3

promised 3 My dream is t o be a chef.

about Super Lingo. My wife and I Super Lingo because we needed

2

us Arabic in two weeks. We started

4

a month ago and finished

5

to all the CDs last week. And now? We know nothing! Super Lingo is useless! The course was very difficult and boring. We certainly didn't enjoy hours translating poems from Arabic into English. 6

4 Do you w a n t t o see m y paintings?

7

5 Going t o t h e t h e a t r e is i n t e r e s t i n g f o r us.

I was very angry, so my wife suggested 6 Can I get y o u a drink?

this

email to you. Please give us back our money immediately; we'd like it this week. We hope from you soon.

1 0

C Underline t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n .

Jane & Peter Stevens

[

Most teenagers like spend/spending

I

of the TV, b u t is t h i s a g o o d t h i n g ? Is T V j u s t a w a y o f

I

avoiding to do/doing

1

t i m e in f r o n t

s o m e t h i n g m o r e useful? S o m e

2

people think t h a t m o s t T V p r o g r a m m e s are n o t r i g h t for teenagers. Teenagers need t o have/having

better

3

^hi^ o u M i o t ^ ^

programmes,' agrees T V p r o d u c e r Erica J o h n s o n . ' O u r TV company promises r o make/making

educational

4

programmes w h i c h teenagers w i l l e n j o y to 5

t r u e se nte nce s

a bout yourse lf using t h e ve rbs on page 9 2 .

watch/

E xa mple s:

(want to be a doctor, My ancle tides skiing very mack. •••••••••••••• •• I t t M M K I I M I I H I I I I

J^ ^ M^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ afi^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ m^ m^ ^ ^ ^ ^

Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1 If you w a n t t o learn a language, y o u need 2 I've 3 I

t o learn Russian. s t u d y i n g every day.

f o r years and years.

a finished

b decided

a don't mind

b don't want

4 The Super Lingo! system d i d n ' t w o r k , b u t t h e y refused 5

like t o buy m y Super Lingo! system?

a study

b studying

c d o n ' t need

m e m y m o n e y back.

a Do you would

b You w o u l d

a t o give

•

b t o gave

c giving

c W o u l d you 3

• •••• i

c t o study

c enjoyed

S 1? £ B

e

°il

3

T : SJ3 M SUE ilS9j_A\A/

• • • • »

V e r b + -ing o r v e r b + t o - i n f i n i t i v e ; like a n d would

like

93

39

State ve rb s Imagine a story.

D o y o u k n o w tha t your b r a i n is a ctua lly d i v i d e d i n t o t w o halves ? Scientists toda y be lie ve tha t the t w o halves o f your bra in ha ve diffe re nt functions. W h e n y o u r e m e m b e r things like words, numbe rs or lists, y o u

» LEFT

are exercising the left side o f your bra in. W h e n y o u

:

see colours, he a r the r h y t h m i n your fa vourite

w

\

o

r

d

RIGHT colours

s

numbers

rhythm

lists

imagination!

song or i m a g i n e a story, y o u are using the right side o f your bra in. W h e n y o u are using o n ly one side o f your bra in, it is simila r to w a l k i n g o n o n ly one leg. I t seems le a rning is easier w h e n y o u use b o t h sides o f your bra in .

T rue o r False? T he le ft a nd r i g h t side s o f t h e bra in a re t h e same. as)E-j :JSMSUV

State ver bs 1

S ta te ve rbs usua lly de scribe a sta te a nd not a n a ction. W e usua lly

S ome c o m m o n sta te ve rbs can have a

use t h e m in t h e simple f o r m , not t h e continuous.

continuous f o r m w i t h a diffe re nt me a ning.

When you see colours...

N O T When you are

seeing...

He has two brothers,

O t h e r sta te ve rbs include : ve rbs o f t h i n k i n g a nd kn o wing forget

He is having

ve rbs o f t h e senses feel

ve rbs o f fe e ling

ve rbs o f

believe

belong own

a good holiday, (activity)

That cake looks nice, (state verb = seem)

posse ssion

I'm looking

at these photos,

(activity)

imagine

hear

doubt

know

see

feel

/ think it's a great idea, (state verb = have the | opinion)

mean

smell

hate

I'm thinking

realise

sound

like

recognise

taste

prefer

understand

want

smell, hear, taste)

be seem

He can't agree promise

tomorrow,

(activity)

W e o f t e n use t h e ve rbs o f sense (see,

I can smell appear

about

love

remember

othe r

94

(state verb = own /

possess)

contain

depend

fit

need

include

• •

w i t h can.

coffee.

hear

you.

See U nit 20 for more information on can. See U nit 28 for more information on verbs of the senses.

Practice A Match the be ginnings t o t h e corre ct e ndings [ 1 Humans h a v e — —

t h e brain has t w o halves,

I 2 The brain is

colours.

!

3 The left and r i g h t sides o f t h e brain have

oxygen t o survive.

4 Scientists t h i n k

7 5 % water,

I

5 The brain needs

w o r d s and numbers,

|

6 With the right side o f t h e brain, y o u see

d i f f e r e n t ways o f w o r k i n g , a very c o m p l e x b r a i n .

I 7 With the left side o f t h e brain, y o u recognise B Underline the corre ct o p t i o n . 1 I promise/am

it

meaning?

3 I saw your d a u g h t e r yesterday. She's growing/grows 4 I disagree/am

/

I w o n ' t t e l l anyone.

promising

2 I don't k n o w this w o r d . W h a t does it mean/is disagreeing

u p fast.

c o m p l e t e l y w i t h w h a t y o u are saying.

I 5 Don't talk t o D a d . He watches/is

TV!

watching

6 My parents don't understand/are

U se your ima gina tion t o a nswe r t h e que stions w i t h f u l l se nte nce s in your note book. U se your o w n ideas or words f r o m t h e box.

why I

not understanding

alone

want t o stop piano lessons. I 7 Doyou remember/Areyou 8 Do computers

t h a t day w e spent in Capri?

remembering

become/Are

computers

more difficult

becoming

birds

flowers

frightened

insects

nothing

sweet

to use?

bitter

d r y sand hard

excited

the horizon

smooth

soft

the wind

9 It seems /It's seeming a shame n o t t o go. 110 I don't doubt/am II

t h a t y o u are r i g h t .

not doubting

Are you O K ? Y o u don't listen/are

112 He believes/is

not listening

You are in the PffffH.

t o me.

J - _- H- __N

e v e r y t h i n g she says.

believing

Do these sentence s de scribe sta te s or a ctivitie s? C o m p l e t e t h e sentences w i t h t h e corre ct f o r m s o f t h e ve rbs in bra cke ts. 1 We

ttont

dave

2

W h a t can y o u smell?

3

W h a t can y o u hear?

very m u c h m o n e y , (have)

You pick an exotic

2 A: Hi, Stan. Y o u l o o k w o r r i e d ! B: I

a b o u t t o m o r r o w ' s m e e t i n g - t h a t ' s all. (think)

3 Where is Carlo? He

a shower, (have)

4 That f o o d

[ (eel ejcctted.

H o w do you feel?

1

4

W h a t does i t f e e l like?

5

H o w does i t taste?

fruit.

great, (look)

5 They

You are in the

a baby. He is six m o n t h s o l d . (have)

6 My dad

t h e p a r t y is a g o o d idea, ( n o t t h i n k)

7 What

you

_

_

_

_

_

_

6

at? (look)

_

_

_

_

_

_

—.

_

_

_

W h a t can y o u smell?

7

W h a t can y o u hear?

8

W h a t can y o u see?

9

H o w do y o u feel?

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1 This song

really b e a u t i f u l . W h o is t h e singer?

2 A: You're using t h e w r o n g side o f y o u r brain. a I don't understand

b I'm n o t u n d e r s t a n d

3 A: You're very q u i e t , T o m .

B:Yes,sorry.

4 It's very noisy here, and

you.

b T h a t means

b sounding

c sounds

c I'm n o t u n d e r s t a n d i n g a b o u t m y holiday.

a I'm n o t h e a r i n g

5 You're very g o o d w i t h colours and stories. a That's mean

a is s o u n d i n g

B: Sorry. a I think

b I d o n ' t hear

b I'mthinking

c I'mthink

c I can't hear

you're p r o b a b l y using t h e r i g h t side o f y o u r b r a i n ,

c That's m e a n i n g IS V K Z T J

• •••

e

J

:S J3 M S U E

iisax Ayv

S t a t e verbs 95

M a t c h t h e sentence beginnings t o t h e correct endings.

A

1 2

He used t o play t h e v i o l i n b u t he had t o give

a

m y pen, b u t he d i d n ' t give it back.

Please t u r n t h e music

b

o f f because I d i d n ' t d o m y h o m e w o r k .

3

Please pick

c

o f f at 7 p m , t h r e e hours late.

4 5 6

1 asked m y m u m

d

up at 6 every m o r n i n g , I hate it!

M y teacher t o l d me

e

so I t o o k it back.

She never stops t a l k i n g

f

o u t w h a t t i m e t h e show starts.

7

M y phone was b r o k e n ,

g

m y r o o m b e f o r e I go o u t .

8

1 wake

h

d o w n , I'm t r y i n g t o c o n c e n t r a t e.

9

The plane t o o k

i

up y o u r c l o t h es f r o m t h e f l o o r .

1 lent h i m

j

a b o u t her daughter.

1 phoned the theatre t o find

k

f o r some m o n e y , b u t she s a i d ' N o ' .

1 have t o t i d y up

I

it up w h e n he b r o k e his a r m .

10 11 12 1 B

1

2

3

4

5

6

M a k e f u l l sentences f r o m t h e w o r d s . 1

I / love / listen / music.

I love listening to music. 2 3

8

9 C

11

12

M a k e q u e s t i o n s f r o m t h e s e n t e n c e s u s i n g t h e w o r d s in brackets. 1

Y o u r sister w o u l d like ? f o r her b i r t h d a y . ( W h a t . . . ?)

(Okat wouU^our sister UU (or der birtkaayf

Yesterday / D a v i d / suggest / go b o w l i n g t o n i g h t . M y m u m / decide / t h r o w away / m y o l d t r a i n e rs /

10

2

Steven has ? b r o t h e r s . ( H o w many... ?)

3

I'm w o r r i e d a b o u t ? ( W h a t . . . ?)

4

This g u i t a r belongs t o ? ( W h o ... ?)

5

W e ' v e g o t a ? house. ( W h a t kind of... ?)

6

The plane t o o k o f f at ? ( W h a t t i m e ... ?)

yesterday.

4

5

W e / w a n t / make / a b i r t h d a y card / Sharon.

Last n i g h t / I / f i n i s h / study / 10 p m .

6

I / not m i n d / w a i t / y o u .

7

This w o r d means ? ( W h a t . . . ?)

7

She / p r o m i s e / t a k e / m e / c i n e m a

8

Pauline w o u l d like t o go ? ( W h e r e . . . ?)

9

This sandwich tastes ? ( W h a t . . . like?)

8

Last w e e k / D u n c a n / o f f e r / buy / m e / a t i c k e t .

9

I / n e e d / s p e a k / J o / now.

10

10

96

A l i s o n / r e f u s e / p a y / h e r dinner.

T h e y w e r e w a i t i n g f o r ? ( W h o . . . ?)

D Complete t h e t e x t u s i n g t h e w o r d s i n t h e b o x . bought make

getting offered

Yesterday 1

getting

got

p l a n n ed

got

prefer

laughed

turned

to meet at 3 p m at t h e s h o p p i n g centre. 1 because I can n e v e r

made

wanted

t o b u y some n e w shoes, and W e n d y

3

t o help m e choose. I a l w a y s

4

looked

wait

really angry w i t h W e n d y . W e •

JSfe

1

had

sat

shopping w i t h a friend,

5

a decision. Last t i m e I w e n t s h o p p i n g alone I

6

a mistak e and b o u g h t a very ugly hat, and all m y f r i e n d s

7

8

at me. I started

w o r r i e d a b o u t her w h e n she s t i l l w a s n ' t t h e r e at 5 p m . It w a s

9

dark, but I c o u l d n ' t p h o n e her because her p h o n e was b r o k e n . W h e n s h e t e r r i b l e . She

1 2

o n t h e w r o n g bus. T h e n t h e b u s 16

u p she

d o w n and e x p l a i n e d . ' S o r r y I'm late. I

1 3

to she told me t h e w h o l e story.

1 0

1 1

E Complete t h e a d v e r t . U s e o n e w o r d i n each g a p .

an accident and I had

1 5

f o r t h e police. It w a s t e r r i b l e . ' S o 1

1

her a coffee and

7

C ross o u t a ll t h e w r o n g options. 1

She bed-/is

a g o o d t i m e at t h e

having/is-get

moment. 2

W e had got/is

an accident o n t h e

having/had

w a y h o m e last n i g h t . 3

W h a t t i m e d i d y o u g e t by/from/to

4

He's l o o k i n g up/after/like

w h i l e his parents are at w o r k .

Do you love da ncing? Do you wa nt to get some e xe rcise ? W ould you like to learn some thing ne w? D o you wa nt to ma ke frie nds? D o you e njoy listening to.

1

T he n c o m e

Latin Ame rica n music?

5 6

D i d y o u l o o k at/ for/after Yd like/liking/liked

9

T h e y like to /are liking/like

like her your keys in t h e

11

Think of/Think

about/Think

c o m i n g w i t h us

W h e n d i d your visitors finally t u r n

over/up/

down last n i g h t ? 12

T h e music was t o o q u i e t so I turned it turned

Y O U ! Just do your best

s w i m m i n g in t h e

tomorrow.

come a nd ha ve fun. W e ca n help you to be a great dancer, but it de pe nds

t o g o o u t f o r dinner t o n i g h t .

lake.

that! You

don't ha ve to be a good da nce r - just

5

looking/looks

8

10

3

4

She is look/is grandmother.

Do you think you ca n't da nce ? D o you you? Don't worry

t h e l o n g w o r d in a

kitchen?

Club!

think pe ople will la ugh

W e l o o k e d after/up/at dictionary.

7

our S a lsa

2

work?

his baby b r o t h e r

up it / turned

down/

it up.

and you'll do we ll. T he course consists 2 0 le ssons, so you ha ve

6

lots of time to get better a nd better. So wha t are you wa iting P ut

8

7

?

your da ncing shoe s

and come to S a lsa C lub!

Review 7 97

Co untable and uncountable nouns

40

Wher e does sand come from?

G

rains of sand are really very small pieces of rock. It takes a long time to change rock into sand. On beaches, waves hit the rock and break it up. The salt in the sea water also attacks the rocks. Rain, ice and wind are important too. waves

The sand on the beach can be many different colours. Tropical white sand usually comes from white limestone ^ rock. Red sand means there is iron in the rocks. Sand from volcanic • rock can be black or even green. m

sand

N a m e t h r e e t h i n g s t h a t break up rock and m a k e sand.

™™

PU|M '9D| 'UjEJ 'B9S

Uj }|BS 'S8ABM :SJ9MSUV

Cou n t able a n d u n cou n t a b le n ou n s 1

C ounta ble nouns are nouns w e can count. T he y ha ve singula r a nd

3

plura l forms. U se t h e a rticle s a or an be fore a singula r noun.

S ome nouns can be b o t h counta ble a nd uncounta ble w i t h a diffe re nce in me a ning.

a beach, an apple, a wave rock ( uncounta ble = the material) Use words like some, many, twenty or nothing be fore a plura l noun. some beaches, many rocks, two apples, waves 2

a rock (countable = a piece o f rock)

U ncounta ble nouns o f t e n re fe r t o liquids, ma te ria ls, ge ne ra l coffee ( u n c o u n t a b l e = t h e substance)

conce pts a nd a bstra ct qua litie s. U ncounta ble nouns a re s i n g u l a r the y don't usua lly ha ve plura l forms. The homework

is easy. N O T The homcworks

arc easy.

a coffee (countable = a cup o f coffee)

D on' t use a or an be fore uncounta ble nouns; use words like

some,

any, no or no a rticle .

ff^

some sand, no rain, furniture, • •

hair (uncountable)

time a hair (countable = one hair)

See U nit 45 for more informa tion on some, any and no. See U nit 47 for more informa tion on many. 4 Some nouns which are uncounta ble in English ma y be counta ble

U ncounta ble nouns can be counta ble i f we use e xpre ssions such as:

in your o w n language. In English, the se nouns are uncounta ble :

a piece of advice / fruit / information

accommodation

furniture

knowledge

music

traffic

a slice of bread / toast / cheese

advice

homework,

luggage

news

transport

a bar of

fruit

information

money

Can I have some information

? N O T Can I have some informations

?

a grain of sand a glass of

98

chocolate

a cup of coffee / tea

pasta

water

/ news

Practice A Which o f t h e s e w o r d s can be u s e d i n t h e p l u r a l ? accommodation cup

furniture

piece

room

bag

beach

happiness table

car

luggage

wav e

1

—

Next time you buy

melon

2

work

accommodation,

of

3

Let's make some cheese

4

Black sand come/comes

5

Can y o u give m e some

6

He has l o n g hair/hairs

7

S p a g h e t t i is/are

8

T h e r e are a l o t o f bus/buses

9

G o o d luck/lucks

bar o f c h o c o l a t e, t h i n k a b o u t

cacao trees. T h e y g r o w m a i n l y in S o u t h

The Aztecs t h o u g h t

advice/advices? and dark

eye/eyes.

my favourite food. in t h e city centre.

in y o u r n e w j o b . n o t very g o o d .

U se t h e counta ble nouns in e ithe r t h e singula r or plura l car

cocoa beans w e r e very

5

food

love

friend

money

g o o d looks

music

weekend

knowledge work

wisdom.

6

•

The Aztecs and t h e M a y a used t h e beans t o make

*

The w o r d 'chocolate' comes f r o m

E xa mple s: (Oorlc is important to me.

h o t drink.

7

w o r d in t h e

8

f) car isn't important to me,

Aztec language, xocoatl. The Spanish b r o u g h t

9

friends are important to me,

cocoa t o Europe in t h e

1 6 century. They m i x e d t h e beans w i t h th

i m p o r t a n t t o me.

1

1 0

2

sugar. *

sandwich/sandwiches. f r o m volcanic rock.

form.

important. They b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e beans b r o u g h t

•

information/

[HZZ

Amazing Chocolate Facts

*

The news is /are

10

America and Africa. •

The w o m a n gave m e some u s e f u l

chocolat e c o m e f r o m ? 2

cocoa b u t t e r ? This b u t t e r comes f r o m t h e beans 4

t o Miss

informations.

where it came f r o m . D i d y o u k n o w t h a t it is m a d e f r o m I

D i d y o u s h o w y o u r homework/homeworks Elliot?

Complete t h e t e x t by w r i t i n g a, an o r - (= n o a r t i c l e ) .

Where d o e s

U nde rline t h e corre ct o p t i o n . 1

cotton

bad,

can't be used in t h e p l u r a l :

|

job

traffic

can be used in t h e plura l:

bread

C

I c a n n o t live w i t h o u t

3

t h e best!

There are 5 m g o f caffeine in 2 5 g o f m i l k c h o c o l a t e.

4

n o t essential in life.

In

5

all y o u need.

There i s

i r o n in cocoa.

1 1

1 2

cup o f coffee, t h e r e are a b o u t 1 0 0 m g o f

last forever.

6

caffeine.

7

Everyone needs

8

beautiful.

Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1 When I came h o m e f r o m t h e beach, m y socks w e r e f u l l o f a red grain o f sand 2 I found a beautiful rock

b red grains o f sand

c a red grain o f sand

o n t h e beach, so I picked it up and t o o k it h o m e . b a b e a u t i f u l rock

3 I didn't eat m y bar o f

c s o m e b e a u t i f u l rocks

because it f e l l o n t h e sand,

4 I always listen t o Paul w h e n I need some g o o d 5 Could I have

, please?

a t w o coffees

a bread

b c h o c o l a te

a informations b t w o cup o f coffees

c pasta

b advice

c knowledges

c t w o coffee

• • e• • • * • <

E S qfr q£ qz q i :SJ3MSUE j j s a i A w

Countable and uncountable nouns

99

Plural nouns

41

He ate 47 sandwiches in ten minutes.

Amazing people

Joe y C h e s t n u t ( U S A ) c a n e a t 47 che e se s a n d w i c h e s in te n minutes.

R on H ill ( E ngla nd) ha sr u n 115 m a r a t h o n s . H e ha sr u n

M u l a i I sma il ( E m p e r o r of

more tha n 290,000 k i l o m e t r e s

M o r o c c o ) h a d a lot of c h i l d r e n .

- five t i m e s a r o u n d t h e w o r l d .

R e c o r d s for 1703 show h e h a d 342 d a u g h t e r s a n d5 2 5 sons.

S usa n Ba ke r ( Austra lia ) love s the colour ora nge .

M a t c h t h e n u m b e r s t o the

E nid Blyton ( E ngla nd) wrote

H e r h o u s e is f u l l o f o r a n g e

m o r e tha n 8 0 0 b o o k s a n d short

things, e ve rything from cups

storie s for y o u n g pe ople . Y ou

plura l nouns: 1 47

a

2 90

b sons

ma ra thons

a n d k n i v e s to d r e s s e s a n d

c a n r e a d t r a n s l a t i o n s of h e r

pyjamas.

b o o k s i n a lmost 9 0 diffe re nt

3 115

c

languages.

4 525

d sandwiches

languages

£ ?Z PI :sJ3AASuy

E

Plu r a l n oun s 1

C ounta ble nouns (e.g. chair, apple) plura l (e.g. chairs, apples). advice, information) (advices, •

S ome c o m m o n nouns have spe cia l plura ls.

T he re a re counta ble a nd uncounta ble nouns. can be in t h e

U ncounta ble nouns (e.g.

ca nnot usua lly be in t h e plura l

informations).

child -* children

person •+ people

fish -> fish

sheep -» sheep

foot -> feet

tooth

man -* men

woman -> women

mouse -> mice

See Unit 40 for more information on countable and uncountable nouns.

S ome nouns only have a plura l f o r m , e.g. glassesjeans, scissors,

In t h e plura l w e usua lly a dd -s.

trousers.

gardens

Susan wears orange

dresses •+

the se nouns to

pyjamas.

Can I have the scissors,

I f t h e w o r d e nds in -s, -ch, -sh, -x, w e a dd -es. sandwich

W e can use a pair of before

pyjamas\

me a n one i t e m , t h e n w e t r e a t it as a singula r.

banana -> bananas, cat -> cats, garden -*

dress

-» teeth

sandwiches

please?

There are some

I K i ^j *

There is a pair of

glasses

f B B K

glasses on the tabid

on the table.

wish •+ wishes box -> boxes M a n y words ending-f(e) knife -> knives, loaf-*

W h e n t a l k i n g a bout things in ge ne ra l, use a plura l noun

e nd in -ves in t h e plura l.

a nd no a rticle .

loaves, wife -> wives

I f the w o r d e nds in consona nt + -y, w e cha nge t h e -y t o -ie.

Enid loved

children.

Ron doesn't

run marathons

now.

story -> stories, city -> cities But i f t h e w o r d e nds in v o w e l + -y, w e j u st a dd -s. day

days, monkey ->

monkeys

•

See Units 42 and 43 for more informa tion on articles.

4

S ome nouns, e.g. s t a f f a nd police, t h e m like plura l nouns.

S ome words e nding in -o ta ke -s, b u t some ta ke -es. piano -» pianos, photo potato •

-> potatoes,

How many staff work in this

-> photos,

tomato

->

See page 183 for more spelling rules.

school?

The police are here.

tomatoes 5

S ome nouns which re fe r t o groups o f pe ople , e.g. team, company,

can be singula r or plura l.

Her family

100

look singula r but w e use

lives / live in Verona.

family,

Practice D

A Write t h e p l u r a l s . <%>

C o m p l e t e t h e t e x t w i t h t h e p l u r a l f o r m s o f t h e n o u n s in brackets.

I I a dog

-

2 a girl

[3 a table

-

4 a person

Peter O l s e n f r o m Aarhus in D e n m a r k is an a m a z i n g

15 a leg

-

6 a beach

collector. He collects e v e r y t h i n g ! Peter s t a r t e d his

8 a bike

collection w i t h t o y

[7 a tomato -

1 0 a sheep

has 8 7 0 d i f f e r e n t

I I I a fox

-

12 a photo

two

• 3 a family

-

1 4 a wish

began t o c o l l e c t

9 a country

Complete t h e s e n t e n c e s u s i n g t h e p l u r a l s o f t h e w o r d s

cars

1

(room) o f his house. Then Peter

3

(clock) and

4

5

(watch). He is never late f o r

6

(meeting)! Peter has many

c o l l e c t i o n s b u t his f a v o u r i t e is p r o b a b l y his smallest: he

in the box.

o w n s 2 1 plastic C h r i s t m a s bag wife

(car) and he n o w (model). They f i l l

2

bus

child

wolf

piano

r u n n or

sandwich

tooth

Peter's t w o

(child) t h i n k t h e i r dad is

great. Tomas, 9 years o l d , s a y s , ' N o t many

woman

(person) u n d e r s t a n d D a d b u t w e do.

9

runners

1 There are f o u r

(tree).

7

8

in a 4 x 1 0 0 m t e a m .

2 You'll need some

O K , t h e house is f u l l o f

t o carry t h e s h o p p i n g .

She has t w o

li

(box) and

1 0

(shelf) b u t w e d o n ' t mind.'

: a b o y and a g i r l.

King Henry VI11 o f England had six Humans usually have 32 We need t w o

f o r the concert.

There are bears and

in t h e f o r e s t .

No

o r t r a i n s go t o t o w n o n Sundays.

The decathlon is f o r m e n , t h e h e p t a t h l o n is f o r I 10 They had cheese

/

D o y o u like these things? W h y (not)? W r i t e y o u r

answers in y o u r n o t e b o o k , t h e n w r i t e f o u r sentences about o t h e r things you like / don't like.

f o r lunch.

|C Underline the corre ct option . 1

I think snakes is/are

2 My house has/have 3 Sheep eat/eats

very nice pets. mice.

grass.

4 Your pyjamas is/are

in t h e c u p b o a r d .

5 One o f t h e s t u d e n t s come/comes 6 There is/are 7 Do/Does

1

mouse

2

Monday

I don't likt mice. I'm afraid of them.

3

blackjeans

4

cheese sandwich

5

butterfly

6

h i p - h o p music

7

orange f u r n i t u r e

f r o m Venezuela.

a pair o f scissors o n t h e desk.

children learn Italian in England?

8 Not many peopl e understands

my jokes.

/understand

9 Jack and Jill's best f r i e n d live/lives

next t o m e .

10 Is/Are y o u r jeans d i r t y ?

• • • • • i

• • • • •

• • • • i

•

• * •

• • • • •

V Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n .

I

I 1 Mulai Ismail d i d n ' t k n o w t h e names o f all his 2 I'm hungry. Can y o u make m e some a sandwiches w i t h cheese and t o m a t o e s very small t e e t h .

c wives and babies

? Just 4 0 o r 5 0 , please. ?

a M o u s e have

5 While he was stealing t h e car, t h e

b w i f e s and babys

b sandwichs w i t h cheese and t o m a t o e s

3 I need t o cut this paper. D o y o u have I 4

a w i f e s and baby

a a pair o f scissor b M o u s e s have

filminghim.

c sandwiches w i t h cheese and t o m a t o s

b a scissors

c a pair o f scissors

c M i c e have

a policeswere

b policewas

c policewere 3

S fc £ Z T 3

3

E

3

: S J3 M S U E

jjsax

Plural nouns

fi.y*i

101

r

Article s 1

42

Do you know the answer?

What happened? R o m e o a nd Julie t a r e in a room.

T he y a re

in t h e middle o f t h e r o o m , on t h e

floor.

T h e y a r e d e a d . N e x t t o t h e m t h e r e is s o m e gla ss. T h e g l a s s is b r o k e n . In t h e r o o m you ca n a lso s e e a n ope n w i n d o w . It isn't a h o t d a y b u t t h e w i n d o w is still ope n. H o w did R o m e o a nd J u l i e t d i e ? Is t h e r e a n a nswe r t o t h e puzzle?

O

•AEME UBJ IBD a q i wocu a q i ui auiED puE asiou a qi pjesii U EW v ]Moq a m a>|Ojq JED a i| j. M opujM a q j LjSnojqi u| BWED JED XjSunij V IMoq qsq ua>(Ojq B W 0 4 SJ SSE|S 3 i | i qsy ajE la qnf puE oa woy :J3MSUV

Ar t icle s 1 1

Article s (a, an or the) go be fore nouns. S ome time s, t h e re is no a rticle be fore a noun. / saw a cat

outside.

I gave some fish to the

cat.

I like cats. 2

h is a consona nt, so use a w i t h words which begin w i t h h in sound a nd spe lling. It isn't a hot day. A hungry

cat.

Y ou say an hour and an honour

N a me s o f pe ople a nd places usua lly have no a rticle . Romeo and Juliet

a nd honour

/'ona/

because hour /'aus/

sta rt w i t h v o w e l sounds.

lived in Verona. U se the be fore singula r a nd plura l counta ble nouns and

3

W e don't use a rticle s w h e n w e a re t a l k i n g a bout things

uncounta ble nouns.

in ge ne ra l w i t h plura l or uncounta ble nouns (e.g. houses,

The window

is open.

information).

What's the

news?

I like

puzzles.

Cats drink

U se the w h e n t h e spe a ke r a nd liste ne r both know what

milk.

is be ing ta lke d a bout. 4

5

W e use a or an w i t h singula r counta ble nouns w h e n w e

The glass is broken. (= the glass was me ntione d in the

are t a lking a bout only one pe rson or one t h i n g .

previous sentence)

Juliet had a brother.

/ saw the cat. (= the cat we both know)

Do you want an

The bank is closed. (= our bank)

apple?

Use a or an t o t a lk a bout which j o b some body has. My mum is an engineer. Shakespeare

was a writer.

N o t e t h e diffe re nce : / have an idea. (= but I haven't told you wha t it is yet, so you don't know)

6

U se a be fore a consona nt sound ( / b/ , / t/ , / s/ , etc.) a nd an

/ like the idea. (= we both know which

be fore a v o w e l sound (/e/, / o / , / u / , etc.).

idea we're ta lking a bout)

There is a room. You can see an open

102

window.

See Unit 40 f o r article use with countable a uncountable nouns.

ractice K Underline the corre ct option . I get a same bus/the

C bus every m o r n i n g .

same bus/same

John is a nurse/ the nurse/nurse I'm busy. I'll f e e d a cat/the

False.

at H o p e H o s p i t a l . later.

cat/cat

1

There are a l o t o f s t u d e n t s in a Manchester/

the

tomato/

Please give me a scissors /the

scissors

2

colours / o f / English / f l a g / are / red / and / blue

3

cats / have / nine / lives

4

t h e r e / is / t o w n / called / M o s c o w / in / A m e r i c a

Fruit o r vegetable?

tomato?

My dog loves a chocolate/the

Shakespeare / was / a c t o r Skafcespcare was a * actor. True.

Manchester/

Manchester. W h a t is a tomato/the

M a k e f u l l se nte nce s f r o m t h e words, a dding a rticle s i f necessary. T he n ma rk t h e m T rue or

/scissors.

chocolate/chocolate.

Frankenstein is a horror story / the horror

story /horror

story

by

Mary Shelley. Did you see a game/the

last n i g h t ?

game/game

It was great. 10 A sport /The sport/Sport

is i m p o r t a n t .

11 I have an older brother/

the older brother/older

12 Where is a Post Office/the

5

brother.

Office? I can't f i n d it.

Post Office/Post

' m u s i c a l s ' / are / plays / or / f i l m s / w i t h / singers / and / dancers

Complete t h e puz z le w i t h a, an, the or - (= no a rticle ) . This puzzle is a b o u t Darkville. It i s

3

university a n d

5

a

1

old t o w n w i t h

weather is bad. N o lights are o n i n shops i n

m i l e / is / l o n g e r / t h a n / k i l o m e t r e

7

Elvis / Presley / played / concer t / in / L o n d o n

8

o r i g i n a l / n a m e / o f / N e w York / was / N e w Rome

t o w n . It is

9

black d o g . T h e r e is no m o o n a n d

1 0

6

6

d o g is w a l k i n g d o w n

7

m a i n road o f

2

4

history m u s e u m .

tourists o f t e n visit it. N o w 8

t o w n called

1 1

streets. A l l

1 2

t o w n are closed. N o w

1 4

m a n is d r i v i n g q u i c k l y f r o m

airport.

1 6

headlights o f his car are n o t o n . He a l m o s t hits d o g . There is n e a r l y 20

stops doesn't die. It i s man see

accident b u t he

1 9

car. Luckily,

d o g survives. It

miracle - h o w d i d

2 2

dog? You k n o w ,

2 4

2 3

l i f e is

2 5

In your note book, w r i t e six se nte nce s a bout

sometimes very strange... (See

w h a t you can see a round you now.

b o t t o m o f t h e page f o r

26

answer t o

2 7

Example: I can see a cat, Tke cat is ctimbirwj a tree.

puzzle.)

2 8

Circle the corre ct option. A man and his son loved c l i m b i n g

m o u n t a i n s . O n e day, t h e y w e r e c l i m b i n g

1

fell and cut his head. The b o y l o o k e d t e r r i b l e - he had The man p h o n e d f o r help, and a f t e r a b o u t

5

2

mountain w h e n

3

son

b l o o d o n his face, his hair and his clothes - b u t he f e l t O K .

4

hour, a h e l i c o p t e r came and t o o k t h e b o y t o h o s p i t a l . The m a n had t o

stay on the m o u n t a i n . A t t h e h o s p i t a l , a d o c t o r s t a r t e d t o clean

6

b l o o d f r o m t h e boy's face. Suddenl y t h e d o c t o r

said,'Oh no! This is m y son!' How is this possible? 1 a the

b an

c a

d

-

3 a the

b an

c a

d

-

5 a the

b an

c a

d

-

L _ qgju iou 'Xep S| i| :g aspjaxg 0 } jaMSuy

2 4 6

a the

b an

c a

d

a the

b an

c a

d

a the

b an

c a

d J3L|JOLU s / o q a qj S BM j o p o p a qx

eg qg pt> e£ 3 3 pi :SJ3MSUE jjsaj. /

Article s 1

103

Article s 2

'43

Play music and watch the bir d s.

c|| +

Blogj/pot r

The most famous guit ar in the world is the Fender Stratocaster (St rat ). An American Standard Stratocaster is a classic guitar. The colour is beaut iful. The sound is perfect . People play guit ars for many reasons: fun, money, interest. There is one reason why I play the St rat ocast er: love. What is happiness? Take a St rat , put it in a rucksack, go t o the t rain st at ion, buy a t icket to the seaside and stay there for a month. Play music on the beach, swim and watch the birds every day. This is happiness. W h y d o p e o p l e pla y guita rs? a fun

b mone y

c in t e re st

d a ll o f the se things

Ar t icle s 2 1

Use the be fore things in t h e w o r l d t h a t w e a ll k n o w

O n l y use the w i t h uncounta ble nouns (music, air,

a bout. E xa mple s a re : the desert,

furniture,

river, the sea a nd the

the mountains,

the

Money

Swim in the river. The country

is quieter

than the

etc.) i f t h e y are specific things we know

a bout. N o t e t h e diffe re nce :

town.

does not bring happiness.

Where is the money?(=

town.

(= m o n e y in general)

physical m o n e y y o u can touch

Coffee is bad for you. (= all coffee) 2

Use the be fore things t h a t a re t h e only one s a round us,

Put the coffee on the table. (= t h i s cup o f coffee)

or t h a t are unique . Look at the moon. (There is only one moon we can see.) She's the best singer in the world. (There is only one

W e can t a lk a bout specific type s a nd e xa mple s of

world.)

things w i t h the a nd a singula r counta ble noun. The guitar

3

Use the w i t h stre e ts a nd hote ls. Walk across the road

is very popular

today, (the guitar

= a type

o f musical i n s t r u m e n t )

carefully.

Marconi

invented

the radio, (the radio = an example

o f technology) 4

Use the be fore supe rla tive s (smallest, interesting,

The most famous It is the • •

most

etc.). guitar

in the

world.

best.

See U nit 42 for the basic rules for articles. See U nit 40 for countable and uncountable nouns.

104

U se a or an w i t h nouns t o t a l k a bout some thing tha t t h e liste ne r doe sn't k n o w a bout ye t. There is a concert

tonight.

Listen to this, it's a true

story.

Practice |\ Complete t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h a, an o r the. 1 Do you play 2 It's

tke

guitar?

second house o n t h e l e f t .

3 Esperanto is 4

7

car/full / is/park/again.

8

music/need/people.

language.

longest river is in Brazil.

5 When I was y o u n g I had

D

dog.

6 Wear

dress y o u b o u g h t last week .

7 I love

sea.

8 That is

tke^uitar

«*]

Billy w a n t e d t o play ~ V * j i ^ — because he loved J 4 . r

i n t e r e s t i n g idea.

2

But t h e r e was a p r o b l e m . He had no m o n e y t o buy one.

Match t h e pairs . 1 1 can see

C r o s s o u t t h e p i c t u r e s in t h i s s t o r y a n d w r i t e t h e c o r r e c t w o r d s w i t h a, an, the o r - (= n o a r t i c l e ) .

—

^

He lived near a big f o r e s t and every day he w a l k e d in

a

money.

2 Everyone n e e d s —

b

the money.

3 Turn on

a

t h e light.

4 Plants die w i t h o u t

b

light.

5 The bread

a

is easy t o make.

6 Bread

b

is in t h e kitchen

7 1 want t o study

a

music.

8 Listen t o

b

t h e music.

a

is in t h e car.

b

is a sport.

and d r e a m e d a b o u t a guitar. O n e day Billy sat

3

9 Football 10 The f o o t b a l l

u n d e r

4

a n d

beautifully.

B

listened t o

. T h e y sang

| was shining. Billy was t h i n k i n g .

' G u i t a r s are m a d e o f ' w a l k e d back t o

9

^0^,

. I can make

}JJ~ ' "!' He

8

w e n t h o m e and g o t

some string. He w e n t back t o

1 0

,-ff^^ and

. Billy made his

!

guitar. The birds sang and Billy played. He was happy now.

Make sentences by p u t t i n g t h e w o r d s in t h e c o r r e c t order. A d d a, an o r the i f necessary. 1 i n / I / m o u n t a i n s / live

I im in tke mountains.

2 w h e r e / t o m o r r o w / i s / party / ?

^m ^ o u n T o t ^ ^

w i t h a, an,

the o r - (= n o a r t i c l e ) a n d t h e n o u n .

3 night / was / it / e x c i t i n g

r) vegetable.

1

W h a t is a carrot?

4 most / is / b e a u t i f u l / w h o / ?

2

W h a t musical i n s t r u m e n t w o u l d y o u like t o play?

3

W h e r e can y o u s w i m in salt w a t e r ?

5 animal / is / horse

4

W h a t d o y o u p u t in coffee?

5

W h a t was t h e Titanic?

6

W h a t o b j e c t can y o u see in t h e sky at night?

7

W h a t plastic t h i n g can y o u use in a shop?

8

M o n e y c a n n o t buy...?

6 hot / nice / is / m i l k / o n / cold / day

—

—

—

—

—

Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n .

I

1 I'm sorry. I've b r o k e n y o u r Stratocaster. I was playing music o n t h e beach and it f e l l in 2

m o s t expensive Stratocaster costs a b o u t $ 1 2 , 0 0 0 .

3 I usually play a guitar f o r t h e f u n

a A

b An

sea.

a a

b the

c -

|

c The

, b u t s o m e t i m e s I play it f o r m o n e y . b the guitar f o r a f u n

4 My f r i e n d has j u s t b o u g h t 5 W h o invented

1

c the guitar for fun

o l d guitar. It's 4 0 years o l d and it sounds fantastic .

electric guitar ?

a an

b the

a an

b the c

c qS e-fc. D£ JZ q i :SJ9MSUE iJsaj. ^W

Articles 2

105

A

W r i t e t h e plura ls o f the se nouns. boy-

1

5 shoe9 computerk n i fe -

13 B

C

childtomato -

3

dog-

4

man-

7

box-

8

table -

ckiUm

10

mouse-

11

tooth -

14

house -

15

dictionary-

12

banana -

C ha nge t h e se nte nce s into t h e plura l. Be ca re ful w i t h wo rds like a, the, some a nd this.

These boijs have found some keijs. / These beijs have (oanci tetjs.

1

This b o y has f o u n d a key.

2

T h a t lady has a p r e t t y baby.

3

The m a n is g o i n g t o buy a n e w w a t c h .

4

The w o m a n f o u n d a m o u s e u n d e r t h e piano.

5

T h a t g i r l s t o l e a glass.

6

This bus has a b r o k e n w i n d o w .

7

The chil d is e a t i n g a p o t a t o .

8

T h a t f a r m e r is b u y i n g a sheep and a fish.

P ut t h e nouns f r o m t h e box in t h e corre ct places in t h e ta ble . advice fun

air

music trip

chair

furniture

icecream

D

2 6

family

feeling

garden

information

problem water

city

game

a /an

help

chair

luggage

soap

soup

tree

work

U nde rline t h e corre ct o p t i o n . 1

Jill j u m p e d i n t o a/some

2

I have j u s t read any/a

water. b o o k a b o u t it.

3

He d i d a/some

good work.

4

He d i d a/some

good job.

5

A/Some

6

M r and M r s B r o w n d o n ' t have any/some

7

Have y o u lost any/a

8

The police n o w have some/an

9

W o u l d y o u like t o c o m e o n some/a

10

106

p e o p l e like it. children.

money?

Please give m e some/an

information.

advice.

trip?

some

water

I

Match the pairs. 1 We need t o t a l k a b o u t y o u r plans f o r t h e f u t u r e . D o y o u have

a

time?

2 I've f o r g o t t e n m y w a t c h . D o y o u have

b

the time?

3 Do you o f t e n eat

a

a pizza?

4 Do you w a n t t o eat

b

pizzas?

5 1 want t o be a teacher because 1 love

a

children.

6 Dinner's ready. Please go and t e l l

b

the children.

7 Her house is in t h e m i d d l e o f

a

a forest.

8 1 love w a l k i n g in

b

the forest.

9 Marconi i n v e n t e d 10 My mobil e phone d o e s n 't have

a

a radio.

b

t h e radio.

11 My sister never drinks

a

milk.

12 Ugh... this coffee's d i s g u s t i n g . There's s o m e t h i n g w r o n g w i t h

b

the milk.

f Write a, an, the or - (= no a rticle ) in each space. Last year w e w e n t t o W a l e s f o r family o f

3

ft

1

h o l i d a y and w e stayed in

mice was l i v i n g i n

4

o l d house.

2

house t o o . W e never saw

5

mice, b u t w e k n e w t h e y w e r e t h e r e , because t h e y used t o eat o u r b r e a d .

6

On

last day o f

7

mice, so we b o u g h t

smelly cheese. T h a t n i g h t , w e p u t

b o w l and p u t

1 2

room. We sat in

h o l i d a y w e decide d w e w a n t e d t o see

8

1 0

b o w l on

1 3

dark and w a i t e d f o r

1 6

floor o f

1 4

make myself some bread o n

light I s a w

2 3

k i t c h e n t a b l e and e a t i n g

2 5

k i t c h en t o

1 9

s a n d w i c h. I r e m e m b e r e d t h e r e was some

2 1

t a b l e. W h e n I t u r n e d o n

2 2

It was sitting on

t e a and

2 0

living

1 5

mice t o c o m e . A f t e r

1 7

t w o hours o f w a i t i n g , I was f e e l i n g hungry, so I w e n t t o

1 8

9

cheese in

1 1

2 4

mouse.

bread.

2 6

Complete each s e n t e n c e b so t h a t i t m e a n s t h e s a m e as s e n t e n c e a. U s e t w o t o f o u r w o r d s including t h e w o r d i n b r a c k e t s . 1 a She teaches English at o u r school, (teacher) b She's

an £n<jusn teacher

at o u r school.

2 a He's a v i o l i n i s t in an orchestra, (violin) b He

in an orchestra.

3 a I w a n t a relaxing beach h o l i d a y t h i s year, (beach) b This holiday, I w a n t t o relax 4 a W e had some cheese in t h e f r i d g e t h i s m o r n i n g , b u t n o w it's g o n e . W h o ' s eate n it? (all) b Who' s eaten

f r o m t h e f r i d g e ? It was here t h i s m o r n i n g .

5 a Kenny is Tom's o n l y b r o t h e r , (of) b Kenny is

Tom.

6 a I'm g o i n g o u t now. I'll be a b o u t 6 0 m i n u t e s , (hour) b I'm g o i n g o u t now. I'll be back in 7 a Sorry I'm late. I had a m e e t i n g w i t h m y bank manager, (bank) b Sorry I'm late. I w e n t t o

m e e t i n g w i t h t h e manager.

8 a She needs t o t r a v e l t o Italy o n business, (trip) b She needs t o go

t o Italy.

44 tftllo -

This, that, these,

those

This is me.

I'kvt A.v^usVou.vu> av^d I live i-kv

I live lev the kvorth of

£}haiA,a.

cjmav^a w here It's ver y

These children

are

d r y . Bu t yvot a l l of the co u n t r y Is d r y . Th is photo Is of the por t of Accra, av^d those are fi s h i n g boats.

s t u d y i n g at school

w e leam, Kas.ev^a\ ^a^[zaM,

ov^e of

lan gu ages of Cyhav^a, avuX also e^ ujllsh at school.

the

This is kvte fit home. Whet^ I gr ow up, I wai/ vtto be a photographer. I'd lltee to t ake photos of the people av^d children Lwv w.y co u n t r y. TViat's ncy dream.

T rue o r False? A n u s i b u n o spe a ks E nglish as he r first language.

This, that, these, those 1

Use this or that

w i t h a singula r noun.

th/'s photo, that 2

girl

6

What was that

which are near. This photo

for things which ha ppe ne d in t h e past or have

That was a great

hills

W e usua lly use this or these f o r pe ople a nd things

7

U se that

holiday. noise?

t o say more a bout some thing t h a t some one

has ju s t sa id.

is of the port of Accra.

Are these your

U se that

j u s t finishe d.

U se these or those w i t h a plura l noun. these friends, those

3

•]Ooips \ b L|S!]8ug sujea| ai|s '!ue>|ueueuase>| steads aqs as|ej

/ want to be a photographer.

children?

A: She wants to be a 4

W e usua lly use that

or those for pe ople a nd things

B: Really? I didn't

know

That's my

dream.

photographer. that.

which are not near: Who's that

girl over

Those are fishing

8

there?

W e can also use this, that, these a nd those on the ir own. This is me. (= This person in the photo is me.)

boats.

These are my friends. (= These people in the photo are 5

Use this for things which a re ha ppe ning n o w or w i l l

my friends.)

soon ha ppe n.

Who's that?(=

This TV programme

is really interesting.

progra mme I am wa tching now) You'll laugh when you hear this story. (= the story I am a bout to te ll you)

O n t h e phone , we usua lly use this is t o say w h o is spe a king. Hello. This is

108

Fatima.

W ho's tha t person in the photo?)

(= the T V T he short f o r m o f that

is = that's.

This is, these

are a nd those are do not have short forms.

Practice A C o m p l e t e t h i s l e t t e r w i t h this, that, these o r

those.

C

C o m p l e t e t h e s p e e c h b u b b l e s u s i n g this, that, these o r those.

Tilts

1

Is. m.e

at

hofvte with m.y fa k u lly. Is our luyvch. We are eatli/ vg yakvts. are our animals you. cai/ v see outside.

2

3

you'll llt e e photo. Is m.e ngalkv ai/ vd flre kvty -friends. The -photo shows the fir s t day of school. was a special d a y. w e are wearing our school 4

5

6

7

utuform.

8

buildln-g behind us Is the school.

B Underline t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1 Can y o u give me this /that

b o o k o n t h e t o p shelf,

please? 2 Can you hold this/that

f o r me? I need t o put m y hat o n .

3 Come and l o o k at these/ those p h o t o s . 4 A: David f a i l e d his exam. B: Really? I d i d n ' t k n o w 5 Hello, this/that

this/that.

is Alice. Can I speak t o A b e ?

6 Look w h a t I f o u n d ! D o y o u r e m e m b e r

HV TURN!

this/that

photo? 7 This/That 8

film

was a m a z i n g . D i d y o u see it last n i g h t ?

Find a p h o t o w h i c h includes y o u o r s o m e o n e y o u k n o w

j

a n d w r i t e a d e s c r i p t i o n o f w h a t y o u can see, u s i n g this,

I love t h e p a i n t i n g over t h e r e in t h e corner. Just l o o k at

that, these, those, in y o u r n o t e b o o k .

f l o w e r s ! I can't believe t h e y ' r e n o t real.

these/those

Example:

Tdis is me omul nuj cousin, Pavel.

Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1 A: Did y o u k n o w t h e y speak Kasenanankani in Ghana? B: N o , I d i d n ' t . a It's

b This is

2 Look at

interesting.

c That's m o u n t a i n s ! They're so far away, b u t t h e y l o o k really b e a u t i f u l .

a that

3 A: I lived in Ghana f o r e i g h t m o n t h s w h e n I was a s t u d e n t . B: Really? I'm sure a this

b that

4 Mmm,

—

—

—

—

c these

c those f o o d is delicious. D o y o u w a n t t o t r y some?

5 Can y o u help me w i t h —

b those

was an a m a z i n g experience,

—

—

a this

bags, please? They're really heavy. —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

b that

a this —

—

—

c those

b those —

—

—

c these —

—

—

— 3

S

^

— 9£

— qZ

—

_

_

' SJ9 M SU P j}S9J_

J Aw

Some, any, no,

45

none

There are no trains or buses.

Do you have any plans for your vacation? None? Good, then ...

Vi s i t

Kn o y d a r t !

Knoydart is a beautiful place in Scotland. It's perfect for a holiday. You won't find any pollution in Knoydart and there are no cars . The re are some boats to Knoydart but none of them carry cars . Don't worry, there are some roads but you'll have plenty of exercise because there are no trains or buses!

Knoydart has a post office, a school and some small hotels. The hotels are very nice but none of them are very big and some are only open in summer. Do you have any questions? The website at the bottom of the page has some useful information.

U n d e r l i n e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n : K n o y d a r t is a g o o d p l a c e f o r p e o p l e w h o l i k e : quiet holidays/ driving/ big

luxury

hotels.

sAep!]oi| iamb :J3MSUV

Some, any, no, none 1

Use some a nd any t o t a l k

W e can use some in que stions whe n we e xpe ct the answeij

a bout a limit e d q u a n t i t y

'yes', especially for offers, re que sts and suggestions.

o f some thing. U se any, no a nd none

Do you have some good ideas? I'm sure you do!

not...

Would you like some help? (offer)

whe n

Can I have some

the re is nothing t h e r e . birds.

The beach doesn't

have any cafes.

There are no

sugar?(request)

Shall I take some

You can see some

photos?(suggestion)

W e can use any in sta te me nts t o me a n 'it doe sn't matter|

tourists.

Are there any people swimming?

which one '.

No, none.

Use any

colour.

Use some a nd any w i t h counta ble plura l nouns a nd W e can use some a nd any w i t h o u t a f o l l o w i n g noun whej

uncounta ble nouns. Some people like quiet holidays, Do you have any news?(news / need some information,

it is cle a r w h a t some a nd any are re fe rring t o .

(people = plural noun)

There are hotels but some are only open in summer.

= uncounta ble )

(information

We have time for some questions.

= uncounta ble )

See U nit 40 for countable and uncountable nouns.

U se no w i t h counta ble plura l nouns a nd uncounta ble nouns. No is o f t e n more e mpha tic tha n not

W e ofte n use some in sta te me nts. Knoydart

has some

There are no

roads.

/ wanted

any in que stions inste a d o f some.

some water but there was none.

pollution.

Do you want any milk with your coffee ?

10

W e can use o f a fte r some, any a nd none, be fore the or a | pronoun. / read some of the Do any of you speak

website. English?

... none of them are very big.

110

any.

trains.

None = not any.

W e usua lly use any in ne ga tive se nte nce s. W e also use There isn't any

Do you have any?

A Make sentences a bout Susie's shopping ba g using some,

D

C o m p l e t e t h e se nte nce s using t h e words in t h e box a nd some, any a nd no.

2

3

r \

r \ 1

S ome pe ople like Knoyda rt f o r the se reasons:

M

b e a u t i f u l w a l ks

delicious s e a f o o d

friendly people

money

r \

6

4 f \

no traffic

The roads are very q u i e t . There is

1

5

noisy f a c t o r i e s

traffic

live

2 in t h e area.

1 2

Sde das some cdocctate. Sde doesn't dave wyj (isd./Sdedasnofisd.

3

T h e r e aren't

4

T h e h o t e l restaurants serve T h e r e are

5

3

through the country. You d o n ' t need

6

t o e n j o y t h e f r e s h air.

Underline t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1

I'm lucky, I have some/any

MY TURN!

good friends.

2 It's a small r o o m and t h e r e aren't some/any 3 Sundays are q u i e t ; t h e r e is no/none

windows.

traffic o n t h e

streets. 4 I'd love some/any

chocolate cake, please.

5 Bring some w a t e r because t h e r e is no/none 6 I'm afraid there's no/none

I

10 Some/None

1 It das some interesting museums, 2 Tdere aren't aiuj expensive dotek,

help.

8 We need help because some/none 9 There aren't some/any

reasons t o visit your

t o w n or villa ge , using some, any a nd no. E xa mple s:

here.

beach.

7 Sheila doesn't need no/any

^ nyo^ ^

of us u n d e r s t a n d .

questions .

t o u r i s t s p r e f e r t o t r a v e l by t r a i n .

C In your n o t e b o o k , r e w r i t e t h e s e d i a l o g u e s w i t h

some,

any or none t o m a k e t h e m m o r e n a t u r a l . S o m e t i m e s

C ircle t h e corre ct o p t i o n .

more t h a n o n e a n s w e r is p o s s i b l e .

Y o u ' l l have t o w a l k because t h e island doesn't have

1 A: Can I have six o r seven p o t a t o e s ?

taxis.

B: Sorry, w e d o n ' t have t h e m .

A: Can I dave some potatoes " B: Scrrtj, we dont dave anj.

t o Knoydart, but

7

come.

2 A: Have y o u g o t a small a m o u n t o f A m e r i c a n dollars

d o n ' t t h i n k so.

B: Yes, I've g o t a small a m o u n t . B: I don't need help, thanks. 4 A: I need t h r e e o r f o u r biscuits. B: I'm sorry, w e d o n ' t have t h r e e o r f o u r biscuits. W e don't even have one biscuit! 5 A: Do y o u u n d e r s t a n d one o r m o r e o f t h e questions? B: No, n o t one.

b no

c any

them wanted t o

a none o f

b no

A: D o e s K n o y d a r t have

w i t h you? 3 A: W o u l d y o u like a l i t t l e b i t o f help?

a some

I i n v i t e d all m y f r i e n d s t o c o m e w i t h me

C o u l d I have i

c any o f casinos?

a any o f

b some o f

B: N o , I c any

more information about the

h o t e l , please? a no

b none

c some

A: H o w m a n y p e o p l e live o n K n o y d a r t ? idea.

a none

b no q •*

B: I have

c any

3f »7 IT ^JSM^IJP 11931 K\M c

6 A: Yes, we've g o t t h r e e or f o u r . W h i c h d o y o u w a n t ? B: It doesn't m a t t e r . Some, any, no, none

111

46 W h e n t o

Something,

everywhere,

nobody,

anyone

Say nothing.

y o uh a v e

s a y ,s a y

He knows n o t h i n g and he thinks he knows e v e r y t h i n g. That clearly points to a political career. (George Bernard Shaw)

n o t h i n g

n o t h i n g .

( C ha rle s C a le b C olton)

Anyone can catch your eye, but it takes someone special to catch your heart. (Anon)

Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere. (Chinese proverb) c

?--

W h i c h o f t h e s e q u o t e s d o y o u l i k e best?

Something, everyw here, nobody, anyone 1

Use t h e pronouns anything

or something

t o t a lk a bout a

W e can also use pronouns be ginning w i t h any- in sta te me nts t o me a n 'a ll' w h e n it doe sn't m a t t e r who,

t h i n g or an idea. Use t h e pronouns anybody,

somebody,

anyone

or

someone

t o t a lk a bout a pe rson. (The words e nding in -body or -one are t h e sa me in me a ning. )

Use t h e pronouns anywhere

Anyone

can catch your eye. (= all people; it doesn't

ma tte r who the y are) he wants. (= He can go t o all places;

He can go anywhere

Anyone can catch your eye.

I

w h a t or whe re .

it doesn't ma tte r where.) or somewhere

t o t a lk a bout a U se nothing,

place.

nowhere,

nobody

a nd no one in statements |

a nd que stions. 2

Everywhere

(= a ll places), everybody

pe ople ) , everything Nowhere

or everyone

(= a ll

(= a ll things)

(= no place), nobody

to live.

and he thinks he knows

everything.

W e don't ha ve t w o ne ga tive words in one sentence. / didn't

3

W e usua lly use something, someone

somewhere,

somebody

a nd

hear anything.

N O T / didn't

hear

O R / heard

nothing.

nothing.

in sta te me nts.

It takes someone

special to catch your

W e ofte n use anything,

anywhere,

/ can't see

anything.

Is anybody

at home?

heart.

anybody

in ne ga tive se nte nce s a nd que stions.

a nd

W e usua lly use everything, anyone

everyone

everywhere,

everybody

and

in sta te me nts.

Everybody

says it's true. I met

everyone.

1 everyone Everybody

112

Why is no one here ? He has nowhere |

or no one (= no pe rson) ,

nothing (= no t h i n g or not a nything) He knows nothing

He knows nothing.

j everybody

/ everything

+ singula r ve rb

was there. N O T Everybody

were there.

Practice A Match t h e s e n t e n c e b e g i n n i n g s t o t h e c o r r e c t e n d i n g s . 1

A n y t h i n g t h a t can g o w r o n g ,

a

someone t o talk t o .

2

Worrying

b

lasts f o r e v e r ,

c

perfect,

3 Try s o m e t h i n g 4

Nothing

5

If you have hope,

e

w o n ' t help anyone,

6

Nobody's

f

new today,

g

y o u have e v e r y t h i n g

^d

7 Everyone needs

D W r i t e sentences w h i c h mean t h e opposite. 1

She d o e s n 't have a n y w h e r e t o live.

2

I c o u l d see n o o n e .

3

I t o l d t h e police officer e v e r y t h i n g .

4

The w o m a n t o l d me something interesting.

5

Everyone is happy.

6

N o b o d y knows.

7

T h e r e was n o t h i n g unusual a b o u t her.

8

H e hasn't been a n y w h e r e .

Sde das somewhere to live,

w i l l go w r o n g ,

B Underline t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1

Let's go somewhere

special.

/everywhere

2 She doesn't have anything/nothing

nice t o wear.

3 I think there's something/anything 4 I have nothing/anything

strange a b o u t h i m .

n e w t o read.

5 Look in t h e f r i d g e i f you're hungry. Y o u can have anything/something

you want.

6 This music is b o r i n g - I w a n t t o listen t o everything

something/

different.

7 I've m e t someone/anyone 8 Everybody/Everything

special. loves a g o o d story.

C Complete t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h a n a p p r o p r i a t e p r o n o u n . Sometimes t h e r e is m o r e t h a n o n e r i g h t a n s w e r . 1 A: Have y o u seen t h e dog?

B: No, I've looked

everywhere

2 I've g o t

in m y eye.

3 You must c o m e t o t h e p a r t y -

2

going t o be t h e r e . 4 There's

seen m y w a t c h ?

6 My cousin is very shy - she never says I 7 I need t o b u y

f o r dinner.

8 Can

k n o w s t h e answer.

There's

in t h e garden. says it's t r u e .

3

at t h e door.

5 Has

K)o One

1

is

4

I can't see h i m

5

Do

and

w i l l happen.

6

loves a happy e n d i n g .

7

is always r i g h t .

come t o the party or do you

need a t i c k e t ? 9 She lives

in France.

pUffl.

______________

Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1 Please t e l l me

| about your family.

2 A: W h a t d o y o u w a n t f o r y o u r b i r t h d a y ? a Everything

b Anything

a something B:

3 I didn't k n o w

at t h e party, so I w e n t h o m e again. a Everyone makes

5 A: I can't f i n d m y keys

c everyone

c Something

4

mistakes.

b anywhere

I d o n ' t m i n d . I'll be happy w i t h s o m e t h i n g small. a nobody

b A n y b o d y make

B: W h e r e have y o u looked?

b anybody

c no one

c Everybody make

A: Everywhere.

a somewhere

b anything ]

Something,

S

everywhere,

E

t? < K m

E

c anywhere

I

T :sJ3Msue u s a i X w

nobody,

anyone

113

r

47

Much, many, a lot of, a little, a few A lot of fun!

- o.-

The Eco-Blog

Read what our eco-tourists say about travelling in Australia.

A lot of fun!

by Kelly, 24 October th

I ve been on dolphin-watching trips before and often you only get a little time with the dolphins ... but this was different. Port Stephens on the coast of New South Wales is the perfect place to watch dolphins. I saw lots of dolphins jumping over the waves ... fantastic! D o t o u r i s t s a t P ort S te phe ns •

usua lly see d o l p h i n s? not, ajai^M sduj Aueiu JO U

There are not many trips where you don't see a dolphin. But if you are unlucky and only see a dolphin for a few moments, the captain will give you a free ticket for another trip. And the best thing is - it doesn't cost much. What are you waiting for? Buy your ticket today!

•u!i)d]op e aas },uop aje a j a m sax I JBM S U v

Much, many, a lot of, a little, a few 4

W e usua lly use much a nd many

in ne ga tive sentences

a nd que stions. We do not have much Are there many many, a lot of,

not many, a f e w

some

lots o f

5

time.

dolphins

in the Port Stephens bay area?

W e don't usua lly use much in sta te me nts - w e prefer a lot of or lots of It was a lot of fun! N O T It was much

>^

m much, a lot of,

6

J 8 p

W e some time s use many Scientists

not much, a little

some

fun!

in f o r m a l sta te me nts.

have discovered

that many female

live in groups of six or eight

dolphins

animals.

lots o f 7

A lot of or lots of are more c o m m o n in informa l sta te me nts.

Use much w i t h singula r uncounta ble nouns a nd many

/ saw lots of dolphins jumping

over the waves.

w i t h plura l counta ble nouns. We do not have much There are not many

time.

8

trips.

U se a little w i t h singula r uncounta ble nouns a nd a few w i t h plura l nouns. You only get a little time with the

Use a lot of or lots o f w i t h b o t h singula r uncounta ble

You only see a dolphin

for a few

dolphins. moments.

nouns a nd plura l counta ble nouns. It was a lot of I lots of fun. I saw a lot of I lots of

dolphins.

Y ou can le a ve o u t t h e noun a fte r much, many, a little, a few, a lot of and lots of.

W e use a lot of or lots of in sta te me nts a nd ne ga tive sentences a nd in que stions. There is a lot of marine Not a lot of tourists

life in the Port Stephens bay area.

know this

Are there a lot of different

114

place.

types of

dolphin?

It doesn't

cost much. (= It doesn't cost much money.)

How much time do we have? Only a little. (= O nly a little time .) It doesn't cost a lot. (= It doesn't cost a lot o f money.) How much money do we

have?Lots!

Practice A Complete t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h much o r 1 There aren't

C

C o mp le t e t h e blog using a lot of, lots of, much, many, a little or a few.

days b e f o r e t h e exam.

Mty

2 Not winter.

many.

s n o w has f a l l e n in t h e Alps t h i s

3

Kuranda Train and Skyrail, Australia by Ido, 4 July

people are surprised w h e n t h e y f i r s t

th

seethe dolphins. 4 Do the boys have

This is a great day trip. Take the

homework tonight?

5 Did

train through the mountains

c h i l d r en c o m e t o t h e party?

6 There w o n ' t be

and come back by Skyrail.

h o t e l r o o m s at t h i s

The train trip was beautiful - we

time o f year.

we nt p a s t

7 Do you eat

meat?

8 Did you get

presents f o r y o u r

markets at Kuranda, but there weren't good shops - just shops selling tourist souvenirs - so you

g o o d advice.

I 10 There are

waterfalls and through

tunnels! W e wanted to see the traditional

2

birthday? 9 Maria d i d n ' t give me

a tot of

1

won't ne e d''

d i f f e r e n t plants, animals and

money. hours in town should be enough for

insects in t h e rainforest.

most people. You can visit the Butterfly Sanctuary - if you want to - but there are

B Complete each o f t h e s e s e n t e n c e s in t w o d i f f e r e n t

butterflies

6

flying around you for free!

ways, using phrases f r o m t h e b o x a nd a p p r o p r i a t e

You don't need

forms o f t h e v e r b .

time to get to the

7

Skyrail. Skyrail is a cable car that travels only metres above the top of the

love

rainforest. U nfortuna te ly we only had

knowledge

9

time. I wanted to stay all day!

arguments a little

bad marks

a few

salt in y o u r f o o d

MY TURK!

sweets rain ^^n s v v e ^t h ^^

days o f f

using a lot, not

much, some, only a little, not many or only a few.

1 f) tittle rain is

1

f] few <%» off are

}a g o o d t h i n g .

1

H o w m u c h t i m e d o y o u spend o n y o u r h o m e w o r k every e v e n m g r AM

2

j n o t bad f o r y o u .

H o w m u c h t i m e d o y o u spend w a t c h i n g T V every week?

j b e t t e r t h a n none. | n o t h i n g t o w o r r y about.

3

H o w m a ny plants d o y o u k n o w t h e names of?

4

H o w many different butterflies do you know?

5

H o w m u c h m o n e y d o y o u have in y o u r pocket?

6

H o w m a n y hours' sleep d i d y o u have last n i g h t ?

7

H o w m u c h s n o w was t h e r e last w i n t e r ?

8

H o w m a n y t i m e s have y o u been o n a plane?

Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1 We travelled a r o u n d A u s t r a l i a w i t h 2 We didn' t have

f r i e n d s . T h e re w e r e a b o u t six o f us.

t i m e in Port Stephens - o n l y a f e w days.

3 Wehada

f r e e t i m e at t h e e n d o f o u r t r i p , so w e d i d s o m e s h o p p i n g .

4 A: Did y o u see

o t h e r animals? B: Yes, lots.

a m a ny

5 A: H o w much d i d it cost t o f l y t o Australia? B: —

—

—

—

a many

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

b much

—

a few

b a few

c much

c much b lot

c little

c a lot

It was very expensive. —

a a little

b a lot

a Much

b A lot o f

cAlot

—

_ D £ Bf7

Much,

3£

1Z

_

J

q i :SJBMSUE jjsa j_X w

many, a lot of, a little,

a few

11 5

48

Subje ct an d o bje ct pronouns I don't know them and they don't know me.

I'm Susan. Simon is my husband. We live in Green Street. I t is a big street and our house is in the middle of it. John lives next t o me. He's a doctor and I like hi m a lot. His wife Jane is noisy. She sings in the shower very loudly. Sometimes w e tell her t o be quiet but she doesn't listen t o us. My other neighbours are Mr and Mrs Strange. They are very quiet. I don't know t h em very well. We have t wo sons. They know a story about Mr and Mrs Strange. We don't believe t h em but you will read about i t in Exercise E. Susan and Simon

mmiri

T rue or False? T h e r e a re f o u r p e o p l e in Susan's family.

Subject a n d ob ject p r on ou n s 1

W e can re pla ce nouns w i t h pronouns. / have two neighbours.

They are nice, (they = t w o

neighbours) This is Jane. She's my wife. (She = Jane) 2

T he re are diffe re nt f o r m s f o r subje ct pronouns a nd

subject pronoun

obje ct pronoun

1

me

you

you

he

him

she

her

it

it

we

us

the y

the m

obje ct pronouns, but you a nd it sta y t h e sa me . subject

verb

obje ct

1

like

him

She

likes

me

I'm Susan. She sings in the shower. Sometimes 3

we tell

her.

In E nglish, a f u l l se nte nce needs a subje ct.

Use obje ct pronouns a fte r pre positions (e.g. to, in, at,

T he subje ct can be a noun or a pronoun.

around).

/ want an apple. N O T Want

John lives next to

an apple.

It's eight o'clock. N O T Is eight

them.

o'clock.

Look at me! The story is about

116

her.

•

See U nit 5 1 for more information on it as a pronoun.

Iractice j Underline t h e s u b j e c t p r o n o u n s a n d c i r c l e t h e o b j e c t

Replace t h e nouns in t h e t e x t w i t h pronouns t o

pronouns.

make the story more natural. It is m y b i r t h d a y .

1 i know(jijrri} 3 She likes t h e m .

2 4

W h e r e is he?

M r and M r s Strange are m y n e i g h b o u r s . Tkeij

5 Can you see me?

6

Give it t o us.

7 You d o n ' t u n d e r s t a n d her.

8

M r and M r s Strange live in a very o l d house. The

We're w i t h you.

very o l d house has a big garden b u t m o s t people d o n ' t k n o w t h a t t h e big garden is a magic garden!

Complete t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e c o r r e c t p r o n o u n s .

M r and M r s Strange have a daughter, M a r y Strange. Last summer, m y b r o t h e r and I saw M a r y Strange o u t s i d e . M a r y Strange had a g o l d e n key. M a r y Strange t o o k t h e g o l d e n key, w e n t t o t h e gate o f t h e garden and o p e n e d t h e gate o f t h e garden. Q u i e t l y , m y b r o t h e r and I f o l l o w e d M a r y Strange inside. M y b r o t h e r and I saw M r and M r s Strange. M r and M r s Strange w e r e s i t t i n g in a t r e e . M a r y f l e w t o M r and am t h e w i n n e r !

2

likes c h o c o l a t e.

can't sing very w e l l ,

4

g o first, please.

smell very nice.

6

M r s Strange. A b i r d in t h e t r e e spoke t o M a r y and M a r y answere d t h e b i r d . M y b r o t h e r and I ran away.

costs a l o t o f money.

|C Complete t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e c o r r e c t p r o n o u n s . 1 She's o u r n e w neighbour. D o y o u k n o w 2

D o y o u l i k e t h e s e t h i n g s / p e o p l e ? Use p r o n o u n s

her

are g o i n g t o visit John. W i l l y o u c o m e w i t h us?

in y o u r answers and w r i t e t h e m in your notebook .

3 Your bags are heavy. I'll carry

1

English

2

S w i m m i n g I &6Kt tiki

4 Listen, boys, can

3

Red shoes

4

Jazz

5

Your doctor

6

Basketball

6 W h e r e are m y glasses? I can't find

7

J e n n i f e r Lopez

8

Brad P i t t

7 Dolphins are very i n t e l l i g e n t .

have t h e i r o w n language.

9

Your neighbours

8 Susan needs t h e book. Give

to

be q u i e t , please?

5 M r j o n e s isn't i l l . I saw

9

this morning.

I l i b it.

it.

now, please.

I don't u n d e r s t a n d t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s . Please explain to

10 Hello? It's

, we're back. Circle t h e correct o p t i o n .

Complete t h e t e x t w i t h t h e c o r r e c t

1

pronouns. Neighbours is an A u s t r a l i a n soap o p e r a . 1

ft

Kylie M i n o g u e s t a r t e d her career in

2

2

m a r r i e d Jason D o n o v a n in t h e s h o w and

3

b o t h became p o p stars. W h e n Kylie l e f t

wanted Kylie t o stay in t h e s h o w . '

9

all love

5

the same today, b u t fans s t i l l love

1 1

all.

4

That's me in t h e p i c t u r e

b them

c they an o l d

picture. a Is

Neighbours

in m a n y c o u n t r i e s i n c l u d i n g Uganda, U k r a i n e and Laos. 1 0

soon, c they

I spend a l o t o f t i m e w i t h

7

c o n t i n u e d . Today y o u can w a t c h

Of course, t h e actors and characters c h a n g e .

b we

3

a it .

4

!' w r o t e m a n y sad

8

fans. Kylie left, b u t Neighbours

6

Please v i s i t a us

Neighbours.

Neighbours, thousands o f peopl e w r o t e t o

likes m e .

b t h e m and t h e y

c he and h i m

is n o w f a m o u s a r o u n d t h e w o r l d .

Kylie, please d o n ' t leave

He is m y n e i g h b o u r . I like a h i m and he

5

b He's

Can I give a her

b he

c It's a message? c she

are n o t e

S

3

fr

q£

E

7

El :SJ9MSUE j i sa i

Subject and object pronouns

Aw

117

Po s s e s s ive 's

49

My gr eat-gr andfather 's letter s

M y na me is Joe . I live in P hila de lphia in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . I work in m y fa the r's M y g r e a t - g r a n d f a t h e r , Emilio, ca me he re f r o m I ta ly in 1 9 0 2 . E milio's b r o t h e r arrived

two y e a r s la te r. A t f i r s t , my gre a t-

g r a n d m o t h e r , R osa , did n o t w a n t t o leave he r p a r e n t s ' h o m e in I ta ly. B u t she loved ge tting my g r e a t - g r a n d f a t h e r ' s le tte rs, a nd fina lly she decided

t o come . S he came

in 1 9 0 5 w i t h their young childre n. The fa mily w a s happy to be together

a ga in.

T he fa mily ha d little money. E milio's

first

j o b s we re se lling f r u i t a nd building roa ds. T he y worked

very hard to sa ve money, and

in 1 9 1 5 t h e y bought

their first

T he y we re ha ppy t h a t t h e i r

I f

f u t u r e w a s more

little home.

children's

certain.

•X]EJ| LUO4 3 W ED SJU3 JEd p UEj8 - }B3 J§

s|q )nq 'sajEis paijun aq; woy S| aof :ja/wsuv

Possessive's 1

A d d ' s t o a singula r noun t o me a n 'be longs to' . my father's Emilio's

W e o f t e n use's w i t h o u t a noun t o ta lk a bout

bakery

shops, businesses or some one 's house

brother

My aunt stayed at Rosa's. (= Rosa's house) 2

A f t e r a plura l noun which e nds in -s, j u s t a d d ' . her parents'

3

We had a great pizza at Mario's.

Add' s t o irre gula r plura l nouns ( which do not e nd

5

4

It's my mother

future

and father's

bakery. (The bakery belongs

t o b o t h m y m o t h e r and father.)

W e can use's w i t h o u t a f o l l o w i n g noun, f o r e xa mple w h e n w e a nswe r que stions w i t h A: Whose bakery is it ?

•

W h e n t h e re are t w o nouns, w e usua lly a dd's t o the se cond noun.

in -s). their children's

(= M a r i o ' s restaurant)

home

B: It's my

Whose?

s can me a n:

father's.

1 possessive: Emilio's

See Units 26 and 50 for Whose?

letters

2 is: he's poor 3 has: he's worked (he has

6

W h e n a na me e nds in' s w e still add's. Lois's house.

118

worked)

Practice A Look at Joe's fa mily t r e e a nd comple te t h e se nte nce s.

B

C o m p l e t e t h e se nte nce s using t h e corre ct na me s. This is

These are

hat.

boots.

This is

This is

stick.

baby.

These are

This is

shoes.

house.

Rosa's

Mario

Emilio -

I

Rosa

f

f

Lucio

I

-Anna

Fabio

f

I

C

Add ' o r ' s in t h e c o r r e c t places. 1

The

presidents

2

Jack

daughter

this

summer

afternoon Catherine

Pietro

St efano

I

'.If

1

€m.aUS

you

please

?

4

Women

football

popular

.

coming

taking

get

was

week 6

•

I

is

Could

There

is

this

.

3

5

Carla

Joe

son

a

this is

her

man

exams

coat

becoming

managers

for

him,

more

meeting

last

.

Young

people

diets

are

not

always

very

healthy 7 is Joe's g r e a t - g r a n d f a t h e r .

2

is Emilio's w i f e .

3

is M a r i o ' s b r o t h e r .

4

Emilio and Rosa have t w o c h i l d r e n . The children's

What

8

My

9

A: Is

does

your

parents this

B: N o ,

apartment

your

it's

country

my

flag

is

in

look San

like

?

Francisco

card? husband

names are 5

are Lucio and Anna's sons.

6

is Emilio's great-grandson.

7

Fabio is

W r i t e se nte nce s a bout your f a m i l y in your note book

Stefano and" Pietro s ancle,

U se t h e wo rd s in t h e box.

8 Lucio 9

Catherine

birthday

10 Stefano

hobby

home

job

name

room

school

favourite sport

11 Carla 12 Joe and Carla

E xa mple :

fygmdfetku's

name is Cnulto.

H1US1! de t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . | 1

stayed in Italy.

I 2

c h i l d r e n came t o Philadelphia in 1 9 0 5 .

a Rosa parents

3 In t h e 1900s, m a n y 4

b Rosa's parents

hats w e r e very b e a u t i f u l .

a womans'

lived in Philadelphia all his life. His name's Pietro.

I 5 We always buy o u r bread at

c Rosa's parent's

a Emilio's and Rosa

b E m i l i o and Rosa's

b women's

a Joe's father's

He has t h e best bakery in t o w n .

c E m i l i o and Rosa

c womens'

b Joes f a t h e r s '

a Pietro's

c Joe's f a t h e r s

b Pietros

c Pietros' E

S t> m °Z IT E

:SJ3MSUB

jlS3j_ Ayv

Possessive s

119

Whose?, my, mine 1

Use Whose?to

ask w h o s o m e t h i n g b e l o n g s t o .

A: Whose bag is this ? • 2

U s e mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs w i t h o u t a n o u n . That's not

B: It's Julie's.

See U n i t 26 f o r questions w i t h Whose?

The boy doesn't The woman

Use my, your, his, her, our, their w i t h a n o u n .

The boy doesn't

have his bag.

Can we have our bags, That's their little

That's

number?

The woman has lost her

number. please?

girl.

have his.

has lost

hers.

Can we have ours ?

My bag is black. Do you have your

mine.

Do you have yours ?

theirs.

1

m y bag

It's m i n e .

You

your book

It's y o u r s .

He

his s k a t e b o a r d

It's his.

She

her number

It's hers.

It

i t s name

-

W e d o n ' t use a, an o r the b e f o r e my, your,

We

o u r house

It's o u r s .

his, her, our or

They

t h e i r car

It's t h e i r s .

their.

I went to the cinema with my new friend, Luke. N O T . . . with a my new friend, Luke. His first day at school was good.

It's is d i f f e r e n t f r o m its.

N O T The his first day...

It's a dog. (= it is) What's its name?[=

120

What's the dog's name?)

Practice A Complete t h e l e t t e r w i t h my, your, his, her, our or their.

C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s u s i n g an a p p r o p r i a t e possessive f o r m .

^ 7

D o these sunglasses b e l o n g t o you?

1

No, they're n o t

IfvlM

2

I've j u s t seen Teresa. She was w i t h

3

A: H o w is Luke g e t t i n g h o m e ? B:

husband.

parents are c o m i n g t o collect h i m .

4

W e w o u l d like t o have t h e O l y m p i c games in

5

A: A r e y o u r parents in?

country.

Dear Jez, This is a photo o f Hijj family. We are just finishing the r un. This is dad. He was really pleased wit h time. He ran 10 km in 55 minutes. This is mum. She's wearing race number. This is dog. The dog's wearing medals. Do you and family do any sports together? Love, Stacey x PS In the photo you can also see fr iends, Hari and Jay. They always do the race on 10 skateboards.

B: N o , t h e y ' v e gone t o visit a f r i e n d o f

1

6

I had a p h o n e call f r o m m y b r o t h e r yesterday. It was

7

The c o m p a n y is having a m e e t i n g f o r all

8

That's M r s Stanley, m y d o c t o r . A n d that's

9

A: D o e s t h a t blue car b e l o n g t o y o u r friends?

great t o hear

2

3

news.

m e m b e r s o n Friday.

5

big house.

7

8

B: N o ,

r o o m is on t h e g r o u n d f l o o r . B: So are w e ! But

B Underline t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . She lives at t h e end o f our/ours No, that's her/hers

That's Michael's bag, b u t t h o s e b o o t s aren't

12

A: M u m , m e and Jack have had an i d e a . . . . B: I'm j u s t g o i n g t o finish m y lunch and t h e n y o u can

street.

t e l l m e a b o u t t h a t idea o f

over t h e r e .

n e w c o m p u t e r is really fast.

Lucky y o u ! My/Mine

is really slow!

4 M y grandparents live in t h i s village. That's

A n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s t r u t h f u l l y i n ;y o u r n o t e b o o k . I f

their/theirs

flat on t h e t o p f l o o r.

in t h e answer.

B: No, I t h i n k she has h u r t her/hers 7

arm.

eyes are blue and your/yours

/es, I do. / K)e, mine are Mae. / Kle, iwjjearvs are blue.

a very

2

beautiful t o w n . 8 The Black Pharaohs ruled Egypt f o r 75 years. U n t i l recently, w e d i d n o t k n o w much a b o u t

D o y o u have black jeans?

1

are b r o w n .

I w e n t t o San G i m i g n a n o o n holiday. It's/Its

their/theirs

history. 9 W e l c o m e t o t h e m u s e u m , everybody. Please leave your /yours

1

t h e a n s w e r is n o , use an a p p r o p r i a t e possessive f o r m

5 A: Is Stella O K ? 6 My/mine

is o n t h e t o p f l o o r.

11

Is t h a t Claudia's bike? 3 A My/Mine

is r e d .

A: W e ' r e stayin g in t h i s h o t e l

10

bags at t h e desk.

D o y o u have a pink m o b i l e phone?

3

Does y o u r teacher have a sports car?

4

D o e s y o u r f r i e n d have a w h i t e bag?

5

Is y o u r f a m i l y h o m e very large?

6

D o y o u r parents have a f a s t c o m p u t e r ?

7

D o y o u have a t i d y b e d r o o m ?

• • • • • • • • • i

••••••i

Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . I 1

bag is black and red. That's it under y o u r t a b l e .

I 2 This l i t t l e girl can't f i n d

r u n n i n g shoes.

3 A: W h o s e medals are these? I 4 M y d o g has lost

B: They're

bone. Is it here?

I 5 M y sister and I love r u n n i n g w i t h

a M y the

a she's

b her

b The m y c hers

I saw t h o s e boys w i n n i n g t h e m . a it's parents.

b its' a our

c My a theirs

b their

c their's

c its b ours

c our's E

S 17 £ °Z T :sjaMSue jisai Aw D

E

Whose?,

3

my, mine

121

There an d it

' 5 1

It's a ver y unusual book. There's a very unusual book in Cincinnati UnWerity l i S a r y . It's

nu *

Q

real book- there are 30 pages

the librarian Mark Palkovic some questions about the book: 'Is i t an interesting book?' 'Yes, i t is. It's a story by the Russian author Chekhov.' 'Is it in Russian?'

'No, i t isn't. It's a translation into English.' 'Are there any other copies?' 'Yes there are 99 other copies. They're in J S r e n r m u s e u m s and libraries. very good condition. For example, there aren any missing pages. It's beautiful. 'Can I see it, please?' 'No, it's too small!' I"rue o r False? T he b o o k has picture s b u t no w o r d s . 9 S| Bj :jSM Suy

There a n d it 1

Use there + be t o show t h a t s o m e t h i ng is pre se nt or e xists. There is an unusual

book in the

6

library.

U se it + be w i t h a singula r or uncounta ble noun (e.g. Monday,

information)

or a dje ctive (e.g. big, red) to

ide ntify or de scribe some thing or some one . 2

Use there

is w i t h singula r subje cts a nd there

subje cts. W e o f t e n use there

• 3

any flowers ?

are three

B: Yes, there

shops. 7

coffee.

5

but there

won't

In conve rsa tion, t h e short f o r m there's there's

singular

plural

Use it + be t o describe days, dates, time s a nd weather.

a computer

I can use?

statement

/

Monday. o'clock. cold.

U se it + be f o r nouns which have a lre a dy be e n m e n t i o n e d or which are a lre a dy k n o w n t o e xist. A: Is there

be

tomorrow.

statement

is use d. D o n ' t use

B: Yes, there

a cafe here ?

A: What's that?

in que stions or short a nswe rs.

A: Is there

122

of milk.

in diffe re nt te nse s.

There was a problem

David!

It isn't 8

There's an apple, some bread and a bottle W e can use there

Look Lisa, it's

It's two

singula r a nd uncounta ble nouns.

4

Cincinnati.

It's

is w i t h uncounta ble nouns a nd w i t h a series o f

There is milk in your

museum.

It is quiet in

are some here.

See U nit 45 for some and any. U se there

It's a library, not a

+ be w i t h a, some a nd any.

There isn't a Post Office but there A: Are there

are w i t h plura l

/

B: Yes, but it's not open.

B: It's a mouse! negative X

It is ...(It's...)

It is n o t ...(It isn't . . . / I t ' s not...)

question ?

short a n s w e r / X

Is it...?

Yes, it is. / N o , it isn't.

is.

negative X

T h e r e is...

T h e r e is n o t . . .

(There's...)

(There isn't... / There's not...)

There are...

T h e r e are n o t . . .

U se It's t o introduce yourse lf on t h e phone .

(There aren't...)

Hi Jane. It's Simon here.

question ?

s h o r t answer / / •

Is there...?

Yes, t h e r e is. / N o , t h e r e isn't.

Are there...?

Yes, t h e r e are. / N o , t h e r e aren't.

•

See U nit 2 for more information on be.

Practice A Look a t the picture f o r one min u t e , t h e n cove r it. I f t h e things in the box we re in t h e picture , w r i t e se nte nce s in your note book be ginning There's...

/ There are

some....

D

C o m p l e t e t h e t e x t w i t h t h e c o r r e c t f o r m s o f there + be a n d it + be. ( S o m e a r e n e g a t i v e s . ) The Three Sisters is a f a m o u s play by A n t o n Chekhov.

If the things we re not in t h e picture , w r i t e se nte nce s

1

beginning There isn't...

3

/ There aren't

any....

It isnt

a small b o o k b u t

very f a m o u s .

2

t h r e e sisters. They live in a b o r i n g t o w n

at t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y .

4

n o t h i n g t o d o in t h i s t o w n . They w a n t t o live in M o s c o w because

the capital.

5

6

m o r e o p p o r t u n i t i e s in M o s c o w . H o w e v e r , a l o n g w a y t o M o s c o w and

7

many t r a i n s .

8

easy t o m o v e f r o m a small t o w n

9

t o t h e capital. So, t h e sisters never go t o M o s c o w . The Three Sisters is a classic play and

1 0

t r a n s l a t i o n s i n t o m a n y languages. books

boxes

people Examples:

clock

pictures

computer

telephone

doer

lamp

windows

There aren't atuj windows. Tnere's a dW.

^m ^o ^J M i o ^

a bout each

i t e m in t h e le ft- ha nd column using words in t he right-

B Underline t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n .

ha nd column. O n e se nte nce should be gin There's...

1

I'm happy. There's /It's

2

There isn't/It

3

There is/It

is w h i t e bread i f y o u d o n ' t like b r o w n bread.

a bus

4

Is there/it

five o'clock already?

a good programme

really i n t e r e s t i n g

5

I like N o r w i c h . There's/It's

a door

on television

6

There/It

some i n f o r m a t i o n

for you

7

Listen, there is/it

a t e x t message

open

8

Here's a letter. There's/It's

9

There isn't/It

isn't a lesson t o d a y .

a great city.

is next t o t h e bank. is s o m e t h i n g I need t o t e l l y o u .

one se nte nce should be gin

for you.

at t h e bus s t o p in t h e w a l l

closed?

f r o m Susie

any m o r e news?

very late! really f u n n y !

C Put t h e w o r d s in t h e c o r r e c t o r d e r a nd a dd there or it and was o r were.

a nd

It's....

on the website

isn't m y book.

10 Oh no! Is there/it 11 Is there/it

Friday and I love Fridays.

E xa mple :

Tnere's a door in tke wait. It's open,

1 you / t o / a / next / pen

Tnere was a pen neict tojoa. 2 birthday / m y / yesterday 3 y o u / t o / s e e / lovely / again 4

of/a/people/lot

5

in/once/bears/England

I

C ircle t h e corre ct o p t i o n .

I

1

8

c It's very g o o d and t h e r e are a

l o t o f useful books,

I

a Its

b There's

a There's a isn't

b It's

c Is

any c o l o u r pictures in t h e book. b hasn't

c aren't

A: Is t h e r e a copy in t h e library?

I

c It's

very c o l d in o u r library.

3 There

bottle/the/in/water/some long/three/kilometres

b There's

I like o u r library.

6 time / b e d / f o r / a l m o s t 7

a l o t o f i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e w e b s i t e . a There are

a t h e r e is

b there's

B: Yes,

c it is

L E

S

>fr q£ ~ > Z q i :SJ9MSUB jjsai Xvv

There a n d it

123

R9

A

Re vie w : pronouns; po s s e s s ive s ; quantifiers

Replace t h e u n d e r l i n e d w o r d s w i t h p r o n o u n s t o m a k e t h i s s t o r y

C

more natural. r

P u t a p o s t r o p h e s (') in t h e c o r r e c t places in these sentences.

touj Hi. M y name's W i l l . I live in a house w i t h - Witl*s parents and brother, T o m .

1

,

Our

2

W i l l ' s family's house has a nice b i g garden w h e r e m y b r o t h e r and I like

3 4

family's n e i g h b o u r s ' garden. The n e i g h b o u r s are called M r and M r s Stark and t h e n e i g h b o u r s are n o t very nice p e o p l e . T h e n e i g h b o u r s d o n ' t like 7

6

W i l l ' s f a m i l y and W i l l ' s f a m i l y d o n ' t like t h e n e i g h b o u r s .

1 0

8

n

b u t M r s Stark d i d n ' t give 1 5

1 3

t h e ball is

Later t h a t day, M r s Stark came t o 2 0

W i l l and Tom's ball back, 1 4

1 6

18

1 7

M r and M r s Stark's.'

W i U ' s f a m i l y ' s house.

1 9

2 1

2 2

dropped

2 4

2 3

M r s Stark's g o l d w a t c h and

t h e w a t c h in W i l l ' s family's garden. Can 2 5

2 6

W i l l give

Stark t h e w a t c h back, please?' W h a t do you think

B

2 8

M y friends computer doesnt work.

6

III d o m y w o r k and y o u can d o yours.

W i l l said?

2 7

Mrs

The childrens r o o m s are very dirty.

9

M a r i a s horses names are Daisy and Rosy.l

10

Terrys parents t o o k his keys and he took f theirs.

D

C o m p l e t e each s e n t e n c e b so t h a t i t means| t h e s a m e as s e n t e n c e a. Use t w o t o four w o r d s i n c l u d i n g t h e w o r d in b r a c k e t s . 1

a W h o does t h i s phone b e l o n g to? (is) b (*)(i6se pkone is this? |

2

a Barry and Gary have a house by the sea. W e stayed t h e r e last summer, (in)

A n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s w i t h s e n t e n c e s b e g i n n i n g there o r it. 1

H o w m a n y p e o p l e are in y o u r class? Tdere are 2 6 .

M y sister likes m y b r o t h e r s friends but

8

M r s Stark

W i l l and Tom's ball. 'Sorry. Here's t h e ball,' M r s Stark said t o

me. 'I need W i l l ' s help. Today a b i r d t o o k

Its g o o d t h a t she isnt angry.

5

he d o e s n t like hers.

t h e ball t o us. M r s Stark said ' T h e ball is in

M r and M r s Stark's garden so

had

1 2

4

7

9

W i l l and T o m asked t h e n e i g h b o u r s f o r

Samanthas baby b r o t h e r sleeps in her parents b e d r o o m .

O n e day, W i l l kicked t h e ball over t h e garden w a l l and i n t o W i l l ' s

5

M y b r o t h e r s f r i e n d is very kind but hes n o t very clever.

playing f o o t b a l l . 3

Robert's g o t some new trousers, but t h e y ' r e n o t very nice.

L

b W e stayed house by t h e sea last summer. 3

a M y dad o w n s these skis, (are)

4

a You can use m y dictionary . Have you

W h a t is t h e t i m e ?

b These skis

W h a t c o l o u r is y o u r country's flag?

lost yours? (lend) b Have y o u lost y o u r d i c t i o n a r y ? I'll

W h a t can y o u see o u t s i d e t h e w i n d o w ? 5 Does y o u r t o w n have a l o t o f t o u r i s t s ?

a A l and Paula live near a lake. They're very lucky, (house) b A l and Paula are very lucky.

W h o is y o u r best f r i e n d ?

near a lake. 6

W h a t w i l d animals live in y o u r c o u n t r y ?

a She talks b u t he never listens, (to) b He never w h e n she talks.

W h a t day was y o u r b i r t h d a y o n last year?

7

a Can I have a n e w bike, please? (give) b Can

W h a t was on T V last n i g h t ? W h a t was t h e w e a t h e r like yesterday?

124

please?

a n e w bike,

E Complete t h i s r e p o r t . W r i t e o n e w o r d f r o m t h e b o x in each space. a

any

many

A

anything many

everybody

many

few

1

few

much

little

much

lot o f

nobody

lots

of

d a y s a g o I i n t e r v i e w e d 25 s t u d e n t s a b o u t t h e i r

cin e m a ha bits. H e re a re t h e re sults of m y surve y.

Q ue stion 1 : H o w every m o n t h ?

times do you go to the cinema

2

in t h e class g o e s t o t h e c i n e m a s o m e t i m e s . p e o p l e g o t o t h e c i n e m a o n c e or t w i c e a m o n t h . f e w p e o p le g o three, four or five t i m e s . g o e s mor e than five t i m e s a m o n t h . Q u e s t i o n 2: H o w

Number of visits to cinema every month

c o l a d o y o u usually drink at t h e c i n e m a ?

7

of p e o p l e buy c o l a at t h e c i n e m a , a n d s o m e t h e m say they drink a c o l a (1 litre or more) while they are w a t c h i n g a film. Seventeen people say they drink a c o l a (less than 1 litre). A f e w p e o p l e never drink cola .

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 2

Q ue stion 3: H o w

f o o d d o y o u usually buy at t h e c i n e m a ?

1 3

People in my class d o n ' t buy cinema. Four p e o p le in t h e g r o u p never b u y very expensive. 1 4

1 5

s n a c k s (sandwiches, hot d o g s , etc.) at the at t h e c i n e m a b e c a u s e it is

F Underline t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . Alison: Sally: Alison:

H e l l o . That /This /Here

Alison:

I'm c a m p i n g a n y w h e r e / n o w h e r e / s o m e w h e r e 3

some/any

4

sounds nice.

^That/This/Those

Yeah, it's great. It's so b i g - w e can w a l k a l o n g w a y in ^any/this/no

d i r e c t i o n and w e

o t h e r p e o p l e . But we've seen that / an / lots of animals.

7

Alison:

in t h e f o r e s t . I'm here w i t h

o f t h e girls f r o m m y class.

never s e e any/an/no Sally:

Sally?

2

Yes, it is. H i , A l i s o n . W h e r e are you? /a little

Sally:

is A l i s o n . Is that/you/there,

x

%

Really? Have y o u seen a/much/any

bears?

9

No, none. W e ' v e heard a few/

few of/a

10

none. W e have seen s o m e / l o t s / a

few of, b u t w e haven't seen

1 1

any

of/any/

few of rabbits. W e ' v e even seen any/a

1 2

little/a

13

few snakes. Sally: Alison:

That's fantastic. W h a t ' s the/a/14

W e l l , we've had ^some/a/a

w e a t h e r like?

few nice w e a t h e r , b u t w e ' v e also had

1 6

a lot of rain. Last n i g h t w e all g o t w e t w h i l e w e w e r e c o m i n g h o m e . T h a t doesn't sound like everywhere Alison:

1 7

A little

a few of/

of'/ Much

few of t h e girls g o t sick.

of/A Sally:

a few/

1 8

many/much/a

fun. Are you

going nowhere/anywhere/ 19

today?

No, somewhere/nowhere/anywhere. 20

W e ' r e g o i n g t o stay at t h e c a m p s i t e and w a i t

for the doctor. Sally: Alison Sally

O h no. Listen, I have t o go. I'll see y o u soon. O K , bye. H a v e

1 1

any/a/-fun!

Review 9

125

Adje ctive s

52

It's a wonder ful place.

isaTVprcscnteiofUavelandhistofYPiogramiiies. Hctra¥ elsalot.Weaskedhimsomequestions.

Do you have a favou r it e city!

I have two favourite cities: You've been to Et h iop ia . Wh a t was

Damascus and Calcutta.

it like there?

They are b ot h an cien t cities.

I was very h a p p y to visit Ethiopia.

Calcutta has some great

It's a w o n d e r fu l place. The n or t h

palaces and it seems very safe

of the countr y is not d r y - it's very t has an in t er est in g

Wh a t a b ou t la t are The Et h i o p i a n are be;:a u t ifu l BjdOimg pUE E)}nD|E^ 'SrOSEWEQ : J 3 M S U V

Ad je c t i v e s 1

A n a dje ctive de scribe s a noun or a pronoun. It's a wonderful

country. They are

beautiful.

Adje ctive s don't cha nge in t h e plura l. ancient

2

cities N O T ancients

cities

P ut t h e a dje ctive be fore t h e noun. It has an interesting N O T It has a history

history.

5

interesting.

W e can use words like very, quite, a bit a nd a little with a dje ctive s. U se quite, a bit a nd a little after t h e noun or pronoun.

T he re are a f e w a dje ctive s which w e only use a fte r

He's quite tall. (= not ta ll, but not short)

t h e noun or pronoun. For e xa mple : afraid,

N O T He's quite tall

alive,

alone, asleep, awake, glad. W e pre fe r t o use ill a nd

The weather's

well (= he a lthy) a fte r t h e noun, t o o .

N O T It's a bit cold

The baby is awake. N O T . . . the awake The man is ill. N O T . . . the ill

baby...

man.

a bit cold. The weather's

a little cold.

weather.

Very can be use d be fore or a fte r t h e noun or pronoun.

man...

She's a very kind person. OR She's very kind. W e don't use words like a bit or really in f r o n t o f all

3

W e use a dje ctive s a fte r t h e ve rbs be, feel, look, smell, sound,

a dje ctive s. For e xa mple , w e say He is married,

taste.

It is safe. They seem beautiful 4

seem,

He is quite married. and

charming.

very delicious. exhausted,

A numbe r o f a dje ctive s e nd in -y. ugly, funny,

happy

-ful a t t h e e nd o f an a dje ctive o f t e n has a me a ning simila r t o 'full o f . careful,

useful

-less ofte n me a ns ' without' . careless, useless 126

6

W e say It is delicious,

O t h e r e xa mple s a re : dead,

impossible,

but NOT

but N O T Wsenormous,

perfect.

S ome time s w e use a nothe r noun inste a d o f an a dje ctive . shoe + shop = a shoe shop dog + food = dog food

Pra cti ce 6 friendly / very / not / she / does / seem

A Find a t least t e n pairs o f a dje ctive s a nd nouns t h a t go toge the r a nd w r i t e t h e m in your note book. ( S ome adjectives ma y go w i t h more t h a n one noun.) ancient

careless

glass

great

time

weather

city

cold

information worker

day

man ugly

empty

face

7

it / idea / not / is / good / a

8

actor / my / he / favourite / is

terrible

useful

9 do / nice/taste/they / not

young

Example:^jcun<j man

10 always / is / he / asleep!

B Put a noun f r o m box A w i t h a noun f r o m box B t o ma ke words which ma tch t h e de finitions. A

B

bed

book

CD

post

taxi

tooth

brush player

card room

D

ve ry w h e r e possible .

credit

drive r shop

C o m p l e t e t h e se nte nce s using a bit, a little, quite or

man station

1 You buy books here

MjJ dad is quite

1 2 3 4 5

train

tall. impossible. nice. enormous tired

6

a book snop

7

small.

8

perfect.

9

happy.

10

cold.

2 You can use t h i s i f y o u d o n ' t have any m o n e y . 3 You can use t h i s t o listen t o music. 4 You clean y o u r t e e t h w i t h t h i s

short

5 You sleep here 6 You go here t o t r a v e l t o a d i f f e r e n t place. 7 This person brings y o u r l e t t e r s 8 This person takes p e o p le t o o t h e r places.

J^n^erth^^^

C Make sentences by p u t t i n g t h e words in orde r, t h e n suggest w h o or w h a t each se nte nce is a bout. 1

stories / w r i t e s / w o n d e r f u l / he / t h i n k / I

(tdtnt ne writes wonderful stories. (Pasts Coelfvo)

city in your

note book. U se an a dje ctive in each a nswe r. 1

D o y o u have a f a v o u r i t e city?

2

W h e n y o u f i r s t arrived in t h i s city, h o w d i d y o u feel?

3

T h i n k o f one place every v i s i t o r m u s t see. W h a t is it? Tell us s o m e t h i n g i n t e r e s t i n g a b o u t it.

2 f r o m / f a r / i t / n o t / is / here

4

Imagine y o u are f l y i n g o v e r t h e city in an aeroplane. W h a t does t h e c i t y l o o k like?

3 was / busy / very / i t / place / a 4 w e l l / v e r y / doesn't / she / l o o k

5

W h a t are t h e p e o p l e like t h e r e ?

6

W h a t is t h e c i t y like at n i g h t ?

7

W h a t d o y o u miss a b o u t t h i s city?

1

5 these / lovely / smell / f l o w e r s

Mij favourite city is Prague. It's a beautiful city.

| Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . | 1 Istanbul and Barcelona are b o t h I 2 He has m e t many 3 lam

a b e a u t i f u l s cities

people .

a afraid

I o f t e n lose t h i n g s .

a q u i t e careless m a n

' 4 The king's palace is very I 5 I spend a l o t o f t i m e in

a old .

b awake b enormous

a airport's restaurants

b b e a u t i f u l cities

c cities b e a u t i f u l s

c interesting b q u i t e careless

c q u i t e carefu l

c perfect b a i r p o r t restaurants

c restaurant airports

I

qs et> q£ 3 Z qi :SJ9MSUB jisai Aw '• • • • i

• • • • • • • • • • (

• •••••••••

Adje ctive s 1 2 7

Ord e r of adje ctive s

53

... wonder ful gold en shoes ...

A fascinating short film

The International

The original wooden torch

The wonderful golden shoes of the

clip of the first modern

from Montreal (1976).

brilliant 100 m sprinter, Carl Lewis.

Olympics (1896).

Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland has many unique exhibits. Here are some examples: S

I

An ancient Greek vase

An interesting small

from Olympia (450 BC).

stamp from London (1948).

W h i c h c o u n t r y w e r e t h e 1 9 7 6 O l y m p i c s in?

O r d e r 1

o f

a d j e c t i v e s

W h e n the re is more t h a n one a dje ctive be fore a noun, t h e a dje ctive s

I f the r e is an a dje ctive phrase with

usua lly go in a specific orde r.

numbe rs be fore a noun, we ofte n use

an interesting a popular 2

old museum

British

N O T an old interesting

sport N O T a British popular

O pinion a dje ctive s (e.g. nice, terrible, a dje ctive s (e.g. old, green, plastic, the wonderful a brilliant

3

golden

strange,

museum

hyphe ns ( - ) t o se pa ra te t h e words.

sport etc.) go be fore fa ctua l

etc.).

shoes

educational

experience

T he usua l orde r o f a dje ctive s is: opinion

size

quality

age

shape

colour

lovely

big

clever

old

round

red

Italian

paper

strange

long

happy

recent

square

black

African

stone

square

a big strong my lovely

128

material

Greek vase (age + o r i g i n )

an ancient a small

origin

stamp (size + shape)

wooden

warm

box (size + q u a l i t y + material )

new green jumper

( o p i n i o n + q u a l i t y + age + colour)

We stayed in a five-star

hotel.

A horse is a four-legged

animal.

Practice A Write these adjectives in t h e correct c o l u m n . amazing

Asian

famous quiet

glass Roman

opinion

size

big

brown

golden

cheese

handsome

short

Swiss

quality

dirty

happy

enormous modern

new

white

age

colour

origin

material

1

an MOTlWlSjcfa fa fttf

2

a

medal

cup

3

a

runner

4

a really

record

5

a

player

6

a really

throw

C o m p l e t e each s e n t e n c e w i t h t h e c o r r e c t adjective. It's a r e d

1

teapot.

tyliik

(English / small) 2

I got a new

B Describe t h e p i c t u r e s u s i n g o n e w o r d f r o m each c o l u m n . amazing heavy tall

enormous

golden new

long

Kenyan slim

70-metre

tired

basketball

silver

golf

3

discus

Paint a square

house,

(big / b r o w n )

marathon

Olympic

poster f o r m y

birthday, (football / beautiful)

It's a

4

100-metre

Japanese boat,

(real / fishing) 5

T h e police are l o o k i n g f o r a b l o n d e girl, (tall / French)

6

It was a

r o u n d ball,

(plastic / hard) D o y o u really need silver

7

shoes? (expensive / golf) 8

/

I b o u g h t a red

car. (fast / family)

MY TURN! In y o u r n o t e b o o k , w r i t e six phrases describing t h e nouns in t h e box using t h r e e a d j e c t i v e s . D o n ' t use a n y a d j e c t i v e m o r e t h a n once. armchair

bear

sandwich

shoes

Example:

dress

footballer

watch

friend

window

a buj brown Kassian bear

• • •• <

Circle t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1 Lausanne is a 2 We saw

a beautiful Swiss-town

b b e a u t i f u l Swiss t o w n

c Swiss b e a u t i f u l t o w n

m e d a l at t h e m u s e u m .

a an ancient g o l d incredible

b a g o l d ancient incredible

3 The w i n n e r o f t h e race w a s a y o u n g 4 They are b u i l d i n g

c an i n c r e d i b le ancient g o l d

a amazing

b small

c Chinese

s t a d i u m in t h e city.

a an e n o r m o u s n e w O l y m p i c 5 The ancient Romans love d

girl.

b a new Olympic enormous a horses race

c an O l y m p i c n e w e n o r m o u s

b h o r s e r a c es

c horses races IS v e

£ Z q i : SJ3 M SUE jisaiXyv

D

D

O r d e r o f adjectives 129

-54

Comparatives It's nearer than you think.

Are you looking for a really different skiing holiday? Try Sochi, Russia, location of the 2014 winter Olympics. N ow it's easier than ever to travel to Sochi and it's nearer than you think. The new airport terminal is nicer and much more convenient than the old one. Things are a bit more expens.ve than in Switzerland but Russians say the snow is whit er and faster. After all that skiing you will go home slimmer and fitter than when you arrived! If you get tired of skiing, Sochi beach is close and the entertainment is even better there. Some tourists think the nightlife is more interesting than the skiing! O

Try Sochi - it really is as good as we say!

Is So ch i ne ar t h e sea?

Comparatives U se t h e co m p arat i ve f o r m o f ad ject ives t o co m p are p eo p le, t hi ng s, act ions and e ve n t s. The airport

is smaller

The Sochi Olympics Vancouver

but more will be better

further

convenient. than

or

W h e n w e t alk about dist ance, t h e m eaning is t he same.

the

It is 10 km further

Olympics.

U se further, To m ake t h e co m p arat i ve o f one- syllable ad ject ives, add -erto slow

farther

/

farther.

no t farther,

There is further

t o m e a n ' ext ra' .

information

about Sochi on the

website.

t h e ad ject ive .

slower, long

longer 6

To co m p ar e d i f f e re nt p eo p le, t hi ng s, act ions and e ve nt s in t he sa m e se nt e nce , use co m p arat i ve ad ject ive +

So m e t wo - syllab le ad ject ives f o r m

Winter is colder

co m p arat ive s w i t h -er, o r more b e f o re t h e

than

than.

summer.

ad ject ive. clever -> cleverer, simple ->

narrow ->

7

narrower,

U se as + ad ject ive + as t o say t h a t people o r t hing s are equal. I'm as tall as you.

simpler •

See Unit 57 for more information on as... as.

To m ake t h e co m p arat i ve o f long ad ject ives (at least t w o syllab les) p ut more b e f o re t h e

8

Th e o p p o sit e o f more is less. W e usually use less b ef ore adjectives o f t w o syllab les and m o r e .

ad ject ive. intelligent

-> more

hard-working

intelligent

more

hard-working

Are people

less happy

Travelling

is less difficult

today? now.

W e o f t e n use not as... (as) inst e ad o f less in sp eaking and informal lang uag e.

Two- syllable adject ives end ing in - y have

Travelling

- er endings. The journey I feel happier

was easier

last

•

year.

now.

9

now.

See Unit 57 for less before adverbs (less

quickly).

D o n' t use very o n it s o w n b ef o re a co m p arat i ve ad ject ive. Use much,

5

is not as difficult

far or a lot. A lot is m o r e i n f o r m a l . I f yo u w a n t t o say that

A f e w co m p arat ive ad ject ives have irreg ular

t h e d if f erence co m p ar e d is sm al l , use a little

f o r m s.

informal.

good farther

130

better, bad -» worse, far -> further

/

Sochi is much hotter Our hotel is a little

than Moscow. more

o r a bit. A bit is more

N O T. . . very

expensive.

hotter...

Practice A Complete t he quiz q uest ions using co m p arat ive f o r m s o f

1

Th e at mosphere at Pushkin is

the adjectives in b racket s. Th e n und erline t h e answe r s.

2

The management at Seaview is

1 Which are

higher

:

t he management at Pushkin.

t he Carpat hians or t he

Rocky M ount ains? (high) 2 Which mont h is 13

: February or M arch? (long)

W hich is

:

driving or flying? (dangerous) 4 Which is

: 'I want t he bread.' or

'Can you give me t he bread?' (polit e) 5 Which is

: gold or silver? (rare)

6 Which is

: one mile or one kilomet re? (far)

7 Which cit y is

:

Tokyo or Seoul? (expensive) 8 Which t o wn is

: M o sco w or M ad rid ? (old)

9 W ho was

whe n he died: M o zar t

wcer as^OCa" as

3

Seaview is 3 0 euros

4

Pushkin is

Seaview.

5

Pushkin is

f ro m t he beach.

6

Th e service at Pushkin is

t han at Seaview.

7

The f o o d at Seaview is

t han at Pushkin.

8

Th e check- out t ime at Pushkin is

/

In yo u r no t e b o o k, w r i t e se nt e nce s co m p ari ng t h e n rr a n hit far, a lot, a littleIf o bit and and

1

an i m al s. U se much,

co m p ar at i ve ad j e ct i ve s.

or Shakespeare? (young) 10 Which is

: a kilogram o f wat e r or a

Exa m p l e : The^iraf(e

is mu-ch tatter than the zebra,

kilogram o f ice? (heavy) Now check yo ur a n swe r s a t t h e b o t t o m o f t h e page.

B Use t he i nf o rm at i o n f r o m Exe rci se A t o co m p l e t e t h e se sentences using less than o r not as... 1

is net as toruj as March

February

I

2 Flying

I

3 Silver

as.

4 One kilomet re I

5 Seoul

I

6 M oscow

C Complete t h e sent ence s ab o ut t h e t w o ho t e l s, using t h e information in t h e t ab l e and t h e ad ject ive s in t h e b o x. Seaview 1 At mosphere

©©

©@©

2 M anagement

Pushkin ©©©

© @©

3 Price per day

1 0 0 euros

7 0 euros

4 Size

6 7 rooms

6 7 rooms

5 Distance f rom t he

400m

15 minut e walk

Ci r cl e t h e co rrect o p t i o n. 1 The beach in Sochi was a nicer t han 2

c more nice t han

Th e mount ains in Sochi are a lit t le

t han t he

mount ains in m y count ry. a bigger

beach

t he beach in my t own,

b nicer t hen

3

b biger

a very bet t er 4

c more big

This hot el used t o be very bad, but no w it's b much bet t er

c much more good

D o you t hink t he wint er O lym p ics are

as t he

sum m er O l ym p i cs?

©©

6 Service

©@©

a more int erest ing

b as int erest ing

c as much int erest ing 7 Food

© @©

8 Check- out t ime

1 1 .0 0

©©©© 1 2 .0 0

5

I'm much

t han I was a f e w years ago.

a less healt hier

b not as healt hy 3

bad good

big

expensive

int erest ing

far

late

good

nke

S

qt" q£

E

c less healt hy ?

E

I : S J3 M S U B j i s a i A y v

j3wi?s aqi 9JE mog 01 JJezoyv 6 PMP W 8 p]0§ 5 ^peajq am aA|3 noX uB3 ^ E

3 ||wauo9 SujAupf Lpjew Z isja/wsue v asp-iaxg

Co m p a r a t i v e s 131

Superlatives The lowest point on Earth

The biggest tree is the Giant Sequoia, which grows in California, U SA .

General

Sherman is the world's largest living tree and the most famous Sequoia. (W illiam Sherman was one of the most import ant The lowest point on Eart h

generals in American

is the M ariana Trench. It

history.)

is the deepest part of the Pacific Ocean at 11 k m down.

Antarctica has the most ext reme climate. The temperature can be - 5 0 " C and wind speeds 200 k m / hour. The penguins there live in probably the world's most difficult

The shortest river is the Roe River in M ontana, U SA . It is only 61 metres long but it is one of the most popular tourist attractions in M ontana.

conditions.

W h i c h is a g o o d p l ace f o r t o u r i st s? a T h e M a r i a n a Tr e n ch

b An t a r ct i ca

c M o nt ana

Superlatives 1

U se sup erlat ives t o co m p are p eo p le, t hi ng s,

5

act ions and e ve nt s. The biggest important

good->

tree is the Giant

William Sherman

was one of the

most

6

furthest

/

farthest

it because

is

least.

it was the least

expensive.

seen. 7

2

worst, far-*

Th e o p p o sit e o f most I bought

thing I've ever

best, bad->

Sequoia.

generals.

It's the best

So m e sup e rlat ive s have irreg ular f o r m s.

W e usually use the b ef o re sup e rl at i ve s. The oldest

To m ake t h e sup e rl at i ve o f one- syllable

rock in the world is in

Australia.

ad ject ives, ad d -est. quick

quickest,

low •+

8

lowest

W e can use sup e rlat ive s w i t h o u t a no un. My essay is not the longest, but it's the most

3

(at least t w o syllab les), p ut most ad ject ive, e.g. most popular,

most

b ef o re t h e famous.

U se in + t h e nam e o f a group o r place [class, world,

4

interesting.

To m ake t h e sup e rlat ive o f long ad ject ives

W e can use -est w i t h so m e t wo - syllab l e ad ject ives, and so m e ad ject ives e nd i ng in - y, e.g. simplest, Which is the

happiest. simplest?

That was the happiest

132

day of my life.

et c.) a f t e r a sup e rl at i ve .

He is the most

important

N O T. . . of the

team.

player in the team.

U se of + p lurals a f t e r a sup e rl at i ve. This is the hardest

question

of them all.

team,

Italy,

Practice A M atch t he pairs o f opposit e adject ives and wr i t e t h e superlat ive f o rm s.

D

M a k e se nt e nces using wo r d s and phrases f r o m t h e t ab l e and w r i t e t h e m in yo ur

dangerous

good

interesting strong

t

5

w t

bad

boring

dry

happy

old

new

short

safe

weak

sad

lazy

no t eb o o k.

we t

shortest

fondest

1

hard- working

The Roe

large

star

M o unt Everest

short

cont inent

2

The Vat ican Cit y

co mmo n

mount ain

3

* ....

4

The blue whale

bright

count ry

5

*

6

Ant arct ica

high

1 1 VCI

7

*

8

H ydrogen

deep

lake

Sirius

cold

gas

Baikal

small

animal

*

B Complete t h e sent ences w i t h t h e sup erlat ives o f t h e wo rd s in b racket s.

The Koe is the shortest river, 1

the fittest

(fit)

the most tired, the tallest

(tired)

Gran is

2

D ad is

3

M u m is

(tall)

W r i t e sup e rl at i ve p hrases ad vert ising 4

has

ears.

(long) 5

has

6

Ji m

(cheap) 7

^

A comput er game:

2

A car

This is the most

ex^ttiruj^ame! 3

A mobile phone

4

A dog

5

Af l a t

6

A cafe

(expensive)

dan

8 , r

1 eyes.

(big)

I}6u
t he se t hing s in yo ur no t eb o o k.

has

T- shirt.

Ci rcl e t h e co rrect o p t io n.

(unusual)

-

c

1

M o sco w is t he world's for foreigners. b more expensive

C Put t he num b e rs 1 - 5 und e r each he ad ing , t h e n w r i t e se nt e nce s w i t h superlatives o r least heavy elephant

2

+ ad ject ive in yo ur no t eb o o k. nice

useful

int erest ing

Th e

fast

b t allest mount ain in

dangerous

c most t all mount ain in 3

place in t he world is El Azizia. a The most hot

4

mouse

5

c most expensive

Africa is Kilimanjaro,

a most t all mount ain o f

1

horse

city

a expensivest

1 1

b H ot t est

c The hot t est 4 The

int erest ing place in t he

wo rld is my t o wn - not hing ever dog

3

sheep

1

2

happens t here. a least 1

b less

c not very

5 The largest

t he

American Great Lakes is Lake

The elephant is the heaviest,

'-

Superior.

a in DS efc :>£

b f ro m

c of

31 : S J3 M S U E j j sax Ayy

Su p e r l a t i ve s

133

56

Adverbs of manner Eat healthily.

^W

e * 4w ^e l l ; t tee. Ke«e

* e f

a

Ke*J

refo,r^ a^ M

W h i c h f o o d is n o t a ca r b o h yd r a t e ? a p a st a

b meat

c rice

d bananas q :JSMSUV

Adverbs of manner U se ad verb s o f m a n n e r t o d escrib e h o w so m e t h i n g

4

happens. He eats very healthily.

They give us energy

quickly.

W e usually f o r m ad verb s o f m a n n e r by ad d ing -ly t o t h e

a fast 5

ad ject ive.

hard, high, late, car{=

low.

adject ive), eating fast (= adverb)

Well is t h e ad verb f r o m Sleep

bad -> badly, careful

good.

well.

carefully

I f t h e ad ject ive ends in -e, t a k e o f f t h e -e. gentle

So m e ad verb s are t h e sam e as t h e ad ject ives, e.g. early, far, fast,

Well can also be an ad je ct ive. It m eans 'healt hy'. My teacher

gently

was not at school

today. He is not

well.

I f t h e ad ject ive ends in - y, w e usuall y chang e t h e - y t o /'. 6 angry -* angrily

healthy

easy -> easily

heavy -*

(un)happy

-> (un)happily

BU T shy -*

noisy -•

->

healthily

Ad ve r b s o f m a n n e r o f t e n co m e at t h e end o f a sentence. Simple carbohydrates

provide

energy

quickly.

heavily noisily

shyly

A n ad verb d oes no t usually co m e b e t we e n a verb and t h e object .

So m e ad ject ives e nd in -ly, e.g. friendly,

lonely,

lovely,

She plays tennis well. N O T She plays well

silly, ugly. W e don' t ad d -ly t o m a k e t h e ad verb . W e say,

Complex

f o r e xam p l e : He spoke to them in a friendly

N O T Complex

provide

carbohydrates

energy

provide

way. •

134

carbohydrates

See page 183 for more spelling rules.

tennis. slowly.

slowly

energy.

Practice |A Read each sent ence a, t h e n co m p l e t e se nt e nce b w i t h a

C

suitable adverb.

Co m p l e t e t h e se nt e nce s ab o ut t h e f a m o u s people using t h e wo r d s in t h e t a b l e . Cho o se a ve r b and m ake an ad ve rb f r o m an ap p ro p riat e ad je ct ive .

a They have a healt hy diet .

nealtniltj

b They eat

could

dance

beaut iful

hit

brilliant

paint

very good

I like eat ing fish because you can cook it

play foot ball

hard

M y little sist er is noisy whe n she eat s.

play chess

quick

M y little sist er eat s

run

It was easy t o find t he rest aurant .

sing

I had a bad diet whe n I was a st udent . I ate

whe n I was a st udent .

I like eat ing fish because it is quick t o cook.

b W e found t he rest aurant a M y friend prepared t he meal but he was very slow.

Rud o lf N ureyev

b M y friend prepared t he meal

Leonardo da Vinci

a W he n he put t he food on t he plat es, he was very

could dance beautifully

Rocky M arciano

careful.

Carl Lewis

b He put t he f ood on t he plates very

The Beat les Pele

Complete t h e sent ences using ad verb s m ad e f r o m t h e

Garry Kasparov

adjectives in t h e box. M a k e se nt e nce s ab o ut f a m o u s people t o d ay and w r i t e careful

early

immediate 1

far

late

fast

good

happy

hard

t h e m in yo ur no t e b o o k.

sudden

Exa m p l e :

M y class has st udied very

hard

f o r our exam .

2 Where is t he hot el? D o we have t o go 3

Cristia.noftstutUocan plau football brilliantly.

?

M y dog loves wat er, he will swi m

for

hours. 4

I never go on mot orways - I don't like driving

5

M y aunt lives in Japan. She speaks Japanese

6

Please drive

7

It's only six o'clock. W h y did you get up so

8

M y friend invit ed me t o stay and I said 'yes'

MY TURMJ h

/

In yo ur no t e b o o k, w r i t e se nt e nce s ab o ut w h a t t h e

p eo p le are d o ing and how.

now. t hrough t he village.

9 W e were walking in t he park whe n a man shout ed at us. 10 He left home

and had t o run t o work.

Sne is r\ m,i^

1

ouidcly / fast.

TEST!

£»> > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Iv

I Circle t he correct o p t i o n. | 1 She always eats

a her f ood quick

• 2 Wash your hands

before cooking.

3 She cooks really

a good

' 4 They worked very I 5 He speaks

' • • • • • ••••

in t he kit chen. whe n he's excit ed.

• ••• • * •

••••••••i

b her f ood quickly a carefuly

b goodly

c quickly her f ood c carefully

c we ll

a hard a sillily

b careful

b harder b sillyly

• •••i

c hardly

c in a silly wa y 35 B- ^ 3£ jz

q i :sjaMSueiiS9iXw

Ad ve r b s o f m a n n e r

135

Comparative and superlative adverbs

5 7

Which will fall faster?

W hich wi l l f al l f a st e r : a b all ' of paper or a b all of wood?

W hich j um p s f u r t h e st : a kangaroo,

M any people t hink t hat light o b ject s al ways f a l l

a f rog or a flea?

m o r e sl o w l y. But - r e m e m b e r Galile o - if t h e balls

A kangaroo j um p s f u r t h e st - aboutfl m e t r e s. But t h e f lea jum p s best. It J j um p s 2 0 0 t im e s it s o wn body length]

are t h e sam e size t he y w i l l hit t h e ground a t t h e sam e t i m e .

iQ

In a st o rm w e se e t h e light ning b ef o re w e hear t h e t h u n d e r . W hy? Because light t rave l s m o r e q u i ckl y t han so und .

Kangaroo

W hich runs m o st q u i ck l y: an o st ri ch, an e m u or a 1 0 0 - met re runner? An ost rich runs m o st q u i ckl y a t around 56 km an hour. An e m u runs a t about 4 8 km an hour and a 1 0 0 - met re runner at about 32 km an hour.

Runner V

U n d e r l i n e t h e co r r e ct o p t i o n . A ka n g a r o o can j u m p 9 metres / 32 metres / 200

metres.

Comparative and superlative adverbs 1

Ad d more or less t o m a ke t h e co m p arat i ve f o r m o f m o st

4

ad verbs.

So m e co m m o n ad verb s have irreg ular comparative and sup e rlat ive f o r m s.

Light travels more quickly Light objects

than

do not fall less

sound.

well->

quickly.

better-*

far •+ farther 2

Ad d most

or least

5

Which runs most

quickly?

Which runs least

quickly?

M a n y short ad verb s, such as early,

-> farthest

/

furthest

/ work as hard as you. fast,

hard, high, late,

long

and soon have co m p arat i ve f o r m s w i t h - er and sup e rl at i ve early -> earlier -» earliest,

U se as + ad ve rb + as w h e n t w o o r m o re people or t hing s are e q u al .

f o r m s w i t h -est. fast -> faster

->

fastest

early -> less early -» least early, fast •+ less fast

136

worst

/ further

t o m a ke t h e sup e rlat ive f o r m o f m o st

ad verbs.

3

best

badly -> worse ->

least

fast

• •

See Unit s 54 and 55 for comparative and superlative forms of adjectives. See Unit 56 for more information on forming adverbs.

Practice D

A Complet e t h e t ab l e .

Co m p l e t e t h e se nt e nce s using t h e ad ject ives in b racket s t o m ake sup e rlat ive ad ve rb s.

adverb 1 2

comparat ive

badly

w 5 r 5 e

w 5 r 5

more easily far

5

bet t er

6

most happily

7 8

O f all t he people I know ... 1 MtjOad drives

t

early

3 4

superlat ive (slow)

draws

(good)

3

wo rks

(hard)

4

writ es

5

lives

6

sings

7

sleeps

(clear) f r o m here, (far) (bad) (long)

more slowly safely

B Underline t h e co rrect o p t i o n. 1

most stowhj

2

Can you explain your ideas more most

simply/

simply?

2 The st orm arrived soon/ sooner

t han we

expected.

^^r^ imM i TO^^

co m p ari ng w h a t

Ti m , Ji m and Ki m are d o ing or have d o ne. U se more, least,

most,

less,

-er, -est and ad verb s m ad e f r o m t h e ad ject ives in t h e box.

fast

happy

high

hungry

quick

slow

t idy

3 There are many different types o f plane, but rocket planes like t he X- 15 fly 4

Special cycle roads mean people can cycle more safely/ most

5

higher/ highest.

safely.

I don't know who plays t he guitar

badly/

worse - y o u or me! 6 W hy aren't you st udying? Yo u need t o t ake your exams more seriously/ most 7

Robots can do many jobs as more accurately

seriously. accurately/

Exam p l e : Tim is eatiruj m-OSt cyxickty.

as humans.

8 O f all t he boys, he did t he wo rk more carefully/ most

carefully.

C Complet e t h e sent ences using t h e ad ject ives in bracket s t o m ake co m p arat i ve ad verb s. Circle True or False. 1 A man runs

| mere stowlij

than a cheet ah, (slow)

( f r u| ) / False

than a kangaroo, (far)

True / False

Dolphins swim than most fish, (quick)

True / False

4 Light t ravels than sound, (fast)

True / False

5 A balloon can fly than a plane, (high) 6

True / False

M ost plants grow in the sun. (good)

correct r r e c o p t i o n. Ci r cl e t h e co

1 1 1

2 A frog jumps 3

•mm M y cat is great: she plays much a quiet er 2

b most quiet ly

Elephant s can live much

1

a more longly

1 3

The bird t hat flies

1

a m o st f ast l y

1

4

than my big, noisy dog.

c more quiet ly t han people.

b longer

c more long is t he peregrine falcon,

b most fast c fast est

M any birds fly a long way, but Arct ic t erns fly a most far

b farest

c furt hest

1 5

Sorry, can you please speak

1

a more slowly

b slowlier

? I can't underst and you. c more slow

L

True / False

BS

Vf

3£

qz

D X : S J9 M S U E j I S3 _

7 A knife cuts when it's not sharp, (easy) 8

True / False

M ost people sleep in the wint er, (deep)

True / False Co m p a r a t i v e a n d su p e r l a t i ve ad ve r b s

137

-ed and -ing adjectives

5 8

Is it exciting?

enters really think about .a S News, technology, the the world today, rw problems 4*

Here are their answers. Agree (%)

Disagree (%)

Not sure (%)\

Climate change is worrying.

30

17

53

The price of food today is shocking.

90

0

10

No one is interested in my opinion.

69

12

19

Politics is boring.

84

i 1 am very worried about crime.

15

7 OA 30

TV advertisements are annoying. 1 It is exciting to live in the 21st century.

65 42

20 25

Do this questionnaire « r class. What do the students in your class think.

—

9

55 15 33

i n y 0

-ed and -ing adjectives 1

M a n y ad ject ives e nd in -ing o r -ed. an exciting

2

was pleased

with the result

of

She is tired.

game.

Ad je ct ive s w i t h -ed end ings d escrib e h o w w e f e e l . No one is interested I felt less worried

in my

opinion.

after listening

to Bill.

5

-

amazed

annoying

-

boring -

bored

pleased

confusing

-

surprising

w h o causes t h e f e e l i n g . Th e y sh o w t h e ef f ect t h a t

disappointing

so m e t hi ng o r so m e b o d y has o n us.

exciting

Sam is amazing

138

- he speaks six

sport. shocking.

amazing

depressing

boring.

The news is

So m e exam p le s o f adject ives which end in -ing and - edare:

Ad je ct ive s w i t h -ing end ing s d escrib e w h a t o r

Politics is

Tennis is a tiring

I am shocked.

Th e y sho w o ur react io n t o so m e t h i n g o r so m eb o d y.

3

So m e ad ject ives have b o t h -ed and -ing endings but there is a d if f erence in m e a n i n g .

The United manager the

4

day

-

annoyed confused -

depressed -

excited

disappointed

frightening

-

frightened

interesting

-

interested

shocking

pleasing -

terrifying tiring worrying

languages.

-

surprised shocked

-

terrified

tired -

worried

Practice A Underline t h e co rrect o p t i o n. 1 2

C

co rrect ad ject ives, t h e n t i ck / yo ur a n swe r s a, b or c.

It was a long and very tiring / tired day f or her. I'm disappointing/ disappointed

D o yo u care ab o ut t h e w o r l d ? Co m p l e t e t h e q uest io ns w i t h t h e

t hat you can't You are walking down the street and see somebody drop a can on the ground. What do you think?

come. 3

It's not a very interesting/ interested

idea.

4

Somet hing really exciting/ excited

happened

at t he weekend . 5

Bears are terrifying

/ terrified

whe n t hey get

angry. 6

W he n you're nice and relaxing/ relaxed,

we

can begin. 7 That's not surprising/ surprised 8 Jack always looks very

news. worrying/ worried

before a t est . 9 10

Shopping is so

boring/ bored.

Is t he boss annoying/ annoyed

because yo u

were lat e? B Add an -ing or -ed end ing t o t h e

iij

concept. It is not surpris

t hat

2

people are so i n t e r e st

a )

l

h

o

p

e

s 0

V

m

o f

a) I'm nut surprised (surprising / surprised) S b) That's sftoctouj \ (shocking / shocked) c) That's OK.

work, (tiring / tired) b) It's an thought but it won't happen soon, (amazing / amazed) c) Perhaps.

2 There is an election. What do you think? a) Elections are very (boring / bored) b) How ! (exciting / excited) c) What's an election? Do you think one day there will be too many people in the world to feed? . y, a) I m not sure. ' , , b) Yes and I in very (worrying / worried) c) I don't care. I ' m not in the future. (interesting / interested)

5 Does technology make life better? ) yes, of course. b) Yes, but too much change can be (frightening / frightened) c) I play computer games six hours a day, which is very (relaxing / relaxed) a

What do your results mean? Mostly a: You don't care about the .. * . ,. . . world and rind many things bonng.

T

adjectives in t h e t e xt . Time t ravel is an - interest

4 Will robots do all the work in the future?

Mostly b: You care about the world y° Mostly c: You don't know much about the world around you.

a r o u n d

u

in

time t ravel because t he idea is very romantic. In t he 1 9 t h cent ury, H. G. Wells wrot e a very e xci t

book

4

called The Time Machine.

It's a great novel and

you won't be disappoint

i f you read it. The

5

book also shows t he dangers o f t ime t ravel. The hero is "shock

and confus

/

whe n he

I m ag ine yo u ar e in t h e se si t uat i o ns. In yo ur• no t eb o o k, w r i t e

1

Yo u are riding an elephant .

2

Yo u see a snake in your garden. It snows in July.

It's e^ctttruj fat I'm a bit scared!

visits t he past and fut ure. At t he end o f t he book he is lost in t ime and cannot come back t o t he present. This is a f rig ht en

finish t o t he book

3

and readers wh o are b o r

wi t h living in t he

4 Julia Robert s phones yo u.

8

9

present must read it carefully. W e cannot change

5

Yo u come first in t he English t est .

the past or know t he fut ure so w e must live in t he

6

Yo u hear a st range noise in t he middle o f t he night.

present. The world around us is f ull o f a m a z

7

A police officer stops you in t he st reet .

things. W e don't need t o visit t he past or fut ure t o

8

Yo u are wait ing f o r your best friend. H e / She is late.

1 0

have an i n t e r e st

I

w h a t yo u f e e l using -ing and -ed ad ject ives.

life.

n

Circle t he correct o p t io n. 1 I'm not | 2 She's so a excit ing

about t he fut ure. I'm sure everyt hing's going t o be

fine.

a wo rried

b pleasing

c pleased

whe n she t alks about politics all t he t im e. She t hinks it's really int erest ing, but it isn't, b boring

3 People t oday are

c bored o f giving t heir real opinions.

' 4 I t hink all t hose numbers are very

a depressing

b annoyed

- I don't underst and t he m at all.

I 5 The results f ro m t he quest ionnaire weren' t

a surprising

a confusing

b t iring

1

c f right ened b shocked

c confused

I

c surprised

I E

S

B

fr £ 33 3

BX

:sJ3Msue j i s s i X y v

-ed a n d -ing ad j e ct i ve s

139

59

a

O

Too and enough This chair is too soft.

The lines below are f rom a famous children's story. W h a t is t he st ory?

nee u p o n

This chair is too soft. This chair is too hard. This chair is just right!

citime...

This bed doesn't have enough pillows. This bed has too many pillows. This bed is just right ... ... She's still there!

There's too much sugar in this porridge! There's not enough sugar in this porridge! This porridge is just right!

sjEsg asjLjx

puE s>| 30|ip|03 :JSMSUV

Too and enough 1

U se too b ef o re an ad ject ive or an ad ve rb .

2

U se too much b ef o re a sing ular (uncount able) noun. U se too many b ef o re a p lural (count able) no un. There's too much

It's too big.

This bed has too many

N O T It's too much

big.

3

He's driving too N O T He's driving much

fast!

4

b ef o re a no un. salt.

fast! 5

N o t e t h e d if f erence b e t w e e n very and

U se enough

much.

There isn't enough

too

U se enough

af t e r an ad ject ive or ad verb .

It is good

enough.

She doesn't

study hard

6

W e can so m e t i m e s o m i t t h e noun af t e r enough, much or too many. There isn't

enough.

A: How many pillows are B: Too

140

enough.

too:

f It's very I

It's too

pillows.

W e can also use too much as an ad verb . She eats too

^

sugar.

loud!)

many.

there?

too

Practice A M ake sent ences by p ut t ing t h e wo r d s in t h e co rrect

D

order. W h i ch st ories are t h e se nt e nces f r o m ? 1

Co m p l e t e t h e se nt e nce s using too, too much, or enough

t o o / l i e s/ H e / m a n y/ t o l d He tM t<55 MMMjtteS. Piti6Cckc6

2 The / small / shoe / t o o / was

but t er

hard

sweet

sweet e

1 3 were / mat t resses / e no ug h /

money

many

people

rain

traffic

I don't f eel very well. I've eat en

There / not

too

and t h e wo r d s in t h e box.

t06 rrvaKX) Sweets

2

Yo u need 1 0 0 g t o make t he cake. I only have 5 0 g.

3

The young boy pushed his brot her and he fell over.

I don't have 4 city / in / many / r a t s/ w e r e / There / t oo / t he

He pushed him 4

5 t o o / w a s / ugly / He

There hasn't been 5

6

It hasn't rained much t his summer. The river is dry.

H e / t o o / m u c h / sl e p t

There's sugar in my coffee. I don't like sugar in my coffee. The coffee

6

The t icket s are 1 0 euros. I have 11 euros. I have

B Complete t he sent ences using too, too much or too 1

I don't like t his weat her - it's

tCC

7

hot .

In t he city, there's

hard!

3 A: Did you buy t he shirt? B: N o, it was

8

expensive.

people here.

It costs

7

It's

8

Don't ask

9

I can't wat ch t elevision - I have

This class is very full. There are

5 A: Can you come out t onight ? B: N o, I'm 6

I like driving on empt y roads. I don't like driving in t he city.

2 W hy don't you sit d o wn? Yo u wo rk 4 There are

many.

busy.

late now. quest ions! homework. Co m p l e t e t h e q ue st io ns w i t h How much or How

C Add enough

in t h e co rrect places in t h e se se nt e nce s.

Th e n a n sw e r using too much,

1

2 There are not wo m e n police officers.

I can't reach it - I'm not t all.

5

Do you have money?

or

6 There's never t ime for everyt hing.

coffee do you drink? K)(5t eftulwjM

ffow mack

2

He doesn't work fast .

4

not enough

enough.

1 There's not'Salt. Can you buy some more?

3

too many,

many.

money have you saved?

3

foot ball is t here on TV ?

4

exams do you have every mont h?

5

t ext messages do you receive?

6

sleep do you get ?

7

weekend s are there in a year?

8

music do you listen t o ?

7 This camera is small t o fit in your pocket.

Circle t he co rrect o p t io n. 1 M y dad prefers his porridge t o be 2 He sat on his son's chair, but it wasn' t 3 She ate her porridge 4 I didn' t have

hot .

a too

, and now she feels sick. for breakfast , so I just h a d t e a .

5 A: How much porridge do you eat ? B:

b very

and it broke.

c enough

a st rong enough

a t oo quick

b t oo much st rong

b quick enough

at o o manyt ime

b t o o m u ch t i m e

. W e have it every day and I hate it!

c enough strong

c t o o quickly

a M uch

ce n o u g h t i m e b Too much qs

5f

3£

c N ot enough

•ez qi

: SJ9 M SU E iisai

Too and enough

141

60

Adverbs of frequency We always have dreams.

Most adults spend 30% of their lives in bed - but how much do you know about sleep? Here are six interesting facts. « " Elep hant s o f t en sleep st anding up. *•

An i m a l s u su a l l y sleep less than humans (mayb e one reason why we n o r m a l l y live longer),

ra? Parent s o f a ne w baby n o r m a l l y lose a lot o f sleep. N e w babies need a lot o f sleep but they h a r d l y e ve r sleep more than three hours at a t ime. Sleep is so m e t i m e s possible wi t h yo ur eyes open. Tr y it ! rar Teenagers don' t u su a l l y sleep enough. Th e y need about ten hours but they r a r e l y have t his. W h e n w e are in deep sleep, w e a l w a y s have dreams, though we r a r e l y rememb er t hem. Scient ist s have n e ve r understood the real reason f o r dreams and they are st ill a myst ery.

W h o sleeps more, a horse or a man? UEUI E :J3M SUV

Adverbs of frequency 1

In negat ive sent ences, adverbs o f f requency usually

Ad ver b s o f f r eq uency sho w h o w of t en w e do t hi ng s. hardly ever never

sometimes rarely

go af t er not. H ow ever , sometimes

usually often

normally

We don't

always

always

We sometimes •

goes bef ore be,

auxiliaries and m odals in negat ive sent ences. dream. don't

dream.

See Unit 62 for t ime phrases. Ad ver b s o f f r eq uency usually go b ef or e t h e m ai n ver b o f t h e

Never

sent ence.

m ean i n g , so w e don' t use negat ive verbs in

A new baby normally

sleeps

Teenagers don't usually

sleep

enough.

your

dreams?

remember

/ never

Th e adver b o f f r eq u en cy usually goes af t er t h e ver b be. Sleep is sometimes

possible

with your eyes

The class is usually

in room

7.

5

B: I rarely

visited

them.

read...

q uest i o ns usually need an answer do you sleep

late?

get up late.

See Unit 30 for How often...?

questions.

have.

habits.

W h e n have is an auxiliary, t h e adver b goes af t er I have often

How often...? A: How often

•

have strange sleeping

read in bed. N O T. . . never don't

w i t h an adver b o f f r eq uency.

open.

W h e n have is a m ain verb, t h e adverb goes bef ore New babies normally

ever ar e negat ive in

sent ences cont ai ni ng t h e m .

badly.

Do you often

and hardly

Usually, have.

normally,

often

and

sometimes

can also go at t h e beginning or at t h e end o f a sent ence, esp eci al l y w h e n t h e adverb provides t h e m ost i m p o r t ant inf orm at ion in t h e sent ence. Usually

142

I get up late but yesterday

was different.

Practice A Put t he adverbs in t h e correct places in t h e sent ences. 1

I

usuultij

have

C

using t h e ad verb s in b racke t s.

eggs for

breakfast, (usually) 2

It

1

snows

Simon atwotjs does tde wasainq ruj-ap.

Comput ers Dad

is

Do

you

They

go

M y sister is not late very much, (hardly ever)

4

Sandra phones me a lot. (often)

5

M y boss has very lit t le t ime t o go on holiday, (rarely)

6

The book is useful about 5 0 % o f t he t ime, (somet imes)

7

Guest s must lock t heir rooms every t ime t hey go out .

shopping

together, (normally) 7

3

t ake t he bus

to school? (often) 6

M o st o f t he t ime I we ar jeans, (usually)

wro ng .

(hardly ever) 5

2 don't save t im e , (always)

4

Simon does t he washing- up aft er every meal, (always)

here in

wint er, (rarely) 3

Re w r i t e t h e se nt e nce s so t h a t t h e y have a sim ilar m e ani ng ,

We

have

barbecues in

the garden, (often) 8 The boss

is

on t ime so

(always)

don't be late, (always) 9

M y mum

doesn't

8

underst and me. (somet imes) 10

Ivan

has

I have been t o every European count ry except Port ugal, (never)

had a mobile

phone, (never) B How of t en does Sally do t he se t hi ng s? W r i t e sentences using never, rarely, usually and always.

sometimes,

often,

( 0 % = 0 t i m e s; 1 0 0 % = e ve ry t i m e )

/

MY TURN! In yo ur no t e b o o k, a n swe r t h e q ue st io ns w i t h f u l l se nt e nce s using ad verb s o f f re q ue ncy.

drive t o work

50%

wear jeans in t he office

15%

remember her boss's birt hday

100%

be late

70%

work at t he weekend

0%

have lunch in a cafe

85%

6

H o w oft en do you wake up because o f a bad dream?

7

D o you t ell friends about your dreams?

1

H o w oft en do you rememb er your dreams?

2

D o you always go t o bed at t he same t i m e ?

3

H o w of t en do you see animals in your dreams?

4

Has your dream ever come t rue?

5

H ave you ever seen anyone you know in a dream?

I usiiolttj remember mij dreams.

1 Ski sometimes drives to work, 2 3 4 5 6

MlESi! Circle t h e co rrect o p t io n. | 1 I

on planes.

a sleep never

I 2 Teenagers don't 3 M y little sister

awake all night.

' 4 Our baby I 5 L _

—

—

a usually a rarely is

slept more t han four hours.

bad dreams. —

b don't sleep never

like going t o bed.

—

—

—

a I have somet imes —

—

—

c never sleep

b somet imes b somet imes is

a hardty ever hasn't b Rarely I have

c never c is oft en b has hardly ever

c hasn't hardly ever

c So met imes I have

— 3

S Pfr

E

3

3

T

: S J3 M S U E

ilssi^W

Ad ve r b s o f f r e q u e n cy

143

A

Co m p l e t e t h e t ab le w i t h t h e co rre ct f o r m s. adject ive

B

1

quick

2

nice

comparat ive

superlat ive

adject ive

adject ive

pucker

3

easy

4

quiet

5

fast

6

sad

7

good

8

expensive

9

bad

10

far

11

int erest ing

12

friendly

adverb

the quickest

Co m p l e t e t h e e m a i l by w r i t i n g o ne w o r d in each space.

eee

qtucktij

C

o

comparat ive

superlat ive

adverb

adverb

more quicttij

most qiucktu

Co m p l e t e each se nt e nce b so t h a t it m eans t h e same as se nt e nce a. U se t w o t o f o u r wo r d s including t h e word in b racke t s.

® E IS; a £

1

a She has a beaut iful singing voice, (sings) b She strips beaatifatuj

I'm having a great time here in Warsaw. It's a (^t nicer than I expected. The weather's been really warm - about 28°C most days. Yesterday it was too hot to go outside, so we went to a shopping centre to stay cool.

2

a N obody in my t o wn drives as badly as Harry, (driver)

3

a Their house is nearer t he sea t han ours, (from)

Warsaw's biggest city in Poland - nearly 2 million people live here. It's not as big London, but it's 4 much bigger any other cities in Poland.

4

a Yo u are speaking t oo quietly. I can't hear you. (enough)

On Monday we went to the Palace of Culture. It's tallest building in Poland. We went to the top, and we could see the whole city - it was fantastic. But little Danny didn't see much - he wasn't tall enough to see over the walls!

5

Delet e

Rep l y

Re p l y Al l

Fo r w a r d

Print

Hi Philip 1

b H arry is b O u r house is

2

t han theirs.

b I can't hear yo u. Yo u aren't speaking

3

5

a H er new sports shoes were very expensive. She bought t he m in America. (American, expensive, sport s, new) She has

The Old Town is amazing - it looks really old, but in fact almost no buildings are than about 60 years old. We wanted to eat in a restaurant in the Old Town, but it was expensive than restaurants back home! Can you believe it? So we bought some sandwiches in the city centre - they were much

_J shoes.

6

I

She is slower t han me at learning English, (more)

7

o

in my town.

She is learning English

I am.

H e did a silly dance, (way)

_

H e danced

expensive than the food in the Old Town.

_J

This book isn't as int erest ing as her earlier one. (less)

OK, so now it's your turn to write. You hardly ever write to me ©.

This book

Best wishes

her earlier one.

Today is f ar colder t han yest erday, (warm)

Louise d

Today is a

t han yesterday.

D W r i t e co m p l e t e se nt e nce s, p ut t i ng t h e ad ject ives and

13

Alan is boring.

a

14

Alan is bored.

b

do.

adverbs in t h e best places. Yo u m a y need t o chang e a t o an (or an t o a). 1

H e always t alks about f oot ball.

W e have a meal in a rest aurant on Sundays, (big, expensive, usually)

We asaat-Uj nave a bi$ meat in an expensive restaurant on Sundays.

15

The y don't

a

oft en go dancing,

16

They

b

never go dancing.

F 2

H e has not hing t o

M a k e t hi s st o ry m o re i nt e re st i n g by ad d ing ad ject ives and ad ve rb s. Yo u m a y need t o chang e a

I study before an exam , (always, hard, import ant )

t o an (or an t o a). U se t h e wo r d s in t h e t ab l e and/ or yo u r o w n id eas.

3

Please speak. Th e baby is. (asleep, more, quiet ly)

4

I get up when I'm on holiday, (early, hardly ever)

adject ives angry

beaut iful

big black

broken

colourful

dirt y f at

golden 5

6

You wear your coat , (blue, never, old)

good

horrible

I don't answer my emails, (import ant , quickly, somet imes)

adverbs

happy

hungry

angrily

carefully

enough

happily

in a friendly wa y kindly

quickly

quiet ly

slowly

magic old open

so met imes

poor

small

suddenly

t hin

usually

sad silly

st range

st upid

st rangely

very

young 7

He's a man, but he's, (a bit , boring, nice, very)

sitt^oiouj Once upon a t ime, t here was al)o y called Jack. He lived qutettt)

8

M y car is t han my one. (a lot , bet t er, new, old) A

wrui his mother. They were. They didn't have money. They had clothes. They had just one cow.

9

She laughs and she doesn't smile, (never, oft en)

10 You eat and you don't eat vegetables, (enough, fresh, quickly, too)

O n e day Jack's mot her t old Jack t o take t he cow t o t he market in t he city. Jack and t he cow walked t o t he market. Jack heard somebody calling his name. H e turned round and saw a man. The man was wearing clothes.

E M atch t h e pairs. 1

He's very careful, ^ ^ x - — a

H e always makes mist akes.

2

He's very c a r e l e s s . ^ — - b

H e never makes mist akes.

3

It's a bit

a

wind y weat her.

4

It's very

b

windy.

5

I bought an old

a

big paint ing.

6

I bought a lovely

b Chinese vase.

7

He is an eleven- year- old

a

8

He is eleven years old

b boy.

9

Bob is as clever

a

10

Bob is cleverer

b t han M i ke .

11

She's t he t allest in

a

my class.

12

She's t he t allest o f

b

my friends.

t oday. It's his birt hday.

as M ike.

'Give me some gold and I'll give you some beans,'the man said. Jack t hought about it.'I don't have any gold,' he said.'I only have this cow.' The man t ook t he cow and Jack t ook t he beans home t o his mother. W h e n Jack got home, his mot her was. 'You boy!' she said.'You sold our cow for t hese beans! You arel'Jack's mot her t hrew t he beans t hrough t he wind ow and into t he garden.

Re v i e w 1 0

145

61

Prepositions of place I've left my keys at home.

Hi Chris! I'm at work, but I've left my keys at home. Could you bring them? O f course. Where are they? I think they're in my room. They're probably in front of you - on the table. I usually put them next t o the photos. No, they're not there. Can you see the flowers in the corner? Yes... M aybe they're behind them ... or under some books? Just a minute... there's somebody at the door... Hello, Jess? The postman found your keys. You left them in the door!

u i a m spuLj ueuj^ sod

s^a>( jaij j so | seq ssaf :sj3 M suy

Prepositions of place 1

4

W e use p r ep osi t i ons o f place in f r o n t o f a noun or a p r onoun t o say w h e r e

p r ep osi t i on in som e expressions.

so m et hi n g or so m eo n e is. on the table, under 2

at home, at school, at college,

some books, in front

of you, next

to that, at

home

in bed

So m e p r ep osit ions o f place ar e in, at and on. JjJ^^

m

^

t

ie

W e don' t use the af t er t h e

b°

5 on the

at the door

x

table

So m e m o r e preposit ions o f place ar e: under, opposite,

to, between, and

in the box, in the city, in my

inside. books

The shop is in Culver Road, (in

above

the

clouds

= inside a larger space)

below

the

clouds

Road,

at work, at the door opposite

3

next

near, by

(at = point )

study

U se at w i t h a place or a point . at the station,

outside,

the

The shop is at 42 Culver

below,

of, behind,

under

U se in t o say so m et h i n g is inside a larger space.

above,

in front

the

house

N o t e t h e f o l l o w i n g uses o f t h e p r ep osi t i ons at, in and on: + place: A: Where's Jo ? at

the top/ the

bottom

B: He's at the

doctor's.

(of): Look at the exercise

at the top of the page.

the end (of): The post office is at the end of the + cit y / count ry: They live in a taxi/ the in

south/ the

east/ the

the corner: Let's sit in the the centre:

of him

behind

him

Paris.

car: Let's go to the station

the north/ the

street.

in front

in a taxi/ in

next

the car.

west: They live in the west of the

to the

photos

country.

corner.

There are a lot of shops in the centre

of the

between

town.

the

in I inside the top / bottom the bus/ plane/ train: on

the ground/ the left/ the

shelf: The present's The passengers

first/ second/ top

are on the

floor: His apartment

right: It's the second

TV: There's a good programme

on the top shelf

door on the

on TV

of the

houses,

the

house]

cupboard.

train. is on the first

floor.

left.

tonight. "-near / by tne house

146

outside

the

house-

Practice A W here' s Ed wa r d ? M a t ch t h e p rep o sit io ns f r o m t h e box t o

B

each pict ure. above

at

in

in front o f

near

next t o

on

opposite

C

W h a t ' s t h e o p p o sit e o f . . . ? 1

on t he t able

2

in t he nort h o f the island

under tfie table

3

at t he t op o f t he page

4

below t he line

5

in t he shop

6

far f ro m me

7

in front o f t he building

8

out side t he cit y

9

at t he beginning o f t he film

U n d e r l i n e t h e co rrect o p t i o n. 1

M y cousin lives at/ in

2

Be careful! There's some wat e r in/ on

Sydney now.

3

There was a clock at/ in

4

Look out ! There's a car behind/ between

t he floor.

t he corner o f t he room.

5

I'm going t o a part y at/ in

6

The castle is between/ in

you.

my uncle's t onight . front of the mount ains and

t he sea. 7 8

Are you st aying at/ by

W e drove very slowly. There was a t ract or front

9 10

home t onight ? opposite/ in

of us.

The y live by/ outside

t he sea.

I've left my bag at/ in

t he car.

MV T U R N ! p re p o sit io n f r o m t h e list on page 1 4 6 .

1

n e j c t t O t h e

1

W h e r e do you keep your keys?

2

W h e r e do you keep your mobile phone?

On tne sdetf

man

2

t he bus st op

3

his sist er

4

t he old man

3

You've lost somet hing. W h e r e do you look for it first ?

5

his brot her

6

t he wi n d o w

4

W h e r e did you meet your best friend?

7

t he cupboard

8

TV

5

W h e r e does your best friend live?

6

W h e r e we re you born?

7

W h e r e do your parent s park t heir car?

8

W h e r e are you no w?

QB3B.

• • • • i

• • ••i

Circle t h e co rrect o p t io n. 1 I t hink I left my bag 2 I was

t he bedroom. Can you check?

3 I think I've found your phone. It's a out side 4 I was

a on

Lucy's flat yest erday. M ayb e I left my glasses t here. b bet ween

b at

c in

a at

b on

c next

t he sofa, but I can't reach it and t he sofa's t oo heavy t o move.

c behind

bed t his morning whe n I f ound my wat ch. It was under t he pillow.

5 Her house is at t he end o f t his st reet . It's t he last house

.......

t he left .

a at

a in

b at

b by

co n

c in t he

3S E-j? 3£

ez

3

T : SJ9 M SU E jjsax Aw

Pr e p o si t i o n s o f p lace

147

$2

Prepositions of time: at, in, on It happened at night.

Th e H i n d e n b u r g w a s a G e r m a n ai rshi p . It e xp l o d e d o n 6 M a y 1 9 3 7 a n d ki l l e d 3 6 people. Th e ai rship first flew o n M o n d a y, 4 M a r ch 1936 a n d it m a d e m a n y t rip s b e t we e n Ge r m a n y a n d A m e r i ca . I n su m m e r 1 9 3 6 t he airship wa s p art o f t he o p e n i n g o f t he Be r l i n O l ym p i cs. Th e t rip i n M a y 1 9 3 7 w a s it s first t ransat lant ic t rip o f t he year. Th e H i n d e n b u r g left Ge r m a n y at nig ht o n 3 M a y a n d r e ache d

M at ch t he dates t o t he event s:

A m e r i ca i n t he af t e rno o n o n 6 M a y. Th e

1 4 M arch 1 9 3 6

a The Hindenburg goes t o America.

2 Summer 1 9 3 6

b The Hindenburg flies for t he first time.

t han a m i nut e t he airship ( §2 5 f f i S3 - N o o ne

3 3 M ay 1 9 3 7

c 36 people die.

k n o w s w h y it h a p p e n e d .

4 6 M ay 1 9 3 7

d At t he Berlin Olympics.

H i n d e n b u r g st art ed t o co m e d o w n b ut at 7 .2 5 t here wa s a p r o b l e m . A fire st art ed a n d i n less

O

3fr £ PZ q i :SJ3MSUV E

Prepositions of time: at, in, on A co m m o n exp r essi o n is in...'s 1

U se at, in and on b ef or e t i m e exp r essi ons. The tragedy

happened

in 1937.

The story was in all the newspapers

What will air transport

time.

be like in 100years'

time?

on 7 May. In can also m ean

2

U se at f o r a point in t i m e such as a clock t i m e , m eal t i m e and shor t holidays. At 7.25 there was a I'll see you at

problem.

in the day, on Friday

i nt er val .

afternoon

I'll speak to you in

breakfast.

There are flights

' af t er' a f u t u r e t i m e

at the

BU T at night, weekend

an hour.

at New Year.

U se on w i t h days and d at es. 3

U se at w i t h t i m e ' There is a meeting

an d moment'. at

I always get up at the same She's busy at the 4

The Hindenburg

lunchtime. time.

afternoon,

evening). America

in the

It's much cooler in the 5

afternoon.

evening.

U se in f or longer t i m e periods like m o nt hs, seasons, years and cent ur i es. it happened President

is closed on

The Olympics

began on

On weekdays,

I get up at 7.

15July.

in the

Hindenburg

spring. died in 2 9 3 4 .

W e do not nor m al l y use at, in or on bef ore this / that / some I each / every / last /

next.

The airship landed the next

evening.

N O T. . . in the next

evening. We go home every It will finish next

New Year. N O T. . . at every New Year. Friday. N O T. . . on next

Friday.

W e do not usuall y use at, in or on b ef or e t h e adverb p hr ases later after

tomorrow

/ today

/ tonight

/ yesterday

He arrived the day before before

yesterday.

/ tomorrow

/ the day

/ the day before

We're going to Berlin tomorrow.

148

Mondays.

moment.

U se in w i t h part s o f t h e d ay (morning, It reached

Museum

N O T. . . on

yesterday.

yesterday. tomorrow.

N O T... on the day

Practice D

A W r i t e t he t i m e exp ressio ns f r o m t h e box und er t h e

Co m p l e t e t h e t e xt w i t h on, in, at or - (= no preposit ion).

correct p rep o sit io ns.

Airship Tours (www.airshipt ours.net ) offers airship t rips ON,

1

2i00

1999

M onday

breakfast

2 2 June

your birt hday

the aft ernoon the weekend

Re m e m b e r ,

wint er

t he weekends. Yo u

2

any se a so n ,

3

aft ernoon or even

t he rainy season

t w o years' t ime

weekd ays and

can t r a v e l

1 3 Sept ember

t he mo ment Thursday

midnight

t he morning,

4

night. It's a wo nd erf ul t rip.

5

t his mont h we have a special flight

6

across San Francisco. The t rip st art s

9:00 so you

7

wi l l have plent y o f t ime t o enjoy t he views. For romant ic on

in

at

t ravellers, it's not t oo late t o book a place for t he t rip Valent ine's Day. The perfect present for t he

8

2 :0 0

person you love! This t rip leaves early so we hope t o see you a l l

b r e a k f a st

9

next February.

1 0

B M atch t h e pairs. a

1

1 was born on •

^

2

It's my birt hday in —

3

I'll see you in

a

4

I'll see you on

b t hree weeks.

5

Come at

a

luncht ime.

6

Come on

b

1 5 August .

7 W e left school in

a

2010.

8 W e left school at

b

5:00.

9 The film start s in

a

t en past t hree.

10 The film st art s at

b

half an hour.

-b

M arch. 1 0 M arch. W ednesday.

MY T U R N ! 1 W h a t are yo ur p lans? Co m p l e t e t h e se sent ences w i t h t i m e e xp re ssi o ns.

C W rit e on, in, at or - (= no p rep o sit io n) .

1

I'm going t o wat ch T V at

I play golf

On

Sundays.

2

I want t o go t o t he cinema at

2

Is t he play

—

next Tuesday?

3

I will leave school in

3

She'll be fift een

4

I'd like t o see my friends on

4

M y family goes t o Greece

5

It's 11 o'clock

1

2 6 M ay. every summer.

night.

6

Pho ne m e

7

Are you free

8

It was a mist ake t o go

7 o'clock, tonujnt

5

I will probably go t o bed t onight at

6

M y parent s hope we wi l l go on holiday in

t w o days.

t im e .

t his we e ke nd ? N ovember.

7

I t hink I'll buy some new shoes in

8

I'll have a really good t ime on

| Circle t he correct o p t io n. | 1 The fire st art ed at

a t he day before yest erday

I 2 I read a book about t he H indenburg on 3 He first f lew t he airship in ' 4 A: W h e n will you arrive in America? I 5 Two airships f lew across t he At lant ic

a t he 1 9 3 0 s B:

b t he morning

a yest erday

b July

b his birt hday

t hree weeks. same t ime.

c last mont h

a On

a t he

c midnight

c Tuesday b In

b in t he

c At c at t he 3

Hrs t • •

••••••••*•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

S qt £ Z 3X 7

E

3

: SJ9 A A SU E

jT.saxXw

Pr e p o si t i o n s o f t i m e : at, in, on

149

$3

Prepositions of movement Get off the boat and swim to the island.

' ake .he road b e . w e T „ T „ oyer t

h

e

-

J

r

C

Vo u w i „ co m e . 0 a b £ ^ and go *ne.

t r i r 0 1 1 g l l

l

h

°"' ° X

T

W

G

Th e r e is the e a s I r

W

M

L

° °

^ . e , o „, b e b o a , a n ;g o t : : ^ n

Underline t he correct opt ion: O n t he island you will n o t see

a forest

/ mountains

™>

S

m

a

"

k

1

'

t

h

n

h

°

/ houses /

«-

e

d

e

" big

d

o

-

d

U S

*

T

8

°

tree. Open

Ta ke i

u r e

^

e

,

' »

e

h

"< '" " * ™

a

T

f t

o

r

* pirates.

Prepositions of movement 1

/ nto, through,

D on' t use to af t er arrive.

et c. ar e p r ep osi t i ons o f m o v em en t .

Walk into the Go through

When you arrive at the hotel,...

forest

U se to after

M o r e p r ep osi t i ons o f m o vem en t : across

Walk across

along

She's driving along

the

The mouse ran between You will pass by some

two

London ?

carefully.

climbed

visit. N O T / visited

to my

brother.

D on' t use to b ef or e

home.

D o n' t use go + to + an -ing w o r d .

on the wall.

We got onto the ship.

out of

1 walked

over

They ran over a big hill.

past

You will go past Jim's

house.

The plane flew round

the town

around]

D o n' t use to af t er

Run home! N O T Run to home!

onto

round (=

island.

I visited my brother.

water!

Get off the horse Spider-Man

ver b s o f m o v e m e n t like go, walk, come, fly

the hill.

Jump in the

off on

chairs.

shops.

Has Max come back from

in

N O T. . . to the hotel...

travel.

Don't go to the

the road.

by

Jill fell down

and

bridge.

between

from

b ef or e at (places)

I arrived in Paris. N O T. . . to Paris.

the door.

down

U se arrive

or in ( very big places, e.g. cit ies, count ries) .

Th ey sho w w h e r e so m eb o d y or so m et h i n g is going.

out of the

U se b y t o sho w h o w yo u t r avel .

disco.

towards

The dog came towards

to

Throw the ball to

under

Go under

up

Walk up Oxford

Go by

twice.

Street

trees. for 10

by

plane.

U se get on / onto and o f f w i t h t r ai ns, buses, planes, bikes, boat s and ani m al s.

me.

Simon.

the apple

train.

It is faster

Get on your

bike.

Get off the

boat.

minutes. U se get in / into and out o f w i t h cars (and sm al l boats

2

So m e o f t h e se p r ep osi t i ons can also sh o w p osi t i on, no t m o vem ent .

•

Walk under

the

bridge.

She's under

the

bridge.

See Unit 61 for prepositions of place.

150

and sm al l planes) . / got into my

Mercedes.

Get out of my

taxi!

Practice A Rew rit e t h ese sent ences using d if f er ent p r ep osi t i ons t o

C

make t h e m m ean t he op p osi t e. 1

Ci r cl e t h e cor r ect o p t i o n.

e e e Max,

I'm flying t o N ice.

c

Here are the directions to g e t my house. If you come '' train you will arrive Central Station. Go the station and walk the road. You are then on North Street. Go this street. You will walk a supermarket and a bookshop. My house is number 61. Go 1

I'm. fujiri^ from. K) ice.

3

2

4

Get in t he car.

5

6

3

W alk over it.

7

o

the garden - the back door will be open. If you Q get lost, you can always go back the station and get a taxi. See you soon, Amelia. 1 a in b on © to d at

4 Jack went up t he hill. 5

W e got off t he t rain.

6

She is coming f ro m Palermo.

7

I walked f ro m t he park.

8 W e got ont o t he plane. 9 W alk slowly away f ro m t he lion.

B W here is t he m o u se going? A n sw e r using t h e p r ep osi t i ons

2

a by

b in

c on

d wit h

3

a in

b on

c to

d at

4

a f ro m

b out o f

c int o

d bet ween

5

a on

b back

c t hrough

d across

6

a over

b to

c along

d across

7

a over

b past

c up

d at

8

a b et ween

b on

c at

d t hrough

9

a off

b by

c to

d at

a in

b on

c at

d to

10

on page 1 5 0 .

EHam 1

M a r k X on t h e m ap t o sh o w w h e r e your t r easure is. Th e n d r aw t h e r o ut e t o t h e t r easu r e using

In yo ur not eb ook , w r i t e inst r uct ions f or f inding t h e t r easu r e.

1

Past tde

cfieese.

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

HI TEST. | Circle t he correct o p t io n. 1 The pirate ship we nt 2 The pirates walked 3 W e came t o t he island

t he ocean, f ro m t he Caribbean t o Af rica. us.

a t hrough

b past

ship, but we had t o swim home,

4 I was hiding t he treasure on t he beach when t wo pirates came 5 W he n I arrived

a off

b across

b in

c by

c t o ward s

c along

t he t reasure t ree, t he t reasure had gone.

a on

t he forest behind me a at

b to

a under

b off

c out o f

c in

• • • • • • • <

Pr e p o si t i o n s o f m o v e m e n t

151

A

Co m p l e t e each se nt e nce b so t h a t it m e an s t h e sam e as se nt e nce a. U se t w o t o f o u r wo r d s, includ ing t h e w o r d in b racke t s. 1

a It's 10 o'clock n o w - w e ' r e going t o leave at 1 1 o'clock, (hour) b W e' re going t o leave

2

JA M kour

b O u r house is 3

, at 1 1 o'clock.

a There's a red house on one side o f our house and anot her red house on t he ot her side, (t wo) red houses.

a W al t e r st ood behind us while we were wait ing t o buy t icket s, (front ) b W e st ood

4

W al t e r while we were wait ing t o buy t icket s.

a The best t ime t o phone is 3 pm. (at) b Yo u should phone

5

b

6

t he aft ernoon.

a W e met her t w o days ago. (yest erday) W e m et her

a They left t he shop and we nt home, (out) b They came

7

t he shop and we nt home.

a I we nt t o see my grandmot her in N e w York 1 2 mont hs ago. (visited) b M y grandmot her lives in N e w York. I

8

year.

a Sorry - I can't help you right now. (moment ) b Sorry - I can't help you

B

Co m p l e t e t h e se nt e nces w i t h in, on or at. 1

There's someone

2

He got

3

They got up

4

She's asleep

5

The cup is

6

W h a t happens

7

I'll see you

8

She was born

9

I go t o ballet classes

10

He's st ill

11

W e' ll be t here

12

There's a spider

13

It was cold

14

O u r house is t he t hird

15

She arrived

16

They jum p e d

17

W h a t are you doing

18

Put t he box

152

C

t he door. his bike and we nt home. luncht ime. bed. t he shelf. t he end o f t he st ory? Sunday. 1998. Fridays. work. about an hour. t he wall. t he evening. t he left . t he hot el very late. t he wat er. t he weekend ? t he corner.

M a t ch t h e sent ence beginning s t o t h e correct endings. 1

M y parent s got married

2

She has a house

3

A t all man was sit t ing

4

W e t ravelled t o Spain

5

The Q u e e n is st anding

6

I'll see you

7

Please put t hose CD s

8

Rabbit s live

9

I do my ho m ewo rk

10 a

W e put t he phot ograph on t he wall above t he t elevision,

b

by plane.

c

next t o t he President ,

d

into t heir boxes,

e

in five minut es,

f

by t he sea.

g

in 1 9 9 2 .

h

at night.

i

in front o f us in t he cinema,

j

under t he ground.

EH

D Complet e t h e st o ry using t h e p rep o sit io ns in t h e b o xes. Scarface sa t room

O H t h e bed in his small

1

t he p r i so n .

2

midnight he g o t the k n i f e

3

t he bed, t ook

4

at

in

of f

en

out o f

his pocket and st art ed

5

cutting t he met al bar in t he window. Ten minutes later, t he bar was cut and he climbed

d o wn

t he hole in t he

6

window.

t hrough

He then climbed carefully

t he

7

wall. When he w a s ran

t he ground, he

8

t he corner and

9

1 0

behind

the prison kit chen. It was very dark. He waited

round

t he door and list ened

1 1

int o

3?

on

carefully. There was anot her w a l l

t he door o f t he kit chen.

1 2

When he was sure no one was t here, he ran he arrived co m i ng

at

opposit e

t o ward s

out o f

t owards

him.

16

There was a c a r

t he wall, so he lay d o wn

1 7

him and

1 9

and started t o climb

2 0

it and wait ed . He heard t he

1 8

t he kit chen. He we nt back

2 4

him on t he ot her side. It was his

wife's car - she was wait ing t o t ake him home. H e st art ed walking wall... when suddenly he f e l l 28 t wo guards.

t he wall

2 1

it.

2 2

t he t op o f t he wall he could see a c a r

2 3

t he wall. W h e n

1 4

t he wall, he st opped again and list ened. H e heard a noise - a guard was

1 5

guard w a l k

t he kit chen

1 3

2 6

t he wall. He landed

t he t op o f t he

2 5

2 7

t he ground

into to

near

past

under

along

up

at

bet ween

below off

on

E M ake sent ences by p ut t ing t h e wo r d s in t h e co rrect ord er. Th e f irst and last wo r d s are already in t h e right places. 1 W e / t he / 3 / arrived / t he / at / o'clock / i n / at / airport / morning. We arrived at the airport at 3 o'clock in. tne 2

I'll / half / in / meet / in / you / o f / t h e / an / f ro nt / h o u r / cinema. I'll

3

cinema.

He / box / out / t he / t o o k / int o / o f / t he / and / put / t he / it / pizza / oven. He

4

morning.

oven.

I'm / af t e r / day / t o / t h e / her / in / going / vi si t / hospit al / t o mo rro w. I'm

t omorrow.

5 They / on / eight h / an / live / apart ment / in / t he / f lo o r. They 6

floor.

I / best / my / next / friend / sit / at / always / t o / school. I

school.

7 W e / on / t o / usually / by / we nt / b y / w o r k / t r ai n / but / Tue sd ay / go / we / t a xi . We

t axi.

8 The / over / t he / along / t he / road / dog / j um p e d / ran / and / wall. The

wall.

Review 11 153

'64

Passive: present and past simple A lot of rubbish is produced.

It w a s c l e a n e d yest erd ay (it i s c l e a n e d e ve r y m o r n i n g by hot el wo rkers) but it is d irt y ag ain no w. Th e b e ach i s c o v e r e d wi t h rub b i sh. W hy? So m e cans w e r e l e f t by p eo p le having a p icnic. Th e b ag s w e r e n ' t t a k e n t o t he b in. A b ot t le w a s b r o k e n . Th o se swe e t s w e r e b r o u g h t by so m e child ren b ut t h e y w e r e n ' t e a t e n . This is a small part of a big p ro b l e m . Every year 1.3 billion t o ns of rubbish ar e p r o d u c e d in Euro p e . A r e y o u sh o c k e d by t his?

Lo o k a t t h i s

O

b e a ch .

Underline t he correct opt ion: The best place f or rubbish is in the bin / on the beach / in the sea.

Passive: present and past simple 1

W e usually use t h e passive w h e n w e w a n t t o f ocus on t h e

4

process or r esul t r at her t h an w h o or w h a t d oes o r did it . The beach is cleaned I am not 2

seen, driven,

Tomorrow

of

used

again.

See Unit 2 for forms of be.

3

Th e negat ive and q uest i o ns ar e f o r m e d like t hi s: isn't

The food wasn't

154

5

less rubbish

eaten. by this?

Were the hotels

built

in the

produced. again.

I f you w a n t t o say w h o or w h a t causes t h e act ion, A lot of money is made

1980s?

by the recycling

killed

by a

business.

meteorite?

be born is only used in t h e passive. / was born in 1998.

recycled.

Are you shocked

was

the beach will be cleaned

Were the dinosaurs

glass.

•

Most rubbish

In t h e f ut ur e, use will

add by + noun.

et c.) .

Bottles are sometimes It is made

In the 1970s,

every day.

surprised.

M a k e t h e passive w i t h be and t h e past p ar t i ci p le (cleaned,

In t h e past , use was or were. be.

Practice M at ch t h e sent ence beginnings t o t h e co rrect end ing s. I f yo u don' t k n o w

D

the answers, look on t h e I nt e r ne t .

d u st m a n . Co m p l e t e t h e t e xt w i t h passive f o r m s o f t h e ve rb s in t h e box.

1

Tea was invent ed

by H enry Cavendish,

2

The euro is used

on M ars.

3

Hydrogen ( H ) was discovered

in t he ninet eent h cent ury,

2

4 The women's foot ball wo rld cup is held

by over 3 0 0 million people,

5

The Fiat car company was st art ed

in a t heat re,

6

Dracula was writ t en

every four years,

7

M ost coffee beans are grown

in N e w York,

8

President Lincoln was killed

in China.

9 The original hamburgers were cooked 10

Ge r a l d is t a l ki n g ab o ut hisj o b as a

J

break

put

sell

emp t y shock

give

t ake

leave wake

I was asked to tell you about my job, so I'll begin. A I •• up by my wife at 5 o'clock and I am at work at 5.45. We go round and take rubbish from people's bins. I n my area, 6,000 rubbish bins a day Often I by what people don't need! Yesterday a new TV next to a bin! That very quickly, I can tell you! It for 700 euros t he same day. Th e job can be dangerous. Once a big bin on t he van. It fell off and my friend's leg She didn't work for a month but she some money to help her. 1

by Giovanni Agnelli,

In 2 0 0 2 wat er was found

ask

in Af rica.

B Complet e t h e se nt e nces w i t h passive f o r m s ( p resent and past simple) o f t h e ve rb s in b racket s.

3

4

are watered

1

The Olymp ics

2

N owadays t he wo rk

by billions o f people t oday, (wat ch) by comput er, (do)

3

N ow, prizes

every week, (give)

4 The course 5

In Europe, most f o o d

7

in supermarket s, (buy)

Lat in st ill

8

in schools? (learn)

7

Gold

in California in t he 19t h century, (discover)

8

Cars

all over t he world nowadays, (produce)

9

6

t w o years ago. (start)

6

10

5

you

9

1 0

any informat ion about it ? (send)

Radio

by M arconi, (invent)

Complet e each sent ence b so t h a t it m e ans t h e sa m e as sentence a. U se no m o r e t h a n t h r e e wo r d s. 1

a John t ook Cindy t o t he cinema.

W h a t is d o ne in t h e se p laces? In yo ur no t e b o o k, w r i t e

b Cindy

at least t w o se nt e nce s f o r each place using t h e passive

wast a b u

t o t he cinema.

and t h e wo r d s in b racke t s.

2 a The cat at e t he cheese. b The cheese 3

t he cat .

b 4 5

Your neighbourhood, (people, rubbish, st reet s)

2

A supermarket , (cust omers, f o o d , money)

Cubbish is collected. Streets are cleaned.

t he shop.

a Somebody called t he police.

3

A school, (children, friends, lessons).

b The police

4

A cinema, (films, popcorn, t icket s)

a W a s it writ t en by him? b

6

1

a The shop was opened by t he Q u e e n .

it ?

5

An office, (comput ers, emails, work)

6

A hot el, (beds, f o o d , rooms)

a This comput er does not accept m y password,

7

A t rain st at ion, (coffee, t icket s, t rains)

b M y password

8

Th e Int ernet , (informat ion, websit es, emails)

Circle t h e co rrect o p t io n. 1 The rubbish

t o t he bin.

2 The workers are paid 3 A lot o f t his rubbish 4 These birds 5 H ow oft en

a is t ake

b is t o o k

fish or birds.

a eat

a is t he beach cleaned

a by

b is eat en by

whe n t hey at e t hese plast ic bags. ?

c is t aken

hot els t o pick up t he rubbish.

a was kill

b t hrough

c f ro m

c is at e by b were killed

b is cleaned t he beach

c was killed I

c t he beach is cleaned Qfr <1£ ?

:sjaMSUE

A'VV

Passi ve : p r e se n t a n d p ast si m p l e

155

E

65

Zero and first conditionals If you study chemistry, you'll never stop learning.

Thinking About Your Future - Why Study Chemistry? If you study chemistry, you will understand how

Chemist ry is a good

many everyday things work. For example, if you cut an onion, it makes you cry. But did you know this is a chemical reaction? There is sulphur in onions which

subject to study if you are thinking about your future. You'll

turns to sulphuric acid in your eyes. If you cut the onion under water, the sulphur reacts wit h the water

be able to choose from a lot of different

and not your eyes. If you study chemistry, you'll never stop learning.

jobs if you have a qualification in chemistry. M aybe you want to find some new medicine, or solutions to pollution ...

Find one reason wh y it is a good idea t o study chemistry. Moq

p u E} Sj a p u n

| ]| M

•Smuiea] dois . 1 8 A 8 U ll.nox >|JOM sSujqj XepAjaAa Xuew r\ o\ sqofiua.ia.mp_jo } 0 | e ja§ oj ajqe aq ]\no\ M SM SU V

Zero and first conditionals 1

U se t h e zer o cond i t i onal t o t al k ab out t hi ng s t h at ar e g ener ally t r u e.

5

U se might

or could in t he m ain part of the

sent ence t o indicat e t h at som et hi ng is

If you cut an onion, it makes you cry.

possible and not cer t ai n. 2

In zer o cond i t i onal sent ences, use if + p r esent t e n se . . . p r esent t en se. If you cut the onion under water, the sulphur

3

reacts

U se t h e f irst cond i t i onal t o t al k ab out so m et h i n g t h at w e t hi nk is possible in t he f u t u r e, and it s r esul t . If I see Jack tomorrow,

4

If you have a qualification

with the water.

I'll talk to him about

the

problem.

Th e basic p at t er n f or f irst cond i t i onal sen t en ces is: if + p r esent t e n se ... will + inf init ive w i t h o u t t o. If you study

chemistry,

you'll never stop

you might

get a good

You could

work with antibiotics

interested

in this.

6

W h e n if co m es at t h e beginning o f t he sent ence, w e need a co m m a in t he middle. If you cut an onion, it makes you cry. are thinking

Bot h part s o f a f irst cond i t i onal sent ence t al k ab out t h e f u t u r e,

If you study

chemistry

7

is a good subject about your

work. N O T If you will study chemistry

next

how lots of things

year,...

to study if you

future.

W e can use unless t o m ean if... not. I run every morning if it isn't

next year, you will learn

if you are

See Units 2 0 ,2 1 and 24 for more information on could and might.

Chemistry

use iv/7/ af t er if.

job.

•

learning.

even t houg h a p r esent t en se is used af t er if. W e do not usually

in chemistry,

cold.

O R / run every morning unless it's cold. That plant will die if you don't water it. O R That plant wilt die unless you water it.

156

Practice Co m p l e t e t h e se nt e nce s using t h e correct

A Complet e t h e sent ences w i t h t h e co rrect f o r m s o f t h e

f o r m s o f t h e ve rb s in b racke t s.

verbs in t h e box. eat

keep

kill

make

melt

1

not mix

1

Ice cream melt s unless yo u

2

If you put sulphur in wat er, it

3

Ice

2

it in t he fridge.

If you put chlorine in wat er, it

out . (push / come)

I f t he weat her

bad this

3

(be / go up)

I phone my m um every evening. I f I

t he m .

her, she

bact eria.

wo rried , (not phone / get)

4 Chillies burn your mout h if you If you put wat er and oil t oget her, t hey

t his but t on, wat er

year, f ood prices

sulphuric acid. quickly if you put salt on it.

6

ptoti CCItUJS

keep

5

I f you

4

If I

t o the airport , I t here on t ime, (drive / get)

5

B M atch t h e t w o p art s o f each se nt e nce and m a ke t h e m int o

Yo u can

t o bed if you t ired, (go / feel)

one who le sent ence using if. D e ci d e w h e t h e r t o p ut / f a t t h e

6

beginning o r in t h e m id d le.

I f he

he

in t he t e am , (not practise / not be)

I see Alice

t he army wi l l at t ack

you'll get cold

t he shop is closed?

we study hard

I f eel bet t er

the men do not leave

we wi l l do we l l in our exams

W hat will you do

you don't put your coat on

I don't work very we ll

t he T V is on

I might go t o school t omorrow^

will you pay f o r t he t icket s?

I give you some money

I'll t ell her t o ring you

7

W h y don't you leave no w? I f you t here early, you more relaxed, (get / be)

8

/

If I see Cilia, I'll till ker to riruj joa.

Yo u

very t ired t o m o rro w unless

you

wo rking now. (be / stop)

MY T U R N!

Yo u are p lanning t o go t o t h e beach f o r t h e d ay w i t h yo ur co usin. Co p y and co m p le t e t h e se nt e nce s in yo ur no t eb o o k. 1

1ES1!

I f I arrive lat e,

kt'U be aigrtj

2

If t he sun's shining,

3

W e' ll stay at home

4

I f my cousin's ill,

5

W e' ll wal k

6

I f we' re t ired,

V.V.!.V

Circle t h e correct o p t i o n. 1 If you put lemon juice on a 2 Wat er boils fast er if you 3 If I pass my exams, I

go black. salt in it.

a banana it doesn't a doesn't put

chemist ry at universit y.

4 The chemicals in cola will be bad f o r your t eet h unless a you don't clean 5 Be careful! I f

b you won' t clean

b banana, it doesn't

b won' t put

a might st udy

c banana, it don't

c don't put

b might be study

c might t o st udy

t he m carefully,

c you clean

t hose sweet s in your cola, t he bot t le might explode.

a you put

b you might put eg

E £ oz

c you'll put

|

q x :sj aM SUBj } S 3 i X w

Z e r o a n d f i rst co n d i t i o n a l s

157

Second conditional I'd throw a cake at him if he didn't stop.

T i m wants a job i n a restaurant. The chef interviews h i m . Chef :

N o w T i m , some m o re difficult quest ions. Don't worry, these are not everyd ay sit uat ions. What would you doifl

there was a fire in the kitchen? Ti m : Chef :

I would r u n away if I saw a fire. I see. I f a waiter shouted at you, would you do

anything? Ti m :

Yes, I'd throw a cake at him if he didn't stop.

Chef:

H m m . I f the shops were closed and you needed some eggs, where would you get some?

Ti m :

I f I wanted some eggs, I'd look for a chicken.

Second conditional 1

U se t h e second cond i t i onal f o r event s and si t uat i o ns

W h e n t h e if co m es at t h e beginning o f t h e sent ence, we

w hi ch ar e unlikely, im aginary or i m p ossi b l e in t h e

n eed a co m m a in t h e m id d le.

p r esent and f u t u r e. If I didn't like anything

on the menu, I would go

home.

If the food was bad, there wouldn't

be many

There wouldn't

if the food was bad.

be many customers

customers.

(Unlikely: t here is usually som et hing you like.) / would run away if I saw a fire. (Imaginary: Ti m is

U se might or could in t h e m ain clause t o indicat e t hat

imagining a fire t hat might happen in t he f ut ure.)

so m et h i n g is p ossib le and not cer t ai n.

If I were the chef, I wouldn't

give Tim the job.

( I mpossible:

If you ate Tim's cooking, you might get You could complain

you are not t he chef.)

I could be a chef if I 2

In second cond i t i onal sen t en ces, use if + p ast t e n se ... would + inf init ive w i t h o u t to. W e can u se t h e sho r t f o r m s' d f o r would and wouldn't If the customer

complained,

f o r would

I'd tell the

If Tim worked here, he wouldn't

sick.

if you didn't like the food. wanted.

See Unit s 2 0 ,2 1 and 24 for more information on could and might.

not. W e o f t en use if + were i nst ead o f was after t h e

manager.

do a good

pronouns / , she, he, it and singular nouns. Thi s is more

job.

co m m o n in f o r m al language and Am er i can English. 3

Th e short f o r m an sw e r is Yes, 11 you / et c. would or No, I I you I et c. would not /

If you were the chef, would Tim get the No, he

Yes, I would.

158

I'd go to restaurants

W e o f t en u se If I were you...

job?

more

I would (not)...

and sug g est ions.

wouldn't.

Would you run outside

If it were cheaper,

often.

wouldn't.

if there was a pre in the

kitchen?

If I were you, I'd find another I wouldn't

job.

eat here if I were you.

for advice

Practice A Complet e t h e second co nd it io nal se nt e nces using t h e co rrect

M a t ch t h e pairs, t h e n m ake t h e m int o second

forms o f t h e verb s in b racke t s. 1

If I

2

If you

3

If I

4

k& t

co nd it io nal se nt e nce s using could and

my phone, I would botj

a ne w one. (lose / buy)

t he race, you

f amous, (win / be)

really bad, I

a doct or, (feel / see)

M y sister

t o me if I

1

wat ch t o o much T V - ^

2

see a strange light in

it. 3

t o M ars if t oo many people

4

on t his planet , (move / live) 6

If you

more t ime,

yo u

If I

my name, I

it .

(not like / change) 8

yo u

away if you

b

have no friends -c

learn 7 0 0 new

5

find a book o f magic t ravel back in t ime

d

not want t o read

7

writ e a pop song

e

visit Cleopat ra

8

spend t hree hours

f

t hink it was a

it

in t he bat hroom

spaceship

every morning

g join a sports club h not remember t he m all

You're a f amous Brit ish chef but if you „ . a chef, what 1

((I watcked too miicfi W, ituj etjes mujdtjet tired,

1

would yo u d o ? Chef:

my eyes get t ired

B Circle t h e co rrect o p t io n. Interviewer:

make my family very angry

6

a wo l f ? (run / see)

become a pop st ar

wo rd s t oday

anot her language? (have / learn) 7

a

t he sky

(not speak / break) 5 We

might

(not) and w r i t e t h e m in yo ur no t eb o o k.

I wo uld play foot ball if 1 ... because I love it. But , I 2

love cooking t oo. 1 ... all day if my wi f e let me. 3

Interviewer:

W h e r e ... t o open a rest aurant next ? 4

Chef:

I f 1 ... a rest aurant in Paris, t hat wo uld be fant ast ic. It 5

/

would be great if 1 ... shop in t he market s t here. 6

I f t hat rest aurant was successful, 1 ... more in France. 7

Interviewer:

People t hink Brit ish f ood is not very good. W h y ?

Chef:

I really don't know. I f I ... why, I wo uld t ell you. I f you 9

co m m a i f necessary.

... my cooking, you wo uld never say English f o o d is 10

1 a were

® weren' t

3 a cooked

b can

c wo uld be

c wi l l

4 a do you like c are you liking

I'd give it t o a police officer.

d wouldn' t be 2

d wo uld

b wo uld cook

c didn't cook

I'd fly t o Peru.

3

d wouldn' t cook

4

b did you like

1 might j um p out o f t he window. The wo rld wo uld be a happier place

5

d wo uld you like

6

5 a had b did have c wo uld have d might have 6 a would b might c could d did 7 a opened b might open c might opened d might t o open 8 a know b knew c wo uld know d wo uld knew 9 a might t ast e b wouldn' t t ast e 10 a am b be c were d wo uld

If I found some moneij on trie street,

1

bad. I f 1 ... yo u, I'd buy my ne w book.

2 a could

In yo ur no t e b o o k, copy and co m p l e t e at least

f o u r o f t h e se se nt e nce s w i t h If..., using a

8

c didn't t ast e

she wouldn' t be very pleased. I wo ul d be really wo rried

7

I'd invit e all my friends t o a big party.

8

1 couldn't get home.

d t ast ed

••••••••••••••• ! t he correct o p t io n. 1 If I found an insect in my salad, I wouldn' t 2 I'd be a chef if I

bet t er at cooking.

3 A: This soup tastes terrible.

B: If" I

4 If the food in t his rest aurant were bet t er, I

it .

a eat

a wo uld be

b at e

b we re

speak t o t he wait er,

a were you, I'd

eat here more of t en.

5 A: If a wait er t hrew a cake at yo u, wo uld you eat it ?

B: N o ,

c eat ing

c am b would be you, I'd

a may a I don't

b wi l l

c would be you I'd

c might

b he didn't

c I wouldn' t 35 > f B£ qz ex :SJ9MSU6 \isai A\ A/

Se co n d co n d i t i o n a l

159

A

M a t ch t h e se nt e nce beginnings t o t h e co rrect end ing s.

B

1

St onehenge was built -

by a met eor f ro m space,

2

M ickey M o use was creat ed

f ro m t rees.

3

Some people t hink t he dinosaurs were killed

by over 1 billion people.

4

Champagne is made

by snakes.

5

Honey is made

by W a l t Disney.

6

Chinese is spoken

in France.

7

Paper is made

about 4 ,5 0 0 years ago.

8

Bananas are grown

9

M ice are eat en

in Cent ral America, i

by bees.

Chang e t h e act ive se nt e nces int o passive se nt e nce s. Yo u don' t al ways need t o include by. 1

Somebody stole my phone last night.

2

5

pdcne was stcUn, Last nidtit

My

I

They sell mobile phones in t hat shop.

6

M obile phones 3

M r H ill t eaches us t o swim. We

M y sist er gave me t his sweat er.

7

I 4

A f amous opera singer t aught me t o sing.

Uncle Brian will cook t omorrow' s dinner. Tomorrow' s

M y aunt cuts my hair. My

8

I t old you t o stay in your room. Yo u

C

Co m p l e t e t h e se ne wsp ap e r st o ries using t h e co rrect f o r m o f t h e ve rb s in b racket s. So m e verb s should be act ive and so m e sho uld be p assive.

More bikes stolen from city centre Last weekend four b icycles

1

were Stolen

(st eal) i n the cit y cent re. Th i s

brings the total o f bikes stolen this mont h to fourt een. Po lice there is a gang o f bike t hieves. ' Th e t hieves al ways met hods. Eve r y t ime, the chains and the bikes i

11

(cut ) using met al cutters

4

(put ) into a b ig whit e t ruck. W e kno w it ' s a

5

whit e van because i t -mm

(t hink)

2

( use ) the same

3

—M M ——— ^ ^ 1

m

9

m

m

$

m

m

damage caused by Wednesday's wild weather Th e st rong wind s last Wednesday

( f ilm ) last night b y cameras.'

6

£1 million

night

m m m m m ^ m m

(cause) over £1

1 3

m i l l i o n wort h o f damage in the

New element number 112 has a name

cit y. M o r e than 4 0 shop windows

Yest erday, one o f the newest and heaviest element s

trees

a name, Co p e rni ci um . Th e e l e m e n t it

(give) (d iscover) in 1996, but

8

(add) to the periodic table only last mo nt h, because other

9

scientists

7

1 0

name ' Co p e rni ci um ' man wh o

1 2

(need) to check that there really is such an element . Th e 1 1

(choose) b y Professor H o f m a n n , the (d isco ver) the element .

(b reak). Several

1 4

d o wn) . El e ve n cars (damage) when

1 6

tree branches

(fall)

1 7

on t hem. Si x houses

1 8

(lose) t heir roofs. Fort unat ely, nobody

160

(b low

1 5

1 9

(hurt ).

D Complet e t h e co nd it io nal se nt e nce s using t h e wo r d s in bracket s. Ad d co m m as i f necessary. 1 2

^oa dent understand, lit kelp

one right answe r .

yo u.

B: I don't know. W h a t does she wan t ?

If

A: W e l l , if 1

B: O K. . . but what does she like? C: W e l l , she loves t ennis, o f course. W e could buy her a

If I (know) t he answer, I (tell) yo u.

(have) more money, it might be a

3

If I (be) yo u, I (not wear) t hat hat .

good idea. C: Yes, but if w e

If

(buy) her a cheap one

4

on t he Int ernet , it might not be t o o b ad ... hat.

You can't come in unless you (have) a t icket .

B: H m m ... I t hink she's already got a racket. C: But if sh e

You

(have) t wo , she

5

(be able t o) play wit h her sister.

6

t icket . 7 W here (go) if you could fly?

B: N o ... w e shouldn't buy her a racket. W e don't know anyt hing about racket s. W h a t if w e

W here

(buy) her t he wro ng one...?

7

fly? 8

new racket . A: Are yo u joking ? They're really expensive. I f w e

yo u.

6

(know) t hat , I

(not / ask) yo u, wo uld I?

This

If 5

knew

1

2

This comput er (not work) unless you (turn) it o n. on.

4

A: So what shall w e get f o r M aggie's birt hday?

I f M ick (be) t aller, he (be) a great basket ball player. player.

3

Co m p l e t e t h e co nve rsat io n using t h e co rrect f o r m s o f t h e ve rb s in b racke t s. So m e t i m e s t h e r e is m o re t han

If you (not underst and), I (help) yo u.

If

F

... like a children's racket ...

I might wi n t he compet it ion i f I (be) lucky.

... or a squash racket .

I

Yeah. I t lucky.

(be)t errible.

8

So what do you t hink? H o w about t ennis balls? M ayb e ... but it's a bit boring. H o w

9

E Complet e t h e sent ences using t h e co rre ct ve rb f o r m s. 1

(you / feel) if so m e b o d y

a t ennis ball f o r your birt hday?

If I met a H o llywo od star,

I'd take a pkoto.

A: W e l l , if 1

(be) a t ennis player, I

1 1

(be) happy, I t hink.

1 2

2

If I go t o t he cinema this week,

3

I'd buy a new M P3 player

(give) you

1 0

B: H ang on ... I've just remembered somet hing. Yo u can buy night- time t ennis balls. They're made o f some special plastic. I f you they

4

I'll t ake an umbrella if

C: Er... w h y

(hit) t he m ,

1 3

(light up).

1 4

(she / want ) a night- time

1 5

t ennis ball? 5

If my grandparent s phoned me,

6

If I got a car for my birthday,

B: W e l l , if she

(want ) t o play t ennis

1 6

out side at night , f o r example, and she

7

I'd phone t he police if

17

(lose) t he ball, she

18

(be able t o) find it again.

A: It sounds really useful. I t hink w e should get it. B: O K, so unless anyone

8

If I were invit ed ont o a T V show,

bet t er ideas, I

t he Int ernet . I f I or if t hey

(have) any

1 9

(try) t o buy one on

2 0

2 1

2 2

2 3

(not can) find one, (be) really expensive, I (phone) you and we

24

(have t o) t hink o f somet hing else.

Re v i e w 1 2 161

$7

Reported speech She said she would never have a party again.

Sophie Brown's 18th birthday party was really bad. A radio station told listeners that there was going to be a party the next day, so many teenagers thought the party was open to everyone. The teenagers caused 30,000 euros of damage to the Browns' expensive house. One teenager said he didn't know Sophie but he liked parties. Sophie said that she felt terrible and that she would never have another party again. Her father told reporters that he was thinking of getting the radio station to pay for the damage. Sophie's mother said she couldn't understand why the teenagers wanted to damage their lovely house. We tried to talk to Sophie again today but her father says she is not talking to reporters any more. How old was Sophie? • 9X jaMSuy

Reported speech 1

We can talk about what people said or thought by using reported speech. Sophie said that she wanted a party.

2

If the verb of saying or thinking is in the present, there is no change of tense for the words reported. Her father says that she is ill.

3 When the verb of saying or thinking is in the past, the verb in the reported speech usually moves into the past. Sophie told her mum she was sorry. reported speech

direct speech present simple

] • past simple

'It seems strange.'

He thought that it seemed strange.

present continuous

] • past continuous

'1 am staying for a few days.' can 'We can swim very well.' will 'It will be great!'

She said that she was staying for a few days.

1 • could They said that they could swim very well. i • would She thought that it would be great.

Used to and would do not change in reported speech. / used to be Sophie's friend. -* She said she used to be Sophie's friend.

162

The verb in the reported speech does not need t o change if the information is still true or relevant now. Sophie told me that she is 18. That often links the verb of saying or thinking t o the reported speech. That can be left out, especially in speaking and informal language. She said that she wanted a big party. / She said she wanted a big party. Pronouns and time and place expressions may change in reported speech. we -* they now -* then next week -* the week after this morning -* that morning tomorrow -* the next day here -* there John: 7 love parties.'-* John said he loved parties. 'There will be a party tomorrow.'-* A radio station told listeners that there would be a party the next day. See Unit 68 for more information on say and tell.

Pr a ct i ce

A Change these sentences from reported speech into direct speech. 1 Jim said he was tired. Jim: I nvtired.' 2 Cathy said she wanted to go to Sophie's party. Cathy: 3 Jim said he didn't know Sophie. Jim: 4 Cathy told Jim that Sophie was having a party the next day. Cathy: 5 Cathy also said that everyone was invited t o the party. Cathy: 6 Jim said that he was surprised that everyone was going. Jim: 7 Cathy said that it would be great if they went together. Cathy: 8 Jim told Cathy that he would think about it. Jim: B Report what the people are saying or thinking. Begin each sentence wit h He / She / They said / thought. i 1

f^> ^T^i ' It s my ball!]

7 2

^

7. 3

J

f l have a lot of

1 2 3 4 5 6

f(e said it was (vis bait.

C Complete each sentence b so t hat it means the same as sentence a in reported speech. Use no more than three words. 1

2 3 4 5

w o r k t o d o

I need

" ^

6

f?f < M

a John: 'I come from a small town in New Zealand.' b John said that de came from a small town in New Zealand. a Felicity:'I need it this morning.' b Felicity said she morning. a John: 'We have a lot to do.' b John told her a lot to do. a Alice:'! am busy now.' b Alice said that she a Olive: 'Gary, I'll go next week.' b Olive told Gary that she would after. a Mike:'I'll phone tomorrow.' b Mike said he would phone

MV T U R N ! I'm not answering your question!

It was the morning after Sophie's party. Mr and Mrs Brown came home and found the house in a mess. What did they t hink and say? Writ e six sentences in reported speech in your notebook. Example: Mr Srswrv thought de was fiaviruj a bad dream..

• • • • • * • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • •

" ""-• -fiMMfr"'" Circle the correct option. 1 'I like big parties': Sophie says she big parties. a likes b would like c liked 2 'Sophie will be 18 tomorrow': The radio station said that Sophie 18 the next day. a was b would be c will be 3 'You can't have a party next year': Mr Brown told Sophie that she have a party the next year. a won't b can't c couldn't 4 'Sophie's helping to clean our house': Mrs Brown said that Sophie t o clean their house. a is helping b helped c was helping 5 'I'll come to your party tomorrow': Sophie's friend said she'd go t o her party a tomorrow b this day c the next day og a^- D£ qz EX

: S J S M S U E

il l^W S 3

Reported speech 1 6 3

68

Say and tell She told me to meet her.

I ITS NEARLY 8. WHY DON'T YOU COME AND SEE A FILM WITH I ME? PLEASE SAY YES!

HI JO! WHY ARE YOU SITTING HERE?

I'M WAITING FOR BETH - SHE TOLD ME TO MEET HER HERE AT 7.

NO, I'LL WAIT. ^ i SHE SAID V\ SHE WOULD BE HERE. k

BETH WAS TELLING LIES ...

O

What do you t hink happens next?

Say and tell 1

Say and tell have similar meanings. What did he say? What did she tell you?

2 Use say when it is not necessary t o specify who is being spoken t o. What did she say? She said (that) she would be here. 3 Use tell or say when you want t o mention the person who is being spoken t o. Tell her your name. NOT Tell to her your name. She said to me that she was happy. NOT She said me..., She told to me... 4 We usually use say (not tell) t o introduce direct speech. You must be home by midnight,'she said.

5 We can also use tell + object + to-infinitive t o report instructions or commands. 'Phone me!'-* She told me to phone. The negative form is tell + object + not + to-infinitive. 'Don't phone!'She told me not to phone. NOT She told me don't phone-. 6 There are also a number of expressions using tell + noun. For example: tell a joke tell a secret tell the time tell a lie tell a story tell the truth My mum likes telling stories. He told me a good joke. 7 Common expressions wit h say are: say goodbye say something / anything say hello say <™ sorry say nothing say yes / no c

I hate saying goodbye. Please say yes.

164

tnm/

Practice A Complete these sentences using an appropriate form of say or tell. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

She looks really unhappy. What did you SftjJ to her? He didn't that he would be late. I'm not sure if he was me the truth. He her t o wait. They goodbye at the station. She's going to us everything tomorrow. She didn't anyone she was going to the park. She she doesn't like cheese.

B Make sentences by putting the words in the correct order. 1

please / phone / number / tell / Can / me / your / you? Canjoa tdl me^car pftone namber pteasef

2 police officer / did / tell / you / What / the / do / to?

C Rewrite the sentences in reported speech using the pattern tell + object + (not) to-infinitive and the words in brackets. 1

'Come back in four weeks.'(The dentist / him) Tke dentist tdd dim to come back in (oar weeb.

2 'Call back later!' (He / me) 3 'Don't leave without us.' (We / the others) 4 'Wait outside.'(I will/ her) 5 'Don't park in front of the house!'(Tell / the driver) 6 'Don't be late!'(I / Simon) 7 'Don't say anything!'(The girl / her friend) 8 'Don't worry!' (He / always / me)

3 were / happy / not / said / customers / The / they 4 Have / problems / anyone / you / about / your / told? 5 She / she / get / up / would / said / early 6 later / will / you / about / I / the / tell / match 7 Passengers / platform 3 / told / go / were / to / t o 8 very / well / said / not / My / dad / was / feeling / he 9 go / in/ t old / not / She / everyone/ to

/ W h a t do you t hink was happening? Wri t e sentences using phrases wi t h say and tell in your notebook. 1 The girl didn't believe the boy. Sde tdoa^dt de was teltiruj a tie. 2 Everyone in the class was laughing. 3 The boy went red in the face. 4 The children were listening very carefully t o the man. 5 The girl was speaking very quietly t o her friend. 6 It was difficult for the boy to speak to his mother. But afterwards he felt better.

10 told / come / them / We / not / could / we

i• • • • • (

* • • • • • • * * • • • • • _• • • • • • • • • • »• *

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Circle the correct option. 1 2 3 4 5

Jo me she was waiting for Beth. a told b told t o c said 'There's a great film on at the cinema,'I a told b said her c said I told Jo for Beth, but to come t o the cinema with me. a t o wait not b t o don't wait When Beth arrived, she didn't even say for being late. a a lie b sorry c a joke A: Hi. Are you angry with me? I thought it was still five o'clock, B: Can't you time? a say the b tell the c tell a »• • • • • <

• • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • * • • • • • * • • • • • * • • • • • * •% • •*»%

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Say and te/ / 165

Defining relative clauses A ball game that is played in many countries

... is a t eam ball gam e t h a t i s p l a ye d i n m a n y c o u n t r i e s. A t eam has eight players w h o t a k e t u r n s t o t h r o w t h e bal l agai nst a w a l l . The players t hrow t he ball f rom a cesta (a bask et a p l a yer t i e s t o h i s a r m ) . The gam e is played in a fronton (a court t h a t h a s t h r e e w a l l s) . The sport has been popular wi t h f am ous people in t he USA. Paul Newm an was one f am ous person w h o p l a yed t h e s p o r t . It is an excit ing ball gam e w h i c h m any peopl e t h i n k i s t h e f a st e st in t he wor l d.

Defining relative c l a u s es 1

A relative clause gives us more information about a noun. A team has eight players who take turns to throw the ball against the wall, (gives more information about the players) A fronton is a court that has three walls, (gives more information about the court)

2 Many relative clauses begin wit h the relative pronouns who, which or that. Use who t o refer t o a person. Paul Newman was one famous person who played the sport. Use which t o refer t o a thing, an animal or an idea. It is an exciting sport which many people think is the fastest ball game in the world. 166

Use that instead of who or which in informal English. Jai-alai is a team ball game that is played in many countries. When the relative pronoun is the object of the relative clause we do not need t o repeat the object pronoun. Handball is a game. People have played it for centuries. Handball is a game which people have played for centuries. NOT Handball is a game which people have played it for centuries. We can leave out the relative pronoun when it is the object of the relative clause. Handball is a game which people have played for centuries. OR Handball is a game people have played for centuries.

Practice A Underline the relative clauses in this t ext about the game of squash. Squash is a racket sport which bovs in a London school invented in the 19th century. It is played by two players in a court that has four walls. Players hit the ball around the walls of the court. The ball travels very quickly. Squash is a healthy sport but it is not good for people who are not very strong! It has become an internationally popular sport which many people think should be in the Olympics. But there is a problem with this. People who come to watch the matches do not always enjoy them. They find it difficult t o see the ball! B Complete the sentences wit h the relative pronoun who or which. 1 That's the woman who | saw. 2 The school she goes t o is outside town. 3 People arrive late have t o go t o Reception. 4 The train he's catching leaves in half an hour. 5 The man lives there is an actor. 6 I've just seen the woman stole your bag! 7 Is that the book your teacher told you about? 8 Who Wants to be a Millionaire?'is a TV show is very popular.

C Join each pair of sentences t o make one sentence. Use relative clauses wit h who, which, that (or nothing). 1

A spade is a thing. You use it to dig the garden. f) spade is a tdiiuj wrack / tUt^jcu. ase to di<j tfie^arden. . f) spade is a tkiry ^cu. ase to duj tke^arden. 2 Matkot is a beach game. It is played all over the world.

3 An ecologist is a scientist. An ecologist studies the environment.

4

Is that the girl? The girl you saw at the party?

5 A penguin is a bird. It can't fly.

6

I don't know the doctor. He is coming to see you.

7 The actress was in Superman. She is on TV tonight.

8 We're going to the hotel. It's near the beach.

[BIB, id thines Wri t e definitions f or the people and things in in vour your notebook. 1 2 4 6 8 10

a sunflower Neighbours A chef An astronaut A dinosaur A knife

is a flower whick^rows very tail. 3 A musician 5 A telescope 7 Friends 9 A ring

QB9B-

> • • •

Circle the correct option.

I

1 There are often eight players in ajai-alai game. a what play b that plays c who play 2 The most important things are very strong arms and good eyes. a that you need them b you need c which you need them 3 The first player seven points is the winner. a what gets b gets c who gets 4 The balls are made of rubber. a that they use b they use them c which they use them 5 Avery high ball down near the back wall is called a chula. a it comes b which comes c which it comes

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Defining relative clauses 1 6 7

Review: reported speech; say / tell; relative clauses

13

A Change the direct speech t o reported speech in the past. 1

'I have t o go now, Steve. The baby's crying.' Vicky tout Steve ske fiad to^o then because the baby was cryiiuj. 2 'You can't go out tomorrow, Frank. Your aunt is coming to stay with us.' Frank's mum told 3 'Come to my house later, Zoe. I'll show you my photos.' Sue told She said 4 'I can't play the guitar but I'm quite good at singing.' John said 5 'We used t o have a dog but now we have a cat.' Tina said 6 'Please put your coats here, children. You can collect them later.' The teacher told the

and that

7 'I'd like t o speak English as well as you, Paula.' Greg told 8 'If you don't stop talking, I'll phone your mother.' Their grandmother said that

B Read this police officer's report and change the reported speech (underlined) t o direct speech. 1 2

POLICE REPORT I was walteing through the parte yesterday afternoon when I s a w a y o u n g m a n . He was. speateing very loudly o n a mobile phone. I told h i m . to stop t a l k i n g . The m a n s a i d t h a t he couldn't 1

3 4

2

because he was t a l k i n g to his f r i e n d , He told me t h a t his friend 3

was, am^ry with him,. He s a i d

he would be very very a n g r y i f he

5

I told h i m t h a t I would be very very very avu^ri^ If he d i d n ' t t u r n

6

4

turned the phone off. 5

the phone off. He told his friend that he couldn't talte ric^ht then fe

because a policeman wanted to talte to h i m . He tunned the phone off. I told h i m . I was lootei-ng for a c r i m i n a l . I s a i d that T

to loote i n his bacy He told me- I couldn't 9

s

I wanted

because it was f u l l of

stolen money from the bante. I laughed because I t h o u g h t jotelng. "&ut then he r a n away ...

168

± 0

he was

7 8 9 10

'Please stop tatlatuj,

C Match the pairs.

6 Was the doctor nice? You saw her.

1 He thinks 2 He thought

a she is very nice. b she was very nice.

7 The bus doesn't stop here. It goes to the town centre.

3 She told a 4 She told the

a truth b lie

8 The people live next door. They have eight cats.

5 He said 6 He told

a her that he loved her. b to her that he loved her

9 Was the present expensive? You gave the present to me.

7 She said 8 She told him

a 'I'm sorry.' b she was sorry.

9 He said 10 He told

a a story. b nothing.

D Complete each sentence b so t hat it means the same as sentence a. Use t wo t o four words, including the word in brackets. 1 a b 2 a b 3 a b 4 a b 5 a b 6 a b 7 a b 8 a b

'Don't be late,'Charles said to Pamela, (not) Charles told Pamela not to be late. The children listened to Bill's story, (told) Bill story. Tm sorry I broke your pen, Rob,'said Adam, (said) for breaking Rob's pen. Barry told Sylvia that he didn't like her. (I) Barry said,' , Sylvia.' He said he'd study the next day. (I'll) He said' .' I'll say something to you, but you mustn't tell anybody, (you) I'll secret. 'I used to live here,'he said, (that) He said live there. She lied to me about her age. (told) When I asked her about her age, she

E Combine the pairs of sentences into one sentence, using which or who.

10 People are usually healthy. They run every day.

Match the sentence beginnings t o the correct endings, then writ e them below. Add the relative pronouns who or which only i f they are necessary. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 6 1

At i e is something A shopaholic is a person An insect is an animal A pet is an animal Mercury is a planet Oxygen is a gas A pilot is someone A poet is someone Yoga is a type of exercise 2 7

3 8

many people enjoy. has six legs. flies a plane. writes poems. you wear with a shirt. we need to live. you look after at home. loves shopping! is very close to the sun.

4 9

f) tie is something ^joa wear with a shirt.

2 3 4 5 6 7

1 The shop closes at 7.00. We want t o visit it. The shop which we want to visit closes at 7.00.

8

2 The photo is terrible! You took the photo of me.

9

3 The student is from China. I'm teaching her. 4 Where did I put that book? I was reading it. 5 I met someone. He went to primary school with you.

Review 13 169

Linking words: and, but, or, so,

0

because

What is 6,700 k m long and made of stone?

The G r e a t W a l l of C h i n a is 6 , 7 0 0 k m l o n g a n d i t goes f r o m t h e east to t h e w e s t of C h i n a . The W a l l w a s s t a r t e d m o r e t h a n 2 , 5 0 0 y e a r s ago, b u t t h e biggest p a r t w a s b u i l t m t h e Ming dynasty ( 1 3 6 8 - 1 6 4 4 ) . The M i n g s n e e d e d t h e W a l l b e c a u s e e n e m i e s w e r e c o m i n g f r o m t h e n o r t h . M i U i o n s of people - free people a n d slaves - b u i l t t h e W a l l o r g u a r d e d i t . T h e y w o r k e d day a n d n i g h t . They g u a r d e d t h e W a l l d u r i n g t h e day a n d b u i l t i t at n i g h t . They d i d n ' t b u i l d i n t h e m o r n i n g o r a f t e r n o o n b e c a u s e i t was often v e r y h o t a n d u n c o m f o r t a b l e i n t h e day. The W a l l is v e r y old, s o s o m e of i t is b r o k e n , b u t t h e r e are still many beautiful sections.

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1 Underline the correct opt ion: The Mings were

Linking words: and, but, or, so, 1

because

Use and, but, or, so and because t o link t wo or more words, sentences, or parts of sentences. day and night the morning or afternoon It was hot, so people worked at night.

2 Use and t o add information. / left my hotel and walked to the Wall, a warm and beautiful night

In a long list, separate the items wit h commas (,), but remember t o put and before the last item. Chinese, Japanese, Thai and Korean

builders/ emperors/ slaves.

3 Use but t o contrast information. / love China but I don't like the food much, nice but expensive 4

Use ort o show alternatives. Do you want to see the old town or go to the beach? Don't shout or scream.

5 Use so t o show the result of something. The Wall is very old, so some of it is broken. They worked all night, so they were tired in the morning. 6 Use because t o show the reason for something. Because usually goes in the middle of the sentence. The Chinese needed the Wall because they had enemies. If you put because at the beginning of the sentence, you need t o use a comma. Because you speak Chinese, you can buy the tickets.

170

Practice D Join some of the sentences in this story using linking words. so^joa This is an interesting storyPVeu will like it. Shen-Nung

A Match the pairs. 1 I sat down 2 I ran five km,-

a so I was tired, b because I was tired.

3 I want to go out 4 It's Monday

a and it's raining again, b but it's raining again.

5 Did you finish the test 6 Did you fail the test

a and did you pass? b or did you pass?

7 Sarah looks older

a but she is in the same class as me. b because she is in the same class as me.

8 I know Sarah 9 We can go for a meal 10 I don't have much time

was an Emperor. He lived in China. One day he went into the garden. He sat under a tree. It was a beautiful day. It was too hot. It was too dry. Shen-Nung was thirsty. He asked for a drink. Shen-Nung could drink something cold. He could have a cup of hot water. The Emperor chose hot water. It was his usual afternoon drink. He waited. The servant brought the hot water. Shen-Nung closed his eyes. He felt tired. He felt

a but we can have a coffee, b or we can have a coffee.

sleepy. Some leaves fell from the tree. They went into his cup of water. Shen-Nung woke up. He took his

B Complete the sentences using and, so, but, or, because.

cup. He drank the tea. He didn't notice the leaves. The new drink was unusual. The new drink was very tasty.

1 It's very late, S O g o to bed. 2 Please come visit us in the summer. 3 Do you want to stay here do you need t o get home? 4 It's a big house my bedroom is small. 5 We're ready, let's go. 6 John finished university got a job. 7 Lucy was happy she got a present. 8 We can watch it at the cinema buy the DVD You choose.

He made another cup of hot water with leaves. ShenNung is now famous. He invented tea.

Copy these sentences into your notebook and complete them using and, or, so, but and because. 1 2 3

C Join each pair of sentences using linking words and writ e them in your notebook.

4 5

1 Sally went to bed. She felt tired. Salty went to bid because she felt tired. Felix is friendly. His sister is really nice. My dictionary is very small. The word isn't in it. The party was OK. I felt a bit bored. Have you been to Italy before? Is this your first time here? I opened the bag. I saw the money. Trevor can't sleep. He drank a lot of coffee. We heard a strange noise. I phoned the police.

At the weekends I JO sdoppiruj or see nuj friends This morning I got up I like the place where I live is difficult for me When I leave school I might or

6 7

made me angry I want or my birthday. 8 English is important for me 9 Pollution is a problem 10 Two things I need for happiness are

for

1ES1! I Circle the correct option. | 1 2 3 4 5

Some people say you can easily see the Great Wall from the moon, it's not true. a or b but c so You can't see the Wall from the moon it's only 9 metres wide. a and b so c because Some people use the Wall's stones for building, parts of the Wall are broken. a and b but c so I want to got o China t o visit Beijing visit the Great Wall. a because b and c so Nobody wanted to destroy the Wall build a road. a or b but c so _

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Linking words: and, but, or, so, because 171

1

Time and sequence adverbs: first, then,

afterwards

After lunch w e visit the Peguche waterfall.

E c u a d o r i a n

A n d e s

T o u r

The two-day tour of the Ecuadorian Andes starts from a five-star hotel in Quito. First, we'll take you on a beautiful drive, then for lunch at a local restaurant on the San Pablo lake. Next, we'll take you to the volcanic lake of Cuicocha. At night we will stay at a 17t hcentury hotel. The next morning you are free to visit the market in Otavalo. Afterwards, we'll visit the Peguche wat erfall, and finally, we'll have a lovely drive back to the five-star hotel in Quito. Put t he events in the correct order: a Visit the market, b See the wat erf all, c Drive back t o t he hot el, d Have lunch at the restaurant. 3 'q 'E 'p J9MSUV

Time and sequence adverbs: first, then, afterwards 1

Use these words t o describe the order of events: first, next / then, afterwards, finally

2 Other phrases similar t o afterwards include after that and after + noun. The next morning, you are free to visit the market in Otavalo. Afterwards / After that / After lunch, we visit the Peguche waterfall.

172

We don't usually use after as an adverb. After the class we are going to the museum. NOT After we arc going to the museum. When we describe a process, we can also use ordinal numbers t o describe each stage, e.g. first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth. We can use finally for the last part of the process. We usually use commas after these words. First, turn the machine on. Second, take a cup. Third, choose water or juice. Finally, press the green button.

Practice

1 . first, pat^cur bank card in the machine. 2 3 4 5 6

A Complete this postcard using the words in the box. afterwards finally first - next then

Xs*i having ajteat the ait pott

this

H/yte. in Sici/y! ^rotnina

f< tout

of

Visited

the cathedtaj',

of

Pcjet/yio.

Tin Pa/et/yjo^ 3

Mattotana

and

To/nottoto

Cotvaja.

Mount

t/?e

in a /note/

/yjotnincj toe ate visiting

m '/aot/yfina. ^ PaJazzo

, toe

/ast visit

Etna in a Coach-

the

is to the

See you

top

Soon!

B Describe the process of taking money out of a cash machine. Use time and sequence adverbs and the words in the box. bank card

pin code

amount of money

wallet

4

theatte

toe ate cjoincj to Oat

2

to

tonight.

the

1

3

Church

toe ttave//ed

6<Je ate staying

at had

then 2

4

Montea/e.

of

and ^

&Oe attlved

Complete the sentences using first, second, then, after that or finally. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

5 6

7

Do your homework. Then you can go out. , listen to all the instructions. Then write your answers. We're not ready t o leave yet. , we need t o check the bikes. , we need t o repair the tent and we need to buy some food. Put the sugar in a bowl and add the eggs. We had breakfast early. we went to the beach. It was a good class we learnt about rivers. we saw a film and we talked about river pollution. The best advice I can give you about money is t o save first and spend.

Think of a food or drink you know how t o make, e.g. a cake, a cup of coffee. Writ e sentences describing how t o make it in your notebook. Use t im e and sequence adverbs in your description. Example: first, cat tw6 slices cf bread.

Circle the correct option. 1 When you arrive at the airport, first, collect your bags , go through Passport Control. Third, go to the Arrivals hall and look for a man with 'Super Peru Tours' on a sign, a Two b Second c After 2 breakfast in Cuzco, we'll drive you to Pisac. a Afterwards b After that c After 3 After .we'll take you t o your hotel in Yucay. a then b that c this 4 The next morning we'll take the early train t o Machu Picchu for a tour. We'll have a two-hour tour, and you will have some free time. a then b second c after 5 .we'll return to the hotel in Cuzco. That's the end of the holiday. a Finally b After c Second —

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Time and sequence adverbs: first, then, afterwards 173

2 The

Golden

Both, either,

neither

They both live in a fantasy world.

Compass

is a story of both magic

and adventure. Lyra a n d Roger are friends. Both c h i l d r e n enjoy playing a n d h a v i n g f u n b u t neither Lyra nor Roger is an ordinary c h i l d . Both of t h e m live i n a fantasy w o r l d . Neither c h i l d understands h o w dangerous this w o r l d is. The strangeness of their w o r l d doesn't w o r r y either of the children. B u t t h e n other childre n a r o u n d t h e m start to disappear.

Neither of t h e m k n o w s w h y a n d

both are frightened. One day even Roger disappears. There are t w o things Lyra can do. She can either stay at h o m e or travel to the terrible N o r t h to f i n d her friend. Both options are dangerous. W h a t w i l l Lyra do? Underline t he correct opt ion: Lyra is Roger's

daughter/ friend/ wife. puauj

: J3 M S U V

Both, either, neither 1

Both = A and B. Neither = not A and not B. Either = A or B. Both compasses show north. Neither is working. Don't use either.

5

Use either of and neither of before plural nouns and pronouns.

Do either of you understand? Neither of them knows why. 6 We can use both... and, either... or, neither... nor to

2

Use both either before or after nouns, but only after pronouns.

Lyra and Roger both feel afraid. OR Both Lyra and Roger feel afraid. We both like fantasy books. 3 Use both of before plural personal pronouns: both of us / you/ them. Both of us read it. They will find both of them. 4

Use either and neither before singular nouns.

Either day at the weekend is fine. Neither child understands.

174

join nouns, other kinds of words, phrases and even sentences.

... a story of both magic and adventure. The children neither know nor care. ... either take the train or the bus. 7 We can use both, either and neither on their own as pronouns.

A: Do you want a sandwich or a pizza? B: Both! I'm hungry! C: Either! One of them - it doesn't matter which. D: Neither! I don't like sandwiches or pizzas! I want a hot dog.

Practice A Underline the correct word.

Complete the dialogue using both (of), neither (of) or either (of).

1 There are two nice cakes. Both / Neither are delicious. 2 Either/ Both Russia and Korea are next t o China. 3 A: Do you want an apple or a banana? B: Both/ Neither. I'm not hungry. 4 We saw both/ both of them at the station. 5 I'm not busy on Monday and Tuesday. Either/ Neither day is good to meet. 6 We didn't pass the exam, so either of/ neither of us is happy. 7 I have a sister. We both/ neither like football. 8 My computer is slow. It's either/ neither broken or it's very old.

Andrew: Hi, Clare. Have you see seen those two DVDs I bought? I can't find either of them. Clare: They are on the coffee table. You should take them back to the shop. them will play. Andrew: Really? I watched on Tuesday and they were OK. Clare: Well, they don't work now. Take them back t o the shop. You can exchange them or get your money back. I didn't like , anyway. Andrew: I t hought films were good. you like those kinds of films or you don't. :

2

3

4

5

B In your notebook, compare Lyra and Roger using Both/ Neither of them... and Both/ Neither Lyra and/ nor Roger....

6

7

1

Lyra

Roger

1 Where do you come from?

Oxford

Oxford

2 Do you like Oxford?

No

No

3 Can you use a compass?

No

No

4 Do you feel afraid?

Yes

Yes

5 Have you been to the North?

No

No

6 Would you like a map?

Yes

Yes

7 Do you know where the children are?

No

No

8

/

In your notebook, writ e sentences about you and your best friend using both (of) and neither (of). (Think about your favourite things; what you do every day; your family and friends; what you can / can't do and have / don't have.) Example: (Oe were both born in, 2000,

SofcK. of them come from Oxford. / Soth Lyra and ftyer come from Oxford. i

C These symbols are used in computer logic. Make sentences using both... and, either... or and neither... nor. = both... and

= either... or

J] } "

=

n e

'

t n e r

-

Circle the correct option. 1

n o r

1 A computer is J^ )-on/ of f .

2

f) computer is either on or off. 2 Programming is J3" 3 Computer logic is

a science / an art.

i 3

difficult / boring. 4

4 The symbols are

clear / useful.

1

5

5 The software is ~^ )" free/ very cheap. 6 You need l J3 " a monitor / keyboard.

••••

I

I love The Golden Compass. I enjoyed the film and the book. a neither b both of c both Lyra travels between her world and ours, but she doesn't feel comfortable in a neither of b either c either of Neither Lyra's mother her father understands her. a or b nor c neither Both Lyra and Roger leave Oxford, but will ever come home again? a either them b they either c either of them A: Who wrote the book? Was itJK Rowling or Lemony Snicket? B: It was Philip Pullman. a Nor b Neither c Either qS 3fr q£ m 3 T:sJ9Msuejjs3iAy\ /

• • • •

Both, either, neither 175

Word order Outside the port today

E v e n i n g N e w s

Ti m e s ,

2 5

J u l y

i n Brief

Police are looking for the driver of a car which hit a tree by the side of the M79 motorway. The car was found e a r l i e r today.

Last night Fogmouth port was closed because of strong winds.There were long lines of trucks outside the port today. I have been here for

ten hours,' one driver told us angrily.

The Fire Service was called to afirein R e x b r o o k town centre yesterday Thefirestarted in some rubbish i n K e l l y R o a d at about 9.10 p m

•

Answer t he questions. 1 When was the car found? 2 When was Fogmouth port closed? 3 Where did the fire start? UMOj >| oojqxay u\ peoy A]| a>| u\ qsiqqru aujos uj £ j q § ! U jse| z Aepo} jsjijea \ : S J 3 M S U V

Word order 1

Common expressions of t im e: in the winter today tomorrow morning in the afternoon next week on Sunday last month on Mondays yesterday at the moment daily at 9 o'clock every year at lunchtime for ten years

early again now then recently these days at this time

2 Common expressions of place: here in the town centre there at the bank upstairs at the end of the street in Italy near the church in Milan outside the fire station in Ford Street We usually put expressions of t ime and place and adverbs of manner at the end of a sentence. Sometimes we put them at the beginning. The Fire Service was called to a fire in Rexbrook town centre. The police came immediately. Last night Fogmouth port was closed because of strong winds. 176

If there is more than one of these at the end of a sentence, the order is usually: manner, place, time. There were long queues of trucks outside Fogmouth port today, (place + time) She brushed her teeth carefully at bedtime. (manner + time) He ran quickly to school in the morning. (manner + place + time) •

See Unit 56 for more adverbs of manner.

An adverb does not usually come between a verb and the object. They closed the port yesterday. NOT They closed yesterday the port. •

See Unit 1 for more information on word order.

A Underline the expressions of time and place in these short news stories and mark them either t (time) or p (place).

C Add more information t o the news stories by putting the expressions in the right places. last week on Sunday evening outside the port

1

1 Police are looking for three men who stole money from a restaurant in^Market Place. The robbery happened at Tony's Diner at 8 pnA>n Monday.

Three young men were r.escued f r om a boat

2 There are plans for new buildings at the Barton Hospital. Work will start on the old people's buildings in the summer.

last weet

near Fogm out h por ^ The boat hit large rocks.

3 Rory Wright could play for Barton Football Club again. The club hopes the 23-year-old player will return next month.

No one was hurt .

4 The headteacher of Stoke Fields Primary School has retired at the age of 65. Ian Fletcher has worked at the city centre school for 18 years. Mr Fletcher owns a house in Florida. He plans to move there.

at home from St Francis Zoo recently yesterday A bear escaped. Police told people to stay.

B Complete the dialogues by putting the words in the correct order. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. 1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8

A number of animals have escaped from the zoo, including a rare white tiger.

A: What time do we leave in the morning? B: (Oe need to leave eartij. (we / early / leave / t o / need) A: Have you been to the holiday apartment recently? B: Yes, (last / week / there / was / I) A: Do you know this town? B: Oh yes, (years / lived / have / for / here / 1) A: When do you go to the gym? B: (Tuesdays/ I / on/ go/ there) A: Do you know where the town hall is? B: (now / am / I / there / going) A: Have you read the information? B: No, but (I / it / at / look/ tonight / carefully / will) A: Have you seen my bag? B: (was / upstairs / it / morning/ this) A: Where are we meeting? B: (are / outside / at / we / school / the / meeting / 9.15)

QQSfl.

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Copy and complete the sentences in your notebook using appropriate expressions of t ime and / or place. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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The baby was born at the hospital last nyfit Buses go I was Shall we have the party ? I'm going to meet her Could you give him the present ? I love going

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i

Circle the correct option. 1 Police stopped a woman driving a dangerously in the city last night b in the city dangerously last night c in the city last night dangerously 2 the new airport. a Tomorrow the president is going t o open b The president tomorrow is going to open c The president is going t o tomorrow open 3 Most teenagers don't do a outside enough sport these days b these days enough sport outside c enough sport outside these days 4 Lynn Green played a chess well last Tuesday b chess last Tuesday well c well chess last Tuesday 5 13-year-old Harry White has made over £1 million buying and selling on the Internet. 'I spend ,' he said.

I

a at the moment all my free time there b all my free time there at the moment c there all my free time at the moment I q5 Ef 3£ ?z T :sJ3/wsue jisai Ayv B

Word order 177

A Complete the sentences using the expressions in brackets.

C Make sentences by putting the words in the

Remember the usual order is: manner, place, time.

correct order.

1 She climbed sfowty Upstairs (slowly / upstairs) 2 I have an appointment (in the park / at 11.00) 3 Can you meet me (at the hospital / next Monday) 4 I always eat (at lunchtime / quickly) 5 You don't see young people

1 arrived / both / late / us / of Both of us arrived late.

(in this cafe / these days) 6 People must drive (carefully / on Saturdays / in the town centre) 7 He's staying (in Barcelona / on holiday) 8 I saw him (here / last week) 9 Can you swim (now / well) 10 I'm not studying (at the moment / at school / hard)

2

neither / nor / see / hear / I / him / could I

3 stay / I / go / I / do / or / do? Do

4 after/ spoke / he / game / t he/ t he / players / t o After

5 wasn't / the / either / joke / clever / funny / or The 6 were / because / late / angry / they / was / 1 Because 7 playing / team / was / neither / well Neither

B Underline the correct options.

1 It's hard work or/ but I enjoy it. 2 I walk everywhere. I don't have a car and/ or a bike. 3 I stayed at home on Saturday so/ because I thought Andy would visit. 4 I thought Andy would visit, so/ because I stayed at home on Saturday. 5 Amy got up too late, so/ because she missed the bus. 6 Amy missed the bus so/ because she had got up too late. 7 I'd like to buy this shirt for Charlie, and/ but do you think it will be big enough? 8 I went back to the village and/ or saw all the places I used t o play in. 9 My sister and I both/ either like rock climbing. 10 I haven't been there either/ neither.

178

8 colds / my mum / my dad / have / and / both My

Make one sentence from each pair using the linking words: and,

F

expressions from the box.

because, but, or, so. 1

Complete the text using the words and

They sat down. She asked their names. Tketj sat down and she asked tneir names.

and at midnight at the school because both but but finally in 1989 in New England so

2 My computer is very slow now. I'm getting a new one.

The film Dead Poets Society was made in M i It is still a very popular teen movie its message is that a man should think for himself. The film takes place in the 1950s. The main characters in the film are new schoolboys Neil and Todd a new English teacher, Mr Keating. The two boys have difficult fathers who want them t o do well .They soon become friends. The school and the parents are very traditional, Mr Keating is a young free-thinking teacher. Mr Keating helps the boys to be different. They form a poetry club which meets t o read poems The headteacher becomes worried about Mr Keating's classes, he tells the new teacher to leave. Mr Keating has to agree, he has changed the boys' lives forever.

1

3 Would you like a sandwich? Have you had something t o eat?

2

3

4 I need some new shoes. These are really old.

4

5 I've joined the club. I'll get tickets half-price.

5

6

6 He loves music. He can't sing very well. 7 Laura agreed to help them. They had been kind t o her in the past.

8 Just knock on the door! Go in!

7

8

9

9 I'll give you the book at school tomorrow. I'll bring it t o your house later.

1 0

1:

10 I'm going to the party. I have to leave early.

Put the sentences in the correct order and complete them with the time and sequence adverbs from the box.

after five or ten minutes finally first

second

then

The perfect lunch. , cut into pieces and enjoy! , put the bread and cheese back in the oven at 180° C. first , warm some broad in the oven. , put some cheese on top. , take the toast out of the oven and put some tomato on top. 1

first, warm some bread in the oven.

2

3 4 5

Review 14 179

statement

negative

questions

l/ you/ we/ they

work

do not work (1 don't work)

Do 1 work?

he/ she/ it

works

does not work (he doesn't work)

Does he work?

am working (I'm working)

am not working (I'm not working)

Am 1 working?

you/ we/ they

are working (you're working)

are not working (you're not / you aren't working)

Are you working?

he/ she/ it

is working (it's working)

is not working (it's not / it isn't working)

Is it working?

worked

did not work (you didn't work)

Did you work?

l/ you/ we/ they

have worked (they've worked)

have not worked (they haven't worked)

Have they worked?

he/ she/ it

has worked (she's worked)

has not worked (she hasn't worked)

Has she worked?

Present simple

Present continuous 1

Past simple l/ you/ he/ she/ it/ we/ they Present perfect

180

infinitive

past simple

past participle

infinitive

past simple

past participle

be seat Decome jegin bite Dlow break bring build buy catch choose come cost cut do draw drink drive eat fall feel fight find fly forget get give

was/ were beat became began bit blew broke brought caught bought caught chose came cost cut did drew drank drove ate fell felt fought found flew forgot got gave went grew hung had

been beaten become begun bitten blown broken brought caught bought caught chosen come cost cut done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen felt fought found flown forgotten got given gone grown hung had

heard hid hit held hurt kept knew left lent

heard hidden hit held hurt kept known left lent

let lie light lose make mean meet pay put read ride ring rise run say see sell send shine shoot show shut sing sit sleep speak spend stand steal swim take teach tear tell think throw understand wake wear win write

let lay lit lost made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent shone shot showed shut sang sat slept spoke spent stood stole swam took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote

let lain lit lost made meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent shone shot shown shut sung sat slept spoken spent stood stolen swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written

go grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep know leave lend

Appendices 181

Spelling: verbs

Present simple verbs

he/she/it

most verbs

+ -s

work - works

verbs ending -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x,-z

+ -es

watch - watches

verbs ending -o

+ -es

go - goes

verbs ending consonant + y

y-> }+ -es

study - studies

verbs ending vowel +y

+ -s

play - plays

most verbs

+ -ing

work - working

verbs ending -e ! except be is irregular

remove e + -ing

come - coming be - being

verbs ending -ee

+ -ing

see - seeing

verbs ending vowel + b, g, m, n, p, t ! except if final syllable is not stressed

double consonant + -ing

get - getting visit - visiting

verbs ending-/ ! North American English has one /

double / + -ing

travel - travelling traveling

verbs ending in -ie

ie + y + -ing

lie - lying

most verbs

+ -ed

work - worked

verbs ending -e

+ -d

like - liked

verbs ending consonant +y

y-+i + -ed

try - tried

verbs ending in vowel +y ! except pay, lay, say

+ -ed y-+ i + -d

play - played paid, laid, said

verb ends vowel + consonant ! except if final syllable is not stressed

double consonant + -ed

chat - chatted visit - visited

verb ends -/ ! North American English has one /

double / + -ed

travel - travelled traveled

! Have and be are irregular. / , you, we, they have he, she, it has I am you, we, they are he, she, it is

-ing form

Past simple

182

Adjectives and adverbs Comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs most words

+ -er/ -est

fast-faster fastest

words ending -e

+ -r/ -st

nice - nicer nicest

words ending consonant + y

y-¥i

early - earlier earliest

words ending vowel + consonant

double consonant + -er/ -est

+ -er/ -est

-

big - bigger biggest

Adverbs ending in -ly most adjectives

+

adjectives ending -le

e+y

adjectives ending consonant + y

y-* i

-ly

bad - badly simple - simply + -ly

busy - busily

Nouns Regular noun plurals (countablenouns only) most nouns

+ -s

car- cars

noun ends -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z

+ -es [adds a syllable]

watch - watches

noun ends vowel + -o

+ -s

radio - radios

noun ends consonant + o

+ -es

tomato - tomatoes

noun ends consonant + y

y-* i

noun ends vowel + y

+ -s

day-days

noun ends -f/ fe ! except roof - roofs

f/ fe -» ves

knife - knives

+ -es

diary - diaries

Irregular noun plurals man

men

woman

women

child

children

person

people

tooth

teeth

foot

feet

Appendices 183

a yellow and black insect t hat makes honey 1 very surprised 58 very surprising 58 amazing ancient f rom a long t im e ago 10 army a large group of soldiers t hat f ight wars 1 0 assertive behaving or speaking in a strong, confident way 37 assistant someone whose j ob is t o help a person who has a more import ant j ob 1 3 atmosphere t he feeling which exists in a place or sit uat ion 5 4 attraction somewhere you can visit t hat is interesting or enjoyable 55 a t ool wi t h a sharp piece of metal at one end, used f or axe cut t ing trees or wood 2 6 bacteria very small living things t hat can cause disease 65 bakery a shop where you can buy bread, cakes, etc. 4 9 bat a small animal like a mouse wi t h wings t hat flies at night 2 0 a fight between t wo armies in a war 10 battle bite t o cut something using t eet h 3 2 blood pressure the force wi t h which blood flows around your body 35 one of t he hard, whit e pieces inside t he body of a bone person or animal 2 6 Briton someone who comes f rom Great Britain 1 0 butterfly an insect wi t h large, coloured wings 4 7 cabbage a large, round vegetable wi t h a lot of green or whit e leaves 3 1 calm If the weather or t he sea is calm, i t is quiet and peaceful. 3 0 the person in cont rol of a ship or aeroplane 4 7 captain a large, strong building t hat was built in t he past t o castle protect t he people inside f rom being attacked 8 cave a large hole in t he ground or in t he side of a mountain 1 2 chain a line of metal rings connected t oget her R1 2 charge up put electricity int o 3 6 a gas wi t h a strong smell, used t o make water safe t o chlorine drink and swim in (symbol CI) 6 5 t hin sticks used f or eating f ood in East Asia 1 3 chopsticks cocoa bean the seed of t he cacao t ree. Chocolate is made f rom this. 4 0 colony a country or area cont rolled by a more powerf ul country 1 0 a magazine wi t h stories t ol d in pictures 6 comic compass a piece of equipment which shows you which direction you are going in 2 4 t o say t hat something is wrong or t hat you are angry complain about something 38 contract a legal agreement between t wo people or organisations 18 convenient near or easy t o get t o 5 4 country the areas t hat are away f rom t owns and cities 4 5 criminal someone who has done a crime 9 depressed very sad, of t en f or a l ongt i m e 58 bee amazed

184

depressing desert determined diet diplomat dyslexic elevator empire enemy expedition explode fail faithful fan fascinating feather fishing boat flight float forever fox fur gravity guard guidebook habitat helmet hero honey horizon hydrogen image in danger intend invent jealous jogging

making you feel sad and wi t hout any hope for the f ut ure 5 8 a large, hot, dry area of land wi t h very f ew plants 39 want ing so much t o do something t hat you keep t rying very hard 2 2 t he type of f ood t hat someone usually eats 35 someone who is good at dealing wi t h people in a sensitive way 3 7 Someone who is dyslexic has difficult y wi t h reading and wri t i ng. 15 (AmE) a machine t hat carries people up and down in t all buildings (BrE lift) 7 a group of countries t hat is ruled by one person or government 33 a person or country t hat you are arguing or fighting wi t h 8 an organised journey, especially a long one for a particular purpose 2 4 If a bomb explodes, it bursts (= breaks suddenly from inside) wi t h noise and force. 6 2 t o not be successful 9 always liking and supporting someone or something 3 4 someone who likes a person or t hing very much 3 1 very interesting 5 3 one of the soft, light things t hat cover a bird's skin 28 a boat used t o catch fish 4 4 a journey in an aircraft 6 2 t o stay on the surface of a liquid and not go under 35 f or all t i m e in t he f ut ure 4 6 a wi l d animal like a dog wi t h brown f ur and a long thick t ail 1 t he thick hair t hat covers bodies of some animals like cats and rabbits 4 t he force t hat makes objects f all t o the ground 26 t o protect someone or something so t hat no one attacks or steals t hem . 7 0 a book t hat gives visitors inf orm at ion about a particular place 2 3 t he natural environment of an animal or plant 25 a hard hat t hat protects your head 1 1 a very brave man t hat a lot of people admire 8 a sweet, sticky f ood t hat is made by bees 2 8 t he line in the distance where the sky and the land or sea seem t o meet 39 a gas t hat combines wi t h oxygen t o f orm water 55 t he way t hat other people t hink someone or something is 3 3 when it is possible t hat something bad wi l l happen 4 t o want and plan t o do something 38 t o design or make something new 9 upset and angry because someone you like likes another person 3 4 t he activity of running at a slow regular speed, especially as a f orm of exercise 32

jungle

an area of land in a hot country where trees and plants grow close t oget her 39 a set of keys on a computer, which you press t o make keyboard it work 72 kiss t o put your lips against another person's lips or skin because you love or like t hem 23 lake a large area of water which has land all around i t 55 leaf (leaves) a flat, green part of a plant t hat grows f rom a stem or branch 1 lend t o give something t o someone f or a period of t im e 37 lightning sudden bright light in t he sky during a storm 57 lonely sad because you are not wi t h other people 3 mechanic someone who repairs vehicles and machines 4 medicine something t hat you drink or eat when you are ill, t o stop you being ill 16 monitor a screen t hat shows inf orm at ion or pictures, usually connected t o a computer 72 monster an imaginary creature t hat is large, ugly, and fright ening 10 mosquito a small flying insect t hat drinks your blood, sometimes causing a disease 25 mustard a spicy yellow or brown sauce of t en eaten in small amounts wi t h meat 13 nest a home built by birds or insects f or t heir eggs 29 oven a piece of kitchen equipment which is used f or cooking f ood R14 panic t o suddenly feel very afraid so t hat you stop t hink ing clearly and do silly things 7 pet an animal t hat someone keeps in t heir home 11 pineapple a large f rui t wi t h leaves sticking out of t he t op which is sweet and yellow inside 35 pirate someone who attacks ships and steals f rom t hem 63 programming when someone writ es computer programs 72 protest when people show t hat they disagree wi t h something by standing somewhere, shouting, carrying signs, etc 9 qualification what you get when you pass an exam or a course 65 raw not cooked 13 react If a chemical substance reacts wi t h another substance, it changes. 65 recycle t o use paper, glass, plastic, etc. again and not t hrow it away 64 rent t o pay money t o live in a building t hat someone else owns 14 resident someone who lives in a particular place 14 rhyme If a word rhymes wi t h another word, t he end part of the words sound the same. 22 rhythm a regular, repeating pattern of sound 39 rugby a sport played by t wo teams wi t h an oval ball and H-shaped goals 6 scream when someone makes a high, loud cry because they are afraid or upset 11 t o make quick, short movements f rom side t o side or shake up and down 11 shy not confident, especially about meeting new people 24 someone who is owned by someone else and has t o slave work f or t hem 70

slim soap opera sofa software species spider sprinter stripy suitcase sulphur survivor temple tent terrified terrifying thunder tragedy treasure tunnel uniform vegetarian vet volcanic

Someone who is slim is t hi n in an attractive way. 54 a series of television or radio programmes t hat continues over a long period and is about the lives of a group of characters 48 a large, comf ort able seat f or more than one person 5 programs t hat you use t o make a computer do different things 72 a group of plants or animals which are the same in some way 25 a creature wi t h eight long legs which catches insects in a web 1 someone who runs short distances in competitions 53 wi t h a pattern of stripes 1 a rectangular case wi t h a handle t hat you use f or carrying clothes when you are travelling 5 a yellow chemical element t hat has an unpleasant smell (symbol S) 28 someone who continues t o live after almost dying because of an accident, illness, etc. 20 a building where people in some religions go t o pray 16 a structure f or sleeping in, made of cloth fixed t o metal poles 22 very fright ened 58 very f right ening 58 t he loud noise in t he sky t hat you hear during a storm 57 something very sad which happens, usually involving death 62 something valuable; gold, silver and jewellery 46 a long passage under the ground or t hrough a mountain 30 a special set of clothes t hat are worn by people who do a particular j ob or by children at school 22 someone who does not eat meat or fish 14 a doctor f or animals 4 volcanic rocks come f rom a volcano (a mountain t hat sends gas and hot rocks out of a hole in the t op) 40

wasp waterfall

a f lying insect wi t h a t hin, black and yellow body 29 a stream of water t hat falls f rom a high place, of t en t o a pool below 71 t o put your hand up and move it f rom side t o side wave in order t o at t ract someone's at t ent ion or t o say goodbye 36 weep t o cry, usually because you are sad 22 a very large animal t hat looks like a large fish and lives whale in t he sea 55 wind a natural, fast movement of air 39 wipe your feet clean dirt f rom your shoes on a mat before entering a room or house 22 witch a woman who has magical powers 16 wonderful very good 53 a small creature wi t h a long, t hin, soft body and no worm legs 25

Appendices 185

a/ an 102,104 a few 114 a little 114 a lot of / lots of 114 able to 52 adjectives 126,128,130,132,138 adverbs 134,136,142,172 after 172 afterwards 172 and 170 any 110 anybody 112 anyone 112 anything 112 anywhere 112 articles 102,104 fee 8 because 170 both 174 but 170 can, can't 52,54,56 comparatives 130,136 conditionals 156,158 could 52,54,60,156,158 countable nouns 98 either 174 enough 140 ever 34 everybody 112 everyone 112 everything 112 everywhere 112 / irst 172 first conditional 156 going to 48 nave (got) 82 have to 56 if 156,158 infinitive 92 imperative 18 -ing form 14,92 it is 122 like 70,92 linking words 170,172 many 114,140

186

may 54,60 might 60,156,158 mucn 114,140 must 56 neither 76,174 never 34 no 110 none 110 or 170 ought to 58 passive 154 past continuous 28 past simple 2 2 ,2 4 ,2 6 ,3 8 phrasal verbs 88 plural nouns 100 possessive apostrophe fs) 118 possessive adjectives 120 prepositional verbs 86 prepositions 86,88,146,148,150 present continuous 14,16,46 present perfect 32,34,36,38 present simple 10,12,16 pronouns 116,120 quantifiers 114 question tags 78 questions 6 4 ,6 6 ,6 8 ,7 2 ,7 4 relative clauses 166 reported speech 162 say 164 second conditional 158 shall 44 should 58 so 76,170 some 110 somebody 112 someone 112 something 112 somewhere 112 state verbs 94 superlatives 132,136 tell 164 that 108 the 102,104 then 172

there is/ are 122 these 108 this 108 those 108 to infinitive 92 too 140 uncountable nouns 98 unless 156 used to 40 was/ were 22 will 44,156 word order 6,176 would 158 would like 92 zero conditional 156

Answer key

1 Word class and word order A Nouns: people, language, vowels, fox, dog, words Pronouns: it , he Adjectives: quick, brown, lazy, new Verbs: use, hasjumps, studied Adverbs: very carefully B 2 750,000,000 people 4 The quick brown fox

3 It 5 He

My Turn! Possible answers 2 I always eat toast. 3 You never have breakfast. 4 My teacher comes t o school early. 5 The school opens at 8.30. 6 My friends sometimes walk wi t h me. 7 We like school.

Present simple 2

C Possible answers 2 He 3 goes/ comes 4 slowly 5 tall 6 very 7 student 8 tells 9 hospital 10 They

4

D 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

B 2 don't live 3 prefer 4 use 5 does not (doesn't) have 6 stays 7 does not (doesn't) stay 8 do not (don't) fight

A 2 don't grow 3 Does 4 Do 5 doesn't include 6 don't think 7 don't see 8 don't live

We speak Russian. She is fs) a strange woman. My aunt drives very badly. They live in this street. He has t wo brothers. The dog ate my sandwich. We saw the new film.

C

My Turn! 2 pronouns

3 adjectives

4 verbs

5 adverbs

Possible answers The ugly giraffe danced happily. The beautiful woman watched the purple moon sadly. The stripy spider went t o Morocco slowly. We won a crazy tennis match quickly. 2 Be A 2 are 8 am

3 is 4 are 5 am 9 are 10 is

B 2 are('re) 6 Am C

2 5 8 12 15

3 is('s)

6 is

4 are('re)

7 are not (aren't)

7 is

5 is not (isn't)

8 Is

am ('m) 3 am not ('m not) 4 is is not (isn't / 's not) 6 are 7 is not (isn't) is('s) 9 is 10 are ('re) 1 1 is not (isn't) is('s) 13 are 14 are ('re) are not (aren't / 're not)

D 2 Is King Henry your father? Yes, he is. 3 Is your mother the Queen? Yes, she is. 4 Are we brothers? No, we are not / we aren't / we're not. 5 Are your sisters here? No, they are not / they aren't/ they're not. 6 Are you very rich? Yes, I am. 7 Is it cold in your house? No, it is not / isn't. 8 Am I your friend? Yes, you are. My Turn! Possible answers 2 isn't 3 is 4 am 5 are 8 'm 9 are not 10 's not

6 's

7 are

2 it does 3 it enjoys 4 it fixes 5 it misses 6 it says 7 it teaches 8 it thinks 9 it tries 10 it washes

B 2 live 3 comes 4 visit 7 show 8 studies C

5 buys

6 has

2 walk 3 see 4 say 5 feel 6 has 7 goes 8 wears 9 goes 10 works 11 write

Does a vet look after animals? Do zoo keepers work in shops? Does a young colobus monkey have white fur? Do we go t o school on Sundays? Do nurses work in a hospital? Do you do sport in the evening?

3 4 5 6 7 8

Yes, he / she does. No, they don't. Yes, it does. No, we don't! Yes, they do. Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

D 2 don't eat 3 don't fight 4 has 5 have 6 doesn't look after 7 don't go home 8 love My Turn! 2 Do (the) gorillas eat bananas? 3 Do (the) gorillas fight? 4 Does the park have a lot of gorillas? 5 Do (the) gorillas have babies? 6 Does a / the baby gori lla stay wi t h its mother? 7 Does a/ t he baby gorilla drink milk? 8 Do you like your job? Possible answers Do you have a favourite gorilla? Do you give the gorillas names? Do you play wi t h the baby gorillas? Do the baby gorillas have toys? Do most of the gorillas look after t heir babies?

5 Present continuous A 2 are singing 3 aren't wait ing 4 am running 5 Am I speaking 6 are not enjoying 7 am living 8 Is t hat boy smiling B

3 Present simple 1 A

3 4 5 6 7 8

C

3 5 6 8 2 4 6 7 9 11

are (Ye) planning 4 am f m ) walking are not (aren't / 're not) running is ('s) drinking 7 am not f m not) having is fs) carrying 9 is not (isn't / 's not) working am f m ) sitting 3 is fs) t elling is fs) showing 5 are not (aren't) looking is not (isn't/ 's not) shouting is not (isn't / 's not) singing 8 is fs) coming 's / is smiling 10 Are you doing are f re) bringing

D

2 4 5 7 9

am not f m not) feeling 3 are fre) trying are not (aren't/ 're not) playing are you wearing 6 is fs) writ ing Are... carrying 8 is fs) talking Is... studying 10 am not f m not) staying

My Turn! Possible answers 3 Yes, I am. 4 No, they aren't. 5 No, I'm not. 6 No, it isn't. 7 No, I'm not. 8 Yes, it is. 9 Yes, I am.

6 Present continuous and present simple A

B

2 Do you have 3 is snowing 4 speaks 5 don't know 6 is playing 7 Do you like 8 'm not laughing; 'm crying 3a

C 2 4 6 8 D

4b

5b

6a

7b

8a

9b

10a

lla

12b

agree 3 Do... need is not (isn't / 's not) wearing 5 are f re) carrying do not (don't) know 7 Is ...waiting is not (isn't) raining

2 5 7 9 11

is shining 3 is fs) wearing 4 comes does not (doesn't) speak 6 study (we) go 8 am fm) sitting do not (don't) think 10 lives Are you working

My Turn! Possible answers I'm sitting on a ski lif t . I'm wearing skis. I ski every day. I don't like the cold weather!

7 Imperatives A 2 Leave 3 Don't take t ime 4 Close 5 don't open 6 Don't go back 7 Phone B

2 Don't worry 3 Go shopping 4 don't put 5 Take / Have 6 Have; Don't forget 7 pick up 8 Turn left

C 2 Don't be / Don't arrive 3 Buy/ Get 4 Don't buy / Don't get 5 Go; go / come 6 Turn; go / walk 7 Wait My Turn! Possible answers 1 Visit the art museum. 2 Have lunch in the market place. 3 Climb t o the top of the hill. 4 Don't go t o the parks at night. 5 Don't forget your camera. 6 Don't come on Saturday.

R l Review: present simple and present continuous A 2 4 5 6 7

is fs) running; is fs) t rying 3 works; fixes is fs) crying; cries is having; are dancing; are chatting studies; isn't studying; is fs) making doesn't want; says 8 has; relaxes; goes

B

2 I'm not 3 Do 4 I don't 5 isn't 6 Is 7 Do 8 I don't 9 don't 10 isn't 1 1 isn't 12 don't

C

2 My brother doesn't play the guitar, but he is fs) very good at singing. 3 We aren't f re not) very happy. Our team isn't fs not) winning.

Answer key 187

4 Ann and Robert don't like London, and they aren't ('re not) planning t o stay here. 5 Lucy isn't fs not) very good at dancing. We don't enjoy her shows. 6 Marcus isn't playing a computer game at the moment. He doesn't play computer games every night. 7 That song isn't very good. I don't want t o listen t o it again. 8 Tony eats hamburgers. He eats a lot of meat. 9 Joanna doesn't have a swimming competition next week, so she isn't fs not) practising very hard today. 10 I go t o school by bus - I don't walk. So I have t ime t o read magazines on the way. D

E

2 4 7 9 11 2 4 6 8 9

Is your English getting 3 don't have am f m ) practising 5 want 6 thinks don't think 8 Do you remember still think 10 is fs) learning is fs) playing 12 am f m ) writ ing sleeps; goes; catches 3 Does; go; doesn't; goes play; wins; beats 5 Do; know; Does; have; does visit; lives 7 doesn't; snow; rains; don't; like Do; like; loves; doesn't; enjoy Does; stop; does; want

F 2 Don't touch 3 be quiet 4 Don't look at 5 Come 6 don't be late 7 Don't bring 8 wait 9 don't go out 10 Drink

8 Past simple 1 A 2 was; were; weren't 3 was; was 4 Was; wasn't; was 5 Was; wasn't; were 6 Were; weren't B 2 wasn't 3 was 4 Were you 6 were you 7 were

5 weren't

C Possible answers 2 wasn't hungry 3 weren't friendly 4 weren't afraid 5 wasn't hot 6 wasn't clean / wasn't hot / wasn't very big 7 weren't clean/ weren't very big 8 weren't in a hurry D

2 wasn't 3 were 7 weren't 8 was

Possible answers 2 I used the Internet yesterday. 3 I didn't download a song last week. 4 I played a computer game yesterday. 5 I didn't email a friend last week. 6 I didn't like computers five years ago.

F

10 Past simple 3

G Possible answers 2 I walked through the park on the way here and it was raining. 3 I didn't want my sister t o eat them. 4 I was doing it but my dog ate it. 5 I didn't sleep last night because I was worrying about the exam. 6 I was playing tennis in the garden.

A

break, get, hear, know, leave , make, mean, see, speak, take, think

B

2 5 8 12

C ... ate / had bread and (drank) water for breakfast. She didn't go t o school, she went t o work. Her work began at 6.30. She ate / had meat f or lunch. She got home at 5.00. She made clothes in the evening. Before she went t o bed, she t old a story t o her sister. She didn't sleep in a bed, she slept on the floor. My Turn! Possible answers 3 Yes, I did. I bought some chocolate. 4 No, I didn't. I went t o bed early. 5 Yes, I did. I f orgot my Geography homework. 6 Yes, I did. I saw Lucy. 7 Did you get any messages? Yes, I did. Lucy sent me a t ext . 8 Did you drink coffee? No, I didn't. I drank t wo cans of cola. 9 Did you feel happy? Yes, I did. I was very happy.

B

My Turn! Possible answers The people were very friendly and the shops were excellent. The streets weren't very crowded. It was a great day! A

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

She lived in a flat. She did not (didn't) want a house. She preferred flats. She did not (didn't) watch TV much. She enjoyed dancing. She danced the Salsa. She learned Spanish. She did not (didn't) stay at home much.

B 2 Did... watch 3 worked 4 stopped 5 didn't talk 6 travelled 7 Did... pass 8 listened 9 Did... finish 10 didn't like C 2 asked 3 Did... celebrate 4 replied 5 didn't know 6 didn't work 7 t ried 8 failed 9 didn't like 10 preferred My Turn! 3 30 teenagers didn't use the Internet yesterday. 4 19 teenagers downloaded a song last week. 5 35 teenagers played a computer game yesterday. 6 58 teenagers emailed a friend last week. 7 10 teenagers didn't like computers five years ago.

188

H 2a

B 2 3 5 7 9

C

2 6 9 12

caught 3 put 4 sent 5 followed were camping 7 were f ollowing 8 left went 10 t ook 1 1 were camping found 13 were sitting 14 were cooking

My Turn! Possible answers 2 I was having a shower. 3 Terrible! It was raining. 4 Yes, I did. I wasn't wearing a coat. 5 No, I wasn't. I wasn't feeling well. 6 No, sorry, I wasn't listening.

R2 Review: past simple and past continuous A 2d B 3d

3b 4c 5e 4c 5 f 6e 7h

6a 8g

C 2 was walking 3 said 4 t ol d 5 was playing / played 6 met 7 Did the Romans use 8 wasn't watching D 2 were playing 3 f ell 4 hit 5 happened 6 were coming 7 was drinking 8 heard 9 were speaking 10 ran 1 1 gave E

2a

3b

4a

5a

6c

7b

8a

9b

10c

4c

5a

6c

3a

4h

5f

6e

7i

8g

9d

have fve) already finished has not (hasn't) come 4 Have you had has stolen 6 have fve) just bought have fve) just cleaned 8 Have you phoned have fve) already seen

C 2 Have you 3 Have you I have. 4 Have you 5 Have you haven't. 6 Have you 7 Have you haven't.

t idied your cave yet? No, I haven't. done your science homework yet? Yes, had a bath yet? No, I haven't. washed the dinosaur yet? No, I made your sandwiches yet? Yes, I have, bought the dinosaur food yet? No, I

2 He has not (hasn't) had a bath yet. 3 He has not (hasn't) washed the dinosaur yet. 4 He has not (hasn't) bought the dinosaur food yet.

4 was reading

2 It was get t ing late and the man was working quickly. 3 The pencil broke while I was writ ing down her phone number. 4 It was snowing but we were not (weren't) wearing warm clothes. 5 A cat ran in f ront of the car when I was driving home. 6 The lights changed while she was still crossing the road. 7 You were still sleeping when 1 got up. 8 They were not (weren't) building the stadium when I was living / lived in the city.

3b

12 Present perfect 1 A 2b

11 Past continuous A 2 was shining 3 was wearing 5 was drinking 6 was feeling

4 was 5 is 6 is 9 were 10 are

9 Past simple 2

won 3 had 4 did not (didn't) sleep did not (didn't) eat 6 drank 7 paid went 9 fought 10 gave 1 1 left did not (didn't) come 13 became

2 While we were eating breakfast, the letter arrived. 3 Sarah didn't go because she wasn't feeling very well. 4 As I was falling, my parachute suddenly opened. 5 Were you having a shower when I phoned? 6 Gavin broke his arm while he was doing judo.

D 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

He has not (hasn't) woken up yet. I still have not (haven't) read it . She has fs) just gone. I have fve) given it t o my dad. They still have not (haven't) t old her. The postman has not (hasn't) come yet. I have fve) just finished it.

My Turn! Possible answers 2 I have fve) read my book. 3 I have fve) phoned Julie. 4 I have not (haven't) washed my school uniform. 5 I have not (haven't) done my Maths homework. 6 I have not (haven't) found my t ie.

13 Present perfect 2 A Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. B

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

I have fve) been / I haven't been I have fve) read / 1 haven't read I have fve) played / I haven't played I have fve) seen / 1 haven't seen I have fve) met / I haven't met I have fve) broken / I haven't broken I have fve) worked / I haven't worked I have fve) run / I haven't run

Possible answers My parents have been t o Cuba. My teacher has fs) read a book in one day. My dad has fs) played rugby. My sister has fs) seen an elephant (too). My friend has fs) met a famous person. My cousin has fs) broken his leg. My neighbour has fs) worked in a restaurant. My aunt has fs) run ten kilometres.

C

2 3 4 6 ,8 10

has not (hasn't / 's not) played have(Ve)never spent have not (haven't) met 5 have (Ve) gone has fs) writ t en 7 have not (haven't) spoken Has... ever forgot t en 9 have fve) seen have fve)ever had

D 2 been

3 been

4 gone

5 been

My Turn! Possible answers 1 I have fve) held a snake in my hands. 2 I have fve) eaten Mexican food before. 3 I have fve) visited the Taj Mahal. 4 Have you ever held a snake in your hands? 5 Have you ever eaten Mexican food? 6 Have you ever visited the Taj Mahal? 7 Betty has fs) held a snake in her hands. 8 Betty has fs) never eaten Mexican f ood. 9 Betty has not fs not / hasn't) visited the Taj Mahal before.

14 Present perfect 3 A 2 for 3 since 4 since 7 since 8 since

5 for

6 f or

B 2 haven't seen 3 's been 4 've lived 5 've never had 6 have ... had 7 's always loved 8 has... been 9 's worked C 2 3 4 5

How How How How

10 've always thought

long has she driven a Mini Cooper? long has she lived there / in Marylebone? long has he played the piano? long has he been a vegetarian?

6 How long has she spoken Italian? My Turn! Possible answers 2 I haven't seen my cousin for ages. 3 I've been at this school since September. 4 I've known my best friend for one year. 5 I haven't done the washing-up f or weeks. 6 My family has / have always lived here.

16 Used to A 2 3 4 5 6

He He He He He

B 3 5 6 7

snowed / used t o snow 4 met watch / use t o watch wasn't / never used t o be went 8 went / used t o go

C 3 4 5 6 7 8

There used t o be bears in England. People didn't use t o eat a lot of meat. Builders used t o make houses out of wood. Most people didn't use t o live in towns. Travelling by sea used t o be dangerous. Children didn't use t o learn English.

D 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Were you / Did you use t o be didn't worry / didn't use t o worry did/ used t o do 5 criticised / used t o criticise didn't listen / didn't use t o listen sat / used t o sit didn't answer / didn't use t o answer changed 10 lost

My Turn! Possible answers 2 I didn't use t o have a cat. 3 I used t o want t o be an astronaut. 4 I never used t o go t o discos. 5 I didn't use t o like swimming. 6 I used t o be afraid of the dark.

R3 Review: present perfect and used to A

F

used t o work in a supermarket. didn't use t o have a big house. didn't use t o play golf. used t o wear cheap clothes. used t o be happy.

eaten; do, did; fall, fallen; feel, f elt ; get, got; have, had; looked, looked; live, lived; make, made; played, played; walked, walked; writ e, writ t en

B 2 Did you use t o play computer games when you were a child? 3 4 The Romans used t o eat a lot of fish. 5 She used t o play the violin at university.

C 2 3 4 5 6 D

A

3

5b

6a

7b

8a

My Turn! 2 When did you last go swimming? 3 How many different schools have you studied at before now? 4 What did you do yesterday? 5 How many exams have you taken / did you take this year? 6 When your mother was young, where did she live? 7 Have you ever lived in another country? 8 What did your family do last weekend? Possible answers 2 I went swimming last week. 3 I've studied at three different schools (so far). 4 I went shopping. 5 Up to now, I've taken ten exams. / I took ten exams this year. 6 She lived in a village in the mountains. 7 Yes, I have. I've lived in Switzerland. 8 We ate in a restaurant.

7 8 9 10 D

E

2 No, I've never made a pizza. 3 Yes, it'sjust started. 4 I've ridden a horse three times. 5 I've read four of them already, but I haven't read the other three yet. 6 They've been married for t wo years. 7 Yes, I have. I had a party in my house last year. 8 Yes, he's already said thank-you four times. 9 No, I've never studied English before. 10 Yes, she has. She cleaned them yesterday. 2 3 4 5 6 7

Have ... seen; saw have... had; have fve) had Did / Didn't ... (use to) play; did / used t o Have ... writ t en; wrot e Have ... met; met Have... decided; have fve) decided; haven't decided 8 did ... (use to) want; used t o want / wanted 9 Did ... watch; have fve )... watched

give her some milk. buy some tomorrow. do it tomorrow. have a swim. talk t o him.

2 wi ll 3 Shall 7 Shall 8 wi ll

2 5 7 9

4 Wi l l 5 won't 6 will 9 Tl 10 wil l 1 1 won't

is fs) leaving 3 is meeting 4 are fre) signing is fs) having 6 are fre) reading is fs) seeing 8 are interviewing is fs) taking 10 is fs) meeting

B 2a

7 Didn't they use t o work hard at their old school? 8 -

C 3a 4b

I wi ll (Tl) I wi ll (Tl) I wi ll (Tl) I wi ll (Tl) I wi ll (Tl)

5 won't 6 won't 10 won't

18 Present continuous with future meaning

6 -

Have you ever made a pizza? Has the film started yet? How many times have you ridden a horse? Have you read all seven Harry Potter books? How long have Henry and Gloria been married? Have you ever had a party in your house? Has Tony said thank-you f or the present yet? Have you studied English before? Has Maria cleaned her shoes yet?

We'll 4 x won't 6 x won't 8 x I'll won't it 'll

My Turn! Possible answers 3 I think robots wi ll do all the housework. 4 I don't think children wil l drive t o school. 5 I'm sure everyone wi ll have a computer. 6 I hope people won't live unt il they are 120. 7 I think I won't be rich. 8 I'm not sure the world wil l be very different.

15 Present perfect or past simple?

2 3 4 5 6

3 5 7 9 10 11

B Possible answers 2 wi l l 3 won't 4 'II 7 'II 8 won't 9 will

A 2 acted 3 has starred 4 has worked 5 was 6 became; was 7 've had C

I've always been 3 decided 4 have been 6 started 7 took 8 I've cycled yet 10 haven't 1 1 yet 12 used since 14 Have 15 I've fallen haven't 17 always 18 I've had met 20 haven't 2 1 I've collected

17 Will, shall, won't A

2

B 2 was 3 Have ... heard 4 did ... dream 5 has fs) bought 6 came 7 were 8 haven't worn

2 5 9 13 16 19

4 5 C

3e

4d

5b

Are you having a holiday there? No, I am f m ) doing a drama course. Are you flying t o Zurich? Yes, but I am f m ) not staying in Zurich. Where are you staying? I am f m ) renting a flat in Geneva. Is your sister travelling wi t h you? No, we are fre) not going together. 2 3 4 7 9 10 11

am f m ) not spending am f m ) meeting Is... taking 5 is fs) playing 6 is fs) coming Is... playing 8 is fs) giving is not (isn't / 's not) staying are... doing am not f m not) doing

My Turn! Possible answers I'm meeting the Queen of England on Saturday. We're having a party on my yacht. I'm not working next week. I'm meeting my fans. I'm buying a new castle. I'm not speaking t o the reporters.

19 Be going to A 2 3 4 6 B

is fs) going t o break the is not (isn't / 's not) going t o snow is fs) going t o cry 5 is not (isn't) going t o finish is fs) going t o have 2 4 5 7

is fs) going t o 3 Are ... going t o is not fs not / isn't) going t o are fre) going t o 6 Is... going t o are not f re not / aren't) going t o

Answer key 189

C 3 going t o win 4 going t o study 5 going t o have / having 6 going t o finish 7 going t o writ e 8 going t o t ak e/ t ak ing My Turn! Possible answers 2 He is fs) going t o buy it. 3 I am ('m) going t o arrange private lessons. 4 You are (Ve) going t o be a doctor. 5 Sally is fs) going t o get a better job. 6 They are fre) going t o move t o the country. 7 You are fre) going t o give (him) the money (to him).

R4 Review: the future A 2h

3b

4f

5a

6d

7c

8g

2 1 Modals for requests: can, could, may

B 1 Wi l l your sister want t o come... ?; Wi l l they arrive on time?; Yes, she will.; I think it 'll be really good.; No, it won't. 2 Shall we go dancing tonight? 3 Are you meeting Rachel tonight?; Is Dan cooking dinner tonight? 4 Is the train going t o be late?; Are you both going t o watch the tennis match?; I'm going t o stay at home. C

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Are we going t o be late? Wi l l I need my passport at the hotel? Susan isn't going t o the party, so I won't go. You won't enjoy this book. Is it going t o snow tonight? Are you going t o be sick? Wi l l your parents be angry? We aren't going t o win the match.

2 5 8 11

I'm going t o 3 I'll 4 I'm going t o I'm going t o 6 won't 7 I'll are all going t o 9 I'll 10 Are you going I'm going t o 12 I'm going t o

E

3a

4b

F 2 3 4

Possible answers It will not (won't) be very cold next week. I am f m ) going t o the cinema t onight . I am f m ) not going t o go t o the cinema next week. My favourite f oot ball team is playing a match this weekend. My favourite f oot ball team is not (isn't) going t o win the cup this year. We are fre) going t o a hot country on holiday next week. We are fre) going t o go t o a hot country on holiday this summer.

D

5 6 7 8

5a

6b

7b

8a

9b

10a

20 Modal verbs: can, could, be able to A 2 can't 3 were not able t o 4 were able t o 5 could 6 will be able t o B 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 C 2c D 2 4 6 8

190

I couldn't remember her name. The child wasn't able t o stand. Can we meet at 7? He couldn't answer the question. I can't play tennis. Can she drive a truck? My friends weren't able t o come. 3d

4a

5b

6c

7c

My Turn! Possible answers When I was four, I couldn't stand on my head. I could touch my toes wi t h my nose. Now, I can speak English. I can stand on my head. I can't drive. In the fut ure, I will be able t o run 10 kilometres. I won't be able t o touch my toes wit h my nose. I wi l l be able t o drive.

8d

Can ... speak 3 will be able t o have can ... imagine 5 can't see Could ... understand 7 could hear won't be able t o come

A 2d

3f

4i

5a

6b

7g

8e

9c

B 2 (Please) Can / Could / May I speak t o Sarah (please)? 3 (Please) Can / Could / May we come home late t onight (please)? 4 (Please) Can / Could / May I ride your bike (please)? C 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

May I use your mobile (phone)? Could / Can you help me? May I come in? Could / Can we meet after school? Could/ Can you bring your CD? Could / Can you close the window? Could / Can we start?

D 2 Could / Can you (please) buy me a new bike (please)? 3 Could / Can / May I (please) visit London (please)? 4 Could / Can you (please) translate this email f rom my friend in Mongolia (please)? 5 Could / Can you (please) do my Geography homework (please)? 6 Could / Can you (please) send my sister a birthday present (please)? 7 Could / Can / May I (please) go into space (please)? 8 Could / Can / May I (please) be in the next Spider-Man film (please)? My Turn! Possible answers Could I be President for a day, please? Please could you lend me 200 euros? Can I have my own room, please?

22 Must, have to and can't A All answers: have t o / don't have t o B

2 3 4 5 6

You must n't / can't talk on your mobile phone. You mustn't / can't ride your bike here. Cars must drive under 60 km per hour. You mustn't / can't drink the water. You must be quiet here.

C Possible answer I must... buy a new bag and talk t o my dad and eat chips. I must not ... buy my dad or talk t o chips or eat a new bag. My Turn! Possible answers I have t o pay in advance. I have t o bring a t ent . I mustn't make a lot of noise. I mustn't have parties. I don't have t o arrive early.

23 Should, ought to A 2g

3h

4a

5d

6e

7b

8f

B 2 should buy 3 should meet 4 should open 5 should say 6 should kiss 7 should eat 8 should give C 2b

3c

4a

5c

6b

D Possible answers You should play loud music t oo! You should borrow a dress f rom your sister. You should ask him what he wants. You should go home. You shouldn't worry about it. You should find a good manager. You ought t o do what she says. My Turn! Possible answers Tourists shouldn't stay in expensive hotels. People should always say'Please'and'Thank you'. You ought t o travel on our beautiful trams. You shouldn't go out after 22.00. Tourists shouldn't forget t o bring sun cream.

24 Modals of possibility: may, might A 2e

3h

B

might / may get lost may / might run away. might not / may not / mightn't find the Yeti. might not / may not / mightn't have enough food. might / may f ollow might not / may not / mightn't attack may / might writ e a book might not / may not / mightn't survive!

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

C 2 4 5 7 8 9

4g

5a

6d

7f

8c

might / may need 3 might not / may not have might not / may not work might / may see/ find 6 might / may be might not / may not like might not / may not see/ find might / may writ e 10 might / may be

My Turn! Possible answers 2 It might be burnt. 3 The dog may be lost. 4 Your neighbour might have an important message f or you. 5 The other person may not speak English. 6 It might be your imagination. 7 He may not like opera. 8 She might be on holiday.

R5 Review: modals A

2 5 7 11

could 3 have ought/ have 6 can 8 Should Could / Can 12

B

b2 e l l d4 j 8 k 5 16

C

2 5 7 8 10 11 12

e9

4 May / Can / Could might / may/ could 9 can / may 10 have mustn't f l

gl 2

h3

ilO

can 3 will be able t o 4 had t o must / have t o 6 will have t o could / couldn't; couldn't/ could can; can't 9 will be able t o; won't be able to didn't have t o; had t o have t o; don't have t o won't have t o; won't have t o; will have t o

D 2 might know 3 be able t o play 4 May I open 5 has t o be 6 Could you wait 7 may not be 8 don't have t o wear E

2a

3c

4b

5a

6c

F

2 5 8 10 12 14

could 3 m ay/ m i ght / could 4 have t o be able t o 6 Should / Must 7 ought have t o 9 may / might / could m ay/ could/ m ight 1 1 m ay/ m ight should/ could/ might 13 May/ Can / Could can't 15 may / might 16 Can / Could

25 Yes / no questions and short answers A 2b

3a

4d

5c

6g

7f

B 3 No, it doesn't. 4 No, he / she isn't. 5 No, he / she hasn't. 6 Yes, they are. 7 Yes, they do.

8 Yes, we have.

C Possible answers Is a bee black and yellow? Have you ever seen a ladybird larva? Do beetles have wings? Do mosquitoes have spots? Does a bee lay eggs? Have you ever picked up a worm? My Turn! 2 Are you over 18? No, I'm not. 3 Do you have more than one bag? Yes, I do. 4 Do you live in the USA? No, I don't. 5 Is your grandmother living in the USA? Yes, she is. 6 Have you been t o the USA before? No, I haven't. 7 Are you staying f or more than a month? No, I'm not.

26 Question words: Where? When? Why? How? Whose? A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Why is he famous? Where did the farmer find the body? Whose farm was it? When did the Romans invade Britain? Why did the Celts kill him? How do people know about this? Where can we see him?

B 2 Where 6 Why C

D

3 How 7 How

4 When

5 Whose

8 When

2 3 4 6 8

When did; eleventh Whose... is; George Washington Where were; Greece 5 How did; An apple Why did; Microsoft 7 Whose ... is; Brazil How did; horse

3 4 5 6 8 9

Where do you (usually) celebrate (it)? Why do you celebrate (it) at home? How did you celebrate (it) last year? Whose idea was that? 7 When did it start? Why did it start then/ early? Why did you invite your gran?

My Turn! Possible answers Who is the man? Why is he afraid? When did he arrive? Where are the police? Whose voice is it? Why won't his car start? Whose face is it? How can I find out the end of this story?

27 Object and subject questions A 2 3 4 5 6 8

What happened on 4 April 1968? g Who wrote Around the World in 80 Days'? a What landed on Mars in 1976? c Who did Wi l l Smith marry in 1997? d What did Frank Whi t t l e invent? f What did Neil Armstrong do in 1969? b

B 2 Who lives at 10 Downing Street? 3 What destroyed most of San Francisco in 1906? 4 Who does Mary Jane Watson love? Who loves Mary jane Watson? 5 Who painted Sunflowers? 6 What did Tim Berners-Lee invent? 7 Who did Elton John sing about in his song Candle in the Wind? C 3 What does Kelly like? 4 Who likes cats? 5 Who t old my neighbour that I didn't like school. 6 Who did my neighbour tell? 7 & 8 What makes the world go round? / What does the world make? My Turn! Possible answers 2 Who teaches the sports/ classes / us? 3 What happens (on a sports activity course)? 4 Who can come on the course? 5 What do I (need t o / have to) wear? 6 What do I (need t o / have to) bring? 7 Who do I contact?

28 Be like and look like A 2f B 2 3 4 5

3a 4e 5c 6b What What What What

does sulphur smell like? does honey taste like? do feathers feel like? do drums sound like?

C Possible answers What do Superman and Lois look like? What does Harry Potter look like? What did Charlie Chaplin look like? What is ('s) the weather like? What is fs) the weather going t o be like? What is ('sj Harry Potter like? What are Superman and Lois like? What was the weather like? What was the party like? What were the first computers like? What are your grandparents like? My Turn! Possible answers 2 What does your sister / she look like? 3 How's your mother? 4 What is fs) Sicily / Sardinia like? 5 What was the hotel like? 6 How are you? 7 What was the party / it like? 8 What are your grandparents like? What do your grandparents look like? 9 What is your teacher like? / What does your teacher look like?

29 What? and Which? A 2 Which car 3 Which way 4 Which planet 5 Which telephone / phone 6 Which bed B 2 Which 3 What / Which 5 What / Whi ch 6 Which C

2 Which 6 Which 10 What

4

What / Whi ch

3 What 4 Which 5 What 7 what 8 What 9 Which

My Turn! Possible answers 2 Which one is the queen? 3 What / Which countries do honey bees live in? 4 Which continent doesn't have bees? 5 What / Which kind(s) of bees do you have? 6 What / Whi ch is the best honey?

30 How...? A 2a

3f

questions 4h

5d

B 2 far 3 good 7 often

6g

7b

4 long

8e 5 much

6 fast

C 2 oft en do you 3 cold / warm is (NOT / low hot is.. ? because water in the sea doesn't get hot.) 4 far is it

5 long did it

6 much did you

My Turn! 2 How fast / quickly do / can you swim? 3 How tall are you? 4 How fast can you run? 5 How early do you have t o get up?

31 So and neither A 2e B 2 4 6 8

3c

4f

5h

6d

7a

8b

So do I. Me t oo. 3 Neither do I. Me neither. So am I. Me t oo. 5 Neither do I. Me neither. So do I. Me t oo. 7 Neither am I. Me neither. So do I. Me t oo.

C 2 Suzi chats on the website every evening and so does Abi. 3 Suzi doesn't eat chocolate and neither does Abi. 4 Suzi is good at English and so is Abi. 5 Suzi doesn't watch horror movies and neither does Abi. 6 Suzi hates f oot ball and so does Abi. 7 Suzi isn't going out this weekend and neither is Abi. 8 Suzi thinks wint er is boring and so does Abi. D

2 4 6 9 10 12

neither are my friends. 3 So is her sister. Neither did I! 5 Neither has my mum. So was I. 7 So did we. 8 Neither can I. Neither is her husband. So do my cousins. 1 1 So am I. Neither were you!

My Turn! Possible answers Todd, Nicko and Emma don't like cabbage and neither do I. Nicko doesn't like Maths and neither does Emma, Nicko and Emma don't like Maths and neither do I. Todd is a Manchester United fan and so is Nicko. Emma is not / isn't a Manchester United fan and neither am I. Emma thinks winter is boring and so do I.

32 Question tags A 2a B 2 5 7 9

3i

4h

5g

6c

7d

8f

9b

are we? 3 aren't I? 4 isn't he? wi l l it / he / she? 6 didn't you? doesn't she? 8 didn't they? has it? 10 do you?

C 3 Yes, I am. 4 No, it isn't / it's not. 5 Yes, he did. 6 No, we haven't. 7 Yes, it / he / she can. 8 No, they're not / aren't. D

2 am I 3 is it 4 do you 6 isn't it 7 will it

5 haven't you

E

2 You broke it, didn't you? 3 You will go, won't you? 4 You're very t ired, aren't you? My Turn! Possible answers The music wasn't loud, was it? Fred was there, wasn't he? Jake's parents were there, weren't they? You didn't leave early, did you?

Answer key 191

R6 Review: questions and answers

B 2a

3e

A 2b

C

getting better 3 get angry 4 getting late get any t ext messages 6 getting married get older 8 get; some milk 9 got lost got up; got dressed

B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

3d

4g

5a

6e

9j

lOi

don't you; I don't; So do I did you; I did; Neither did I can you; I can; Neither can I haven't you; I haven't; So have I do you; I do; Neither do I isn't she; she isn't; So is hasn't he; he hasn't; So has

D 21 3 f 4j 5c 6i l l h 12b 13e

F

8f

(Possible answers in brackets) What kind of music do you like? (I love hip hop.) Who wrote your favourite book? (J. K. Rowling) How old are your parents? (40 and 42) Whose computer do you use? (I use my computer or my mum's.) What are your friends like? (They are (Ve) very nice.) How many countries have you visited? (I have / 've visited / been t o five countries.) What colour are your eyes? (They are (Ve) blue.) How often do you play computer games? (Every day) How long does it take t o get t o school? (20 minutes)

C 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

E

7c

7g

8m

9d 10k

2 What ... like 3 How oft en 4 What kind 5 How many 6 Whose coffee 7 How much 8 Which one 9 How long 10 What t ime 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10

What does he love? Whose computer did he open? Was she angry? 5 Why was she angry? Where did he put his first game? How many games has he written? Who wrote t o him last week? Which game did the man like? Where is he going (to go) next week?

33 Have and have got A

B

3 4 6 7 8 9 10

I do not (don't) have blue eyes. We have a piano. 5 She has blue eyes. She does not (doesn't) have a cold. He does not (doesn't) have a sister. He has a piano. They do not (don't) have a dog. They do not (don't) have a cold.

3 5 7 10

have / have got 4 have Do crocodiles have 6 have have / have got 8 had 9 had didn't have 1 1 Do you have / Have you got

C 2 4 5 6 7 8 D

4 7 8 10 12 13

has/ has got 3 did not (didn't) have have / have got does not (doesn't) have / has not (hasn't) got had do not (don't) have / have not (haven't) got has / has got has / has fs) got 5 have / have got 6 had does not (doesn't) have / has not (hasn't) got have 9 Does ... have / Has ... got had 1 1 have did not (didn't) have; have Does... have / Has... got; does / has

My Turn! Possible answers 2 Do you have a favourite crocodile? 3 Has your farm got any unusual crocodiles? 4 Wi l l your TV show have any famous stars? 5 Can I have your autograph?

34 Make, do and get A do: an exam, exercise, homework, a job, the shopping, the washing make: a dress, a paper plane, a salad

192

2 5 7 10

4g

5h

6c

7d

8f

My Turn! 2 Do you get / make a pizza or do the shopping? 3 Do you get up early or get up late? 4 Do you make him a snack or make him some lunch? / Do you make a snack f or him or make some lunch f or him? / Do you make a snack or make some lunch? 5 Do you get the bus or get t o school late? 6 Do you get a job or do nothing?

35 Prepositional verbs A 2 came across 3 consists of 5 suffer f rom 6 depend on

4 Look after

B 2 on 3 f or 4 about 5 for 6 for 7 about 8 f rom 9 t o 10 about C 2 believe 3 look 4 Get 7 come 8 depend

5 Look

6 go

My Turn! Possible answers 3 What are/ were you listening to? 4 What are/ were you laughing at? 5 What are you looking at? 6 What do they talk about? / What are / were they talking about? 7 Who does (this coat) belong to? 8 Who paid / 's paying f or the meal?

36 Phrasal verbs A 2 find out 3 got back 4 lay down 5 woke up 6 Hurry up 7 t ak eof f 8 break down. B Possible answers 2 Take of f your sunglasses. / Take your sunglasses off. 3 People should pick up t heir rubbish / pick t heir rubbish up when they go home. 4 Turn on the lights! / Turn the lights on! 5 I need t o charge up my phone / charge my phone up first. 6 Turn up the music / the volume! / Turn the music / the volume up! 7 The policeman t ol d of f the children. / The policeman t ol d the children off. 8 When you sit in a car, you need t o put on your seat belt / put your seat belt on. 9 I've locked the door and t hrown away the key / t hrown the key away. C 2 put it on 3 Look it up! 4 t urn it down 5 t ell her of f 6 Throw them away 7 t urn it of f 8 give it up My Turn! Possible answers 2 I'd like it t o wake me up. 3 I'd like it t o t urn on the TV. 4 I'd like it t o take of f my shoes. 5 I'd like it t o find out the answers t o my homework.

37 Verbs with two objects A 2 3 4 5 6 7

Do you get your sister a new phone? Do you phone or send him a text message? Do you offer the old woman your seat? Do you make your family lunch? Do you t ell her the problem? Does your dad give you driving lessons?

B Possible answers 2 He is lending the woman his jacket. / He is lending her hisjacket. 3 He is making his children a cake. / He is making them a cake. 4 She is giving her husband some flowers. / She is giving him some flowers. 5 She is t hrowing the boy the frisbee. / She is t hrowing him the frisbee. 6 He is buying his children some balloons. / He is buying them some balloons. C Possible answers The woman made me / her / the boy a cup of tea / a present. The woman made a cup of tea / a present for me / him / the boy. I made her / the boy / the woman a cup of tea / a present. I made a cup of tea / a present for her/ the boy / the woman The boy sold me / her / the woman a cup of tea / a new bike. The boy sold a cup of tea / a new bike t o me / her / the woman. I sold her / the boy / the woman a cup of tea / a new bike. I sold a cup of tea / a new bike t o her / the boy / the woman. The woman gave me / her / the boy a cup of tea / a new bike / a present / a message. The woman gave a cup of tea / a new bike / a present / a message t o me / her / the boy. I gave her / the boy / the woman a cup of tea / a new bike / a present / a message. I gave a cup of tea / a new bike / a present / a message t o her / the boy / the woman. The boy sent me / her / the woman a message. The boy sent a message t o me / her / the woman. I sent her / the boy / the woman a message. I sent a message t o her / the boy / the woman. My Turn! Possible answers 2 Read them a story. / Read a story t o them. 3 Give him some money. / Give some money to him. 4 Make him a sandwich. / Make a sandwich for him. 5 Bring me a drink. / Bring a drink t o me. 6 Tell him / her / your friend the answer. (This is the most usual f orm wit h tell.) 7 Lend him / her / your friend your mobile phone. / Lend your mobile phone t o him / her / your friend.

38 Verb + -ing or verb + to-infinitive; like and would like A 2 t o have 3 opening 4 being 5 t o listen 6 t o change 7 t o go / going 8 t o take 9 eating 10 painting B 2 3 4 5 6

I like playing tennis. I would fd) like t o be a chef. Would you like t o see my paintings? We like going / t o go t o the theatre. Would you like a drink?

C 2 doing 3 t o have 4 t o make 5 watching 6 creating 7 t o be 8 t o understand 9 t o see 10 t o show D 2 t o buy 3 t o learn 4 t o teach 5 t o study/ studying 6 listening 7 spending 8 writ ing 9 t o get 10 t o hear

My Turn! Possible answers 3 I enjoy learning English. 4 I intend t o do the PET exam. 5 One day my gran hopes t o visit my auntie in America. 6 My dog hates going for a walk. 7 I need t o exercise more. 8 My mum promised t o buy me a new bike.

39 State verbs A 2d

3f

B

does it mean 3 's growing 4 disagree is watching 6 don't understand Do you remember Are computers becoming 9 It seems don't doubt 1 1 are not listening believes

2 5 7 8 10 12

4a

5c

6b

7e

C 2 am ('mj thinking 3 is having 4 looks 5 have 6 does not (doesn't) think 7 are... looking My Turn! Possible answers 2 I can smell flowers. 3 I can hear birds / insects. 4 It feels smooth / soft. 5 It tastes bitter / sweet. 6 I can smell dry sand. 7 I can hear not hing/ t he wind. 8 I can see dry sand/ t he horizon. 9 I feel alone/ frightened / excited.

B

C

D

E F

5b

6j

7e

8d

9c

A

D

10a

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

How many brothers does Steven have? What are you worried about? Who does this guitar belong to? What kind of house have you got? What time did the plane take off? What does this word mean? Where would Pauline like t o go? What does this sandwich taste like? Who were they waiting for?

2 6 10 14

planned 3 wanted 4 offered 5 prefer make 7 made 8 laughed 9 getting getting 1 1 turned 12 looked 13 sat got 15 had 16 wait 17 bought 5 on

41 Plural nouns 2 6 9 12

girls 3 tables 4 people 5 legs beaches 7 tomatoes 8 bikes countries 10 sheep 1 1 foxes photos 13 families 14 wishes

2 bags 3 children 4 wives 5 t eet h 6 pianos 7 wolves 8 buses 9 women 10 sandwiches

43 Articles 2 A 2 the 8 an B

6 of

2 had 3 t o 4 after 5 up 6 looks 7 for 8 'd like 9 like 10 Think about 11 up 12 turned it up

40 Countable and uncountable nouns A can be used in the plural: beach, car, cup, job, melon, piece, room, table, wave can't be used in the plural: bread, cot t on, furniture, happiness, luggage, traffic, work

2 models 3 rooms 4 clocks 5 watches 6 meetings 7 trees 8 children 9 people 10 boxes 1 1 shelves

My Turn! Possible answers 2 I like Mondays but I don't know why! 3 I like black jeans. They are (Ve) cool. 4 I don't like cheese sandwiches because they're not tasty. 5 I like butterflies. They're beautiful. 6 I like hip-hop music because my friend likes it . 7 I don't like orange furnit ure. It's strange. I don't like rats because they are dirty. I like French f ood. It's delicious. I don't like tests because I get nervous.

3a

4b

3 a 4 The 5b

6a

7a

5 a 8b

6 the 9b

7 the

10a

C 2 3 4 5 6

Where is the party tomorrow? It was an exciting night. Who is the most beautiful? A horse is an animal. Hot milk is nice on a cold day. / Cold milk is nice on a hot day. 7 The car park is f ull again. 8 People need music.

D

2 -m usi c 3 the forest 4 a tree 5 the birds 6 The sun 7 -w o o d 8 a guitar 9 the road 10 a knife 1 1 the tree

My Turn! Some of the answers are possible ones. 2 The viola/ The piano 3 The sea. 4 -M i l k / -Sugar 5 A ship. 6 The moon. 7 A credit card. 8 - Happiness./ -Love.

R8 Review: nouns and articles A

C 2 has 3 eat 4 are 5 comes 6 is 7 Do 8 understand 9 lives 10 Are

2 Yesterday David suggested going bowling tonight, 3 My mum decided t o t hrow away my old trainers yesterday. 4 We want t o make a birthday card f or Sharon. 5 Last night, I finished studying at 10 pm. 6 I don't mind wait ing f or you. 7 She promised t o take me t o the cinema. 8 Last week, Duncan offered t o buy me a ticket. 9 I need t o speak t o Jo now. 10 Alison refused t o pay for her dinner.

2 t o 3 at 4 about 7 for 8 on

My Turn! Possible answers 2 I cannot live wit hout a car / food / friends. 3 A car is / Food is / Weekends are the best! 4 A car is / Money is / Good looks are not essential in life. 5 A friend is / Love is / Good looks are all you need. (The original line 'Love is all you need' comes f rom a Beatles song.) 6 A weekend doesn't / Love doesn't / Good looks don't last forever. 7 Everyone needs a friend / work / music. 8 Music / A friend / Knowledge is beautiful.

B

R7 Review: verb structures A 2h 3i 4k l l f 12g

C 2 information 3 sandwiches 4 comes 5 advice 6 hair; eyes 7 is 8 buses 9 luck 10 is

3 7 11 14

dogs 4 men 5 shoes 6 tomatoes boxes 8 tables 9 computers 10 mice t eet h 12 bananas 13 knives houses 15 dictionaries

B 2 Those ladies have pretty babies. 3 The men are going t o buy (some) new watches. 4 The women found (some) mice under the pianos. 5 Those girls stole (some) glasses. 6 These buses have (some) broken windows. 7 The children are eating (some) potatoes. 8 Those farmers are buying (some) sheep and fish. C a/ an city, family, feeling, game, garden, ice cream, problem, tree, t rip

some advice, air, fun, furniture, help, information, luggage, music, soap, soup, work

42 Articles 1

D 2 a 3 some 4 a 5 Some 6 any 7 any 8 some 9 a 10 some

A

E 3b

4a

F

an 3 A 4 - 5 the the 9 the 10 - 1 1 the 14 the 15 the - 19 the 20 - 2 1 t he/ a 24 a 25 the

B

C

2 5 8 11

a nurse 3 the cat 4 Manchester a t om at o 6 the scissors 7 chocolate a horror story 9 the game 10 Sport an older brother 12 the Post Office

2 9 14 19 24

- 3 the the an the

a n 4 10 a 15 a 20 the 25 -

a 5 a 1 1 the 16 the 2 1 the 26 the

6 - 7 a 8 t h e 12 the 13 the 17 The 18 the 22 a 23 the 27 the 28 the

2 The colours of the English flag are red and blue. False. (They're red and white.) 3 Cats have nine lives. False. 4 There is a t own called Moscow in America. True. 5 'Musicals' are plays or films wi t h singers and dancers. True. 6 A mile is longer than a kilometre. True. 7 Elvis Presley played a concert in London. False. (Elvis never visited England.) 8 The original name of New York was New Rome. False. (It was New Amsterdam.)

My Turn! Possible answers There are birds in the tree. The leaves on the tree are brown. I don't like cats, but I like birds.

2 8 13 18 23

G 2 4 6 8

5a

6b

7a

8b

9b

10a

lla

12b

6 the 7 the the 12 a 16 the 17 the a 22 the 26 the

plays the violin 3 on / at t he/ a beach all the cheese 5 the only brother of an hour 7 the bank for a on a business t rip

44 This, that, these, those A 2 This 7 That

3 Those 8 That

B 2 this 6 this

3 these 4 that 5 this 7 That 8 those

C 2 3 4 5 6 7

4 this

5 This

6 these

Possible answers How much are these? Who's that? That's Look at those flowers! / Aren't those flowers lovely! are these your glasses is this your phone

B 2 a 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 a 8 a 9 - 10 - 1 1 12 a

Answer key 1 9 3

My Turn! Possible answers These are my brothers, Tim and Tom. This buliding is my aunt's house. That tree behind the house is a cherry tree.

45 Some, any, no, none A 3 She has some bananas. 4 She doesn't have any tomatoes. / She has no tomatoes. 5 She doesn't have any coffee. / She has no coffee. 6 She has some soap. B 2 any 7 any

3 no 4 some 5 none 6 no 8 none 9 any 10 Some

C 2 A: Have you got some / any American dollars wit h you? B: Yes, I've got some. 3 A: Would you like some / any help? B: I don't need any, thanks. 4 A: I need some biscuits. B: I'm sorry, we don't have any (biscuits). / I'm sorry, there are none / there aren't any. 5 A: Do you understand any of the questions? B: No, none. 6 A: Yes, we've got some. Which do you want? B: Any. D

2 4 5 6

Some friendly people 3 any noisy factories some delicious seafood some beautiful walks any money

My Turn! Possible answers 3 The art gallery has some great paintings. 4 There are no sharks in the sea. 5 There isn't any problem wit h pollut ion. 6 Some people speak English. 7 We don't get any snow in winter.

46 Something, everywhere, nobody, anyone A 2e

3f

4b

5g

6c

7a

B 2 anything 3 something 5 anything 6 something 8 Everybody C 2 4 5 7 9

4 nothing 7 someone

something 3 everyone / everybody someone / somebody / no one / nobody anyone / anybody 6 anything something 8 anyone / anybody somewhere

D 2 I could see someone / somebody / everyone / everybody. 3 I didn't t ell the police officer anything. / I t ol d the police officer nothing. 4 The woman didn't tell me anything interesting. / The woman t old me nothing interesting/ The woman t old me something boring. 5 Nobody / No one is happy / Everyone is sad. 6 Everybody / Everyone knows. 7 There was something unusual about her. 8 He's (He has) been everywhere / somewhere. My Turn! Possible answers 2 someone 3 Everybody 4 anywhere 5 nothing; nothing 6 Everyone 7 Nobody

47 Much, many, a lot of, a little, a few A

2 much 6 many 10 many

3 Many 7 much

4 much 5 many 8 many 9 much

B Possible answers 2 A few sweets are not bad f or you. / A lit t le salt in your food is not bad f or you.

194

3 4

A lit t le love is better than none. / A f ew days of f are better than none. A few arguments are nothing t o worry about. / A lit t le rain is nothing t o worry about.

My cousin's job is easy. My brother's room is very untidy. My sister's school is at the end of the road.

50 Whose?, my, mine

C 2 a lot of / lots of [many wouldn't be used here as this t ext is writ t en in an informal style) 3 many / a lot of / lots of 4 much / a lot of 5 A few 6 a lot of / lots of [many wouldn't be used here as this t ext is writ t en in an informal style) 7 m uch/ a lot of 8 a f ew 9 a lit t le

A 2 my 3 his 4 my 5 her 6 m y/ our 7 our 8 your 9 m y/ our 10 their

My Turn! Possible answers 1 A lot / Not much / Only a lit t le. 2 A lot / Not much / Only a lit t le. 3 A lot / Not many / Only a few. 4 A lot / Not many / Only a few. 5 A l ot / Not m uch/ Only a lit t le. 6 A lot / Not many / Only a few. 7 A lot / Not much / Only a lit t le. 8 A lot / Not many / Only a few.

My Turn! Possible answers 2 Yes, I do. / No, mine is silver. / No, my phone is silver. 3 Yes, he / she does. / No, his / hers is a VW. / No, his / her car is a VW. 4 Yes, he / she does. / No, his / hers is black. / No, his / her bag is black. 5 Yes, it is. / No, ours is small. / No, our (family) home is small. 6 Yes, they do. / No, theirs is old. / No, their computer is old. 7 Yes, I do. / No, mine is untidy. / No, my bedroom is untidy.

4 8 Subject and object pronouns A 2 It 3 She:(fhem> 4 he 5 vou:(me) 6 ( f t © 7 Youi hl ^ 8 W e ; ® B 2 She

3 He

4 You

5 They

6 It

C 2 We 3 them 4 you 5 him 6 them 7 They 8 it ; her 9 t hem; me 10 us D 2 She 7 you E

3 they 4 her 5 They 6 We 8 us/ i t 9 it 10 They 1 1 them

It has a big garden but most people don't know that it is a magic garden! Mr and Mrs Strange have a daughter, Mary Strange. Last summer, my brother and I saw her outside. She had a golden key. She took it, went t o the gate of the garden and opened it. Quietly, we followed her inside. We saw Mr and Mrs Strange. They were sitting in a tree. Mary flew t o them. A bird in the tree spoke t o her and she answered it. We ran away.

My Turn! 3 I like / 5 I like / 6 I like / 8 I like /

don't don't don't don't

like them. 4 I like / don't like it . like him / her. like it . 7 I like / don't like her. like him. 9 I like / don't like them.

B 2 hers 3 My; Mine 4 their 5 her 6 My; yours 7 It's 8 their 9 your C

5 1 There and it A Any 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B

Possible answers 8 is Anna's husband / Pietro and Stefano's father 9 is Pietro's wif e / Joe and Carla's mother 10 is Pietro's brother / Joe's (Carla's) uncle 1 1 is Joe's sister / Pietro and Catherine's daughter / Anna and Lucio's granddaughter 12 are Pietro and Catherine's children / Anna and Lucio's grandchildren / Emilio and Rosa's greatgrandchildren B 2 Emilio's 3 Emilio's 4 Rosa and Emilio's / Emilio and Rosa's 5 Rosa's 6 Rosa and Emilio's / Emilio and Rosa's C 2 Jack's 3 man's 4 Women's 5 managers' 6 Young people's 7 country's 8 parents' 9 husband's My Turn! Possible answers My dad's favourite sport is mot or racing. My mum's birthday is in July. My sister's hobby is surfing. My grandparents' home is in the country.

order possible: There are some books. There are some boxes. There isn't a clock. There's a computer. There isn't a lamp. There aren't any people. There aren't any pictures. There's a telephone.

2 There isn't 3 There is 4 it 5 It's 6 It 7 there is 8 It's 10 it 1 1 there

9 It isn't

C 2 3 4 5

It was my birthday yesterday. It was lovely t o see you again. There were a lot of people. (Once) there were (once) bears in England (once). 6 It was almost t ime for bed. 7 There was some water in the bottle. 8 It was three kilometres long.

49 Possessive's A 2 Rosa 3 Emilio 4 Anna and Fabio 5 Pietro and Stefano 6 Joe

2 her 3 His 4 our 5 theirs 6 his 7 i t s/ t heir 8 her 9 theirs 10 Our; ours 1 1 his 12 yours

D

2 5 8 10

it is (it's) 3 There are 4 There is (There's) it is (it's) 6 There are 7 it is (it's) there are not (aren't) 9 It is not (isn't/ 's not) there are

My Turn! Possible answers 2 There's some information on the website. It's really interesting. 3 There's a text message from Susie. It's for you. 4 There's a bus at the bus stop. It's very late! 5 There's a good programme on television. It's really funny!

R9 Review: pronouns; possessives; quantifiers A

3 8 12 17 21 25

1 4 we our ours she your

our 5 they 6 They 7 us 9 them 10 We 1 1 them 13 it 14 It 15 our 16 it 18 m y/ our 19 She 20 our 22 your 23 my 24 it 26 you 27 me 28 I

B Possible answers 2 It's 11.30. 3 It's red, blue and whit e. 4 There's a man on a bicycle. 5 There aren't many. 6 It's Maria. 7 There are foxes and wolves. 8 It was on Monday. 9 There was a fi Im about dragons. 10 It was sunny. C 2 4 6 9

brother's... he's 3 Samantha's ... parents' It's ... isn't 5 friend's... doesn't I'll 7 brother's... doesn't 8 children's Maria's... horses' 10 Terry's

D 2 3 5 7

in Barry and Gary's / their are my dad's 4 lend you mine Their house is 6 listens t o her you give me

E

F

2 6 10 14

many 3 Everybody 4 Many 5 A Nobody 7 much 8 Lots 9 of lot of 1 1 lit t le 12 any 13 much many 15 anything

2 6 11 15 19

that 3 somewhere 4 some 5 That any 7 any 8 lots of 9 any 10 a f ew any 12 some 13 a few 14 the some 16 a lot of 17 A few of 18 much anywhere 20 nowhere 2 1 -

52 Adjectives A ancient city careless man / worker cold weather / city / day empty glass / city great city / day / t ime / weather / worker terrible day / t ime / weather / worker ugly face / man / city useful information / glass young face / worker B 2 4 6 8 C 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

a credit card 3 a CD player a toothbrush 5 a bedroom a train station 7 a postman a taxi driver

Possible answers It is (It's) not far from here, (the cinema) It was a very busy place, (the airport) She doesn't look very well, (my friend) These flowers smell lovely, (roses) She does not (doesn't) seem very friendly, (my neighbour) It is not (It's not / It isn't) a good idea, (smoking) He is (He's) my favourite actor. (Johnny Depp) They do not (don't) taste nice, (olives) He is fs) always asleep! (my brother)

D Possible answers 2 The homework was 3 My lunch was quite 4 Atyrannosaurus rex was 5 I feel a bit 6 I am quite 7 My bedroom is a lit t le 8 I am 9 I am very 10 The house is very My Turn! Possible answers 2 I felt nervous, but also excited. 3 Every visitor must go t o the Charles Bridge. It's a famous bridge across the Vltava river. It is very busy in the day but at night it is quiet. 4 From an aeroplane the city looks very big. All the houses have red roofs. 5 The people are very friendly.

6 7

The city seems safe at night. I miss the culture. In Prague there are a lot of interesting galleries and festivals.

53 Order of adjectives opinion amazing famous handsome

[big] enormous short

colour brown golden whit e

origin Asian Roman Swiss

B 2 3 4 5 6

size

quality dirty happy quiet

age modern new

material cheese glass

heavy silver Olympic t ired Kenyan marathon amazing new 100-metre t all slim basketball long 70-metre discus

C 2 f oot ball 3 brown 4 real 6 hard 7 golf 8 family

54 Comparatives 2 4 6 8

longer 3 more dangerous politer / more polite 5 rarer farther / furt her 7 more expensive older 9 younger 10 heavier

B 2 Flying is less dangerous than / not as dangerous as driving. 3 Silver is less rare than / not as rare as gold. 4 One kilometre is less far than / not as far as one mile. 5 Seoul is less expensive than / not as expensive as Tokyo. 6 Moscow is less old than / not as old as Madrid. C 3 more expensive 4 as big as 5 furt her / farther 6 better 7 worse 8 later / better My Turn! Possible answers 2 The giraffe is a bit taller than the elephant. 3 The elephant is far heavier than the monkey. 4 The lion is a bit shorter than the zebra. 5 The snake is a lot more dangerous than the monkey. 6 The zebra is a lit t le slower than the lion.

55 Superlatives A

2 3 5 6 8

B 4 5 6 7 8

D 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Mount Everest is the highest mountain. The Vatican City is the smallest country. The blue whale is the largest animal. Antarctica is the coldest continent. Hydrogen is the most common gas. Sirius is the brightest star. Baikal is the deepest lake.

My Turn! Possible answers 2 This is the fastest car! 3 This is the lightest mobile! 4 This is the friendliest dog! 5 This is the most comfortable flat! 6 Our coffee is the best!

56 Adverbs of manner 5 t all

My Turn! Possible answers 2 my expensive new brown shoes 3 an enormous whit e plastic watch 4 a dirt y old glass window 5 a famous young Asian footballer 6 an amazing big cheese sandwich A

7 The horse is the fastest. 8 The elephant is the most dangerous. 9 The sheep is the least dangerous.

most dangerous * safest best * worst 4 most hard-working ? laziest most interesting * most boring oldest * newest 7 saddest * happiest strongest * weakest 9 wettest * driest The rabbit ... the longest The dog ... the biggest The strawberry jam is the cheapest. The raspberry jam is the most expensive. Tom ... the most unusual

C Possible answers 2 The dog is the nicest. 3 The sheep is the most useful. 4 The mouse is the least useful. 5 The elephant is the least interesting. 6 The horse is the most interesting.

A 2 badly 3 quickly 4 noisily 6 slowly 7 carefully

5 easily

B 2 far 3 happily 4 fast 5 well 6 carefully 7 early 8 immediately 9 suddenly 10 late C 2 3 4 5 6 7

Possible answers Leonardo da Vinci could paint very well. Rocky Marciano could hit hard. Carl Lewis could run very quickly. The Beatles could sing very well. Pele could play f oot ball beautifully. Garry Kasparov could play chess brilliantly.

My Turn! Possible answers 2 She is fs) smiling happily. 3 They are fre) talking angrily. 4 He is fs) walking slowly. 5 He is fs) eating unhealthily / badly. 6 She is fs) leaving the house quietly.

57 Comparative and superlative adverbs A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

[earl y]-earl i er-earl i est easily - [more easily] - most easily [far] - farther / further - farthest / furthest well - [better] - best happily - more happily - [most happily] slowly - [more slowly] - most slowly [safely] - more safely - most safely

B 2 sooner 3 highest 4 more safely 5 worse 6 more seriously 7 accurately 8 most carefully C 2 4 6 8

farther / further; False 3 more quickly; True faster; True 5 higher; False better; True 7 more easily; False more deeply; True

D Possible answers 2 My sister draws best. 3 My mum works hardest. 4 Stefan writes most clearly. 5 Marco lives farthest / furthest f rom here. 6 My dad sings worst. 7 My brother sleeps longest. 8 My cousin eats his lunch most quickly. My Turn! Possible answers 2 Tim has eaten his meal fastest. 3 Kim is eating most t idily and most slowly. 4 Kim is eating least quickly. 5 Kim has climbed higher. 6 Tim has climbed less high. 7 Kim is smiling more happily. 8 Tim is smiling less happily.

Answer key 195

58 -ed and -ing adjectives A 2 disappointed 3 interesting 4 exciting 5 terrifying 6 relaxed 7 surprising 8 worried 9 boring 10 annoyed B

2 5 8 11

C 2 3 4 5

surprising 3 interested 4 exciting disappointed 6 shocked 7 confused frightening 9 bored 10 amazing interesting a) boring b) exciting b) worried c) interested a) tired b) amazing b) frightening c) relaxing

My Turn! Possible answers 2 I'm shocked and frightened. 3 I'm pleased and excited. 4 It's very surprising but I'm very pleased. 5 I'm amazed. It's amazing! 6 This is terrifying. I'm frightened. 7 I'm not worried but it's annoying. 8 I'm annoyed but this isn't very surprising.

5 6 C 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A

B 2 too 3 too 4 t oo many 5 too 6 too much 7 too 8 too many 9 t oo much

D 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

enough butter t oo hard enough rain is fs) t oo sweet enough money t oo much traffic t oo many people

My Turn! Possible answers 2 How much money have you saved? Enough / Not enough! 3 How much foot ball is there on TV? Enough / Not enough!/ Too much! 4 How many exams do you have every month? Enough / Not enough! / Too many! 5 How many text messages do you receive? Enough / Not enough! / Too many! 6 How much sleep do you get? Enough / Not enough!/ Too much! 7 How many weekends are there in a year? Enough / Not enough! / Too many! 8 How much music do you listen to? Enough / Not enough / Too much!

60 Adverbs of frequency A

2 4 6 8 9 10

It rarely snows 3 don't always save is hardly ever wrong 5 Do you oft en take They normally go 7 We often have is always on time My mum sometimes doesn't has never had

B 2 She rarely wears jeans in the office. 3 She always remembers her boss's birthday. 4 She is often late

196

I usually wear jeans. My sister is hardly ever late. Sandra of t en phones (me). My boss rarely goes on holiday. The book is sometimes useful. Guests must always lock their rooms. I have never been t o Portugal.

61 Prepositions of place

RIO Review: adjectives and adverbs

59 Too and enough

There are not enough women police officers. He doesn't work fast enough. I can't reach it - I'm not t all enough. Do you have enough money? There's never enough t ime f or everything. This camera is small enough t o fit in your pocket.

One sad day Jack's mother t old silly Jack to take the thin cow t o the colourful market in the big city. Jack and the sad cow walked t o the market slowly. Suddenly, Jack heard somebody calling his name in a friendly way. He turned round quickly and saw a strange man. The strange man was wearing colourful clothes ...

My Turn! Possible answers 2 I usually go t o bed at the same time. 3 I hardly ever dream about animals. 4 My dreams never come true. 5 I have oft en seen my friends in dreams. 6 Sometimes I wake up because of a bad dream. 7 I usually t ell my friends about my dreams. 8 I have never dreamed in English.

A 2 The shoe was t oo small. Cinderella 3 There were not enough mattresses. The Princess and the Pea 4 There were t oo many rats in the city. The Pied Piper ofHamelin 5 He was t oo ugly. The Ugly Duckling 6 He slept t oo much. Rip Van Winkle

C 2 3 4 5 6 7

She never works at the weekend. She usually has lunch in a cafe.

2 nicer, the nicest, nicely, more nicely, most nicely 3 easier, the easiest, easily, more easily, most easily 4 quieter, the quietest, quietly, more quietly, most quietly 5 faster, the fastest, fast, faster, fastest 6 sadder, the saddest, sadly, more sadly, most sadly 7 better, the best, well, better, the best 8 more expensive, the most expensive, expensively, more expensively, most expensively 9 worse, the worst, badly, worse, worst 10 furt her / farther, the furthest / farthest, far, further / farther, furthest / farthest 1 1 more interesting, the most interesting, interestingly, more interestingly, most interestingly 12 friendlier, the friendliest, in a friendly way, in a friendlier way, in the friendliest way

B 2 the 7 C 2 4 5 6 7 9

more

3 as

4 than

5 the

6 more

8 less

the worst driver 3 further f rom the sea loudly enough expensive new American sports more slowly than I in a silly way 8 is less interesting than lot less warm

D Possible answers 2 I always study hard before an important exam. 3 Please speak more quietly. The baby is asleep. 4 I hardly ever get up early when I'm on holiday. 5 You never wear your old blue coat. 6 (Sometimes) I (sometimes) don't answer my important emails quickly. 7 He's a very nice man, but he's a bit boring. 8 My new car is a lot better than my old one. 9 She never laughs and she doesn't oft en smile. 10 You eat t oo quickly and you don't eat enough fresh vegetables. E

3b 4a 5b 6a 7b 8a 9a 12b 13b 14a 15a 16b

10b

lla

F

Possible answer Once upon a time, there was a silly,young boy called Jack. He lived quietly wit h his old mother. They were very poor. They didn't have enough money. They had dirty old clothes. They had just one thin cow.

A 2 at 3 opposite 4 in front of 6 near 7 in 8 on B 2 3 4 6 8

5 above

in the south of the island at the bot t om of the page above the line 5 outside the shop near me 7 behind the building in the city / inside the city / in the centre of the city 9 at the end of the film

C 2 on 3 in 4 behind 5 at 6 between 7 at 8 in f ront of 9 by 10 in My Turn! Possible answers 2 in my pocket 3 under the bed / behind the sofa 4 at a party / at school 5 in Ruskin Street / at 19 Ruskin Street 6 in Milan 7 outside the house / in the garage / next t o the house 8 at school / at home

62 Prepositions of time: at, in, on A on 22 June Monday your birthday 13 September Thursday B 3b

4a

C 3 on

5a 4 -

in 1999 the afternoon the rainy season t wo years'time winter 6b 5 at

7a

8b

9b

at breakfast midnight the moment the weekend 10a

6 in

7 -

8 in

D 2 at 3 in 4 in 5 at 8 on 9 at 10 -

6 -

7 at

My Turn! Possible answers 2 the weekend 3 four years 4 Friday night 5 ten o'clock 6 a few months' 7 the spring 8 Saturday

63 Prepositions of movement A 2 4 5 6 7 9

Get out of the car. 3 Walk under it. Jack went down the hill. We got on / onto the train. She is coming / going t o Palermo. I walked t o the park. 8 We got off the plane. Walk slowly towards the lion.

B 2 4 6 8

Up the cheese. 3 Over the cheese. To (towards) the cheese. 5 From the cheese. Into (in) the cheese. 7 Out of the cheese. (A)round the cheese.

C 2a

3d

4b

5d

6c

7b

8d

9c

10a

My Turn! Possible answers Go round the mountains and walk round the lake. Go along the river and over the bridge t o the old house. Go into the house. The treasure is behind the door.

R l 1 Review: prepositions A 2 between t wo 3 in f ront of 4 at 3 in 5 the day before yesterday 6 out of 7 visited her last 8 at the moment

B

2 on 3 at 4 in 5 on 6 at 7 on 8 in 9 on 10 at 1 1 in 12 on 13 in 14 on 15 at 16 in 17 at 18 in

C 2f

3i

D

in 3 At 4 of f 5 out of 6 through down 8 on 9 round 10 into behind 12 opposite 13 out of towards 15 at 16 towards 17 near under 19 past 20 into 2 1 t o up 23 At 24 below 25 along off 27 on 28 between

2 7 11 14 18 22 26

4b

5c

6e

7d

8j

9h

10a

66 Second conditional A 2 4 5 7

8 Would ... run; saw B 2a C 2f 2 3

E 2 I'll meet you in half an hour in f ront of the cinema. 3 He took the pizza out of the box and put it into the oven. 4 I'm going t o visit her in hospital the day after tomorrow. 5 They live in an apartment on the eighth floor. 6 I always sit next t o my best friend at school. 7 We usually go t o work by train but on Tuesday we went by taxi. 8 The dog ran along the road and jumped over the wall.

64 Passive: present and past simple A 2d B 2 5 7 9

3a

4f

5i

6c

7j

8e

9g

10b

is done 3 are given 4 was started is bought 6 Is ... learned / learnt was discovered 8 are produced Were ... sent 10 was invented

C 2 was eaten by 3 The Queen opened 4 were called 5 Did he writ e 6 is not (isn't) accepted D

2 4 7 10

am ('m) woken 3 are emptied am ('m) shocked 5 was left 6 was taken was sold 8 was put 9 was broken was given

My Turn! Possible answers 2 Food is bought. Money is paid. 3 Children are taught. Friends are made. 4 Films are watched. Popcorn is eaten. 5 Computers are used. Emails are sent. 6 Rooms are cleaned. Food is prepared. 7 Tickets are sold. Trains are caught. 8 Information is found. Websites are used.

65 Zero and first conditionals A 2 makes 3 melts 4 eat 6 do not (don't mix) B 2e

3d

4a

5b

6f

5 kills

4 5 6 7 8

You'll get cold i f you don't put your coat on. If we study hard, we will do well in our exams. If the men do not leave, the army wi ll attack. What will you do i f the shop is closed? I don't work very well i f the TV is on. I might go t o school t om orrow i f I feel better. If I give you some money, wil l you pay for the tickets?

C 2 4 6 7

is; wil l go up 3 do not (don't) phone; gets drive; wil l (Tl) get 5 go; feel / are feeling does not (doesn't) practise; wi ll not (won't) be get; wi ll (Tl) be 8 wil l (Tl) be; stop

My Turn! Possible answers 2 we'll go early. 3 if it's raining / i f it rains. 4 I'll go on my own. 5 if we don't have enough money for the bus. 6 we'll come back in the afternoon.

3b

4d

5a

6c

7b

8b

9d

10c

3g 4h 5d 6e 7a 8b If I saw a strange light in the sky, I might think it was a spaceship. If I had no friends, I could / might join a sports club. If I learned 700 new words today, I could not (couldn't) might not remember them all. If I found a book of magic, I might not want t o read it . If I travelled back in t ime, I could / might visit Cleopatra. If I wrot e a pop song, I could / might become a pop star. If I spent three hours in the bathroom every morning, I could / might make my family very angry.

My Turn! Possible answers 2 If I won a free plane ticket, ... 3 If the house was on fire,... 4 ... i f everyone smiled more. 5 If I forgot Lucy's birthday,... 6 ... i f I had a History test tomorrow. 7 If I moved house,... 8 If there were no buses,...

R12 Review: the passive; conditionals A 2e

3a

4f

5i

6c

7b

8h

9d

B 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

are sold in t hat shop was given this sweater by my sister hair is cut by my aunt was taught t o sing by a famous opera singer are taught t o swim by Mr Hill dinner wi ll be cooked by Uncle Brian were t old t o stay in your room

C

think 3 use 4 are cut 5 are put was filmed 7 was given was discovered 9 was added needed 1 1 was chosen 12 discovered caused 14 were broken / broke were blown down 16 were damaged f ell 18 lost 19 was hurt If Mick was/ were taller, he would fd) be a great basketball player.

2 6 8 10 13 15 17 D 2

7c 8g

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

F

won; would ('d) be 3 f elt ; would fd) see would not (wouldn't) speak; broke would ('d) move; lived 6 had; would ... learn did not (didn't) like; would fd) change

3 This computer wi l l not (won't) work unless you t urn it on. 4 If I knew the answer, I would fd) t ell you. 5 If I were / was you, I would not (wouldn't) wear t hat hat. 6 You can't come in unless you have a ticket. 7 Where would you go if you could fly? 8 I might win the competition i f I am f m) lucky. E

Possible answers 2 I'll take my sister. 3 i f I needed it . 4 the weather is bad. 5 I'd ask them t o come round. 6 I'd be surprised. 7 I saw an accident. 8 I would love it.

2 5 7 9 12 15 17 19 23

wouldn't ask 3 had 4 buy/ bought has / had 6 wi l l / woul d be able t o buy/ bought 8 would would you feel 10 gave 1 1 was would be 13 hit 14 light up does / would she want 16 wants / wanted loses/ lost 18 wi ll / would be able t o has 20 wil l t ry 2 1 can't 22 are wil l phone 24 wi l l have t o

67 Reported speech A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

T want t o go t o Sophie's party.' T don't know Sophie.' 'Sophie is having a party tomorrow.' 'Everyone is invited t o the party' 'I'm surprised that everyone is going.' 'It wi ll be great i f we go together.' 'I'll think about i f

B 2 3 4 5 6

He thought (that) he needed a t owel. She said (that) she had a lot of work t o do. He thought (that) the map / it wasn't clear. They thought (that) they were winning. She said (that) she wasn't answering his question.

C 2 needed it t hat 3 they had 4 was busy then 5 go the week 6 the next / f ollowing day My Turn! Possible answers 2 Mr Brown knew it was Sophie's fault. 3 Mrs Brown said she wanted t o stay in a hotel. 4 She thought she needed a holiday. 5 The Browns thought that they needed the police. 6 They t old the police they wanted t o move house. 7 They said Sophie would never have another birthday party. 68 Say and tell A 2 say 3 telling 4 t old 7 t ell 8 says / said B

5 said

6 t ell

2 What did you t ell the police officer t o do? / What did the police officer tell you t o do? 3 The customers said they were not happy. 4 Have you t old anyone about your problems? 5 She said she would get up early. 6 I wil l tell you about the match later. 7 Passengers were t old t o go t o platform 3. 8 My dad said he was not feeling very well. 9 She t old everyone not t o go in. 10 We t old them we could not come.

C 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

He t old me t o call back later. We t old the others not t o leave wit hout us. I wi ll t ell her t o wait outside. Tell the driver not t o park in front of the house. I t old Simon not t o be late. The girl t old her friend not t o say anything. He always tells me not t o worry.

My Turn! Possible answers 2 The teacher was telling a good joke. 3 He wasn't telling the t rut h. 4 He was telling a story. 5 She was telling (her / her friend) a secret. 6 He said sorry.

69 Defining relative clauses A

Squash is a racket sport which bovs in a London school invented in the 19th century. It is played by t wo players in a court t hat has four walls. Players hit the ball around the walls of the court. The ball travels very quickly.

Answer key 197

Squash is a healthy sport but it is not good f or people who are not very strong! It has become an internationally popular sport which many people think should be in the Olympics. But there is a problem wit h this. People who come t o watch the matches do not always enjoy them. They find it difficult t o see the ball! B 2 which 3 who 6 who 7 which

4 which 8 which

5 who

C 2 Matkot is a beach game which / t hat is played all over the world. 3 An ecologist is a scientist who / t hat studies the environment. 4 Is t hat the girl who / t hat you saw at the party? / Is that the girl you saw at the party? 5 A penguin is a bird which / t hat can't fly. 6 I don't know the doctor who / t hat is coming to see you. 7 The actress who / t hat was in Superman is on TV t onight. / The actress who / that is on TV tonight was in Superman. 8 We're going t o the hotel which / that is near the beach. / The hotel which / t hat we're going t o is near the beach. / The hotel we're going t o is near the beach. / My Turn! Possible answers 2 Neighbours are people who live next t o you. 3 A musician is a person who plays an instrument. 4 A chef is someone who cooks f ood. 5 A telescope is a t hing you use t o look at the stars. 6 An astronaut is a person who travels into space. 7 Friends are people who understand you. 8 A dinosaur was an animal t hat lived on Earth millions of years ago. 9 A ring is a t hing you wear on your finger. 10 A knife is a t hing you use t o cut f ood.

R13 Review: reported speech; say / tell; relative clauses A 2 him he couldn't go out the next day because his aunt was coming / going t o stay wi t h t hem. 3 Zoe t o come / go t o her house later. She said she would show her her photos. 4 he couldn't play the guitar but he was quite good at singing. 5 they used t o have a dog but now they have / had a cat. 6 children t o put their coats there and that they could collect them later. 7 Paula he'd like t o speak English as well as her. 8 if they didn't stop talking, she would phone their mother. B

2 'I can't. I'm talking t o my friend.' 3 'My friend is angry wit h me.' 4 'He wi ll (Tl) be very very angry i f I t urn the phone of f ' 5 T will (Tl) be very very very angry i f you don't t urn the phone off.' 6 'I can't talk right now. A policeman wants t o talk t o me.' 7 'I'm looking f or a criminal.' 8 'I want t o look in your bag.' 9 'You can't. It's f ull of stolen money f rom the bank.' 10 'You'rejoking.'

C 3b

4a

5b

6a

7a

8b

9b

10a

D 2 t old the children a 3 Adam said sorry 4 I don't like you 5 I'll study tomorrow 6 tell you a 7 that he used t o 8 t old me a lie

198

E

F

2 The photo which you t ook of me is terrible! 3 The student who I'm teaching is f rom China. 4 Where did I put t hat book which I was reading? 5 I met someone who went t o primary school wi t h you. 6 Was the doctor who you saw nice? 7 The bus which goes t o the t own centre doesn't stop here. 8 The people who live next door have eight cats. 9 Was the present which you gave me expensive? 10

People who run every day are usually healthy.

2h

3b

4g

5i

6f

7c

8d

9a

2 A shopaholic is a person who loves shopping! 3 An insect is an animal which has six legs. 4 A pet is an animal you look after at home. 5 Mercury is a planet which is very close t o the sun. 6 Oxygen is a gas we need t o live. 7 A pilot is someone who flies a plane. 8 A poet is someone who writes poems. 9 Yoga is a type of exercise many people enjoy.

70 L i n k i n g words: and, but, or, so, because A

3b

4a

5a

6b

7a

B 2 and 3 or 4 but 7 because 8 or

8b

9b

5 so

10a 6 and

C 2 Felix is friendly and his sister is really nice. 3 My dictionary is very small, so the word isn't in it . 4 The party was OK but I f elt a bit bored. 5 Have you been t o Italy before or is this your first t ime here? 6 I opened the bag and I saw the money. 7 Trevor can't sleep because he drank a lot of coffee. 8 We heard a strange noise, so I phoned the police. D

Shen-Nung was an Emperor r- He and he lived in China. One day he went into the garden r H e and (he) sat under a tree. It was a beautiful day r Ft, but it was t oo hot . It was t oo and dry. ShenNung was thirsty r- He, so he asked f or a drink. Shen-Nung could drink something cold r H e or he could have a cup of hot water. The Emperor chose hot water 7+t because it was his usual afternoon drink. He waited . The and the servant brought the hot water. Shen-Nung closed his eyes r- He because he felt t ired . He felt and sleepy. Some leaves f ell f rom the t reerf l i ey and they went into his cup of water. Shen-Nung woke up r-He and he t ook his cup. He drank the tea r-He , but he didn't notice the leaves. The new drink was unusual. The new drink was but very tasty r- He, so he made another cup of hot water wi t h leaves. Shen-Nung is now famous r-He because he invented tea.

My Turn! Possible answers 2 and made breakfast. 3 because there are a lot of parks. 4 Getting up early ... so I am oft en late. 5 ... get a j ob ... travel around Asia. 6 My sister... because she t ook my make-up. 7 ... a mobile phone ... a poster of Juventus 8 ... because I have some friends f rom Canada. 9 ... so people should use public transport. 10 ... my family and friends.

71 Time and sequence adverbs: Srst, then, afterwards A 2 B

first

3 next

4

finally 5 Afterwards

Possible answers 2 Second, put in / enter your pin code. 3 Third, choose an amount of money. 4 Fourth, take your card (out of the machine). 5 Next, take your money. 6 Finally, put the money in your wallet.

C 2 4 6 7

First 3 First; Second; t hen/ f inally t hen/ af t er t hat 5 Af t er that / Then First; Next; after that / then / finally then

My Turn! Possible answer Then put butter or mayonnaise on the bread. Next, cut some cheese or ham. Put the cheese on one piece of bread. Finally, put the other piece of bread on top and eat it . Afterwards, have a drink.

72 Both, either, neither A

2 Both 3 Neither 4 both of 5 Either 6 neither of 7 both 8 either

B 2 Neither of them like / likes Oxford. / Neither Lyra nor Roger like / likes Oxford. 3 Neither of them can use a compass. / Neither Lyra nor Roger can use a compass. 4 Both of them feel afraid. / Both Lyra and Roger feel afraid. 5 Neither of them have / has been t o the North. / Neither Lyra nor Roger have / has been to the Nort h. 6 Both of them would like a map. / Both Lyra and Roger would like a map. 7 Neither of them know / knows where the children are. / Neither Lyra nor Roger know / knows where the children are. C 2 3 4 5 6 D

Programming is both a science and an art. Computer logic is neither difficult nor boring. The symbols are both clear and useful. The software is either free or very cheap. You need both a monitor and a keyboard.

2 both 3 Neither of 4 both 6 either 7 both 8 Either

5 either

My Turn! Possible answers We both have a pet cat. Both of us speak a bit of French. Neither of us likes shopping. Both of us are in the basketball team. We both read in bed.

73 Word order A

B

1 2 3 4

at Tony's Diner p at the Barton hospital p again t at the age of 65 t at the city centre school p 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

on Monday t in the summer t next month t f or 18 years t in Florida p there p

I was there last week. I have lived here for years. I go there on Tuesdays. I am going there now. I wi l l look at it carefully tonight. It was upstairs this morning. We are meeting outside the school at 9.15.

C 1 The boat hit large rocks outside the port on Sunday evening. No one was hurt. 2 A bear escaped f rom St Francis Zoo yesterday. Police t old people t o stay at home. A number of animals have escaped f rom the zoo recently, including a rare white tiger.

My Turn! Possible answers 2 daily / every morning / on Wednesdays / f rom the bus station 3 at home / at work / i n bed / here/ t here 4 here / at my house / on Saturday 5 on Friday / next week / at lunchtime / here / there / outside the bank 6 tomorrow / at breakfast 7 to the beach in the summer

R14 Review: linking words and word order A

2 I have an appointment in the park at 11.00. 3 Can you meet me at t he hospital next Monday? 4 I always eat quickly at lunchtime. 5 You don't see young people in this cafe these days. 6 People must drive carefully in the t own centre on Saturdays. 7 He's staying in Barcelona on holiday. 8 I saw him here last week. 9 Can you swim well now? 10 I'm not studying hard at school at the moment.

B 2 or 3 because 4 so 5 so 6 because 7 but 8 and 9 both 10 either C 2 3 4 5

I could neither see nor hear him. Do I stay or do I go? / Do I go or do I stay? After the game, he spoke t o the players. The joke wasn't either funny or clever / clever or funny. 6 Because I was late, they were angry. 7 Neither team was playing well. 8 My mum and my dad both have colds.

D

2 My computer is very slow now, so I'm getting a new one. 3 Would you like a sandwich or have you had something t o eat? 4 I need some new shoes because these are really old. 5 I've joined the club, so I'll get tickets half-price. 6 He loves music, but he can't sing very well. 7 Laura agreed t o help them because they had been kind t o her in the past. 8 Just knock on the door and go in! 9 I'll give you the book at school t om orrow or I'll bring it t o your house later. 10 I'm going t o the party but / so I have t o leave early.

E 2 Second, put some cheese on t op. 3 Then, put the bread and cheese back in t he oven at 180° C. 4 After five or ten minutes, take the toast out of the oven and put some t om at o on t op. 5 Finally, cut into pieces and enjoy! F 2 because 3 in New England 4 and 5 both 6 at the school 7 but 8 at midnight 9 so 10 Finally 1 1 but

•~ i W

Active G r a m m a r is a three-level g r a m m a r reference a n d practice series specially designed to appeal to teenage a n d y o u n g adult learners. Active G r a m m a r L e v e l 1 covers A1-A2 (CEF) level g r a m m a r points.

O n the C D - R O M

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explanations • Exercises designed to help students prepare for the C a m b r i d g e KET a n d PET exams • Regular TIP boxes h i g h l i g ht common mistakes • MY TEST! and Review units monitor progress Suitable for classroom use or self-study

LEVEL 2 act ive GR A M M A R

Intermediate

LEVEL 3 C1-C2* '*

I

English Vocabulary in npTip

Michael McCarthy Felicity 0 Dell

Use

Cambridge Essential English Dictionary

+

*

Advanced CAE/ CPE

6)

CAMBRIDGE LEARNER CORPUS

The Cambridge Learner Corpus (CLC) is a unique collection of over 35 million words taken from student \ exam papers from Cambridge E50L. It shows real mistakes students make and highlights the parts of English which cause problems for learners. The CLC has been developed by Cambridge University Press with University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations to help in writing materials for learners of English. www.cambridge.org/ corpus

UN I VERSI TY PRESS www.cambridge.org