Acid
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Acid Rain • one of the many forms of pollution due to contamination of earth’s atmosphere • Popular term for different forms of precipitation that bears higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acid • Acid rain has increased ever since the Industrial Revolution. It was in 1852 when Robert Angus Smith discovered the relationship between acid rain and the atmospheric pollution. However, it was not until 1960’s that scientists began observing and studying the
Acid Rain Chemical Forerunners 1. Man-made - production of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) through burning of fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and oil. 2. Natural - volcanoes and decaying vegetation
What is acid? • Commonly known as substances that are corrosive • tastes sour and usually reacts with metals to form hydrogen ions • Has a pH level of less than 7
Formation of Acid Rain
1. The process that leads to acid rain is the burning of fossil fuels.
Formation of Acid Rain
2. Burning of fossil fuels involve the combination of oxygen from the air with other elements in the substance being
Formation of Acid Rain
3. The process forms compounds known as oxides.
Formation of Acid Rain
4. If the fuel contains sulfur and nitrogen, the burning produces sulfur dioxide and various nitrogen oxide compounds.
Formation of Acid Rain
5. These oxides enter the atmosphere.
Formation of Acid Rain
6. Once in the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides undergo complex reactions with water vapor and other chemicals to yield sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and other pollutants called nitrates and
Formation of Acid Rain
7. These acid pollutants are transported by wind for long distances.
Formation of Acid Rain
8. Clouds and fog forming in areas contaminated with acid pollutants also become acidic.
Formation of Acid Rain
9. With these the snow, rain or any other form of precipitation that comes from them also becomes acidic.
Formation of Acid Rain
10. These forms of precipitation are called wet deposition.
Formation of Acid Rain
11. Acid pollutants may also reach the ground without the help of water.
Formation of Acid Rain
12. In regions where weather is dry and has low precipitation rate, these acid compounds reach the earth’s surface in the form of dust or smokes that attaches to the ground, buildings, statues, homes, cars
Formation of Acid Rain
13. This process is known as dry deposition.
Formation of Acid Rain
14. The dry deposited gases and particles may be washed from the earth’s surface by rainwater. They mix with acid rainwater, making it
Formation of Acid Rain
15. The combination of acid rain and dry acids is known as acid deposition.
Effects of Acid Rain • The acids in acid rain react chemically with any object they contact. • They are corrosive in nature and has been linked to widespread environmental damage, including soil and plant degradation, depleted life in lakes and streams, and erosion of human-made structures.
Effects of Acid Rain - Soil • Acid rain dissolves and washes away nutrients in soil needed by plants. • It dissolve toxic substances, such as aluminum and mercury, which are naturally present in some soils, freeing these toxins to pollute water or to poison
Effects of Acid Rain - Soil • Soil takes a great deal of time to develop making it a nonrenewable resource. • Once soil is dramatically damaged by acid, its recovery may likely take decades.
Effects of Acid Rain – Trees and Forests • Trees encounter slow growth as acid-damaged soil is unable to provide the trees the nutrients they need. • Acid also damages the leaves of trees, leaving brown dead spots. • Injured leaves makes the tree unable to make food through photosynthesis. • Once injured, trees become more prone and at risk to other threats such as cold, winter weather, insect infestations and drought.
Effects of Acid Rain – Surface Water and Marine Life • Surface water is the water found in streams, rivers and lakes. Many are close to being chemically neutral, neither acidic or alkaline, with pH levels between 6 and 8. • Acid rain falls into and drains into streams, lakes, and marshes. • Toxic minerals, such ass aluminum and mercury dissolved by acid rain in soil are also released to surface water poisoning aquatic life.
Effects of Acid Rain – Surface Water and Marine Life • Acid rain has eliminated insect life and some fish species. • In bodies of water with pH levels of 5, most fish eggs loose the capacity to hatch and live. • Other marine organisms react negatively by decreasing in size and losing the capacity to compete for food and
Effects of Acid Rain – Plants and Animals • Aluminum dissolved by acid in soils is absorbed by roots and poisons the plant. • Acid leaves brown dead spots on a plant’s leaf making it incapable of producing its own food through photosynthesis. • The soil is also unable to provide it with necessary nutrients as they are already drained and washed away by the acid rain. • Consequently, organisms that depend on the plant for survival are indirectly
Effects of Acid Rain – Plants and Animals • •
•
•
Acid rain is powerful enough to endanger an entire ecosystem. Organisms of an ecosystem are extremely interdependent and may be unable to survive without one another. A certain animal in an ecosystem that can resist acidic environment may still not survive if the animal it preys on grew less in number or have been entirely eliminated by the destructive effects of acid rain. Because of the connections between every fish, insect, plants and other kind of organisms that belong in an
Effects of Acid Rain – Human Health • •
•
Toxic substances dissolved in soil by acid rain reach human water supplies. Acid interact with other chemicals in the air and create urban smog. These substances when inhaled by the lungs leads to breathing difficulties and lung irritation especially to people who already has asthma, bronchitis or other respiratory diseases. Extreme cases were premature deaths due to heart and lung disorders brought by fine acidic particles transported in long distances by the wind.
Effects of Acid Rain – HumanMade Structures • Acid rain is corrosive. It has corroded large number of buildings, structures, statues, cars and other infrastructures made with stone or metal. • A number of monumental structures that is of high cultural value have been damaged irreparably to acid rain. Examples of such are the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the Statue of Liberty in New York City and Taj Mahal in India.
Effects of Acid Rain – HumanMade Structures • Dry deposition of acidic pollutants also contributes to fast dirtying of buildings and other structures making the cost of maintenance very high.
Effects of Acid Rain – Global Warming •
•
Acid rain has one remarkably beneficial effect. It slows down global warming.
GLOBAL WARMING – increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans and landmasses due to the • Greenhouse Gases - Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous greenhouse gases. oxide are examples of such gases that trap heat. They have rapidly increased in great percentages making the atmosphere too thick with heat trapping gases and causing gradual changes in the world’s climate.
Effects of Acid Rain – Global Warming •
Sulfur pollution in the atmosphere mitigates the production of methane • Methane – released to the atmosphere through coal mining. Also found in live plants, rice paddies, wetlands, and other animals such as cows. it traps thirty times more heat than carbon • Sulfur eating bacteria have beendioxide discovered does.in wetlands where there are microbes, the biggest producers of methane. Sulfur-eating bacteria from sulfur deposits reduces methane release by 18-15%.
Reducing Acid Rain •
Clean smokestacks (industrial chimneys) - use of flue gas desulphuration (FGD). - installations of scrubbers which are liquid-like filters in chimney towers that push exhausts gas with sprays of calcium hydroxide or water containing lime. - Lime reacts with sulfur dioxide and transforms it into calcium sulfate which is pH-neutral and solid in form. - These solid calcium sulfates are then disposed to landfills or sold to chemical companies as gypsum. Gypsums may be used
Reducing Acid Rain 2.
Use alternative mode of transportation - Transportation vehicles are one of the major sources of pollutants that form acid rain. - take public transportation or carpool - walk or use bicycles - vehicles should be properly maintained - buy vehicles with low nitrogen oxide emissions
Reducing Acid Rain •
Use alternative sources of energy Power plants use coal mainly to generate electricity. There are other sources that are less environmentally harmful such as nuclear power, hydropower, wind energy, geothermal energy and solar energy. Some of these alternatives are more expensive to produce however advancements in
Reducing Acid Rain 4. Restore damaged environment - Liming is the use of limestone in acidic lakes to neutralize the acidity in water. - This technique is a shortterm remedy but it could allow organisms in soil or aquatic animals to remain in water and survive until acid deposits have been totally washed out of the area. - an expensive method and has to be done repeatedly on
Reducing Acid Rain 5. Understand the causes and effects of acid rain - people must understand how acid rain damages the environment and know what changes could be made to pollution sources - knowledge would bring concern and discipline and would help people make right decisions on how to control and reduce acid rain.
Efforts to Control Acid Rain • 1988 - the United States with 24 other nations authorized a convention that promised to control annual nitrogen oxide emissions at below levels of 1987 emission. • 1991 - United States and Canada united in an Air Quality Agreement that set limits on the yearly emissions of sulfur oxide from factories and power plants. • 1991 - “Acid Rain and Emissions Reduction in Asia: Regional”. A group of researchers from Asia, Europe and USA inducted a collaborative effort to study the problem of sulfur deposition in Asia. • 1994 - 12 nations in Europe gathered on Oslo, Norway and agreed to reduce emission of sulfur
Bibliography • • • • •
• • • • •
Hart, John. "Acid Rain." Microsoft® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007. (1994). Acid rain. The world book encyclopedia. Chicago, Illinois: Scott Fetzer Gaus, Paul L. "Acids and Bases." Microsoft® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007. "pH." Microsoft® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007 Mastrandrea, Michael, and Schneider, Stephen H. "Global Warming." Microsoft® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007. "Tree." Microsoft® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007. (1994). Agriculture. The world book encyclopedia. Chicago, Illinois: Scott Fetzer (1994). Soil. The world book encyclopedia. Chicago, Illinois: Scott Fetzer King, Christopher. "Soil." Microsoft® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007. Knight, W. (2004, August 3). Acid rain limits global warming. New scientist.
Prepared by: Krisel D. Getalada 2007-51527 Kristine Michelle R. Almazan 2001-00255
Acid Rain Chemical Forerunners 1. Man-made - production of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) through burning of fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and oil. 2. Natural - volcanoes and decaying vegetation
What is acid? • Commonly known as substances that are corrosive • tastes sour and usually reacts with metals to form hydrogen ions • Has a pH level of less than 7
Formation of Acid Rain
1. The process that leads to acid rain is the burning of fossil fuels.
Formation of Acid Rain
2. Burning of fossil fuels involve the combination of oxygen from the air with other elements in the substance being
Formation of Acid Rain
3. The process forms compounds known as oxides.
Formation of Acid Rain
4. If the fuel contains sulfur and nitrogen, the burning produces sulfur dioxide and various nitrogen oxide compounds.
Formation of Acid Rain
5. These oxides enter the atmosphere.
Formation of Acid Rain
6. Once in the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides undergo complex reactions with water vapor and other chemicals to yield sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and other pollutants called nitrates and
Formation of Acid Rain
7. These acid pollutants are transported by wind for long distances.
Formation of Acid Rain
8. Clouds and fog forming in areas contaminated with acid pollutants also become acidic.
Formation of Acid Rain
9. With these the snow, rain or any other form of precipitation that comes from them also becomes acidic.
Formation of Acid Rain
10. These forms of precipitation are called wet deposition.
Formation of Acid Rain
11. Acid pollutants may also reach the ground without the help of water.
Formation of Acid Rain
12. In regions where weather is dry and has low precipitation rate, these acid compounds reach the earth’s surface in the form of dust or smokes that attaches to the ground, buildings, statues, homes, cars
Formation of Acid Rain
13. This process is known as dry deposition.
Formation of Acid Rain
14. The dry deposited gases and particles may be washed from the earth’s surface by rainwater. They mix with acid rainwater, making it
Formation of Acid Rain
15. The combination of acid rain and dry acids is known as acid deposition.
Effects of Acid Rain • The acids in acid rain react chemically with any object they contact. • They are corrosive in nature and has been linked to widespread environmental damage, including soil and plant degradation, depleted life in lakes and streams, and erosion of human-made structures.
Effects of Acid Rain - Soil • Acid rain dissolves and washes away nutrients in soil needed by plants. • It dissolve toxic substances, such as aluminum and mercury, which are naturally present in some soils, freeing these toxins to pollute water or to poison
Effects of Acid Rain - Soil • Soil takes a great deal of time to develop making it a nonrenewable resource. • Once soil is dramatically damaged by acid, its recovery may likely take decades.
Effects of Acid Rain – Trees and Forests • Trees encounter slow growth as acid-damaged soil is unable to provide the trees the nutrients they need. • Acid also damages the leaves of trees, leaving brown dead spots. • Injured leaves makes the tree unable to make food through photosynthesis. • Once injured, trees become more prone and at risk to other threats such as cold, winter weather, insect infestations and drought.
Effects of Acid Rain – Surface Water and Marine Life • Surface water is the water found in streams, rivers and lakes. Many are close to being chemically neutral, neither acidic or alkaline, with pH levels between 6 and 8. • Acid rain falls into and drains into streams, lakes, and marshes. • Toxic minerals, such ass aluminum and mercury dissolved by acid rain in soil are also released to surface water poisoning aquatic life.
Effects of Acid Rain – Surface Water and Marine Life • Acid rain has eliminated insect life and some fish species. • In bodies of water with pH levels of 5, most fish eggs loose the capacity to hatch and live. • Other marine organisms react negatively by decreasing in size and losing the capacity to compete for food and
Effects of Acid Rain – Plants and Animals • Aluminum dissolved by acid in soils is absorbed by roots and poisons the plant. • Acid leaves brown dead spots on a plant’s leaf making it incapable of producing its own food through photosynthesis. • The soil is also unable to provide it with necessary nutrients as they are already drained and washed away by the acid rain. • Consequently, organisms that depend on the plant for survival are indirectly
Effects of Acid Rain – Plants and Animals • •
•
•
Acid rain is powerful enough to endanger an entire ecosystem. Organisms of an ecosystem are extremely interdependent and may be unable to survive without one another. A certain animal in an ecosystem that can resist acidic environment may still not survive if the animal it preys on grew less in number or have been entirely eliminated by the destructive effects of acid rain. Because of the connections between every fish, insect, plants and other kind of organisms that belong in an
Effects of Acid Rain – Human Health • •
•
Toxic substances dissolved in soil by acid rain reach human water supplies. Acid interact with other chemicals in the air and create urban smog. These substances when inhaled by the lungs leads to breathing difficulties and lung irritation especially to people who already has asthma, bronchitis or other respiratory diseases. Extreme cases were premature deaths due to heart and lung disorders brought by fine acidic particles transported in long distances by the wind.
Effects of Acid Rain – HumanMade Structures • Acid rain is corrosive. It has corroded large number of buildings, structures, statues, cars and other infrastructures made with stone or metal. • A number of monumental structures that is of high cultural value have been damaged irreparably to acid rain. Examples of such are the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the Statue of Liberty in New York City and Taj Mahal in India.
Effects of Acid Rain – HumanMade Structures • Dry deposition of acidic pollutants also contributes to fast dirtying of buildings and other structures making the cost of maintenance very high.
Effects of Acid Rain – Global Warming •
•
Acid rain has one remarkably beneficial effect. It slows down global warming.
GLOBAL WARMING – increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans and landmasses due to the • Greenhouse Gases - Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous greenhouse gases. oxide are examples of such gases that trap heat. They have rapidly increased in great percentages making the atmosphere too thick with heat trapping gases and causing gradual changes in the world’s climate.
Effects of Acid Rain – Global Warming •
Sulfur pollution in the atmosphere mitigates the production of methane • Methane – released to the atmosphere through coal mining. Also found in live plants, rice paddies, wetlands, and other animals such as cows. it traps thirty times more heat than carbon • Sulfur eating bacteria have beendioxide discovered does.in wetlands where there are microbes, the biggest producers of methane. Sulfur-eating bacteria from sulfur deposits reduces methane release by 18-15%.
Reducing Acid Rain •
Clean smokestacks (industrial chimneys) - use of flue gas desulphuration (FGD). - installations of scrubbers which are liquid-like filters in chimney towers that push exhausts gas with sprays of calcium hydroxide or water containing lime. - Lime reacts with sulfur dioxide and transforms it into calcium sulfate which is pH-neutral and solid in form. - These solid calcium sulfates are then disposed to landfills or sold to chemical companies as gypsum. Gypsums may be used
Reducing Acid Rain 2.
Use alternative mode of transportation - Transportation vehicles are one of the major sources of pollutants that form acid rain. - take public transportation or carpool - walk or use bicycles - vehicles should be properly maintained - buy vehicles with low nitrogen oxide emissions
Reducing Acid Rain •
Use alternative sources of energy Power plants use coal mainly to generate electricity. There are other sources that are less environmentally harmful such as nuclear power, hydropower, wind energy, geothermal energy and solar energy. Some of these alternatives are more expensive to produce however advancements in
Reducing Acid Rain 4. Restore damaged environment - Liming is the use of limestone in acidic lakes to neutralize the acidity in water. - This technique is a shortterm remedy but it could allow organisms in soil or aquatic animals to remain in water and survive until acid deposits have been totally washed out of the area. - an expensive method and has to be done repeatedly on
Reducing Acid Rain 5. Understand the causes and effects of acid rain - people must understand how acid rain damages the environment and know what changes could be made to pollution sources - knowledge would bring concern and discipline and would help people make right decisions on how to control and reduce acid rain.
Efforts to Control Acid Rain • 1988 - the United States with 24 other nations authorized a convention that promised to control annual nitrogen oxide emissions at below levels of 1987 emission. • 1991 - United States and Canada united in an Air Quality Agreement that set limits on the yearly emissions of sulfur oxide from factories and power plants. • 1991 - “Acid Rain and Emissions Reduction in Asia: Regional”. A group of researchers from Asia, Europe and USA inducted a collaborative effort to study the problem of sulfur deposition in Asia. • 1994 - 12 nations in Europe gathered on Oslo, Norway and agreed to reduce emission of sulfur
Bibliography • • • • •
• • • • •
Hart, John. "Acid Rain." Microsoft® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007. (1994). Acid rain. The world book encyclopedia. Chicago, Illinois: Scott Fetzer Gaus, Paul L. "Acids and Bases." Microsoft® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007. "pH." Microsoft® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007 Mastrandrea, Michael, and Schneider, Stephen H. "Global Warming." Microsoft® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007. "Tree." Microsoft® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007. (1994). Agriculture. The world book encyclopedia. Chicago, Illinois: Scott Fetzer (1994). Soil. The world book encyclopedia. Chicago, Illinois: Scott Fetzer King, Christopher. "Soil." Microsoft® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007. Knight, W. (2004, August 3). Acid rain limits global warming. New scientist.
Prepared by: Krisel D. Getalada 2007-51527 Kristine Michelle R. Almazan 2001-00255
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