Acc 2 Minimum Area.docx

PRACTICUM REPORT PLANT ECOLOGY MINIMUM AREA

BY GROUP II KBI ROZI NOVRINZA

1710421007

SALSABILA LUQYANA

1710422023

DEVANI MAHARANI R.

1710423001

ZAKIAH SYIFA U.

1710423013

LAILA MARDHIYAH D.

1710423030

ASSISTANT : MAYA WULANDARI ISKANDAR AHSANUL HUSNA

TEACHING IV LABORATORY BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES ANDALAS UNIVERSITY PADANG, 2019

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment (reciprocity). The life of organisms in certain regions or habitats is strongly influenced by environmental factors abiotic or biotic. These environmental factors are factors that influence the organism in the process of its development. If there is interference with the environment then directly will have an impact on the population of these organisms (Odum, 1992). Diversity biological especially plant or plant is located in the south Indonesian territory, usually to be wrong one source principal life para the farmer as eye his livelihood . Effort utilization plant or plant for society especially first held inventory with aim knowing potency function, role and existing benefits from organ part of plants. Some type of land have various function ecologically, especially in save diversity biological. Plant ecology is the study of the interactions relationship between organisms and their environment, where several types of plants interact with each other based on their respective trophic levels (Indriyanto, 2006). The discussion of ecology can not be separated from the discussion of ecosystems with various constituent components, namely abiotic and biotic factors. Ecology is also closely related to the levels of organization of living things, namely populations, communities, and ecosystems that influence each other and are a system that shows unity. In the community there is a limit in interacting between organizations, namely a collection or unit of taxonomic composition that forms a relatively uniform unit, community with organizational topics and patterns of certain organisms. Communities formed naturally have different forms between one place and another A community is never static or changes over time. Changes in a community are divided into two important things, namely succession in the form of cyclical changes in a community in the form of undirected changes that fluctuate around the middle price. A population and community are not formed at the same time as seen now. The process

moves from the one that no organization is there, then there are other new types that live there, then there are other new types living there, so that it becomes a complex community (Odum, 1992). Every plant is the result of the conditions in which plants live, so plants can be used as environmental indicators. The composition of a community is determined by the selection of plants that reach climax and are able to live in that place. The activities of community members depend on each individual's adjustment to physical and biotic factors in the place. Thus in a community, controlling the presence of species can be in the form of one or several specific species or can also be the physical nature of the habitat. But there is no clear boundary between the two, because both can operate together or influence each other. Plants that live naturally in a place, form a collection in which each individual finds an environment that can meet his life needs. In this collection there is also harmony in living together (association), and mutual relations (interactions) that are mutually beneficial, so that a degree of integration is formed (Djufri, 2012). Large area in unit small that is community or vegetation is very varies the situation. Its existence is set and species a huge population interact with many factor a typical environment for every vegetation, way observe community or vegetation that is and how many samples must be observed so that said it representative if in it there is all or in part big type plants that make up community or vegetation that is. Minimum area that reflects wealth. Community or vegetation called large total minimum square (Syafei, 1990). For support our knowledge and additions insight who still less understanding, by because that do practice this in a manner directly to the field. This is the background backwards do it practice this. 1.2 purpose The purpose of this practicum is to determine the size of a representative plot in an area.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

The term ecology was first introduced in 1866 by E. Haeckel (German biologist). Ecology comes from two Greek root words (oikos = house and Logos = science), so that literally can be interpreted as the study of living organisms in his house. More formally ecology is defined as a study that studies the reciprocal relationship between living organisms and the physical and biotic environment as a whole. So, ecology is a scientific study or study of the reciprocal relationship between organisms and their environment. Ecology or ecological studies have an organizational level of biological components, one of which is the community (Resosoedarmo, 1984). Community is an ecological principle that emphasizes the order that exists in the diversity of organisms that live in any habitat. A community is not only a random grouping of animals and plants that live independently of one another, but also contain taxonomic characteristics, with certain metabolic tropic patterns. The concept of community is very important in the practical application of ecological principles because the best way to encourage and eradicate an organism's growth is to modify the community rather than persecute it directly. A community and population did not form together at the same time as it appears now. The process moves from no organization, to several organisms that are there, then there are new types and others live there, so that eventually it becomes a complex community (Michael, 1994). The components of the community are formation, association, consociation, association and colony. Formation is a community formed under certain climatic conditions. This community unit is the main units of vegetation. Association is a unit of plant community in a certain place. In associations if more than one species is dominant. Variation is that in an association there are many dominant species but the number is less than the total number in the association concerned. The community is formed naturally. Vegetation is a combination of plants in certain environmental conditions. This vegetation continues to grow which is influenced by environmental factors, so that the shape of the vegetation can be characterized by the species that make it up (Suin, 2000).

Area is part of the surface of the earth, area, geographical area used for special purposes: this forest will be opened for agriculture; Environmental geographical area that has the same language typology characteristics, such as pronunciation, lexical, or grammatical features. The minimum area or species area curve is the first step used to analyze a vegetation that uses sample plots (squares). The minimum area is used to obtain sample plot area (sampling area) that is considered representative of a type of vegetation in a particular habitat being studied. The sample plot area has a close relationship with the diversity of species found in the area. The higher the diversity of species found in the area, the more extensive sample plots are used (Michael, 1995). The characteristics of an area can be described by making a description of the community. Contains things related to the composition, structure and development of the community. In general, in describing the character of plant communities can be divided into 2 types, namely analysis and synthesis (Susanto, 2000). The area in small units, namely community or vegetation, varies greatly in conditions. Its existence is a set and population species that strongly interact with many unique environmental factors for each vegetation, how to observe the community or vegetation and how many samples that must be observed so that they are said to be representative if there are all or most types of plants that form a community or the vegetation. Minimum area that reflects wealth. Community or vegetation is called the area of the minimum number of squares (Syafei, 1990). Species diversity can be taken to mark the number of species in a particular area or as the number of species between the total number of individuals of all existing species. This relationship can be expressed numerically as a diversity index or important value. The number of species in a community is ecologically important because species diversity is increasingly apparent if the community is more stable. If two species with the same ecological needs are in the same area, their natural selection works to reduce the overlap of the niches of the two species. This means that large niches within a region will continue to be divided by the increasing number of species (Indriyanto, 2006). In plant ecology research or investigation methods are needed in doing so, one method is called a minimum area. Minimum area is a basic method in the

investigation of plant ecology using plots. The size of the plot is made so that the plot can really be a representative to retrieve data. With this method it can be determined whether or not this area can be used as a farm area (Odum, 1998). Five methods for determining the minimum area include; Interpretation of area species curves, Pretation inter regional frequency curves, Species returning presentations, Similarity analysis, and Patterns of representation. Interpretation of species area curves is the original method and is still often recommended. This method is a rare species to reach saturation. The frequency of the curve area has been taken as the basis for determining the minimum area. This curve is used to detect minimal separate areas for different regions (Syafei, 1990). The shape of the minimum area can be square, rectangular and can also be circular. The minimum sample area representing minimum vegetation, will be used as a benchmark in vegetation analysis using the quadratic method. Vegetation analysis is a way of studying the composition (species composition) and shape (structure) of vegetation or plant communities. For a large forest condition, the vegetation analysis activity is closely related to sampling, meaning that we simply place a few sample plots to represent the habitat (Resosadarmo, 1984).

III. IMPLEMENTATION OF PRACTICUM

3.1. Time and place The Minimum Area Practicum was conducted on Thursday, March 14th , 2019 at the Teaching IV Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Andalas University, Padang. 3.2. Tools and materials The tools and materials used in this practicum are stakes, ropes, scissors, tape measure and stationery. 3.3. Ways of working First, a plot of 25 cm x 25 cm is made. Observed and recorded the species of plants that found in this plot. Then calculate the percentage increase in plant species. If the results obtained are >10%, then make a plot that is two time larger than before, like 25 cm x 25 cm, 50 cm x 50 cm, so on until the results obtained are <10%.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Based on the observation that has been carried out, the results that obtained are : Table 1. The Addition of Species Abundance on Each Plot No

Plots

Species

1

I (25 cm x 25 cm)

Barleria peritonitis

Addition of Species Abundance Percentage

Asystasia gangetica Paspalum conjugatum Cyperus sp. 2

II (25 cm x 50 cm)

Cyperus sp.

20%

3

III (50 cm x 50 cm)

-

0%

Based on the observations and species abundance calculation, plot I (25cm x 25 cm) obtained 4 species includes one unknown species. Plot II (25 cm x 50 cm) obtained one addition of species abundance with 20% percentage of it. On plot III (50 cm x 50 cm) there is no addition of species so the addition of species abundance percentage is 0 %. It means that the percentage is <10 % and it means that the addition of plot aren’t needed. From the results that obtained, it can be conclude that the larger the plot area, the smaller the number of plants. It happens because the abundance of the plants or the possibility of plant diversity are low. In accordance to Heddy (1986), the area of quadrant plot has a close relationship with the diversity of species found in the area. The higher the diversity of species found in the area, the wider the area of quadrant plot used. On average, plot I, II, and III (25 x 25 cm, 25 x 50 cm, and 50 x 50) had a same species of plants. It means that the species dominates the area. It happens because the species are competitive and suitable with the optimal conditions in the area. If there are two species with the same ecological needs within the same area, the natural selection will work to reduce the overlap of the niches of the two species. The large niches within a region will continue to be divided along with the increase in species. The density of a species depends on competition between similar species not only depends on the area (Michael, 1984).

Factors that can affect the number of species in an area are climates, habitat diversity, and size. Seasonal climate fluctuations are an important factor in dividing species diversity. Extreme maximum temperatures, water supplies, etc. that cause ecological congestion (bottleck) will limits the number of species that can live permanently in an area. Large areas can accommodate larger species compared to the narrow areas. Several studies have shown that the relationship between species size and diversity is roughly quantitative. If the area is 10x larger than other area, then the first area have twice larger species than the other ones (Harun, 1993). According to Michael (1984), species diversity can be taken to manage the number of species in a particular area or as the number of species between the total number of individuals in all species. This relationship can be expressed numerically as a diversity index or an important value index. The number of species in a community is ecologically important because species diversity seems to increase if the community becomes more stable. The minimum area or species area curve is the first step used to analyze a vegetation that uses sample plots (squares). The minimum area is used to obtain sample plot area (sampling area) which is considered prepresentative with a vegetation type in a particular habitat being studied (Sugianto, 1994). The Quadratic Method is one method with the form of a sample can be a square or circle with a certain area. This depends on the shape of the vegetation. Based on the method of monitoring the minimum area can be determined the area of squares needed for each form of vegetation. For each plot that is distributed, calculations are made for the variables of density, luster and frequency. Density and density variables are determined based on density. Of the species found from a number of squares made (Rahardjanto, 2005).

V. CLOSING

5.1 Conclussion From this practicum, conclusions can be taken as follows: 1. The larger the plot area, the smaller the number of plants, because the

abundance of the plants or the possibility of plant diversity are low. 2. The higher the diversity of species found in the area, the wider the area of

quadrant plot used. 5.2 Suggestions Based on the practicum that has been carried out, it is expected that in the next practicum for the addition of the area of the map, so that it can be done on the part that can represent the diversity of species in the area, so that the data obtained can be analyzed more accurately.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Djufri. 2012. Penentuan Pola Distribusi, Asosiasi dan Interaksi Jenis Tumbuhan Khususnya Padang Rumput di Taman Nasional Baluran Banyuwangi Jawa Timur. Tesis. Yogyakarta : Universitas Gadjah Mada. Vol 4, Nomor 2, hal 104-111. Harun.1993. Ekologi Tumbuhan. Bina Pustaka : Jakarta. Heddy. 1986. Pengantar Ekologi. Angkasa : Bandung. Indriyanto. 2006. Ekologi Hutan. Bumi Aksara : Jakarta. Michael, P. 1984. Ekologycal Methods for Field and Laboratory Investigations. Mc Graw Hill Pub. Co. : New York. Michael P. 1994. Metode Ekologi Untuk Penyelidikan Ladang dan Laboratarium.UI Press : Jakarta. Michael P. 1995. Metode Ekologi Untuk Penyelidikan Ladang dan Laboratarium. UI Press : Jakarta. Odum, Eugene P. 1998. Dasar- Dasar Ekologi. Gadjah mada University Press : Yokyakarta. Odum, Eugene P. 1978. Dasar-dasar Ekologi.UGM University Press : Yogyakarta. Odum, Eugene P. 1992. Dasar-Dasar Ekologi Edisi Ketiga. Gajah Mada University press : Yogyakarta. Rahardjanto, A. K. 2005. Buku Petunjuk Pratikum Ekologi Tumbuhan. UMM Press : Malang. Resosadarmo, S. 1984. Pengantar Ekologi. Remaja karya : Jakarta. Sugianto.A, 1994. Ekologi Kuantitatif, Metode Analisis Populasi dan Komunitas. Usaha Persada : Malang. Suin, N. M. 2000. Metode Ekologi. Andalas University Press : Padang. Susanto, Pudyo. 2000. Pengantar Ekologi Hewan. PPGSM : Malang. Syafei, E. 1990. Pengantar Ekologi Tumbuhan. ITB Press : Bandung.

ATTACHMENT

1. Table No

Plots

Species

1

I (25 cm x 25 cm)

Barleria peritonitis

Addition of Species Abundance Percentage

Asystasia gangetica Paspalum conjugatum Cyperus sp. 2

II (25 cm x 50 cm)

Cyperus sp.

20%

3

III (50 cm x 50 cm)

-

0%

2. Picture

Barleria perionitis

Asystasia gangetia

Paspalum conjugatum

Cyperus sp.

Cyperus sp.

Plot I. 25 cm x 25 cm

Plot II. 25 cm x 50 cm

Plot III. 50 cm x 50 cm

3. Calculation Plot II Addition of species abundance = Addition of species abundance = Addition of species abundance = Addition of species abundance =

Number of new species abundance Number of new species abundance + Number of previous species 1 1+4 1 5 20%

Plot III : Addition of species abundance = Addition of species abundance = Addition of species abundance =

Number of new species abundance Number of new species abundance + Number of previous species 0 1+4 0%