Abiotic Nonliving.docx

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Abiotic nonliving absolute magnitude the actual brightness of a star acceleration the rate at which velocity changes adaptation a trait which helps an organism or species survive air mass a large body of air that has similar temperature, moisture (humidity), and air pressure throughout air pressure the pressure of the atmosphere and the measure of force with which air molecules push on a surface amino acids simple organic molecules which link together in chains to form protein anemometer an instrument used to measure wind speed apparent magnitude how bright a light appears to an observer asthenosphere the soft layer of the mantle on which pieces of the lithosphere float atom the building block of all matter atomic mass the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom atomic number the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom average speed the total distance traveled by an object divided by the total time traveled balanced forces equal forces acting on an object in opposite directions bar graph a type of graph that shows a quantitative comparison between ordered pairs, using a series of columns to display data barometer an instrument used to measure air pressure Big Bang theory that states that the universe began with a tremendous explosion Biotic living carrying capacity the largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystem can support over time causal relationship a relationship where one variable causes another variable to change chemical change a change that results in the formation of a new substance with different properties than the original substance chemical equation a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction chemical formula a representation of a substance using the symbols of the elements that make up that compound chemical properties characteristics of matter that can only be observed when one substance changes into a different substance chemical symbol a one, two, or three letter representation of an element circle graph a type of graph that shows how portions make up a whole such as percentages with the entire circle representing 100% coefficient a number placed in front of a chemical formula or symbol in an equation that tells how many atoms there are of an element or how many molecules there are of a compound cold front a region where a cold air mass is replacing a warmer air mass combustible able to catch fire and burn easily comparative investigation type of investigation that involves collecting data on different populations/organisms, or under different conditions (e.g., times of year, locations) to make a comparison competition two or more individuals or populations trying to use the same resources such as food, water, shelter, space, or sunlight compound a pure substance whose smallest unit is made up of atoms of two or more elements joined by chemical bonds concave lens a lens that is thinner at the center than it is on the edges, if viewed from the side conceptual model a model that makes comparisons with familiar things to help illustrate or explain an idea conclusion a statement that explains or solves the original problem based on the results of a scientific investigation conduction the transfer of thermal energy (heat) from one material to another by direct contact constant speed speed of an object that does not change constants all factors in the experiment that are not allowed to change throughout the entire experiment or investigation contour interval the difference in elevation between adjacent contours

contour lines a line on a topographic map showing elevations of equal values control group a standard of comparison for checking or verifying the results of an experiment where all variables must be held constant convection the transfer of thermal energy by movement of a liquid or gas convection cells the circular patterns of wind caused by the rising and sinking of air convection currents currents created when warmer gas or liquid particles rise and cooler gas or liquid particles sink convergent boundary the boundary between two colliding tectonic plates convex lens a lens that is thicker in the middle than it is on the edges, if viewed from the side core the center part of Earth below the mantle Coriolis effect the perceived curving pattern of moving objects from a straight path due to the Earth's rotation cosmology the study of the structure, origin, and future of the universe covalent bond a chemical bond formed when two or more atoms share electrons crust the thin outmost layer of Earth; the upper part of the lithosphere data table type of graphic organizer used to display data in rows and columns deep currents stream-like movements of ocean water far below the ocean surface density mass per unit volume of a substance dependent variable the variable that acts in response to the manipulation of the independent variable The dependent variable can be thought of as the results of the experiment. depression area of low-lying elevation displayed on a topographic map by rings with hachure marks pointing inward descriptive investigation type of investigation that involves describing and/or quantifying parts of a natural system dew point the temperature to which the air has cooled so that it can no longer hold all the moisture in it and dew forms displacement the increase in volume of water when an object is submerged in the water divergent boundary the boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other eclipse an event in which the shadow of one celestial body falls on another ecosystem a biological community of interacting organisms (biotic factors) and their physical environment (abiotic factors) electrical fields a region in which charged particles can be pushed or pulled electromagnetic radiation energy that travels through space in the form of waves electromagnetic spectrum the complete range of electromagnetic radiation from the shortest waves, gamma rays, to the longest radio waves electromagnetic waves transverse waves that transfer electrical and magnetic energy electron subatomic particle located outside the nucleus, with a negative charge and little or no mass electron cloud theory theory that states that the electrons are found outside the nucleus and move in every direction around the nucleus

element a pure substance made entirely of one type of atom elevation the distance above sea level ellipse an oval or egg-shape elliptical oval or egg-shaped emergency shower safety equipment used if a toxic or corrosive chemical is spilled on the skin or clothing Contaminated clothing should be removed. energy the ability of a system to do work equator a circle halfway between the poles that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres empirical evidence evidence relating to or based on experience or observation experimental group the group(s) being tested with the independent variable Each experimental group has only one factor different from each other, everything else must remain constant. experimental investigation a type of investigation involving a process in which a "fair test" is designed in which variables are actively manipulated, controlled, and measured in an effort to gather evidence to support or refute a causal relationship extrapolation a prediction made beyond known data points eye the center of a hurricane; a core of warm, calm air with low pressure and light winds eye wall a group of cumulonimbus clouds that produce heavy rains and forceful winds that surrounds the eye of a hurricane The eye wall is the strongest part of a hurricane. eye wash station safety equipment used if a chemical splashes in someone's eyes Eyes should be flushed for 15 minutes and the teacher should be notified immediately. fire blanket large non-flammable cloth used to smother fires on people fire extinguisher active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires food chain a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten food web a network of feeding interactions among the organisms in an ecosystem force a push or pull on an object frequency the number of wave cycles per unit time friction the force that one surface exerts on another when the two surfaces rub together front an area where the air masses meet galaxy a large grouping of stars, dust, and gas in space Galaxies are classified by shape - spiral, elliptical, and irregular. gamma ray telescope a device used to detect gamma ray waves given off by objects in space global ocean conveyor the flow of ocean water caused by changes in temperature and salinity (saltiness) The global ocean conveyor is also called the thermohaline circulation. global winds winds that appear all over the world and are caused by uneven heating of the Earth's surface, pressure differences, and the Coriolis effect

graduated cylinder an instrument used to measure the volume of a liquid graph a pictorial representation of quantative information recorded in a data table gravity the natural force of attraction between any two bodies group vertical columns on the periodic table Elements in a group have the same number of valence electrons and therefore they have similar properties. habitat the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism hachure short little tic marks pointing inward in a depression heat resistant gloves protective clothing used to protect hands when handling hot objects hemisphere a half of the Earth, usually as divided into northern and southern halves by the equator heterogeneous mixture a mixture of physically distinct substances with different properties high pressure system (high) an area where the atmospheric pressure is greater than that of the surrounding area high tides highest tides due to the pull of gravity from the moon on Earth's water H-R diagram (Hertzsprung-Russell diagram) a graph that shows the relationship between a star's surface temperature and brightness homogeneous mixture a combination of substances that has uniform composition and properties host the organism that provides the nutrients in a parasitic relationship humidity the amount of water vapor or moisture in the air hypothesis a proposed explanation, based on observation and research, for a scientific question independent variable the variable that is changed on purpose for the experiment This may refer to several levels or conditions of an independent variable. index contour a thicker line that has numbers written on it showing the rising or decreasing elevation on a topographic map inertia the tendency of all objects to resist any change in motion inference an interpretation of an observation based upon evidence and prior knowledge infrared telescope a device used to detect infrared waves given off by objects in space inner core the solid dense center of our planet that extends from the bottom of the outer core to the center of the Earth input force a force exerted on a machine interdependent depending on one another for food, shelter, etc. interpolation a prediction made between known data points ionic bond a chemical bond formed when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom jet stream a fast flowing river of air found in the atmosphere at around 12 km above the surface of the Earth kinetic energy energy in motion lab apron protective clothing worn to protect clothing and skin against chemical spills Lab aprons are usually made of plastic and do not cover the arms.

lab coat

protective clothing worn to protect clothing and skin against chemical spills Lab coats are usually made of cloth. land breeze a breeze blowing from the land toward the sea latex gloves protective clothing used to protect hands against chemicals law of conservation of energy law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another law of conservation of mass law that states that in a chemical reaction, matter can neither be created or destroyed and that the mass of the products must equal the mass of the reactants law of universal gravitation law developed by Newton that states that the force of gravity depends on the product of the masses of the objects divided by the square of the distances between them light year the distance light travels in one year limiting factor resources that limit population growth line graph a type of graph that shows a continuous relationship (trend) between two variables lithosphere the outermost rigid layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper mantle local winds winds that are caused by uneven heating and the geography of an area low pressure system (low) an area where the atmospheric pressure is lower than that of the area surrounding it low tides lowest tides due to the pull of gravity from the moon on Earth's water machine a device that makes work easier by changing the size of a force, distance over which a force must be exerted, or the direction of the force magnetic fields a region in which magnetic forces are present mantle the layer of Earth between the crust and the core mathematical model a model made up of a mathematical equations and data Computer software is often used to create mathematical models. mean the average medium material through which a wave travels meniscus a concave surface of a liquid resulting from surface tension The bottom of the meniscus is used to measure the volume of a liquid in apparatus such as a graduated cylinder. metal an element that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, and ductile (with good electrical and thermal conductivity) metalloid an element that has some of the characteristics of metals and some of the characteristics of nonmetals meteorologists scientists who study the causes of weather and try to predict it metric ruler the standard instrument for linear measurement in the scientific laboratory mid-ocean ridge a long mountain chain that forms on the ocean floor where tectonic plates pull apart mixture a combination of two or more pure substances that are not chemically combined motion a change in an object's position over a given period of time mountain breeze

a breeze that blows down valleys or mountain slopes mutation an alteration or change in a gene natural selection the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring neap tides tides with minimum daily tidal range that occur during the first and third quarter moon phases Neap tides occur when the sun, Earth, and moon form a 90 degree angle. nebula a cloud of gas and dust in space net force the force that results from combining all the forces exerted on an object neutron subatomic particle located in the nucleus, with no charge and a mass niche the role or function of an organism or species in an ecosystem nitrile gloves protective clothing used to protect hands against chemicals nonmetal an element that is typically soft and dull and not a good conductor of heat and electricity nuclear fusion the process by which two or more nuclei with small masses join together, or fuse, to form a large more massive nucleus along with the production of energy objective lens that gathers light from an object and forms a real image observation the process of using one or more of the senses to gather information observatory a building that contains more than one telescope occluded front a region where two cold air masses trap a warm air mass and force it upward optical telescope a type of telescope that works by collecting light from the visual spectrum orbit the path (usually an ellipse) that a body takes as it travels around another body in space ordered pair two pieces of data that are directly related to each other outer core the liquid layer of Earth's core that lies beneath the mantle output force a force exerted by a machine Pangaea the hypothetical landmass that existed when all continents were joined, from about 300 to 200 million years ago parallax the apparent change in position of an object when seen from different places period horizontal row on the periodic table (elements in a period have the same number of electron shells/orbitals) parasite the organism that benefits by obtaining the nutrients in a parasitic relationship parasitism type of symbiosis in which one organism lives inside or on another organism, causing harm period of revolution the time it takes for one body to make one complete orbit, or revolution, around another body periodic table of elements a table in which the chemical elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure (and hence similar chemical properties) appear in vertical columns phenomenon a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one in which the cause is in question physical change a change in the size, shape, or state that does not change the chemical makeup of the substance

physical model a model that you can see and touch that shows how parts relate to one another physical properties characteristics of matter that can be seen through direct observation polar westerlies wind belts that extend from the poles to 60° latitude in both hemispheres potential energy stored energy, such as energy due to position predation interaction in which one organism (predator) captures and feeds on another organism (prey) predator the organism that eats other organisms in a predator/prey relationship prey the organisms that are eaten in a predator/prey relationship prograde rotation the counterclockwise spin of a planet or moon when seen from above the planet's or moon's north pole proton subatomic particle located in the nucleus, with a positive charge and a mass protostar an early stage in the formation of a star, after the beginning of the collapse of the gas cloud from which it is formed, but before nuclear fusion has occurred psychrometer an instrument used to measure relative humidity pure substance a substance that cannot be separated into two or more substances by physical means qualitative data data that describes characteristics such as colors, smells, texture, etc. quantitative data numerical data which can be measured such as length, time, temperature, etc. radiation the transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves radio telescope a device used to detect radio waves given off by objects in space rain bands the outer part of a hurricane Rain bands produce heavy rains and high winds. reference point a place or object used for comparison to determine if something is in motion reflecting telescope a telescope that uses one or more mirrors to gather light from distant objects refracting telescope a telescope that uses convex glass lenses to gather and focus light relative humidity the measure of the amount of water vapor present in the air compared to that amount that could be held at a specific temperature repeated trials multiple experiments performed to validate data revolution the motion (often ellipical) of a body as it orbits another body in space retrograde rotation the clockwise spin of a planet or moon when seen from above the planet's or moon's north pole rotation the spinning motion of a body on its axis safety glasses protective clothing worn to protect the eyes against flying objects Safety glasses do not provide adequate coverage for chemical spashes. salinity the measure of the amount of dissolved salts and other solids in a given amount of liquid safety goggles protective clothing worn to protect eyes against chemical splashes satellite a natural or artificial body that revolves around a planet science

use of evidence to construct testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena, as well as the knowledge generated through this process scientific explanation a statement that helps make something comprehensible (understandable) scientific model a representation of an object, system, or event used as a tool for understanding the natural world sea breeze a cool breeze blowing from the sea toward the land sea-floor spreading the process by which new oceanic lithosphere is created at mid-ocean ridges as older material is pulled away from the ridges simple machine any of various elementary devices including the lever, the wheel and axle, the pulley, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the screw spectroscope an instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum speed measure of the distance an object travels in a given unit of time spring scale an instrument used to measure the force of a load spring tides tides with maximum daily tidal range that occur during the new and full moons and when the sun, Earth, and moon are in alignment with one another star a luminous celestial body consisting of a mass of gas held together by its own gravity stationary front a region where a warm air mass and a cold air mass meet but neither has enough force to move the other storm surge a wall of water that builds up over the ocean due to heavy winds and low pressure subatomic particles parts that make up the atom Three main subatomic particles are protons, neutrons and electrons. subduction zone the region where two plates collide and one plate sinks below the other Usually an oceanic plate sinks below a continental plate and down into the asthenosphere at a convergent boundary. subscript a number following an element symbol that is written smaller and lower A subscript shows the ratio of atoms of the different elements in the substance. surface currents stream-like movements of water that occur at or near the surface of the ocean survival of the fittest a natural process resulting in the survival of organisms best suited to live in an environment telescope an instrument that collects electromagnetic radiation from the sky and concentrates it for better observation temperature the measure of the average amount of energy of motion in the molecules of a substance theory a scientific conclusion that is used to explain many different hypotheses about the same phenomenon or a closely related class of phenomena theory of continental drift the theory that continents can drift apart and have done so in the past theory of plate tectonics the theory that Earth's lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move around on top of the asthenosphere thermometer an instrument used to measure temperature tidal ranges the difference between levels of ocean water at high tide and low tide tides the daily movements of ocean water that change the level of the ocean's surface topographic map

a map that shows surface features, or topography, of the Earth--both natural features, such as rivers, lakes, and mountains, and man-made features such as cities, roads, and bridges trade winds winds that blow from 30° latitude to the equator transform boundary the boundary between two tectonic plates that are sliding past each other horizontally trend a general direction or pattern in which data changes triple beam balance an instrument used to measure mass tropical cyclone or hurricane a severe tropical cyclone having winds greater than 74 miles per hour tropical depression a tropical cyclone having sustained surface winds less than 39 miles per hour tropical disturbance an organized mass of tropical thunderstorms, with a slight cyclonic circulation, and winds less than 25 miles per hour tropical storm a cyclonic storm originating in the tropics and having winds ranging from 39 to 73 miles per hour ultraviolet telescope a device used to detect ultraviolet waves given off by objects in space unbalanced forces a nonzero net force that changes an object's motion universe a vast open space which contains all of the matter and energy in existence--all of the galaxies, nebulae, stars, and planets valley breeze a breeze that blows up valleys or mountain slopes valence electron the electrons that are farthest away from the nucleus of an atom and that are involved in chemical reactions velocity measure of speed in a given direction waning shrinking "Waning" refers to the sunlit part of the moon we can see from Earth getting smaller. waft a method that a person may safely use to determine what a particular substance smells like In "wafting," a person takes an open hand and waves the smell toward him or her. warm front a region where a warm air mass is replacing a cold air mass wavelength the distance between two points on adjacent waves that have the same phase waxing literally means growing; sunlit part of the moon we can see from Earth is getting larger weather the current conditions of the atmosphere westerlies wind belts that can be found in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres between 30° and 60° latitude Westerlies flow toward the poles. wind moving air wind-chill factor the felt temperature on exposed skin wind shear the amount of change in the wind's direction or speed with increasing altitude work the action that results when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force x-ray telescope a device used to detect x-ray waves given off by objects in space

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