Aaamicrobiology 1st Disscussion

  • Uploaded by: blue_blooded23
  • 0
  • 0
  • July 2020
  • PDF

This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA


Overview

Download & View Aaamicrobiology 1st Disscussion as PDF for free.

More details

  • Words: 1,399
  • Pages: 73
Microbiology

Introduction to Microbiology

Microbiology: The science  The study of minute organism or microbes  It concern with its form, structure, reproduction,

physiology, metabolism and identification  It also includes the study of their distribution in nature, their relationship to one another as well to other organism, their benefits , and detrimental effects on man, and chemical changes they make in their environment

Defferent types of micro organism  Bacteria  Fungi  Virus  Protozoa  Algae  parasites

Applied areas of microbiology  Bacteriology  Mycology  Phycology  Protozoology  Virology

Occupation of professional microbiologist  Medical microbiologist  Public health microbiologist  Immunologist  Agricultural microbiologist  Microbial ecologist  Industrial microbiologist

Biological importance  Photosynthesis  Decomposers  Nitrogen fixation  Digestion  Drugs

- antibiotic- penicillin, polymyxin, bacitracin - vaccine- anti-polio, hepa, BCG,

Microbes Found in Food  Grains

 Produce

 Meats/Poultry

Microbes Found in Food (cont.)  Fish/Shellfish

 Milk

 Other

Preventing Disease and Food Spoilage  Canning

 Refrigeration/ Freezing

 Drying

Preventing Disease and Food Spoilage  Irradiation

 Chemical Preservatives

 Pasteurization

Microbes as Food  Fungi

 Algae

 Bacteria

Microbes in Food Production  Bread

 Dairy/Cheese

 Other Fermented foods

Alcoholic Beverages — Beer  Beer/Ales

Alcoholic Beverages — Beer

Alcoholic Beverages — Wine  Wine

 Spirits

Industrial and Pharmaceutical Microbiology  Metabolic Processes

 Challenges

 Reactor Types

Useful Organic Products  Simple

Organics

 Antibiotics

 Enzymes

Useful Organic Products (cont.)  Amino Acids

 Other

Biologicals

Microbial Mining/Waste Disposal  Mining

 Wastes

Detrimental effects on humans

 Biochemical weapons

Microbial diseases  plague or black death  Tuberculosis ( mycobacterium )  Anthrax (cutaneous, gastrointestinal, pulmonary )  Pox virus ( small pox ) variola major, varicella virus     

( chicken pox ) hepatitis virus Dengue AIDS ( other STD e.g. syphyllis, herpes ) Chicken flu Gastointestinal infection( salmonella, shigella, e.coli )

Pioneers in the Science of Microbiology

Robert Koch  1876- identification of

bacillus anthracis  1878- differentiation of staphylococci  1882- identification mycobacterium tuberculosis  1883- identification of vibrio cholerae

 He develop the methods of fixing, staining

and photographing bacteria  He develop the method of cultivating bacteria on solid media.

Koch’s postulates  a particular microorganism must be found in all cases of

disease and must not be present in healthy animals or humans  the microorganism must be isolated from the diseased animal or human and grown in pure culture in the laboratory.  the same disease must be produced when microorganism from the pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible laboratory animal  the same microorganism must be recovered from the experimentaly infected animal and grown again in pure culture

Exceptions to Koch’s postulates  Koch’s postulate the growth of pathogen using culture

media but some pathogen will not grow on artificial culture media e.g. virus, rickettsiae, treponema pallidum  Koch’s postulate it is necessary to infect laboratory animals with the pathogen being studied but many pathogen infect only one specie of animal  Certain diseases called synergistic infection are caused by more than one microorganism or pathogen  Some pathogen when cultured artificially becomes less pathogenic and no longer infect animal after being cultured.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)  First person to see

bacteria and protozoans  Referred as father of microbiology or bacteriology

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)  Different organism produce

different fermentation products e.g. glucose in grapes produces ethyl alcohol. Acinetobacter convert glucose to acetic acid producing vinegar.  Postulated the theory of spontaneous generationidea that life arise from non living material

 Championed changes in hospital practices to

minimize the spread of disease by pathogens  Develop vaccine to prevent chicken pox, cholera, anthrax and swine erysipelas  Develop vaccine that prevent rabies in dog and in humans  Introduced the terms aerobes and anaerobes  Develop the process of pasteurization. 55C for several minutes, today we use 73-75 C for 15 seconds or 63-65 C for 30 min.

 Gerard Armauer

Hansen- discovery of mycobactrium leprae

 Albert Neisser- discovery

of neisseria gonorrhrea

 Arnold karl Klebs-

discovery of corynebactrium diptheriae

 David Bruce- identification

of brucella melitensis

 Shiga kiyoshi- shigella

dysenteriae

 Emile Roux and

shibasabuso kitasatodiscovery of yersinia pestis

 1867- Joseph Lister-

publishes his work on antiseptic surgery

 Karl joseph Eberth –

discovery of salmonella typhi

 Jules Bordet and

gengou- bordetella pertussis

 1921- alexander

Flemming discovers penicillin

Other contribution in microbiology  Shaudinn and Hoffman- discovery of

treponema pallidum  Ashburn and Craig- identification of dengue fever virus  Flexner ad Lewis- identification of poliomyelitis virus  Petri- petri dish  Pfeiffer- haemophilus influenzae

 1546- Giloramo Fracastoro suggests that

invisible organism cause disease  1590- Jansen developed the 1st compound microscope  1786- Muller produce the 1st classification of bacteria  1798- Jenner introduced cowpox vaccine for small pox  1838- schwann and scleiden documented the cell theory

 1869- Mischer discovered nucleic acid  1933- Ruska developed electron microscope  1937- Charlton divides organism to

eukaryotes and prokaryotes  1983-1984- isolation and identification of HIV by Gallo and Montagnier

Microbial classification

Prokaryota or lower protist or monera  with primitive type of nucleus  lacks nuclear membrane  rudimentary nucleus with single chromosome  no mitotic apparatus  schizophyceae- blue green algae  schizomycetes- bacteria, PPLO  microtatobiota- rickettsiae, chlamydiae, virus

Eukaryotes  with well defined nuclear membrane,

chromosomes  exhibit mitotic cell division  kingdom fungi  kingdom plantae  kingdom animalia

Diversity of Microorganism

Algae  Photosynthetic  With pellicle ( thickened cell membrane)  With stigma ( light sensing organelle )  Not plants but more plant like than protozoa

Bacillariophyta ( diatoms )  unicellular algae  silicon dioxide in their cell wall  used to make diatomaceous earth used in

abrasives and insulations

Dinoflagellates  microscopic, flagelated, photosynthetic  referred as fire algae  responsible for red tide

Green algae  spirogyra- filamentous algae and producing

long green strands  chlamydomonas- unicellular, biflagellated with chloroplast and stigma  volvox- multicelluar algae, biflagellated cells  euglena- contains chloroplast, photosynthetic - with stigma and single flagellum

spirogyra

chlamydomonas

volvox

euglena

Rhodophyta ( red algae )

Phaeophyta ( brown algae )

Protozoa  Most are single celled and free living in soil, and    

water They posses pellicles, cytostomes, contractile vacoules, pseudopodia, cilia or flagella Without chlorophyll Some are flagellates others are ciliates With 2 stage: - trophozoite- feeding state, motile, dividing - cyst- dormant survival stage

Phylum of Protozoans

Ciliophora- ciliates  Balantidium coli- dysentery  Paramecium  Stentor  Tetrahymena  vorticella

Balantidium coli

Paramecium

Stentor

Tetrahymena

vorticella

Mastigophora- flagellates  Trypanosoma brucei- african sleeping

sickness caused by tsetse fly  Trypanosoma cruzi- american trypanosomiasis ( chaga’s dse )  Giardia lamblia- diarrheal disease  Chlamydomonas  trichomonas

Sarcodina( pseudopodia )  Amoeba  Naegleria fowleri- amoebic

meningoencephalitis  Entamoeba histolytica- amoebic dysentery

Sporozoea  Plasmodium  Crytosporidium parvum- diarrheal disease  Toxoplasma gondii

Microbial Taxonomy and Nomenclature

 Taxonomy:  Classification of living organisms into groups  Phylogenetic Classification System: 

Groups reflect genetic similarity and evolutionary relatedness

 Phenetic Classification System:  Groups do not necessarily reflect genetic similarity or evolutionary relatedness. Instead, groups are based on convenient, observable characteristics.

Levels of Classification  Taxon:  A group or “level” of classification  Hierarchical; broad divisions are divided up into smaller divisions:       

Kingdom (Not used by most bacteriologists) Phylum (Called “Division” by botanists) Class Order Family Genus (plural: Genera) Species (Both singular & plural)

Nomenclature  Scientific name (Systematic Name)

Binomial System of Nomenclature 

Genus name + species name    



Italicized or underlined Genus name is capitalized and may be abbreviated Species name is never abbreviated A genus name may be used alone to indicate a genus group; a species name is never used alone eg: Bacillus subtilis B. subtilis

Nomenclature  Common or descriptive names

(trivial names) 

Names for organisms that may be in common usage, but are not taxonomic names 





eg: tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) meningococcus (Neiserria meningitidis) Group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes)

Useful Properties in Classification  Colony morphology  Cell shape & arrangement  Cell wall structure (Gram staining)  Special cellular structures  Biochemical characteristics

Related Documents

Disscussion
April 2020 5
1st
May 2020 52
1st
November 2019 60
1st
November 2019 57