A Nu
This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA
Overview
Download & View A Nu as PDF for free.
More details
- Words: 1,956
- Pages: 7
INTRODUCTION
The term “morphology” literally means “The study of forms” . As a branch of linguistics, it means the analysis of the basic elements used in a language those elements are technically known as “morphemes” Broadly speaking, morphology is the study of the patterns of word forms It studies how the words are formed and where they originate form It Studies the methods of grouping sounds into words of definite meaning. It also studies the grammatical forms of words form. It studies how the words are formed and where the originate form It studies the methods of grouping sounds into words of definite meaning it also studies the gramatic forms of words . Morphology also deals with the function of prefix and suffixes in the Process of forming words. The study of morphology also includes the base on which parts of speech of a language are formed Morphology also studies the functions of the gender and number systems In future analyses the reasons for the change in word forms.
DESCRIPTION A morpheme may be described as a sequence of sounds in a meaningful combination. Any word or part of a word in the language which has a meaning of its own and which cannot be further split into smaller meaningful units is a morpheme. The word “love” for eg. , ‘is a sequence of a sounds which cannot be further divided and hence it is morpheme. But the word ‘Lover’ can be split into two morphemes love and ‘r’ or ‘er’ here love has its own meaning similarly, er also has typical meaning. It means that which does the action mentioned in the first morpheme” A Morpheme is also defined as a minimal unit in the grammatical system of a language. This means that the morphemes are the smallest meaningful units however; out of these “lowest” rank units the units of highest rank words are composed. This means that they are the minimal units of meaning out of which meaningful words are composed in various ways. For example word ‘car’ and ‘pet’ are single morphemes. This is because they are minimal meaningful units. The word ‘carpet’ too is a minimal unit. Though it seems to consist to consist of two units ‘car’ and ‘pet’, its meaning has nothing to do, with the meaning of ‘car’ and pet’ Morphemes may or may not have meaning or phonological Representation for eg. The morpheme ‘un’ has a negative meaning in words like ‘unable’ unhappy, unemployed etc. But it is meaningless in the words like ‘under’ similarly ‘er’ has constant meaning of doer’ in teacher’ but no meaning in ‘respect’. Then in the word sheep we have two morphemes. They are sheep and ‘plural’ forming suffix of zero morpheme’ the first has phonological representation (i:p) but the second does not have any phonological representation . Morphemes sometimes vary in their phonological representation. For eg. ‘:pro’ is a pronounced differently in ‘profess’ and ‘progress’. Similarly, the plural forming suffixes in cats and dogs are pronounced as/s/ and /z/ respectively. As morpheme is also defined as’ ‘minimal phonemic sequence that recurs with constant meaning,’ this definition differentiates a morpheme from a phoneme. A phoneme too is the smallest contrastive unit of language. But it is meaningless, while morpheme I meaningful. For example in book’ ‘book’ and‘s’ have meaning but/b,u,k,s,/ do not have meanings. Finally it should be noted that morphemes may be monosyllabic or polysyllabic. Man ‘ is monosyllabic ‘Happy’ is a polysyllabic length of of word has nothing to do with the number of morphemes. For example
principle’ has one morpheme but ‘lover’ has two morphemes can be satisfactorily classified as free morphemes’ and “Bound morphemes” are the minimal grammatical forms of language. Some of them can occur alone These have independent meaning without being combined with others .These morphemes are called “Free morphemes” for eg. The words , ‘boy, bird, cat are free morphemes. On the contrary those morphemes which cannot occur alone and do not have meaning ‘in isolation are called “Bound morphemes for example, the plural morpheme ‘s’ which can be added at the end of ‘boy’, bird, cat’ is a bound morpheme. Affixes to the words such as ‘less, ness, an etc also are bound morphemes. Roots and Affixes The root stem or base is that part of the word which is left when all the affixes have been removed for example, in the word ‘unfaithful’ faith’ is the root or the stem, while the items ‘un’ and full are affixes. Root morphemes may be bound or free . But mostly the are free morphemes, they are potentially unlimited in a language because languages go on creating new words or borrowing loan words’ from other languages. For example in the word ‘ unfaithful’ faith is the root, the un’ and the ful are the affixes . The un is prefix while the ‘ful’ is a suffix. All affixes are bound morphemes because they cannot accrue alone. A word which consists of one free root morpheme is called monomorphemic’for eg. ‘bat’ , cat’ rat the words containing more than one root are called polymorphism’ For example ‘ air craft ‘ they can co-occur with or without affixes. They are often called compound words. Root and affixes may be of any structure and length, though affixes generally tend to be shorter than roots the criterion of determining the root is its indivisibility into constant morphemes by matching its parts with the parts of other words in the language. The affix is recurrent formative morpheme of words other than roots Affixes are of three types. Prefix, infix and suffix for eg in the word ‘unhappy’ an is a prefix. Prefixes are affixed before the roots and cannot occur independently . They are bound morphemes. While, in the word ‘happiness’ ness is the suffix. Suffixes are affixed after the roots or after the root suffix. Infixes are less commonly found in English. For eg. , the plurals like ‘geese’, ‘men’ ‘feet’ Inflection and derivational suffixes or morphemes Suffixes are classified as inflectional and derivational morphemes. They are the bound morphemes that follow a root they are different from each other. The suffixes which do not allow further affixation are called inflections or
inflectional morphemes. For eg in the words agreed and ‘agrees’ suffixes ‘d’ and ‘s’ are inflectional suffixes. They do not allow further suffixes. But the suffixes which may be followed by other suffixes are called derivational suffixes. For eg. In the words agreements and agreeableness the suffixes ment and able are derivational suffixes. We can adds and ness after them hence the words agreeableness and ‘agreements Inflectional suffixes have a very wide range of distribution this means that the words which they mark have a great many members. Inflectional suffice are always final in the morpheme group to which they belong. They are of wide occurrence. They make large words. Their diststibution is regular. Derivational suffixes, on the other hand, may be final in the ground of which they belong. Or they may be followed by other derivational suffixes or by inflectional suffixes. They are of relatively limited occurrence. Their distribution hands to be arbitrary. Inflectional suffixes are terminal and their termination heaver changes the class of the root. For eg. In the words sweeter and sweetest’ the termination of ‘er’ by ‘est’ does not change the pare of the speech. Both the forms remain adjectives. Similarly, in the sentence “They come late” the words ‘come’ are a verb. If we add the inflectional suffix ing to the verb, we will get the form ‘coming’ as in the sentence ‘They are coming, Coming is still a verb. Zero morphemes. Morphemes analysis ir not always simple. for eg. Consider the word sheep its plural the sheep +plural? How should we indicate the plural morpheme in such case? To solve this problem linguistic have arrived at the concept of a ‘Zero morpheme” It is symbolized as ‘0’ the zero morpheme has no phonetic realization. It is present but invisible sand inaudible Zero morphemes are monphonous However? The linguist, for the sake of uniformity, assumes that the plural is present but its phonetic manifestation or representation is Zero. As they have no visible markers, they are analyzed by the linguists ad follows. Sheep = sheep +0 deer = deer+0 Lexical and Grammatical morphemes Ronald W Lancaster has divided morphemes into two classes; Lexical and grammatical. lexical morphemes are nouns, verb, adjectives and adverbs They are forms like boy, write paper and pen, Grammatical morphemes are forms like some , with, a an the to. Lexical morphemes have more or less independent meanings. For eg ‘pen book, write have meanings lexical morphemes are very large in a language. Grammatical morphemes are
elements like prepositions articles, conjunction etc grammatical morphemes do not change frequently. But lexical morphemes go on changing frequently. Allomorphs Allophones are nothing but the variants of the morph. Many times a particular morpheme is not represented everywhere by the same morph. It is, on the other hand represented by different morphs in different environments. The alternative representation of such a morpheme is called ‘allomorphs’. They are also rightly called as morpheme variants’ or Morpheme alternates’. Therefore an allomorph is a non-distinctive variant of morpheme. Conclusion The term “morphology’ literally means ‘the study of forms’ as a branch of Linguistics, it means the analysis of the basic elements used in a language these elements. Technically known as morphemes Broadly speaking morphology is the study of the patterns of word form These are various types of morphemes which can be explained as follows. First there are lexical and grammatical morphemes. Lexical mormphes are nouns, verbs adjective and adverb for eg. Boy writes, cold, and slowly These have independent meaning of the other had, grammatical momorphemes are forms like prepositions articles, conjunction, etc. They generally depend on lexical items for meaning Secondly, bound morphemes and free morphemes are two more classes of morphemes. Free morphemes can occur alone and here independent meaning. For eg. “Boy, bird, cat” etc. are free morphemes. On the contrary, bound morphemes cannot occur alone and do not have meaning in isolation for eg. The plural morphemes are a bound morpheme. Similarly, affixes like “___ness,___less, un___etc. too are bound morphemes. The third type of morpheme is the zero morphemes. It is symbolized as “0” It has no phonetic realization. It is present but not seen. For eg. The plural of sheep (sheep +0) the past tense of cut (cut+0) One more class of morpheme is inflectional and derivational morphemes. The morphemes which do not allow further affixation are called inflectional morphemes. For eg. “Agreed” on the contrary the morphemes which may be followed by others are called derivation morphemes for eg. Agreements (agree+ment+s) fearlessness( fear+less+ness) and teachers (teach +er-s) Thus there are various classes of morphemes. Bibliography-
A course in phonetics and spoken English -. j -J. Seth and Domical The study of language George yute Purpose Morphology deals with the grammar of words as syntax deals with grammar of sentences. Morphology accounts for the inter-structure or forms of words and syntax describes how these words are put together in sentences. Thus, morphology refers to the form of words in language system, where as syntax refers to the form of the arrangement of words in phrases and sentences. For eg- agreement is a morphological feature, while word-order is a syntactic feature of a language system. Morphology is not only the synchronic study of words- forms but also of the development of word forms. Thus, it is both the synchronic (Marathi symbol) and a diachronic (Marathi symbol) study of word-forms Thus, morphology is brief is the study of the smallest grammatical units of a language and of their formation into words.
The term “morphology” literally means “The study of forms” . As a branch of linguistics, it means the analysis of the basic elements used in a language those elements are technically known as “morphemes” Broadly speaking, morphology is the study of the patterns of word forms It studies how the words are formed and where they originate form It Studies the methods of grouping sounds into words of definite meaning. It also studies the grammatical forms of words form. It studies how the words are formed and where the originate form It studies the methods of grouping sounds into words of definite meaning it also studies the gramatic forms of words . Morphology also deals with the function of prefix and suffixes in the Process of forming words. The study of morphology also includes the base on which parts of speech of a language are formed Morphology also studies the functions of the gender and number systems In future analyses the reasons for the change in word forms.
DESCRIPTION A morpheme may be described as a sequence of sounds in a meaningful combination. Any word or part of a word in the language which has a meaning of its own and which cannot be further split into smaller meaningful units is a morpheme. The word “love” for eg. , ‘is a sequence of a sounds which cannot be further divided and hence it is morpheme. But the word ‘Lover’ can be split into two morphemes love and ‘r’ or ‘er’ here love has its own meaning similarly, er also has typical meaning. It means that which does the action mentioned in the first morpheme” A Morpheme is also defined as a minimal unit in the grammatical system of a language. This means that the morphemes are the smallest meaningful units however; out of these “lowest” rank units the units of highest rank words are composed. This means that they are the minimal units of meaning out of which meaningful words are composed in various ways. For example word ‘car’ and ‘pet’ are single morphemes. This is because they are minimal meaningful units. The word ‘carpet’ too is a minimal unit. Though it seems to consist to consist of two units ‘car’ and ‘pet’, its meaning has nothing to do, with the meaning of ‘car’ and pet’ Morphemes may or may not have meaning or phonological Representation for eg. The morpheme ‘un’ has a negative meaning in words like ‘unable’ unhappy, unemployed etc. But it is meaningless in the words like ‘under’ similarly ‘er’ has constant meaning of doer’ in teacher’ but no meaning in ‘respect’. Then in the word sheep we have two morphemes. They are sheep and ‘plural’ forming suffix of zero morpheme’ the first has phonological representation (i:p) but the second does not have any phonological representation . Morphemes sometimes vary in their phonological representation. For eg. ‘:pro’ is a pronounced differently in ‘profess’ and ‘progress’. Similarly, the plural forming suffixes in cats and dogs are pronounced as/s/ and /z/ respectively. As morpheme is also defined as’ ‘minimal phonemic sequence that recurs with constant meaning,’ this definition differentiates a morpheme from a phoneme. A phoneme too is the smallest contrastive unit of language. But it is meaningless, while morpheme I meaningful. For example in book’ ‘book’ and‘s’ have meaning but/b,u,k,s,/ do not have meanings. Finally it should be noted that morphemes may be monosyllabic or polysyllabic. Man ‘ is monosyllabic ‘Happy’ is a polysyllabic length of of word has nothing to do with the number of morphemes. For example
principle’ has one morpheme but ‘lover’ has two morphemes can be satisfactorily classified as free morphemes’ and “Bound morphemes” are the minimal grammatical forms of language. Some of them can occur alone These have independent meaning without being combined with others .These morphemes are called “Free morphemes” for eg. The words , ‘boy, bird, cat are free morphemes. On the contrary those morphemes which cannot occur alone and do not have meaning ‘in isolation are called “Bound morphemes for example, the plural morpheme ‘s’ which can be added at the end of ‘boy’, bird, cat’ is a bound morpheme. Affixes to the words such as ‘less, ness, an etc also are bound morphemes. Roots and Affixes The root stem or base is that part of the word which is left when all the affixes have been removed for example, in the word ‘unfaithful’ faith’ is the root or the stem, while the items ‘un’ and full are affixes. Root morphemes may be bound or free . But mostly the are free morphemes, they are potentially unlimited in a language because languages go on creating new words or borrowing loan words’ from other languages. For example in the word ‘ unfaithful’ faith is the root, the un’ and the ful are the affixes . The un is prefix while the ‘ful’ is a suffix. All affixes are bound morphemes because they cannot accrue alone. A word which consists of one free root morpheme is called monomorphemic’for eg. ‘bat’ , cat’ rat the words containing more than one root are called polymorphism’ For example ‘ air craft ‘ they can co-occur with or without affixes. They are often called compound words. Root and affixes may be of any structure and length, though affixes generally tend to be shorter than roots the criterion of determining the root is its indivisibility into constant morphemes by matching its parts with the parts of other words in the language. The affix is recurrent formative morpheme of words other than roots Affixes are of three types. Prefix, infix and suffix for eg in the word ‘unhappy’ an is a prefix. Prefixes are affixed before the roots and cannot occur independently . They are bound morphemes. While, in the word ‘happiness’ ness is the suffix. Suffixes are affixed after the roots or after the root suffix. Infixes are less commonly found in English. For eg. , the plurals like ‘geese’, ‘men’ ‘feet’ Inflection and derivational suffixes or morphemes Suffixes are classified as inflectional and derivational morphemes. They are the bound morphemes that follow a root they are different from each other. The suffixes which do not allow further affixation are called inflections or
inflectional morphemes. For eg in the words agreed and ‘agrees’ suffixes ‘d’ and ‘s’ are inflectional suffixes. They do not allow further suffixes. But the suffixes which may be followed by other suffixes are called derivational suffixes. For eg. In the words agreements and agreeableness the suffixes ment and able are derivational suffixes. We can adds and ness after them hence the words agreeableness and ‘agreements Inflectional suffixes have a very wide range of distribution this means that the words which they mark have a great many members. Inflectional suffice are always final in the morpheme group to which they belong. They are of wide occurrence. They make large words. Their diststibution is regular. Derivational suffixes, on the other hand, may be final in the ground of which they belong. Or they may be followed by other derivational suffixes or by inflectional suffixes. They are of relatively limited occurrence. Their distribution hands to be arbitrary. Inflectional suffixes are terminal and their termination heaver changes the class of the root. For eg. In the words sweeter and sweetest’ the termination of ‘er’ by ‘est’ does not change the pare of the speech. Both the forms remain adjectives. Similarly, in the sentence “They come late” the words ‘come’ are a verb. If we add the inflectional suffix ing to the verb, we will get the form ‘coming’ as in the sentence ‘They are coming, Coming is still a verb. Zero morphemes. Morphemes analysis ir not always simple. for eg. Consider the word sheep its plural the sheep +plural? How should we indicate the plural morpheme in such case? To solve this problem linguistic have arrived at the concept of a ‘Zero morpheme” It is symbolized as ‘0’ the zero morpheme has no phonetic realization. It is present but invisible sand inaudible Zero morphemes are monphonous However? The linguist, for the sake of uniformity, assumes that the plural is present but its phonetic manifestation or representation is Zero. As they have no visible markers, they are analyzed by the linguists ad follows. Sheep = sheep +0 deer = deer+0 Lexical and Grammatical morphemes Ronald W Lancaster has divided morphemes into two classes; Lexical and grammatical. lexical morphemes are nouns, verb, adjectives and adverbs They are forms like boy, write paper and pen, Grammatical morphemes are forms like some , with, a an the to. Lexical morphemes have more or less independent meanings. For eg ‘pen book, write have meanings lexical morphemes are very large in a language. Grammatical morphemes are
elements like prepositions articles, conjunction etc grammatical morphemes do not change frequently. But lexical morphemes go on changing frequently. Allomorphs Allophones are nothing but the variants of the morph. Many times a particular morpheme is not represented everywhere by the same morph. It is, on the other hand represented by different morphs in different environments. The alternative representation of such a morpheme is called ‘allomorphs’. They are also rightly called as morpheme variants’ or Morpheme alternates’. Therefore an allomorph is a non-distinctive variant of morpheme. Conclusion The term “morphology’ literally means ‘the study of forms’ as a branch of Linguistics, it means the analysis of the basic elements used in a language these elements. Technically known as morphemes Broadly speaking morphology is the study of the patterns of word form These are various types of morphemes which can be explained as follows. First there are lexical and grammatical morphemes. Lexical mormphes are nouns, verbs adjective and adverb for eg. Boy writes, cold, and slowly These have independent meaning of the other had, grammatical momorphemes are forms like prepositions articles, conjunction, etc. They generally depend on lexical items for meaning Secondly, bound morphemes and free morphemes are two more classes of morphemes. Free morphemes can occur alone and here independent meaning. For eg. “Boy, bird, cat” etc. are free morphemes. On the contrary, bound morphemes cannot occur alone and do not have meaning in isolation for eg. The plural morphemes are a bound morpheme. Similarly, affixes like “___ness,___less, un___etc. too are bound morphemes. The third type of morpheme is the zero morphemes. It is symbolized as “0” It has no phonetic realization. It is present but not seen. For eg. The plural of sheep (sheep +0) the past tense of cut (cut+0) One more class of morpheme is inflectional and derivational morphemes. The morphemes which do not allow further affixation are called inflectional morphemes. For eg. “Agreed” on the contrary the morphemes which may be followed by others are called derivation morphemes for eg. Agreements (agree+ment+s) fearlessness( fear+less+ness) and teachers (teach +er-s) Thus there are various classes of morphemes. Bibliography-
A course in phonetics and spoken English -. j -J. Seth and Domical The study of language George yute Purpose Morphology deals with the grammar of words as syntax deals with grammar of sentences. Morphology accounts for the inter-structure or forms of words and syntax describes how these words are put together in sentences. Thus, morphology refers to the form of words in language system, where as syntax refers to the form of the arrangement of words in phrases and sentences. For eg- agreement is a morphological feature, while word-order is a syntactic feature of a language system. Morphology is not only the synchronic study of words- forms but also of the development of word forms. Thus, it is both the synchronic (Marathi symbol) and a diachronic (Marathi symbol) study of word-forms Thus, morphology is brief is the study of the smallest grammatical units of a language and of their formation into words.
