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†ƒÝq » `g egzZƒ Œ6,ÅZ {Š c* iÐ zŠ c* zŠ ÷ ë pi +g‰í Wðä /Z E 4& kZp ì ó Š HHyÒ ~ (iv) gzZ (iii)b§TXì * @Y –b§ÏZ Ññg á »i& +ƒ á, ZXì @* ™C Ù ªÃ ög ÓGz Åpi +g kZ `g e E ! -45 Ññg à » ‘ à xgzZ Ññg à » Ü êGGwZ 6,gîÆ wVXì * @Y c* Š Ég0 +Z Æ l',q -Z Ãpi +g ~ ]gß ‘ ÃgzZ ( Ü)

(v)

Xì * @Y–6, gîÆ A kâ

Zî * NZ

Š Z®Å , 4z, RE

Š Z®Å , 4Iz, 6

&Z -ÍG .G ïH3E

1

1

0

1

XzgZ +;

12

6

6

6

0g »

14

7

7

7

Xz>**

16

8

8

8

xW

19

9

10

9

+gj

23

11

12

11

24

12

12

12

* eÎY 5! 5½G o4E -I êGG

39

19

20

19

ôN* 7

x 4ÓG &g :1.13wZÎ 3G X , ™yÒB‚Æ$ .-?ìŠ Z%HÐ kâ î * N Z ðH J H& H3E &Z kZ kâ î N* &Z Ë L L -ÍG -ÍG .G ‰q -Zî N* ZgzZ Zkâ ÆX) :Iði$ W 12- 0g »gzZ kâ î N* Z ‰zZÆÅZÆ ïH3E Z ðG34ÓG g » ï .G :[ZŽ 40

20

20

20

óì ó @* ƒ', Z', ÆÚÐ{,z

Ækâ î N* ZÆ( Vƒ :$ .-kâ î * NZ H &g Xì * @Y¹. $-kâ î N* ZÃ. $- Ækâ î N* Z ðG34ÓG www.starspublications.com

8

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[* !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

:Ò

Xì amuÒ»kZ :g ÖZ~×'Z/ ¤ 1amu = 166 × 10-24g

:w V

kâ »yIz6, = 1.0073 amu c*1.672 × 10 g kâ »yzR, E = 1.0087 amu c*1.674 × 10-24g kâ »yz¼Z = 5.48 × 10-4 amu c*9.106 × 10-28g 5ÅâgzZ$ X ,™y ÒÐ Vß VÃÑñg ððG3½G .- Ññg ÃÔ Ññg Ãpa Z :1.14wZÎ -24

:Ññg Ãpa Z :[ ZŽ óì ó CBÑñg Ãp aZ^+F, {Š ‚ÅÑñg á L L X ÷D Yñ0* ~1:2Ú{Š ‚xWgzZyt~SiO2yt

:w V

:$ .- Ññg à ó Xó ì @* B. $-Ññg ûkZ. $- +F, {Š ‚ÑZzä™ÏÒúÅ& +ƒ á7 -ÇWq -Z L L »[ +â z',ôN* 7 b§ÏZXì NaClÑñg Ãp aZ »kZgzZì @* ƒŒ6,í W Cl-q -ZgzZ Na+q -Z. $- Ññg û#x ¬6,gîÆwV

:w V

Xì Ññg Ãp aZ eZ¸gzZì KBr. $- Ññg à 5Åâ :Ññg ððG3½G & -ÍG HE.G 5Åâ q 5Åâ L L óì ó @* ™C Ù ªÃŠ Z®ÇÅ ø45 Zx ÓŠŽñ~w ðG3½G -ZÆ& +ƒ áËÑñg ððG3½G 5Åâ =( Ññg ÃpßZ ) n Ññg ððG3½G

:Ññg Ã

..........3,2,17Å nāZ #

5Åâ »+ çEE *6, .E Xì 67Å nVŒXì Š HH~ .ZÐ CHÑñg Ãp aZ »kZāŽXì C6H6Ññg ððG3½G gîÆwV :wV 5Åâ :1.15wZÎ X ,™yÒÃkâ Ññg ÃgzZkâ°ðG3½G 5Åâ :[ ZŽ :kâ °ðG3½G 5Åâ »w ðG3½G 5Åâ kZ·ù»w â î N* 5Åâ q ó Xó ì @* Bkâ°ðG3½G ZÆVÜZx ÓŠŽñ~w ðG3½G -Z L L :w V H2O = 2 (1) +16

Cl2 = 2 (35.5)

= 18 amu

= 71.0 amu.

:kâ Ññg à E & -ÍG H .G 4 5 ó ó÷ë kâ Ññg Ãô ùÆw â î N* ZÆ ø Zx ÓŠŽñ~. $- Ññg Ãq -ZÆÚq -Z L L :w V NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 amu

9

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CaCO3 = 40 + 12 + 3 (16) = 100 amu

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[ * !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

X ,™yÒÌx lZÅkZ ?÷HÙW :1.16wZÎ YE " 5gzZ ðG3H 4»G 4&i76, 3G G óì ó @* Bí WÔƒ`g e ðH T·ù(Z »ÅZ c* VZ L L :í W :[ ZŽ X ÷x lZzŠ ÅÙW :x lZÅÙW 4´ í bZ (ii) í éH 5G (i) H 4&i76,T·ù(Z »VÜZ c* 4´ƒ 4´ ó Xó ì @* Bí éH 5G ó `g e ðG3G VZ L L :í éH 5G :w V 4´ :C à »í éH 5G

Mg+2, Ca+ , K+, Na+

H

H+ + 1e-

Na

Na+ + 1e-

Ca

Ca+2 + 2e-

Mg

Mg+2 + 2e-

4´ X N Yò4, z¼Z¼Ð~ŸãzÛЃ  ÆÅZ ËZ # ÷‘ W‰ Ü zkZ ÙéH 5G Y E " T·ù(Z »ÅZ c* 56, 34»G G óì ó @* BíbZƒ ó `g e ðH V Z L L : í bZ -1 Cl , O-2 :w V :C à »íbZ Cℓ + 1eO + 2e-

Cℓ-1 O-2

X N Yƒï÷ á 4, z¼Z {Š c* iÐ q -Z c* -Z~ŸãzÛÆVZ ËZ q # ì @* W~ŠŽz‰ Ü zkZ ÙbZ X ,™# sŸzÐVß VgzZ,™p°Åp+ ig ~ہ :1.17wZÎ :p+ ig ~ہ :[ ZŽ óì ó @* Bpi +g ~ Û Ôì @* ƒŠŽñyz¼Zt ¤q -Z6, T·ù»ÅZ c* VZq -Z L L Xì @* ™C Ù ªÃyz¼Zt ¤(.)y¶ K» ^ Z eŠŽñ6, pi +g ~ ÛË Å Å 5 â aÆä™ Za pi 5 â pi &zÃÆw ðG3½G ÒG : c* z)Å 4, z¼Z e¥ŠŽñyxgŠÆÅZzŠÆw ðG3½G +g ~ Û Xì á CÐ UI& +!* ïH3E +g ~ Û Å 5 âtZ X }ì @* ™[_ .( ~]gßÅ;c* $Ñ) Y3, V Zw ðG3½G # ì @* ƒ‰ Ü zkZtXì CYÅ„ $i æEιG +g ~ Û + g³ G4$ pi +g ~ Û bé£-G

yz¼ZÆ ŸãzÛ LZ~ kZèYì @* ƒaÆ VwP ŠŽz » yZgzZ ÷ DƒÁ Z ~g ð•Zt X @* ƒ 7`g e ðÃ6,pi +g ~ Û Xì * @Yc* 0* y Dg {Š c* i¹»ä™}g7 :} Ññg Ã

x ** »pi +g ~ Û G4$ pi +g ~ Û bé£-G

Ññg Ã

pi +g ~ Û[ +‚ Wzg + [; www.starspublications.com

x ** »pi +g ~ Û pi +g ~ Û +g³ pi +g ~ Û +eÇW 10

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[* !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

:tہ~p+ ig ~ہgzZí W p+ ig ~ہ

íW

X @* ƒ7`g eðÃ6, pi +g ~ Û (i)

Xì @* ƒ`g ep¼Z6,í W (i)

Xì @* ƒyz¼Zt ¤6, kZ (ii)

X @* ƒ7yz¼Zt ¤ðÃ6, í W (ii) H Å 459 X ÷M h{g~×|c* øG ™t (iii)

X ÷M h{g Ì~×|gzZ Zƒt (iii)

XB bg7W, Z ðÃ6, WÆy ZÏŠŽñÅÝzg (iv) “ 5Åâ :1.18wZÎ ?K^â, 6x lZŲðG3½G 5Åâ :[ ZŽ :w ðG3½G 5Åâ L LXì @* 5Åâ Ð ½ Z ~g ð6ÆÅZ L L ó Xó ì {ÒúÇ»& +ƒ áÌËw ðG3½G W~ŠŽzw ðG3½G Xì ‚ rgg Z Œ Û ', ŠŽzCZ6, gî: ZŠ Zi Wtì . $-N* gЃ  »} Š ât :q ¸z 5Åâ :x lZÅw ðG3½G 5Åâ Ã7 X ÷x lZϹŲðG3½G è Æx lZgzZŠ Z®ÅÅZá ZzYë !* 5Åâ î * :w ðG3½G N Zâñ Å Å 5 â î N* 5 â Œ6, ó Xó ÷ëw ðG3½G ZâñÃw ðG3½G VZq -ZsÜL L 4X Í 5 Å G 5 ½ X ÷BVÅw ðG3 Gâ î N* Zâñx ÓtyÍg WgzZyzZ ãÔ êG ‰™. Þ â :w V 5Åâ î * :w ðG3½G N Z ðZ e Å Å 5 â î N* 5 â ðä ó Xó ì @* Bw ðG3½G Z ðZ e {zƒŒ6, ÅZzŠw ðG3½G /Z L L X HClŒZug³zg [ +;gzZ Cl2’+g³gzZ O2’xWÔH2Xzgà; :wV 5Åâ î * :w ðG3½G N Z ðZ, R Å Å 5 â î N* 5 â ˤ X ÷ëw ðG3½G Z ðZR, ÐZ ÂVƒVZ&~w ðG3½G /Z X CO2à‚ WðZ e0g »ÔH2Oã0* :wV 5Åâ î * :w ðG3½G N Zà7 Å Å 5 5 ½ ½ ó Xó ÷ë w ðG3 Gâ î N* Z à7Ð Z ÂVƒÅZÐ ¹~w ðG3 Gâ ˤ /G ZL L 4$ 4£-G X C6H12O6iÉ H2SO4ŒZugË CH4 èEG :w V Å 5 âî * :w ðG3½G N Zñƒ Í & Å Å E G 5 â î N* 5 â, Z L L óì ó * @Y¹²ðG3½G Zñƒ7Z óVƒÆ ïH3.GZ „q -ZÅZx ÓŠŽñ~X²ðG3½G X P4kg`ÃÔS8÷O3yzizZÔH2Xzgà; :wV 5Åâ î * :w ðG3½G N Zz‘ E Í & G H . G 4 Å 5 Å 5 â î N* 5 â {z X ÷D Bw ðG3½G Zz‘÷D W~ŠŽzÐYÆÅZÆ ø ZZŽ w ðG3½G X {)zNH3, H2O, CO2 :wV 5Åâ x Z/ X , ŠBVgzZ,™p°Åkâ Ññg Ãx Z/ ¤Ôkâ°ðG3½G ¤Ôkâ î * N Zx Z/ ¤ :1.19wZÎ wñ* c VZx Z/ ¤* c kâ î * N Zx Z/ ¤ :[ ZŽ Í & .GGZ Ë L L ó Xó ì @* Bkâ î N* Zx Z¤ /q -ZÔƒŠ HHC Ù ª~x Z¤ / Ž kâ î N* Z » ïH3E Xì * @Y¹Ìwñq -Z c* VZx Z¤ /q -ZÐ Z

X ÷M h0~ÏŠŽñÅÝzgt (iv)

11

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wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[ * !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

VZx Z¤ /1» (H)Xzg [ +; = wñ1» H = 1.008 g VZx Z¤ /1» (O)xW = wñ1» O = 16.0 g VZx Z¤ /1» (C)0g » = wñ1» C = 12.0g VZx Z¤ /1» (Na)* eÎ = wñ1» 23.0 g Í & &Z - GZ = -ÍG .G .G VZx Z¤ /1» ïH3E wñ1» ïH3E

:B V

akZ 5Åâ x Z/ 5Åâ x Z/ X wñ* c w ðG3½G ¤* c kâ°ðG3½G ¤ 5Åâ x Z¤ 5Åâ »ÚË L L óì ó @* Bkâ °ðG3½G /q -ZÔƒŠ HHC Ù ª~x Z¤ / &kâ°ðG3½G &ZŠ Z%ÐÚV ŒXì * -ÍG 5Åâ x Z¤ .G wñx Z¤ /1c* w ðG3½G /1Ð Z X ÷VâzŠ & +ƒ ágzZ ïH3E @Y¹Ìwñ1c* kâ »Ú 5Åâ x Z¤ Š Z®Åkâ°ðG3½G / ÆÚ = 5Åâ »Ú kâ°ðG3½G :B V 5Åâ x Z¤ w ðG3½G /1» (H2)Xzg [ +; = wñ» H2 = 2.016 Å 5 â x Z¤ w ðG3½G /1» (O2)xW = O2 = 32.0g Å 5 â x Z¤ w ðG3½G /1Z » (H2O)ã0* = wñ1» H2O = 18.0 g Å ½ 5 w ðG3 Gâ x Z¤ /1» (H2SO4)ŒZugË = wñ1» H2SO4=98.0 g 5Åâ x Z¤ kâ °ðG3½G /1»Ú = wñ1»Ú akZ X wñ* c Ññg Ãx Z/ ¤* c kâ Ññg Ãx Z/ ¤ :B V +ƒ á7 -ÇW Š Z®ÅÑñg Ãx Z¤ / Æ& +ƒ á7 -ÇW = & kâ Ññg û& +ƒ á7 -ÇW X Ññg Ãx Z¤ /1» (NaCl)[ +Zg³* eÎ = NaCl = 58.5 g X Ññg Ãx Z¤ /1» (CaCO3), M1g »x = wñ1» CaCO3 = 100 g Ññg Ãx Z¤ /1» (NaOH)[ +‚ Wzg [ +;* eÎ = wñ1» NaOH = 40 g Ññg Ãx Z¤ /1»& +ƒ á7 -ÇW = wñ1» NaOH = 40 g X Ññg Ãx Z/ ¤ 1»+ & ƒ á7ÇW = wñ1»+ & ƒ á7ÇW :akZ X ,™# s ŸzЊæÅVß V?ì Hwñ?ì Hizguz-Z :1.20wZÎ :izguz- Z :[ ZŽ Å 23 23 5 â ÅZ ª
12

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[* !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6 6.02 × 10

wñq -Z »0g » wñq -Z » ã0*

:=z

23

Æ0g » Å 5 â 6.02 × 1023 Æã0* 3½G = ·ù»²ðG

= ·ù»ÅZ 6.02 ×10

:B V

23

wñq -Z » [ +Zg³* eÎ = ·ù»Û-Ññg à 6.02 × 1023 Æ NaCℓ 5Åâ :izgu-ZnƲðG3½G 5Åâ q 5Åâ ÆXzgà; ÅZzŠ~w ðG3½G -ZÆã 0*X ,™g¨6,wVsf `gŠ nÆŠ Z®ÅÙW~& +ƒ á7 -ÇWc* Š Z®ÅÅZ~i& +ƒ á°ðG3½G ƒ»xWVZq -ZgzZ Xì á Cwñq -Z » ã0* Ð ÅZ 6.02 × 1023ÆxWgzZÅZ 2 × 6.02 × 1023ÆXzgà;çOXì @* :wñ Å 23 5 ½ Xì @* BwñX ÷Dƒ( Û-Ññg Ã* c ²ðG3 Gâ ÔÅZ )wñ
BV 5Åâ » HNO ŒZu>* X , ™x¥kâ°ðG3½G * :2wV kZ ƒZ = 92 î * N ZgzZ A = 238kâ » VZ qZ :1wV 3 4Iz, 6~ X σHŠ Z®Å , 4z, REgzZ , kâ î N* Z H = 1 amu kâ î N* Z » N = 14 amu

Given data

kâ î N* Z » O = 16 amu 5Åâ Ññg ððG3½G = HNO3 5Åâ kâ°ðG3½G = 1 + 14 + 16 × 3

A = 238

= 63 amu.

Z = 92 Required

Š Z®Å 4, Iz6,= ? Š Z®Å 4, zR, E=? Solution:

Š Z®Å 4, Iz6,= Z = 9 Š Z®Å 4, zR, E=n=A-2 = 238 - 92 = 146 13

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wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[ * !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

5Åâ x Z/ Z®Å²ñ* c ²ðG3½G ¤Ä~(H3PO4)ŒZug`Ãx Z/ ¤ 40:4wV N7 :3wV X ,™x¥kâ Ññg û (K2SO4)Üô* ?σŠ :i kâ Š Hc* Š » H3PO4 = 40 x Z¤ / kâ î N* Z » K = 39 amu Å 5 â » H PO kâ°ðG3½G = 98 gmol-1 kâ î N* Z » S = 32 amu 3

4

X ,™ `gŠ~] Zz)ÅsfÃ]â ¥y Z kâ î N* Z » O = 16 amu 5Åâ x Z¤ ( ²ñ)Š Z®Å²ðG3½G / ÆÚË = kâ Š Hc* Š »Ú = K2SO4 .-Ññg à $ kâ °ñ»Ú kâÑñgà K2SO4 = 2(kâî N* Z» K)+(kâî N* Z»÷)+4 (kâî N* Z» O) =

= 2(39)+ (32)+ 4(16)kâ Ññg Ã

g molecules

5Åâ x Z/ = 78+ 32+64 VƒŠŽñ²ðG3½G ¤ 0.408ÆkZ~H3PO4x Z/ ¤ 40çO = 174 amu XÐ 5Åâ Ô²ñ~ã* X , ™x¥Š Z®ÅÅZgzZ²ðG3½G 0 x Z/ ¤ 6 :6wV kZXì xZ/ ¤ 9.0 yiz »Tì Z•qZ »%Ãk* 0 Æ \ W : 5w V :i X ,™x¥Š Z®Å²ñÆ0g »ŠŽñ~}”Æ%à /6 Hc* Š »Ú = Š Z®Å²ñ kâ Š Hc* Š » ã0* = x Z¤ Š Z®Å²ñ = kâ Š kâ°ñ kâ°ñ» ã0*= x Z¤ /18 =

We know that

Š Z®Å²ñÆã0* = kâ » ã0* kâ °ñ» ã* 0

X ÷²ñ0.75Æ0g »~} •Æ%Íx Z/ ¤ 9.0èa

wñ

=

5ÅâÆã0*= 6.02 × 1023 × Š Z®Å²ñÆã0* Š Z®Å²ðG3½G = 6.02 × 1023 × 0.33

Å

5â 3½G = 1.98 × 1023 ²ðG

5ÅâÆã* X σ1.98 × 1023Š Z®Å²ðG3½G 0 ~ã * 0 x Z/ ¤ 6ç O 5Åâ q b§kZX ÷ DƒÅZ &~ w ðG3½G -ZÆ ã0* āì x¥ Ât … 5Åâ x ÓyZ X σtŠ Z®ÅÅZ~²ðG3½G Š Z®ÅÅZ

= 3 × 1.98 × 10 = 5.94 × 10

23

23

ÅZ

Xì 5.94 × 1023 Š Z®ÅÅZÀŠŽñ~ã0* x Z¤ /6: 5ÅâÆ(CO2)+ X ,™x¥kâ»yZgzZŠ Z®Å²ñÆkZXì3.01 × 1023Š Z®Å²ðG3½G [‚ WðZ e0g »~@, 'qZ :7wV Å 5 â Њ Z®kZë :i X , ™wEZ] Zz)sf `gŠaÆä™x¥Š Z®Å²ñÆCO2 ƲðG3½G 5Åâ Š Z®Å²ñ = Š Z®Å²ðG3½G izguz- Z www.starspublications.com

14

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[* !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

²ñ=

= 0.5 mol

XÐ,™wEZ] Zz)taÆä™x¥kâ » + [‚ W ðZ e0g »kZë[ Z kâ »Ú= kâ°ñ»Ú × Š Z®Å²ñÆÚ kâ = 44 × 0.5 =22' × Z¤ / 5Åâ ‰ ŠÆCO b§kZ Xì' × Z¤ /22yiz»Š Z®Å²ðG3½G 2

$Œ æEιG ¤ Z Xì { á÷Š * ! » Ø ŒZ ugË X 1 ƒCaCO3xZ/ ¤ 40k* 0 Æ\W/ ¤ ZXì , k+ 5 i* * ~ ã* 0M ,1g»x X 2 n Æ ½ Z ~g Ë/ ¤Ä kâ »kZāN CÂVƒg »gŠ ŒZ ugËwñ5Ã\ W ?fƒŠŽñí WÄÄÆ gzZCa+2~kā Z N C x Z/ ?ǃ

Given Data:

Given Data

kâ » CaCO3

= 40g

kâ°ñ» CaCO3

Š Z®Å²ñ

= 98g/mol

kâ °ñ» H2SO4 = 98g/mol

Required:

ŠZ®Åí WÄÄÆ

Required:

gzZCa = ? kâ » H SO 2 4 +2

Solution:

Š Z®Å²ñÆCaCO3 EJ Š Z® öÀ5" W ~

kâ » H2SO4 = kâ°ñ» H2SO4 Š Z®Å²ñ = 98 × 5 H2SO4 = 490 gkâ »

= 0.4 mol

wñq -Z = 6.02 × 1023 ions

~wñ 0.4 ÆCaCO3 = 6.02 × 1023 × 0.4 ions

= 2.408 × 1023 ions

Š Z®Åí W Š Z®Åí W

~CaCO3wñq -Z = 6.02 × 1023 ions ~wñ0.4ÆCaCO3= 6.02 ×1023 × 0.4 ions

= 2.408 ×1023 ions

15

=?

Solution:

=

Š Z®Åí W

=5

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wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[ * !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

-4E 5! 5ÅâÆi+ ?, ™x¥Š Z®Å²ðG3½G & ƒ áy Z~g ZlˆðCÅi+ & ƒ ásf `gŠ 0 Æ\ W/ ¤ ZX 3 X 4 ƒ 6.02 × 1023Š Z®ÅÙWÆ êGGwZk* C6H12O6x Z/ āN C  ¤ 30 (c) NH3x Z/ ¤ 20 (b) H2CO3 x Z/ ¤ 16 (a) ÜÄÃ\WnÆä™g » (a) XÐVƒg »gŠ ÙW : H2CO3x Z/ ¤ 16 Given data:

Given data:

kâ Š Hc* Š H2CO3 = 16g

Š Z®ÅÙWÆAl+3 = 6.02 x 1023 ions

kâ°ñ» H2CO3 = 2 +12 + 16 × 3

Required : ŠZ®ÅÙWÆSO4-2 = ?

= 2 + 12 + 48 = 62g/mol

Solution:

Required:

5Åâ = ? Š Z®Å²ðG3½G

ÚŲñ~SO4-2gzZAl+3

2

:

3

Solution:

Š Z®ÅÙWÆSO4-2 =

x 6.02 x 10

ÝW

23

23

= 9.03 x 10 ions

= 1.505 × 023Molecule (b)

20x Z¤ /NH3 :

Given data:

kâ Š Hc* Š NH3 = 20g kâ°ñ» NH3 = 14 + 3 = 17g/mol Required:

5Åâ = ? Š Z®Å²ðG3½G Solution:

= 7.0795 × 1023 Molecule

X C6H12O6x Z/ ¤ 30

(c)

Given data:

kâ Š Hc* Š » C6H12O6 kâ°ñ» C6H12O6

= 30g = 72 + 12 + 96 = 180g mol-1

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16

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[* !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

Required:

5Åâ = ? Š Z®Å²ðG3½G Solution:

23 = 1.0 × 10 Molecule

H2SO4 x Z/ ¤ 58

(c) BaCl2x Z/ ¤ 30

X ,™x¥Š Z®ÅÙWÆyZg ZlˆðCÅi+ & ƒ á7ÇWsf `gŠX 5 BaCl2 x Z/ (b) AlCl3 x Z/ (a) ¤ 30 ¤ 10 AlCl3x Z/ ¤ 10

(b)

Given data:

(a)

Given data:

x Z¤ /30 BaCl2 =kâ » kâ » AlCl3 = 10x Z¤ / kâ°ñ» AlCl3 = 27 + 35.5 × 3

kâ Ññg û BaCl2 =137 + 35.5 × 2 = 208 g/mol Required:

= 133.5 g/mol

Š Z®ÅÙWÆBaCl2 = ?

Required:

Š Z®ÅÝWÆAlCl3 = ?

Solution:

Solution:

= 8.7 x 1022 formula units

Xì 3Š Z®ÅÙW~BaCl2:

= 4.5 x 10

=2 x 8.7 × 1023 23 = 1.733 × 10 ions H2SO4x Z/ ¤ 58

22

Û- Ññg Ã

X ÷4ÝWÆAlCl3._Æ]Zz)ð6 (c)

Š Z®ÅÝWÆAlCl3= 4 x 4.5 x 1022

Given data: = 1.8 x 10

kâ » H2SO4 = 58g kâ°ñ» H2SO4 = 64 + 32 + 2 = 98g/mol Required:

Š Z®ÅÙWÆH2SO4=? 17

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23

ion

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[ * !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

Solution:

= 3.56 x 1023 formula unit

X ÷3ÝWÆH2SO4._Æ]Zz)ð6 Š Z®ÅÝW H2SO4 = 3 x 3.56 x 1023 1.068 x 1024 ions

5Åâ 2.5 × 1016ÆŒZugË X 6 ?ǃHkâ »²ðG3½G

?ÐVƒg »gŠÅZÄÀnÆä™g » HNO3x Z/ ¤ 60 X 7 Given data:

Given data:

kâ Š Hc* Š » HNO3 = 60g

5ÅâÆH2SO = 2.05 × 1016 Š Z®Å²ðG3½G 4

kâ°ñ» HNO3 = 63 g/mol

kâ°ñ» H2SO4= 98 g/mol

Required:

Š Z®ÅÅZÆHNO3 = ? Solution:

Required:

kâ » H2SO4 = ? Solution:

kâ » H2SO4 = 5.7 x 10

23

molcules

kâ » H2SO4 = 3.34 ×10-6g

ÅZÀÆ HNO3= 5 atoms Š Z®ÅÅZÀ~ HNO3= 5 x 5.7 x 1023 atoms

5Åâ 2.5 × 1016 : X ǃ3.34 × 10-6gkâ »²ðG3½G

or = 2.85 ×1024 atoms

5Åâ ÄÆHCℓℓnÆä¯HClx Z/ ?ÐVƒg »gŠ²ðG3½G ¤ 10 X 9 Given data:

kâ H Š* c Š » HCl = 10g kâ°ñ» HCl = 36.5 g/mol Required:

?ÐVƒÙWÄÆCl-gzZ Na+ ~NaClx Z/ ¤ 30

X8

Given data:

kâ H Š* c Š » NaCl = 30g kâ°ñ» NaCl = 58.5 g/mol Required:

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18

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[* !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

Š Z®Å²ñÆHCl = ?

Š Z®ÅÙWÆCl-gzZ Na+

Solution:

=?

Solution:

Š Z®Å²ñÆHCl =

=0.27 mol

5ÅâÆ HCl = N × Š Z®Å²ñÆHCl Š Z®Å²ðG3½G A

Š Z®Å Cl-gzZ Na+~NaClwñq -Z =

= 6.02 × 1023 × 0.27

= 1.204 × 10

= 1.62 × 1023molecules

Š Z®Å Cl-gzZ Na+~NaClwñ 0.5 = 1.204 × 1024 × 0.5 = 0.602 × 10 = 6.02 ×10 Y! E I 5 ½ G 4 -o 5 ?ǃx Z/ ¤Ä kâ ïZ ÂVƒÆMg êGG/ ¤ Z „ ãZ÷ÅZæ~0g »x Z/ ¤6

Given data:

kâ »0g » = 6g Y !ÅÅZÆ0g » = ? Š Z®ÅÅZÆ Mg =Š Z® 5 4E 5½G oG -GI Y !0g » = ? ²ñÆ ê = ²ñÆ 5 4E 5½G oG -I G kâ î N* Z » ê = 24gm kâ î N* Z »0g » = 12gm Required:

kâ » Mg = ? Solution:

²ñÆ0g » =

=

ÅZs WÆ0g » = NA × Š Z®Å²ñ = 6.02 x 1023 x 0.5 23

Y! 5 4E 5½G oG -GI Ð ä™x¥Š Z®EYÅ! ÅZÆ ê 5 o45½G -I Š Z®Å²ñÆ êGG = 0.5 mol

= 3.01 × 10

Y! 5 4E 5½G oG -GI kâ » ê = Š Z®Å²ñ × kâ î N* Z = 0.5 × 24 = 12gm

Y! 5 4E 5½G -GoIG X σ, 'Z, 'Š Z®ÅÅZÆ ê 12ggzZ0g »x Z/ ¤ 6:

19

24

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24

23 ions

X 10

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[ * !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

l^e]çq 1Ò lŸ]ç‰ †’jíÚ

45Å G 1H X ,™p°Å~dÿ¹G bZgzZs7+ &Z X1 :~ds7+ & Z :[ ZŽ óì ó CB~ds7& +Zì * @YH·_»Vh§Æä¯i& +î á6, äeCg ˆ~Tc ÷ á {zÅ~d L L 45Å G 1H :~dÿ¹G bZ H Å 5 14G ó Xó ì CB~dÿ¹G bZì CYÅ| # Ùzy TgzZt‹»yZÔÏeÅY Z b ZÆä%ð6‰bŠ~Tc ÷ á {zÅ~d L L 4µYg WgzZÆ~dëE 4µYg WyS 5G 5G X ,™tہ~~dëE X2 :[ ZŽ Y Y 4µg W 4µg WyZ 5G ~dë5E ~dëE G Í & E G H4)G ÒG &z ÃÆ Xzgà; gzZ 0g » ~ ~d ëE 4µYgW L L (i) H·_»i& 4µYg WyS (i) 5G 5G ïH3E +î ágzZ ø45G Zx Ó~ ~d ëE EE .*g »zgà;) i& * @YH·_»& +î á fp âÆyZgzZ( çE +î á gzZ 0g » Ž Æ i& +î á yZ ñZÎ ì * @Y EE .*g »zg + X ÷DƒŒ6, ( çE [; )Xzg + [; 4]I}ˆC îG 0kI Ù Æ~7& +Z¡ c ÷ á tÅ~d (ii) G ƒwEZ~{)z~i ‚] JŠgzZdZuÔòÔ~i ‚ Xì „g X N C\j» ~dÇ* ! X3 Xì ÝqÌZ ~Š ã CÃkZ~® ) ZgigzZuZgp ¥ ó îSXì Wz¹\j» ~dÇ!* :[ ZŽ 4E 4E 7 7 4E 4E 5G 5G ?÷ZÐ}uzŠqZùF øG z‘gzZF øG ñƒ X4 E E 4 4 7 7 4 4 5 5 X E E 24 iFøGGzçJ.G iFøGGñƒ

ó Xó ì ©q Z »VØÅ]c* zŠ ZgzZ@zðc ÷ á tÅ~d (ii) Xì C™

Xƒ: Üq -Z(C Ù IF, ÅY Z b Z ~ XiF, Z L L ÔZƒ }Ôƒ V7 (C Ù IF,Å Y Z b Z ~ XF, Z L L ó Xó {)z~ÇÔy"Ôè† X ó ó{)z*™õWAu &g 34ÓG G ?ì * @YZ hŽùm»kZÐx Z/ ¤ ?ìŠ Z%HÐkâ î * N Z ðH

X5

&ZË L L -ÍG .G ÆkâÆVZÆC - 12Ž kâ ‰zZ {z»VZÆ ïH3E

:[ZŽ

ó Xó ì', Z', ÆÚÅ{,z

:m»kZÐx Z/ ¤ 24

1amu = 1.66 × 10 g

?ì mHy xgŠÆ$ .-Ññg ÃgzZ Ññg Ãpa Z

X6

:Ññg Ãpa Z :[ ZŽ Xì @* BÑñg Ãp aZÔì @* ™C Ù ªÃÚ+F, {Š ‚yxgŠÆÅZŠŽñ~& +ƒ áˎ Ññg Ã{z :$ .- Ññg à Xì @* B. $-Ññg ÃÔì @* ™C Ù ªÃÚ+F, {Š ‚ÅÙWŠŽñ~] ·%7 -ÇWŽ Ññg Ã{z Xì NaCℓÑñg Ãp aZ »kZgzZì Œ6, í W Cℓ-q -ZgzZ Na+q -Z. $-Ññg û#x ¬ www.starspublications.com

:w V 20

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[* !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

X K] ;Žz&+ & ƒ á ã* 0 gzZìFZƒ ã* 0 Zƒ Í E & G H.G \ 5ð6ÆÅZÆ ø45 Z& +ƒ á ì ó & +ƒ á ã0* (i) Xì @ * W~ŠŽzÐ\ 5{Š ‚ÆY âZFìFZƒ(i) Xì @* W~ŠŽzÐ YE YH! 4ÓG 5!m{» ã0* 5 m{ðû Zƒ(ii) 54ÓG Xì @* ƒzZ7 ë5H (ii) Xì @* ƒ7zZ7 ëE E E 458E 458E ?ì øG ñƒIF, Å ã0* (iii) X ì øG z‘IF, Å Zƒ(iii) & E -ÍG H .G 4 5 X , ™# sŸz?ì * @Y¹VY+ & ƒ áà ã* 0 gzZ ø ZÃxWgzZXzg + [; &Z -ÍG .G ïH3E

+ƒ á &

X7 :[ ZŽ

X8 :[ ZŽ

& -ÍG HE.G &Z -ÍG .G Y Zb ZÆ Tì á C& +ƒ áÐ \ 5ð6ÆÅZÆ ø45 Z Ôì @* ƒ Œ6,ÅZÆ n„ q -ZŽ Ôì Ú +Z q -Z ïH3E ZÇ!* ] :SÅÚà Zz“ W5gzZ÷ï ŠÅ| # ÙKZ F, {Š ‚Ð Vh§ð6Ð ZgzZ Ôì @* ƒ V7î N* Z »X X ÷Cƒ X YYH7sp~Ú àZg³* eÎÔ ã* 0 :w V y, ]WÔ÷ÔO2 :wV & -ÍG .G X9 ?ì H{+ Zû™Ð ÒÃïH3E Z Í & .GGZ)g fÆÒgzZXì lj Xì CYƒ| # ÙÅ ïH3E Ü zÐ kZāìt{Z +ûkZ :[ZŽ S÷ Ô O x W :w V X ,™y Òzzì ó + & ƒ á ã* 0 ā# ZìF7g eÅÎ

X 10

ÆÅZZāŽì & +ƒ áq -Z ã0* āZ # Xì YY Hµ Z 7ZgzZì @* W~ŠŽzÐ \ 5{Š ‚ÆâZ ZāŽìF7 -g eÅÎ :[ ZŽ X YYH7µ Z7ZgzZXì @* W~ŠŽzÐ\ 5ð6 &ZtāN C~}g * -ÍG .G ?ì + &ƒ á * c FóïH3E !ÆqZÙCÐ~sf `gŠ ®gzZy],W (v) kZ', gzZ®Í (iv) |ŠzŠgzZ ã0*(iii) COgzZ CO(ii) H2gzZ He (i)

+ƒ á &

F

&Z -ÍG .G ïH3E

CO

|ŠzŠ

Co

ã 0*

kZ',

He

X 11

:[ZŽ

®Í y],W

®

H2

?ðW7VY]gz¢ÅkZX , ™p°Å$ .-kâ î * N Z X 12 kâ î N* Z :[ ZŽ ó Xó ì @* B. $-kâ î N* ZÔ

zVZƒg !* g !* »kâÆVZÆ12-0g » L L

X 7e** ™x¥6, gîC!* ŠÐ Zāì @* ƒÁÚ Zkâ »VZèY ðW7akZ]gz¢ÅkZ 21

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wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[ * !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

X N Cx * *gzZÎâÅÚàZzW “Ðä5ë * !ÃY Z  bZÆ\z/ ¤ÙCsf `gŠ / ¤ Ø + ã 0*(b) 6, » +7 i (a) 4$ 4E -GG -GG 5! ò + ê z™ + y], W (d) ÷+ ê wZ (c)

X 13

:[ ZŽ Y Z bZ

ÎâÅÚ

x* * »Ú

6,» +7 -i

F

è c* | kZ',

/ ¤ Ø+ã 0* -4E 5! ÷+ êGGwZ

F

×|¤ / Ø E -45! àÏêGGwZ

+ƒ á &

xz`** c* ®:ñ 5ÅâgzZkâ Ññg ÃÐ~sfzgqX , ™y Òtہ~kâ Ññg ÃgzZkâ°ðG3½G 5Åâ X 14 X ,™µ Zá Zzkâ°ðG3½G

ò +çz™ +y], W

F

H2O , NaCl, KI, H2SO4

:[ ZŽ 5Åâ kâ°ðG3½G

kâ Ññg à & -ÍG HE.G ø45 Zx ÓŠŽñ~ . $- Ññg Ãq -ZÆÚ q -Z L L

5Åâ q » w â î N* Z Æ VÜZ x ÓŠŽñ~ w ðG3½G -Z L L

ó ó÷ë kâ Ññg Ãô ùÆw â î N* ZÆ

5Åâ »w ðG3½G 5Åâ kZ·ù ó Xó ì @* Bkâ°ðG3½G

CaCO3 = 40 + 12 + 3 (16):w V

H2O = 2 (1) +16:w V = 18 amu

H2O

NaCl, Ki, H2SO4

-4E 5! ?~y, ]Wx Z/ ¤ 10* c ÐVƒÅZ {Š * c i~ êGGwZx Z/ ¤ 10 X 15

:[ZŽ

= 2.23 x 1023 atoms

= = 1.08 x 1023 atoms www.starspublications.com

22

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[* !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

-4E 5! Xσ{Š* ciÐ(Fe)y, ]WxZ/ ¤ 10ŠZ®ÅÅZ~(Al)êGGwZxZ/ ¤ 10: 5Åâ {Š * ?~/ ¤Øx Z/ ¤ 9* c ÐVƒ²ðG3½G c i~ã* 0 x Z/ ¤9

X 16

:[ZŽ = 23

= 3.01 x 10 molecules

= = 1.58 x 10

22

5Åâ ~ã0* X σ{Š c* iФ / Øx Z¤ /9Š Z®Å²ðG3½G x Z¤ /9: ?~KClx Z/ ¤ 1* c ÐVƒÛ- Ññg Ã{Š * c i~NaClx Z/ ¤ 1 X 17

:[ZŽ

=1.02 x 10

22

formula units

= 8
1021 formula units.

5Åâ î * X ,™yÒtہ~w ðG3½G N Zz‘gzZî * N Zñƒ

X 18 :[ ZŽ

î* N Zz‘ î* N Zñƒ E Í & G H . G 5Åâ {z(i) w ðG3½G 5Åâ î N* 5Åâ (i) z‘ƒ¯™ïÐÅZÆ ø45 ZZŽ w ðG3½G Z Zñƒ¯™ïÐÅZ‰q -ZŽ w ðG3½G 5Åâ î N* Xì @* Bw ðG3½G Z Xì @* B CO2,H2SO4:w V P4,S8,O2:w V X ~NH3wñ1* c ÐVƒ{Š * c iVZXzgà;~HClwñ2 X 19 5Åâ = Š Z®Å²ñ
NA Š Z®Å²ðG3½G :[ZŽ 5ÅâÆHCl = 2
6.02
1023 molecules Š Z®Å²ðG3½G 23

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wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[ * !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6 = 12.01
1023 molecules = 1.204
1024 molecules

5Åâ 1ÆHCl = 1 H atom Š Z®ÅÅZ H~w ðG3½G 5Åâ 1.204
1024ÆHCl = 1
1.204
1024 H atoms Š Z®ÅÅZ H~²ðG3½G = 1.204
1024 H atoms

5ÅâÆNH = 1 x 6.02 x 1023 molecules Š Z®Å²ðG3½G 3 = 6.02 x 1023 molecules

5Åâ 1ÆNH3 = 3 H atoms Š Z®ÅÅZ H~w ðG3½G Š Z®ÅÅZ H 6.02 x 1023 ÆNH3 = 3 X 6.02 X 1023 H atoms 23

= 18.06 x 10 H atoms 24 = 1.806 x 10 H atoms X σ{Š c* iŠ Z®ÅÅZ H~NH3wñ1

X ,™p°Å~d X 20 Xì CB~dXì 0Ð ¶ Z ~gÆVzŠ âgzZmZpÔ| # ‚IF, Å}Š ⠎ c ÷ á {zÅb‚ :[ ZŽ 4µYg Wy Z X 21 5G ?÷H] ÑEZÆ~dëE H X Y æÎ5G4$gzZÔdZuÔòÔh‰X ÷] ÑEZ {Š c* i¹÷~7& +Z¡ÆkZ :[ ZŽ X K]ÑEZÆ~dÄE X 22 H-oG $ Xì CƒwEZWz~ÅÅä™Za ö ¼Z)g fÆiI Z~gÄEgzZä™pôÃZ½Ô8Zê-i +g‰Ô` ´?c ÷ á tÅ~d :[ ZŽ ?ì tہH~FgzZÚ X 23 :[ ZŽ F Ú Xì @* BF{Š â Ø{** (i) Xì @* BÚZ•Ø{Æ}Š â (i) |ŠzŠÔè (ii) xWÔiÉ (ii) E & -ÍG H .G 4 5 X KciìÅ ø Zá ZzäYñ* 0 {Š * c iÐ ƒ &~ng Z ï™

X 24 :[ ZŽ

ng Z {™ 47% 28% 7.8%

xW yt -4E 5! êGGwZ

& -ÍG HE.G ?ì H Š H„~:z/ ¤Äà ø45 Z, 6Š C ã Å] :S X 25 Í E & G H . G H H 4$Xì Š 4$ÔæEÎ5G4$y** G X à Õä5H ÔæEÎ5G HH„~:z¤ /& ø45 Z6, Šã CÅ] :S :[ ZŽ ?ì HZ/c, 4Z, R »÷ X 26 Xì 96°CZ/c4, ZR,»÷ :[ ZŽ

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24

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[* !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

5Åâ á ZEYñ* ?ì 0ÐmZpÆyZgzZ# |‚ŲðG3½G 0, 6gîCgŠm» c á÷ÏyÃÅ~d X 27 ~dp‚ Û :[ ZŽ X 28 :[ ZŽ J4E 4GE 7 5 X N Cx * *ÆâZŠŽñ~kZXìFø ñƒqZ ZƒāÐ,™$ "* U b§¾Ã] !kZ\ W X 29 * J4E 4GE 7 5 X÷ n pgg Z Œ Û ',] :SKZ KZ âZ x ÓŠŽñ~ kZgzZ Xì V7(C Ù IF, ÅY Z b Z x ÓŠŽñ~ kZèYìFø ñƒ qZ Zƒ :[ ZŽ X ÷YE â-Í&Z à ZEYð0* ~kZ&Ô™. Þ âÔCO2ÔxWÔXz>** H .GG 4 5 X N Cx * *Æ ø Zá ZEYñ* 0 ~ ªq’gzZ ù â Ôk^qZ, 6Z/xzg X 30 ’ Xzg [ +;ÔXz>** Ôx W

ùâ }z',Ô~™%

& -ÍG HE.G ø45 Z

:[ZŽ

k^ y], WÔ* eÎ Í E & G H . G X ÷D Yñ * 0 ø45 ZÐ yÃyÃ~i+ & ƒ áy Z X 31 ueÔ KZ »äaÔ#»ä3Ô/ ¤Ø :[ ZŽ i+ &ƒ á (C12H22O11)¤ / Ø

C,H,O

(NaCl) #Ȋ3

Na,Cl Ca,O,H

[Ca(OH)2]ã0* »äa

Ca,C,O

(CaCO3)ue

X N CŠ Z®ÅÅZXzg + [;~wñqZÆã* 0 X 32 Å 23 5 â ~wñ3½G 6.02 < 10 = Š Z®Å²ðG qZÆH2O :[ ZŽ 23 2<6.02 <10 XŠ Z®ÅÅZXzg [ +;~wñ1āZ # Xì $ .-SI»kâ î * N Z$ .-kâ î * N Z H X 33 Xì . $-SI»kâ î N* Z. $- kâ î N* ZV;Y :[ ZŽ X KtہyxgŠÆÙWgzZÅZ

VZ

íW Xì . $- N* gЃ  »& +ƒ á7 -ÇWËt

&ZËt -ÍG .G Xì çg 0* N* gЃ  » ïH3E

X 34

[ ZŽ

Æ `g e ³ #Æ kZ gzZ YÄg 7g Z Œ Û ',ŠŽz: ZŠ Zi Wt 7~ VÂg߉gzZ ì Ì ‚ rg g Z Œ Û ',ŠŽz : ZŠ Zi WVZ X ÷Dƒ}= Í ÃkZ ÙWïq Xì Yáz~¶ Z ~g¡çg 0* të @* X‚ rg Y E $¼t 5"c* 34»G G X ÷DƒïqÆ`g e ðH ki7 Xì@* ƒwR, E öйG Z ª@* ƒ7`geðÃ6, gî¦ù6, VZ X KwVgzZp°ÅÑñg ÃpsZ X 35 ' 2.GZÃÚ+F, .F X ÷ë Ññg Ãp çG {Š ‚ÅÅZŠŽñ~& +ƒ áq -Z :[ ZŽ ' ' 2.GZ »iÉgzZ CHÑñg Ãp çG 2.GZ »+\ :wV .F .F Xì CH2OÑñg Ãp çG 25

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wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[ * !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

5Åâ \ W ?Ð, ™tہb§¾~Ññg Ãpa ZgzZ Ññg ððG3½G $a Ññg é¨EÒ¹G Z

5Åâ Ññg ððG3½G 5Åâ q ÃÚ+ F, {Š ‚y xgŠÆÅZŠŽñ~“ %ˎ Ññg à {z Ê Z® 9ÅÅZŠŽñ~ w ðG3½G -ZÆ“ %ˎ Ññg à {z 5Åâ ÆÚ Ët Xì @* 5Åâ ÆÚ Ët Xì @* 5Åâ Ô}™C ŲðG3½G BÑñg à p aZÔì @* ™C Ù ª Ç»²ðG3½G BÑñg ððG3½G Ùª Xì Ññg ÃÑZzä™C Ù ªÚ+F,{Š ‚

X 36 :[ ZŽ

Xì @* ƒÑñg Ã

X K„{Š ‚ÅkZ ?ì H{Š â X 37 Xì CB{Š â Xì C= Í gzZ(B bgkâŽq{zC Ù :[ ZŽ

E 4& ?ì H ög ÓGz

X 38 JG Ò® &ZkZî N* &ZË :p° :[ ZŽ -ÍG -ÍG .G .G Xì @* ™C Ù ªÃŠ Z®Å 4, Iz6, ŠŽñ~ ø45 EÆVZÆ ïH3E Z » ïH3E Xì * @YHC Ù ªÐ "Z"Ïî N* Z :g Ö Z E 4Ó& 5G " Z ~, ?ì H ög Gz ÿE kz

X 39 E 4& &Z}uzŠ ÅŸ Zq -ÍG .G X ÷ë ög ÓGzâ A &ÅYB‚Æ ïH3E -Z :[ ZŽ E 4& Xì 4 ög ÓGzÅ0g » :wV ?ì Hp+ ig

X 40

Xì @* Bpi +gáz~½ Z ~g¡gzZƒ`g eðÃ6, T·ù»VÜZ c* VZ :[ ZŽ CO3

M1g »gzZ H3O+4zgà; ,

:w V

?ì HÌZÅÑñg á

X 41

-2

( H2O) ã0* wVì @* ™C Ù ªÃx ** ÆÚt (i):[ ZŽ 5Åâ Ë~] Zz)ð6yi Zát Xì @* ™C Ù ªÃwñq -ZÅw ðG3½G (ii) E Í & H.GG Xì @* ™C Ù ªÃx ** Æ ø45 ZŠŽñ~i& +ƒ át (iii) Xì @* ™C Ù ª~amuc* × Z¤ ' / ÃkâÆ& +ƒ át 5Åâ q Xì w ðG3½G -Z c* $- Ññg ÃÆ& . +ƒ á~ÝZt www.starspublications.com

(iv) (v) 26

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[* !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

" Ô à‚ W, 5ÅâÆiÉÔ+ çEE 2.G'ZgzZ°ðG3½G 2F .F .G X Ki Ññg Ãp çG 6Xzgà;

2.G'Z .F Ññg Ãp çG

5Åâ Ññg ððG3½G

HO

H2O2

à‚ W6, Xzgà;

CH

C6H6

+\

CH2O

C6H12O6

+ƒ á &

[ ZŽ

iÉ 5ÅâgzZw ðG3½G 5Åâ X Ktہ~í W°ðG3½G

5Åâ í W°ðG3½G

5Åâ w ðG3½G

X 42

X 43

[ZŽ

&Z Ët -ÍG 5Åâ Ët ŠŽz: ZŠZiWŽ ì çg0* .G w”c* ` Zy ZÆ4, z¼ZZ +Zi c* -ZÐ w ðG3½G q N* gÐ ƒ  » ïH3E &ZkZ~kZgzZì YÄggZŒ -ÍG .G Xì @* W~ŠŽzÐ ]:SF, xÓÅ ïH3E Û ', X÷CƒŠŽñ

YE H 5"c* 45½G Xì @* ƒ`g e ðG3G Wi76, kZ 5Åât Xì @* W~ŠŽzÐc^ ,** ÇWŲðG3½G

Xì@* W~ŠŽzÐYÆÅZt

X ÷Á Z ~g6, gîð6t

Xì. $-k , +xªt 5

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X KtہyxgŠÆp+ ig ~ہgzZí W

p+ ig ~ہ

[ZŽ

íW

$i Æ X÷ Dƒ·ùÆ VÜZ c* ÅZ ,Z æEιG +g ~ Û

X 44

Xì @* ƒ`g e6, X÷ÅZ, Z ÙW

X @* ƒ7`geðÃ6, yZgzZX ÷Dƒ~Š Z®t¤4, z¼Z H5Å X ÷M h{g~ ø4G 9™ c* ×|t

X ÷M h{g Ì~ZƒgzZ~×|t

XB bg7W, ZðÃ6, WÆyZÏŠŽñÅÝzg “ & -ÍG .G X ÷h M™µ Zµ ZÃ+ & ƒ ágzZ ïH3E ZÔFÐ~sfzgq\ WH X 45 4E -GG 5! X *™õWÔHÔytÔ ê wZÔ+g- ÔŠzg !* ÔypÔ#»ä3Ô¤ / ØÔ@zðÔ Ñûà :[ZŽ

X ÷M h0~ÏŠŽñÅÝzgt

+ƒ á &

¤Ø / #»ä3

&Z -ÍG .G ïHE3E -45! êGGwZ yt -i 7

Ñûà @zð yp Šzg !* +g*™õ E &W -ÍG H .G 4 5 X N Cx * *ÆyZÔ÷C™ÙCªÃ ø ZXÖ#´sf `gŠ

Hg, Au, Fe, Ni, Co, W, Sn, Na, Ba, Br, Bi 27

F

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X 46

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[ * !

& -ÍG HE.G ø45 Z

]â´

& -ÍG HE.G ø4 5 Z

]â´

* eÎ

Na

*Û

Ba

ò

Ni

!* « Ã

Co

}z', YH H 5" ½E 4 h E è

~™%

Hg

®Í

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

& -ÍG HE.G ø45 Z

Br

& -ÍG HE.G ø45 Z $ gE ôG-.

W

H

Sn

Au

y],W

Fe

]â ´

]â´ Bi

?÷DƒamuÄ~x Z/ ¤qZÆÚË 1.66<10-24g = 1amu

X 47

:[ZŽ èY

= 0.602<1024 amu

?ì mH~kâ î * N ZgzZî * N Z X 48 Xì mzgq~kâgzZî N* Z :[ ZŽ A=Z+n

Xì @* ™C Ù ªÃyzR, EgzZÏî N* Z ZXì @* ™C Ù ªÃkâ A~kZ 5Åâ 2.G'ZgzZ°ðG3½G .F X , ™# |ÙÅÑñg Ãp çG

5Åâ Ññg ððG3½G

X 49 H2O2 , CH4 , C6H12O6 , C12H22O11 , BaCO3 , KBr. :[ ZŽ 2.G'Z .F Ññg Ãp çG

H2O2

KBr

C6H12O6

BaCO3

C12H22O11

CH4

X ,™x¥w â Ññg ÃÆsf `gŠ Na2SO4,

ZnSO4,

X 50

CuCO3

:[ ZŽ CuCO3

ZnSO4

=

63.5+12+3(16)

=

63.5+12+48

=

123.5amu

=

65+32+4(16)

=

65+32+64

=

161amu Na2SO4 = 2(23)+32) + 32 + 4 (16)

= 142 amu

46 + 32 + 64 =

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28

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[* !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

5Åâ î * X ,™µ Zµ Z²ðG3½G N Z à7gzZÔî * N Z ðZ, RÔî * N Z ðZ eÐ~sfzgq

X 51

H2SO4, H2, CO2, HCl, CO,C6H6, H2O

5Åâ î N* w ðG3½G Zà7

5Åâ î N* w ðG3½G Z ðZR,

5Åâ î N* w ðG3½G Z ðZ e

H2SO4

CO2

H2

C6H6

H2 O

CO HCl

5Åâ * 5Åâ p+ 4´Ð~sfzgq X ,™µ Zµ Zw ðG3½G c í W°ðG3½G ig ~ہÔíbZÔí éH 5G Na+, Br, N2+, N2, Cl2, CO3-2, H-, H2, O2, O

5Åâ w ðG3½G

5Åâ í W°ðG3½G

p+ ig ~ہ

íbZ

4´ í éH 5G

N2 O2 Cl2

N 2+ CO3-2

Br

HO-2

Na+

.

X 52

-2

X ,™p°Åí W X 53 YE 5"c* 4»G 3G Xì @* Bí Wƒ`g e ðH Wi76,T·ù(Z »VÜZ c* VZ þ:[ ZŽ :w V Å 5 â ~wñ1ÆÚË X 54 ?ì * @ƒwEZÂK ¨Ãc ä™ÙCªÃ²ðG3½G Å 5 â x Z¤ kâ °ðG3½G /* c Xì @* ƒwEZ ó ó NAL L izguz- Z :[ZŽ ?÷DƒVZÄ~kâ î * N Zx Z/ ¤qZÆÚË X 55 23 X ÷DƒŠŽñÅZ 6.02 × 10 :[ ZŽ X ,™ãZzÃmyxgŠÆwñgzZkâ »ÚË X 56 X ÷D™ÙCªÐ] Zz)zŠsf `gŠÃmyxgŠÆy Z :[ ZŽ Hc* Š »Ú Š Z®Å²ñ= kâ Š X ,™x¥kâ »²ñ3ÆÅZxW X 57 :[ ZŽ kâ »šZq -ZÆxW =16 g kâ »²ñ3ÆVZxW = kâ°ñ<Š Z®Å²ñ = 16g < 3 Na+, K+, Cl-, O2-

= 48 g

5Åâ ÄÆã* ?ÐVƒ²ðG3½G 0 ~wñÛÆã* 0 5Åâ ~wñq Š Z®Å²ðG3½G -ZÆã0* 5Åâ ~wñ0.5 Š Z®Å²ðG3½G

=

= 0.5 × 602 × 1023 =

29

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6.02 ×1023

3.01×1023

X 58 :[ ZŽ

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[ * !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

?ǃHkâ ïZgzZ fƒÅZÄÆ* eÎ~²ñ3Æ* eÎ Š Z®ÅÅZ~* eÎwñ3

X 59 :[ ZŽ

3 × 6.02 × 1023 = 1.806 × 1024

=

Xì sf `gŠ kâ »kZ kâ »ÅZ * eÎwñ 3= ²ñ×kâ °ñ= 3 × 23

kâ »ÅZ = 69g ?ÐVƒÅZÄÆXzg + [; ~ $ .-kâ î * N ZqZ

X 60

< 10-24 g

:[ZŽ

1 amu = 1.66

Š Z®ÅÅZ H =

atoms -1

= 9.99 x 10 atoms = 0.999 atoms = 1 atoms

?ÐVƒÅZÄ Ä~÷x Z/ ¤ 8gzZxWx Z/ ¤ 16

X 61

:[ZŽ

=6.02 x 1023 atoms

= =1.5 x 1023 atoms

?ǃ, 'Z, 'kâ »÷wñ1gzZxWwñqZ H

X 62

kâ »wñ1ÆO = 16 g

:[ZŽ

kâ »wñ1ÆS= 32 g X ǃ7',Z',kâ » (S)÷wñ1gzZ (O)xWwñ1: ?ì ÈH »VZx Z/ ¤qZgzZVZqZÆ0g »

X 63

Xì q -ZŠ Z®ÅÅZÆ0g »āìtÈ»VZq -ZÆ(C)0g »

:[ZŽ

Xì x Z¤ /12āŽXì Š HHC Ù ª~' × Z¤ /kâ î N* Z »0g »āì È»VZx Z¤ /1 ÆC X ,™x¥~×'Z/ ¤kâ »VZqZÆxW ÂVƒÅZwñqZÆxW~xWx Z/ ¤ 16/ ¤Z

X 64

Z » O xŠ Z®ÅÅZÆO kâ »VZ 1ÆO = kâ î N*

:[ZŽ

NA

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30

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[* !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

= 2.65 x 10

-23

?ǃã iz{Š * ciH kÄÐ wñqZÆVZXzg + [;wñqZ »VZxW

X 65

wñ1» O =16g

:[ZŽ

wñ1» H = 1 g Ú~w âÆHgzZ O Xì ~g ¸k H16Ð VZ HVZ » O: Å Å 5 ½ ½ 5 Xì CƒVY, 'Z, 'ÆŠ Z®Å²ðG3 Gâ ŠŽñ~COx Z/ ¤ 10ÔŠ Z®Å²ðG3 Gâ ŠŽñ~’Xz>* *x Z/ ¤ 10 kâ°ñ» N2= 2 x 14 = 28g/mol 5Åâ = Š Z®Å²ðG3½G

X 66

:[ZŽ

× 6.02 × 1023

Å

5â 3½G = 2.107 × 1023²ðG kâ °ñ» CO=12 + 16 =28 g/mol 5Åâ = Š Z®Å²ðG3½G kâ°ñ»Ú

× 6.02 × 1023

Å

5â 3½G = 2.107 × 1023²ðG

?ì * @YH·_»¿¯§Æ]OâgzZv~c á÷¾Å~d X 67 Xì * @YH~~dp‚ Û ·_»¿¯§Æ]OâgzZv :[ ZŽ X , ™p°Å~dÇ* ! X 68 ó Xó ÷ D™·_ »¿ð6Æ yZgzZ IF, Ô| # ‚ ÅVzŠ â ð6 á ZEY ñ0* g0 +ZÆ x Zg Z0 +Y ë~ T c ÷ á {z Å ~d L L :[ ZŽ Xì CB~dÇ!* ?ì 0Ð~g »Å½»gzZEc á÷ÏyÃÅ~d ~ds7& +Z H E 2"z, ?ì * @YH·_» c á÷ÏyÃÅ 6aÆä™·_» ¶ Z ~g´1ÐwÆçE.G 6gzZg + [;1g » ~dÇ!* ?ì F F, 6wEZÆkZ~Ï+ 0i {%izggzZY, 3 ZÅÅZ c á÷ÏyÃÅ~d ~dÄE 5Åâ c á÷ÏyÃÅ~d Xì C™·_»] :SgzZ# |‚w ðG3½G 5Åâ ~d~dëE 4µYg W 5G Xì C™·_»]:SgzZ| # ‚Åw ðG3½G 31

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X 69

:[ZŽ X 70

:[ZŽ

X 71 :[ ZŽ X 72 :[ ZŽ

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[ * !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

Xì mH~kâ î * N ZgzZî * N Z X 73 Xì msf `gŠ~kâ î N* ZgzZî N* Z :[ ZŽ A=Z+n

2.G'Z X 74 .F ?ì mH~$ .- Ññg ÃgzZ Ññg Ãp çG 4)G'Z »& 2F Xì @* Y¹ÌÑñg Ãp çJ.G +ƒ á7 -ÇW. $-Ññg ÃXì @* B. $- Ññg ÃÔ Ññg ÃÑZzä™C Ù ªÃ& +ƒ á7 -ÇW :[ ZŽ $Z 5Åâ eZ ?ì HÑñg Ãpa 5G4hG X ,™x¥kâ °ðG3½G Z » (CH3COOH)ŒZ ëH X 75 $ Ññg é¨EÒ¹G aZ = CH O c* C H O 2

$Z 5Åâ »ŒZ ëG 4hG 5H kâ °ðG3½G

=

2 4

2

CH3COOH

=2( kâ î N* Z » C) + 4( kâ î N* Z » H) + 2( kâ î N* Z » O) = 2(12)+4(1) + 2(16) = 60amu

?ì Hp+ ig ~ہ X 76 :pi +g ~ Û :[ ZŽ

&ZÃpi -ÍG $i .G Æ(.)^ Z e 6,zZÆÒÆ ïH3E +g ~ Û X ÷ D BæEιG +g ~ Û X VƒŠŽñ~Š Z®t ¤ 4, z¼Z6,X·ù»VÜZ c*ÅZ, Z

Xì * @YHC Ù ªÐy ¶ K

. .

.

X wV X N CŠ Z®ÅÅZXzg + [;~wñqZÆã* 0 X 77 Å 23 5 â ~wñq 3½G 6.02 < 10 = Š Z®Å²ðG -ZÆH2O :[ ZŽ 23 2<6.02 <10 XŠ Z®ÅÅZXzg [ +;~wñ1āZ # H ,Cl ,H3C

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32

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[* !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

]ÑZΰŸZ

E$ ?ì VY× WÚÅv¿»yjðG3©G e~] Oâ X 37 5Åâ gzZ÷Cƒo¢ÚÅvçElbg ¯°YCâÚZ] Oâ :[ ZŽ ÚÅv~]Oâ ~ËÆT÷Dƒd $Œ Û {Š c* iÚÅv ̲ðG3½G E$ Xì @* ƒ× W¿»y jðG3©G e Å 5 ½ 3 X ,™tہ~kâ Ññg ÃgzZkâ °ðGGâ X3 :[ ZŽ 5Åâ kâ Ññg à kâ °ðG3½G 5Åâ q ÆÅZx ÓŠŽñ~. $-Æ& +ƒ á7 -ÇWË (i) î N* ZÆÙZx ÓŠŽñ~w ðG3½G -ZÆÚË (i) 5Åâ ÷ùÆçElbâ X ÷ë kâ Ññg Ã÷ùÆçElbâ î N* Z X ÷ë kâ°ðG3½G 5Åâ » H2O (ii) X ÷. $-Ññg ÃýH2SO4gzZ NaCl,KI (ii) Xì 118 amukâ °ðG3½G X , ™y Ò];Žz&Ái Z Á?+ &ƒ á ã* 0 gzZXìFZƒā÷ë VYt\ W X 18 Xì H2OÑñg û ã 0* āZ # 7Ññg Ãðû Zƒ (i) :[ ZŽ X YYH7Z] .Ð Vh§AÃZ b ZÆã0* āZ # ì YYH Z] .ÐVh§A{Š ‚ÃZ b ZÆZƒ (ii) YE YEH! H ! 5 » ã 0* 5 ÆZƒ (iii) Xì 100°CzZ7“Z1gzZ 0°CzZ7 ë54ÓG āZ # 7³’Z7“Z1gzZ ë54ÓG Xn pg7gZŒ Û ', mZp~ŠZÐZLZxWgzZXz+ [;Zb ZÆã0* āZ # ÷n pggZŒ Û ', ]:S~ŠZÐZKZxWgzZXz>** Zb ZÆZƒ (iv) Xì & +ƒ á ã 0* āZ # ìFZƒā÷M hÈë6, ¯Å]; Žzy Z ?ì mHy xgŠÆkâ î * N ZgzZî * N Z X 36 :[ ZŽ

kâ

î * NZ

&Z Ë ~ øJG &Z kZî N* &Z Ë (i) -ÍG -ÍG -ÍG 45ÒE® ÆVZC .G .G .G 4, zR, EgzZ 4, Iz6,ŠŽñ~ VZq -ZÆkZkâ » ïH3E Ù Æ ïH3E Z » ïH3E Xì @* ™C Ù ªÃŠ Z®¦ùÅ X ÷D™C Ù ªÐ # Ö ´Å A Ð Z

Xì @* ™C Ù ªÃŠ Z®Å 4, Iz6,ŠŽñ X ÷D™C Ù ªÐ# Ö ´Å ZÐ Z (ii) X ,™x¥Š Z®Å²ñ~’Xz>* *x Z/ ¤1 kâ » N2 = 1g kâ °ñ» N2=2(14) N2 = 28 g/mol

Š Z®Å²ñ= ? Hc* Š »Ú Š Z®Å²ñ = kâ Š kâ°ñ»Ú Š Z®Å²ñÆ = 0.0357 mol = 0.36 mol

33

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wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[ * !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

5ÅâgzZÛ- Ññg ÃÐ~i Ññg Ãsfzgq X 39 X ,™# |ÙÅÑñg òðG3½G KBr, H2O2, CH4, C6H12O6, C12H22O11, BaCO3

5Åâ Ññg ððG3½G

$-Ññg à .

C12H22O11

KBr

C6H12O6

BaCO3

CH4 H2O2

X ,™x¥w â Ññg ÃÆsf `gŠ Na2SO4,

ZnSO4,

X 41

CuCO3

:[ ZŽ CuCO3

ZnSO4

= = = = = = = =

63.5+12+3(16) 63.5+12+48 123.5amu 65+32+4(16) 65+32+64 161amu Na2SO4 = 2(23)+32) + 32 + 4 (16) 46 + 32 + 64 142 amu

H& ?ì * @YHyÒVY, 6gîÆkâ î * N ZÆkZkâ î * N Z ðG34ÓG g »VZË H H &gVZq &g »VZË Xì ~g ¸HÐ( 120g » )VZ ðG34ÓG -Z »KkZāì @* ™C Ù ªtÝZgŠ kâ î N* Z ðG34ÓG

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X 48 :[ ZŽ

34

wßZ ~Š C ãÆ~d 1[* !

( 2) ®))p†9ŠÛnÒFâ ig 6

]* !ZŽÆ]ÑZÎ! NÑZM ƒ6, äeCâç (d) $i æEιG +g (d)

XŽìÐ~g »+ZÅi+ & ƒ ám» ~ds7+ &Z ƒ6,äeCg ˆ (c) ƒ6,ÏzMâ (b) ƒ~~R, g§ 8(a) Xì YYHµ Zµ ZÐ Vh§AÃZ  bZƾÐ~sf `gŠ E Í & G H .G i& +ƒ á (c) ø45 Z (b) iF (a) E ÍG & H . G Í & 4 5 .GGZ ‚yÃ{Š * Xì ïH3E c iÐ ƒ~ ø Zá ZzäYñ* 0 ~g« Xz>**(c)

yt (d) yÍg W (d) 1.66 x 10

-23

YßÇ!*(d)

yt (c) 1.66 x 10

CO2 (d)

9.8 amu (d) 192 x 10

-25 amu

(c)

Xz>**(c)

yÍg W (d)

x Z¤ / ³ 18 (d)

-24

Xzg [ +; (b)

(d) 1.92 x 10

amu (c)

X4

Xì , 'Z, 'x Z/ ¤Æ¾( $ .- kâ î * N Z ) amuqZ

X5

1.66 x 10

-24

(b)

1.66 x 10

-24

(a)

?ì CYð* 0 ’ÏyÃ, 6}ŠÐp ÒÆ] Ò~ng Z {™ xW (b) +‚ Wâñ0g » (a) [ Å 5 âî * X ñZÎ÷w ðG3½G N Z ðZ, Rx Ó~sf `gŠ O3 (b)

5Åâ Xì Hkâ »w ðG3½G qZÆã* 0

x Z¤ /18 (b)

53.12 x 10

-24

(b)

0.21 (c)

0.18 (b)

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X7 X8

18 amu (a)

X9 X 10

32 amu (a)

X 11

0.15 (a)

?ì, 'Z, 'Š Z®ÅÙW~y»g ZÆ} hŽ ¾Ð~sf `gŠ 1mol NaClc* mol MgCl2 (b) 1mol NaClc* mol MgCl2 (a) mol NaClc* mol MgCl2 (d) mol NaClc* mol MgCl2 (c) ?ì, 'Z, 'kâ »y»g ZÆ} hŽ ¾Ð~sf `gŠ 1 mol CO2 c* mol CO (b) 1 mol N2c* 1 mol CO (a) 1 mol O2c* 1 mol CO2 (d) 1 mol N2 c* 1mol O2(c) Xì * @B''''ì * @™ «û»Kà *Š kZŽD{z YßÇ!*(d) ~dÇ!*(c) b‚ (b) ~d (a) Xì CB'''ì C™·_»mZpAÆkZgzZI, FÅ}Š ⎠c á÷{zÅ~d H Å 4 5 1GbZ (c) 4µYg W (a) 5G ~dÄE (d) ~dÿ¹G ~dp‚ Û (b) ~dëE 35

X6

H2 (a)

?÷, 'Z, 'ƲñÄÆkZ×'Z/ ¤ 8ÆCO2 0.24 (d)

X3

xW (a)

Xì kâ °ñ» H2SO4 x Z¤ /9.8 (c) 98 amu (b) x Z¤ /98 (a) Xì ‚yÃ~amukâ°ñ» O2Ð~sf `gŠXì * @YHÙCª~×'Z/ ¤ ˜ÀÃkâ°ñ -25

X2

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X 27 X 28 X 29 X 30 X 31 X 32 X 33

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X 26

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