55876441-smart-grid-report.docx

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1. Introduction A An intelligent network delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers who use bidirectional digital technology to control devices in the home, saving energy, reducing costs and increasing reliability and transparency. It is able to evaluate health in real time, predict behavior, anticipated behavior, adaptation to new environments, distributed resource management, stochastic demand and optimal response to smart devices. It is a tool that allows utility companies to focus on the evolution of real business drivers by enabling cost reduction, end-to-end power supply control and a more secure infrastructure. The observability of the network is considered with the integration and analysis of the data of the node to support the advances in the operation and control of the system. This includes the integration of the energy supply and the strategic planning functions of high-level public services. The existing transmission and distribution systems use old techniques and strategies and the use of communication and digital control technologies is limited. It is proposed to implement an improved, reliable and economical energy distribution information flow and secure integrated communication. The intelligent network with intelligent features must allow self-correction, reconfiguration and restoration, as well as the ability to manage the randomness of the loads and market players, while creating a more complex interaction behavior with peripherals achieve an interaction complex with intelligent communication and transport systems.

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 The smart grid should have the following key features: 

Self-repair: a grid capable of detecting, analyzing, reacting and quickly restoring disturbances.

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Improve and integrate the consumer: the possibility of integrating equipment and consumer behavior into the design and operation of the network.

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Attack Tolerant: A grid that mitigates and resists physical and cyber security attacks.

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It provides the energy quality needed by 21st century users: a network that delivers energy quality consistent with the needs of consumers and industry.

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Accepts a wide variety of production options: a network that adapts to a wide variety of local and regional production technologies (including green energy).

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It fully enables the maturing of electricity markets: it offers competitive markets to those who want it.

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Optimize assets: a network that uses IT and monitoring to continuously optimize your assets while minimizing operating and maintenance costs.

 In general, the design objectives of the smart grid are to ensure the observability of the network; create the ability to control assets, improve the performance and security of the energy system; and reduce operating, maintenance, and system planning costs. Benefits of smart grid with the highlighting of the following: 

Improved system performance indicators.

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Better customer satisfaction.

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Better ability to provide information on price cases, visibility of the functioning of public services / asset management Availability of data for strategic planning, as well as better support for the digital summary. Providing more reliable and cost-effective energy through the flow of information and secure communication Smart grid design improves lifecycle management, cost control and end-to-end energy provision. Improved ability to provide accurate information for tariff cases, with a composite impact on regulatory public services Visibility of the operation of the utility for asset management

Impact of access to historical data for strategic planning.

2. SMART GRID

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Generating plant Transmission Line Substation

Distribution System

End User

SMART GRID provides consumers with supplier-supplied electricity through the use of two-way digital technology, which allows household appliances to be controlled, saving energy, reducing costs and reducing energy costs. to increase reliability and transparency. It covers the electricity distribution network with a networked information and measurement system. The current flows from the power station to your home via an incredible system called powerdistribution grid.Many governments advocate such modernized power grids as a way to address the problems of energy independence, global warming and emergency resistance. Smart meters can be part of the smart grid, but they are not just smart grids.

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An intelligent network includes a smart monitoring system that tracks all the electricity flowing through the system. It also incorporates the use of superconducting transmission lines to reduce energy losses, as well as the integration capacity of renewable electricity, such as solar and wind energy. When energy is cheaper, the user can allow the smart grid to activate selected devices, such as washing machines or factory processes that can operate at arbitrary times. At peak times, the selected devices may be turned off to reduce demand.

2.1 FUNCTIONS SUPPORTED BY THE SMART GRID ARCHITECTURE

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For the utilitarian extent of the Smart Grid design [2], eight practical situations have been characterized. A concise depiction of each case is given in the accompanying subsections.

2.1.1 Variable-Tariff-Based Load

The fundamental thought is a variable value profile that is conveyed to the client before conveyance by a retailer. This profile is viewed as fixed after transmission to the client and, accordingly, the client can confide in him. The value profile will appear to be unique for every day, reflecting changing economic situations from everyday. These varieties are relied upon to increment further with the extension of generation from fluctuating sources, for example, wind control and photovoltaic vitality. Regularly, this idea permits the coordination of burdens and age units into the client's site since it relies upon the customer which gadgets can be overseen dependent on the variable throughput. To empower home vitality the board, an appropriate home framework is required, just as a home administration gadget combined with a brilliant meter. 2.1.2 Energy Usage Monitoring and Feedback

In the "Activity Plan for Energy Efficiency", the European Commission evaluates the vitality sparing capability of family units at the EU level at approx. 27% The Action Plan, which is a vital advance in understanding this potential, shows that mindfulness must be expanded to invigorate changes in the conduct of the end client. A convenient representation of the vitality

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utilization should effectsly affect vitality sparing. Customized and very much educated guidance on the most proficient method to spare vitality can likewise enable you to exploit the funds potential. An entry or screen that consolidates data on over a wide span of time utilization, examinations with normal utilization examples and explicit proposals on the most proficient method to additionally decrease utilization, adjusted to the client, ought to be the best method to accomplish vitality effectiveness. home. 2.1.3 Real-time Portfolio Imbalance Reduction This capacity is established in the adjusting instrument as utilized by Transmission System Operators (TSOs) all through the world. In this unique situation, a discount showcase member, that is in charge of a decent vitality volume position, is known as a Balance Responsible Party (BRP). These gatherings have a commitment to plan or gauge the generation and utilization in their portfolio, just as advise this arrangement to the TSO. Deviations of these plans may cause (upward or downward) guideline activities by the TSO. The TSO settles the expenses for the utilized save and crisis limit with those BRPs that had deviations from their vitality programs. By and large this outcomes in expenses for the BRP alluded to as awkwardness costs. This business case situation centers around the adjusting activities by a BRP in the close continuous (for example at the genuine snapshot of conveyance). Generally, these continuous adjusting activities are performed by power plants inside the BRP's portfolio. The key thought of this capacity is the usage of ongoing adaptability of end-client clients to adjust the BRP portfolio. 2.1.4 Offering (secondary) Reserve Capacity to the TSO Making the past capacity one stride further, the BRP utilizes these VPPs to, also, offer effectively into the hold limit markets.

2.1.5 Distribution System Congestion Management

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This capacity is exhausted for the postponement of the frame fortifications and the upgrading of the use of the system to improve the nature of supply in confined-line areas of lines and transformers. The Distribution Network Operator (DSO) maintains a strategic distance from infrastructure speculation and improves the utilization of existing resources by a dynamic administration using brightly-managed administrations. With the ease of use of these administrations, the end-user burden may be remote from periods of blockage and competition from the free-market activities of neighborhoods can be improved. 2.1.6 Distribution Grid Cell Islanding in Case of Higher- System Instability The major rule of this is to permit the task of an island-mode lattice cell in the event of more noteworthy insecurity of the framework in a market domain. The situation has two primary advances, the first happens before any insecurity and includes refreshing a heap disposal program. The second step is the island steady activity. The progress to island mode is programmed and neither the end clients nor the aggregator meddle with it. The framework oversees vitality inside the island system and all hubs in the island organize are considered to partake in the framework. 2.1.7 Black-Start Support from Smart Houses

The most imperative idea of this ability is to help the darkness begin the activity of the fundamental network. It is accepted that after the power cut, the neighborhood frame is also out of activity. The main objective is to activate quickly in island mode and then reconnect with the upstream system to give vitality to the frame. 2.1.8 Integration of Forecasting Techniques

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The instability of the age dimension of dispersed generators, for example, renewables and cogeneration, makes guaging a crucial device for market support. The market player with the weakest gauge blunder will have the best piece of the overall industry. Moreover, the utilization of smart administration devices to oversee data on vulnerabilities identified with substantial scale wind age will improve working costs, fuel reserve funds and CO2 all through the framework. The Smart Grid design a work in progress must interface with these anticipating devices and, moreover, guarantee precise information gathering for these devices.

3. Smart Grid And it’s Need To understand the need for a clever system, you need to know some information about our foundation. The energy network is the basis of today's human progress, a disconcerting society with often contradictory needs for vitality: more power, but less petroleum products, greater reliability, less vitality costs, more maintenance Convincing new development and disaster viable. remake, however it may be, while the interest in power has definitely increased, its transmission is obsolete and focused. The most important thing is that we demand more than one network that is basically not capable.

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POWER SYSTEM

How “smart” should a smart power grid Utilities have the ability to communicate and control end-user equipment, from industrial-scale cooling to residential water heaters. They use it to better balance supply and demand, partly by reducing demand during peak usage hours. Leveraging information technology to increase the efficiency of the grid, the distribution system and the use of electricity is a wise choice. In short, a smart grid combined with smart meters allows power companies and consumers to be much more efficient. An intelligent grid not only allows electricity to be moved more geographically, but also allows the use of electricity to work overtime, for example, during the period

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Peak demand peak demand. Achieving these goals means using a “smart meter” with consumers to understand how much power is being used in a given time. This facilitates two-way communication between utilities and consumers. Therefore, they can work together to reduce the maximum demand and thus benefit both. This allows the use of two-way measurements so that customers with solar panels or their own wind turbines on the roof can sell excess power to the utility. 1. Intelligence Ability to detect overloads in the system and redirect energy to avoid or minimize potential outages; work independently when conditions require faster solutions, allowing people to respond and collaborate to coordinate the goals of utilities, consumers and regulators.

2. Effective Meet the growing demand for efficient consumers without adding an infrastructure. 3. Accommodation Almost all energy sources, including solar and wind, can accept energy as easily and transparently as coal and natural gas: the ability to integrate every best idea and technology: energy storage technology. For example, they are tested on the market and ready to connect. 4. Incentives -

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Continuous correspondence among customers and service organizations is acknowledged with the goal that shoppers can tailor their vitality utilization to individual inclinations, for example, cost or natural issues.

1. Resilient With the decentralization and upgrade of shrewd network security conventions, it is progressively impervious to assaults and cataclysmic events.

2. Green Relieving the procedure of worldwide environmental change gives a genuine method to accomplish major natural enhancements.

Technology Most keen matrix advances are now utilized in different applications, for example, assembling and broadcast communications, and are being connected to network activities. As a rule, keen matrix innovation can be partitioned into five key territories. I. Integrated Communication

A few correspondences are exceptional, yet not uniform, as they are grown steadily as opposed to completely coordinated. By and large, information is gathered through a modem as opposed to an immediate system

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. association. Territories for development include: substation mechanization, request reaction, dispersion computerization, observing and information procurement (SCADA), vitality the executives frameworks, remote work systems and different advancements, control line bearer correspondences and fiber optics. Coordinated correspondences will permit continuous control, data and information trade to upgrade framework unwavering quality, resource use and security.

I. II.

Sensing and measurem3ent The center obligations are to survey blockage and matrix solidness, screen hardware wellbeing, and forestall vitality robbery and control system support. Innovations include: propelled chip instrumentation (brilliant meters) and meter perusing hardware, wide zone observing frameworks, dynamic line evaluations (generally dependent on disseminated temperature detecting on the web readings joined with constant warm appraising (RTTR) frameworks) , electromagnetic element estimation/investigation, time and ongoing valuing apparatuses, propelled switches and links, backscatter radio innovation and advanced assurance transfers.

III.

Smart meters The Smart Grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that record usage in real time. Smart meters are similar to advanced metering infrastructure meters, providing communication paths from power plants to

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power outlets (smart outlets) and other smart grid devices. Depending on the customer's choice, such equipment can be turned off during peak demand periods. IV.

Advanced components

Innovations in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage, power electronics and diagnostic components are changing the basic capabilities and features of the grid. Technologies in these broad R&D categories include: flexible AC transmission system equipment, high voltage DC, first and second generation superconducting wires, high temperature superconducting cables, distributed energy generation and storage devices, composite conductors and "smart" devices .

REDUCTION OF LOSSES IN GRID TECHNICAL LOSSES IN T&D SYSTEM   

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 The

transmission system consists of transmission towers, conductors,

insulators and switchgear protection systems that transmit power from the power station to any particular distribution substation.  The

distribution system includes feeder towers, utility poles,

insulators, etc., which distribute power from the distribution substation to any particular area.  Parameters influencing T&D system: 1) Transformer 2) Transmission line 3) Distribution line

TRANSFORMER LOSSES :-

Transformer losses

Iron losses (constant losses)

Copper losses (variable losses)

a) IRON LOSSES The power loss consumed to maintain the magnetic field in the transformer steel core. It is also known as iron loss. Magnetic losses = hysteresis loss + eddy current loss

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b) COPPER LOSSES The total power loss taking place in the winding of transformer is called as copper (Cu) loss or electrical losses. Cu losses =I12R1+ I22R2 Now that we understand the amount of losses in the T&D department, we also want to reduce or retain this loss. The percentage of major losses incurred in the transmission and distribution sector is only transformer losses. It causes 40% of the loss of the T&D system. Therefore, reducing them is the sole responsibility.

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ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIOUES -

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEM: Transformer is a static device. It does not have any moving parts. Therefore, the transformer has no mechanical and frictional losses. Therefore, it only faces electrical and magnetic losses. Therefore, the efficiency of conventional transformers is about 95-98%. Therefore, energy saving opportunities for transformers are only available in materials designed and used. Optimizing the load of the transformer at the same time can increase the efficiency of the system.

 ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES IN TRANSFORMER  OPTIMIZATION OF LOADING OF TRANSFORMER

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According to a research report provided by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), nearly 61 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity is wasted each year. Research on typical grid systems shows that power transformers account for nearly 40% to 50% of total transmission and distribution losses. Maintaining maximum efficiency at 38% load (according to REC recommendations) can increase the overall efficiency of the transformer and reduce its losses. By using thicker conductors, even load losses can be reduced.

Transformer ratings

Reduction in losses at 38% loading

25 KVA 63KVA

685-466W 1235-844W

100KVA

1760-1196W

 IMPROVISION IN DESIGN AND MATERIAL OF TRANSFORMER This is simply to reduce the no-load loss or core loss. They can be reduced by: -

1) BY USING ENERGY EFFICIENT TRANSFORMERBy using superior quality or improved grades of CRGO (Cold Rolled Grain Oriented) laminations, the no-load losses can be reduced to 32%.

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2) BY USING AMORPHOUS TRANSFORMER A transformer having a high quality core material, that is, an amorphous alloy, is called an amorphous transformer. The amorphous alloy is made of an iron-boron-silicon alloy. The core of the transformer is made of amorphous metal and is easy to magnetize/demagnetize. Generally, when cooled to a solid state at a very high rate, the iron loss can be 70-80% lower than its molar metal mixture, leaving a non-crystalline random atomic structure. This is called amorphous.

Amorphous transformer

 ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSMISSION LINE:Transmission losses can be reduced as follows:1) BY REDUCING RESISTANCE The loss is proportional to the I2r in the conductor. Therefore, if we reduce the "R" from it, it will definitely reduce the loss. For this we can use stranded or bundled conductors or ACSR conductors. Even this method has been adopted and is also successful.

ACC

ACSR Conductor

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2) BY CONTROLLING VOLTAGE LEVELS-

This can be done by following methods1. By using voltage controllers 2. By using voltage stabilizer

3. By using power factor controller

AWRENESS IN CONSUMERSThis is one of the most important, most useful / most helpful energy saving. This can be achieved by requiring consumers to use energy-saving equipment, holding energy-saving seminars, and letting them understand and understand the occurrence, advantages and disadvantages of the event.

Effective use of smart grid technologies by customer helps utilities –    

Optimizes grid use. Improve grid efficiency and security. Better align demand with supply constraints & grid congestion. Enable distributed generation (especially fromrenewablesources)

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 ENERGY CONSERVATION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM :This is done by considering following points:1) Balance of phase load Due to the uneven load of the individual phase sequences, the components can cause overheating of the transformer, cable and conductor motors. Therefore, the loss is increased under unbalanced voltage conditions and the motor is broken. As a result, the system's negative phase sequence is kept within limits, saving money (saving equipment duration) and energy loss. Therefore, in order to avoid such losses, the load is evenly distributed "as is" between the phases. 2) Power factor improvement A low power factor will cause an increase in current, which will increase losses and will affect the voltage. The power factor at the peak is almost identical. However, during off-peak hours, the main (from 11 am to 3 pm) power factor dropped to around 0.8, which may be due to the following reasons. Extensive use of fans. Wide industrial load. Wide use of agricultural and domestic pumping motors. Use less power factor loads such as lightubg. Now, in order to increase the power factor during off-peak hours, consumers must be aware of the effects of low power factor and must connect the compensation device DSTACOM, the capacitor bank

SMART METERS A smart meter is usually an advanced meter that recognizes consumption in more detail than a conventional meter and transmits this information back to the local utility for monitoring and billing. This process is called telemetry.

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The meter includes additional features for power measurement, such as these communications, data storage, remote programming and usage time, and is intended to be deployed as an Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) solution. Smart meters are the next generation of meters and gas meters. Smart meters will enable customers to choose how much energy to use. The supplier will install a two-way communication system that displays accurate real-time information about the home's energy use to consumers and returns it to the energy provider. COMPARISION BETWEEN TODAY’S GRID AND SMART GRID(MODERN GRID)

Characteristics 1) Self-heals

2) Motivates & includes the consumers 3) Resist attack

4) Provided power quality for 21st century needs

Today’s grid Respond to prevent further damage. focus is on protection of assets following system faults.

Smart grid (Modern grid)

Automatically detects & respond to actual & emerging transmission &distribution problems. Focus is on prevention. minimizes computer impacts. Consumers are uniformed Informed involve &active &non-participative with the consumers. Broad power system. penetration of demand response. Vulnerable to malicious Resilient to attach &natural acts of terrors natural disasters with rapid disasters. restoration capabilities. Focused on outstage rather Quality of power meets than power quality industry standards & problems. Solve response in consumers need. PQ issues revolving PQ issues. identified &revolved prior

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5) Accommodates all generation and storage option.

Relatively small no. of large generating plants. numerous obstacles exist for interconnecting DER.

to manifestation. Various levels of PQ at various prices. Very large no. of diverse distributed generation & storage devices deployed to complements the large generating plant.

Advantages Of Smart GridReduce the cost of power outages. Help measure and reduce energy savings and costs. Help companies reduce their carbon footprint. Providing new opportunities for technology companies means creating more jobs.

Disadvantages Of Smart Grid The biggest concern: it is secure and private. Two-way communication between power consumers and suppliers and sensors is therefore costly. Some types of meters may be attacked. HACKERGain control of thousands or even millions of meters. Increase or decrease electricity demand. More than just a single component. The various technical components used are software, system integrators, and generators.

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Future – There will be no broad development in the new future. Due to the dangers of financial development and regulations. In the long run, attitudes will change and the widespread use of smart grids will range from every business to every home like the Internet.

RELIABILITY  Renewable resources, while supplementing the grid's power generation capacity and solving some environmental problems, have increased reliability due to its volatility. Demand response and power storage resources are necessary to address grid economics and to sense support grid reliability by reducing peak demand and load changes. Electricity transportation resources are considered to contribute to achieving environmental goals and can be used to mitigate load changes. Balancing the diversity of these resource type characteristics is a challenge to maintain grid reliability [7].   Reliability is always at the forefront of grid design and operation due to the cost of customer disruption. In the United States, the annual cost of disruption in 2002 was estimated at $7.9 billion [5], equivalent to about onethird of the total electricity retail revenue of $24.9 billion [6]. A similar estimate based on 2008 retail revenue will reach $10.9 billion. Others reported higher estimates. Reliability issues in modern power grids are becoming more and more challenging. The factors that contribute to these challenges include:

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Uncertainty, diversity and distribution of energy supply due to environmental and sustainability issues have led to increased grid congestion. The real-time power flow pattern may be quite different from the power flow patterns considered in design or off-line analysis.

Large shifts over longer distances increase volatility and reduce reliability. The energy market has exacerbated this phenomenon. The grid runs on the “edge” of more places, and the more common reasons are: Insufficient investment and limited rights Increase energy consumption and peak demand, resulting in competition for limited transfer capacity • Ageing infrastructure Maximize the use of modern tool-driven asset utilization for monitoring, analysis and control Integrating business entities, creating larger “footprints”, more complex issues, requiring smaller errors and shorter decision times. This problem may be exacerbated by the exhaustion of experienced personnel due to retirement and other reasons.

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7.1 DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS The reliability problem also arises due to faults occurring in the system. A set of advanced automation functions [8] is developed to combat this problem. These new distribution management functions can be summarized as follows:

7.1.1 The Fault Diagnosis and Alarm Processing Function: This feature is automatically triggered as soon as a fault occurs. It generates event diagnostics based on a predefined set of scenarios (remote information flows are compared to patterns predefined by experienced operators). Diagnostics produces an analysis of the type of failure, enabling the operator to quickly understand what is happening in the network under his control. This feature also detects lost remote signals.

7.1.2 The Fault Location Function: After detecting and analyzing the fault, it is necessary to find the location of the fault. The goal of this feature is to quickly identify the portion of the feeder that has failed. This is performed by analyzing the information sent from the fault indicator to the control center. The operator can then intervene and isolate the fault zone by remotely opening the appropriate switch. Accuracy depends on the density of the fault indicator on the MV network....

7.1.3 The Service Restoration Function: After the fault is found, the function finds all plans, allowing the power to be restored to the lost customer of the faulty portion of the feeder, taking into account technical limitations. Each plan includes a series of actions (switching device on/off) for power recovery.

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in conclusion As the world's population increases, thereby increasing demand and resource depletion, our “smart” and effective demand for energy use has become a top priority. The implementation of the smart grid concept will largely address many current energy issues. The entire network needs to be upgraded to meet the requirements, ie the transfer and distribution levels. Research is looking for the best solutions and new technologies to achieve all the required features.

Smart meters, smart homes, smart cities, etc. will form a smart grid. As new technologies are invented and existing technologies are upgraded to meet the required specifications, smart grids will become a reality and change the overall energy model of the entire world.

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Resources of information  Articles –  Energy Conservation Through Energy Management - byProf. S. P. Rath (IEEMA magazine, January 2008)  WIRELESS Transmission Of Electric Power - by Syed Khadeerullah(Electrical India magazine, January 2008)  Magazine of “Electrical India 2010”

 Websites: www.nima.com  www.howstuffworks.com  www.wikipedia.com  www.xcelenergy.com/smartgridcity  www.schneider.com  www.powersmiths.com  www.renewableenrgyworld.com