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jynfo@l aq;±Hq k w kd mu tJ't D csed rf mS uwnf;u ray:cJb h J ESpaf ygi;f 1900 eD;yg; ausmv f eG +f y;D rS rde;f rom;wOD; pwifwnfaxmifc&hJ mu jynfo@l aq;±Hq k w kd m ay:vmcJw h mayg?h 'ge@J rsm;awmif 21 &mpkrmS jynfoal q;±Hu k aq;±Ht k yk t f rsm;pk[m rde;f rawGr[kw=f uygb;l ?

;f acsmi;f ) r p ( m D w ro ud, k u f “rde;f rom;awGukd OD;pm;ay; “Lady first”vd@k ajymwmcH&&if pdww f w kd wfcw hJ o hJ al yg?h tJ'v D kd vlrsK;d u “rde;f rom;qdw k mæ” acgi;f pOfxrJ mS wckcak &;& rwJh? blaz;pm;zdk@ wef;pDr,fvkyfwkef; trsKd;om; wcsKd@u“Lady frist”qdk+yD; aemufqkwfay;r,fvkyf vd@k uawmh “qmolt&ifpm; “ Hungry one frist” qd+k yD; aemufqw k yf pfavh±w dS mrd@k ud, k af &;r,fh “rde;f rom;”u ar#mv f ifx h m;ovdk jzpfrvm&if pdwrf aumif; ygb;l vd@k yJ ajymyg&ap?

ud, k q f ,fausmo f ufb0rSm yxrqH;k pdw0f if pm;cJw h phJ mawGu bmoma&;pmayawGyjJ zpfcyhJ gw,f? cufwmu “a,musmf ;wd@k .em;onf emaÈmif;jzifh r wifw h ,ftyf? t=um;tjrif A[kow k jzifo h m wifw h ,f tyf.”qdw k hJ "rRaA'pmom;rsK;d udk vrf;!$ecf suw f &yfvkd oabmxm;cJhwmyg? (ckxdudk em;razmufjzpfygbl;) rdef;rawG b,fvdkaexdkifoifhw,fqdkwJh pmydk'fawG udak wmh ausmzf wfcv hJ @kd rodygb;l ? tm;usrdwJh rdef;rwa,mufawmh ±SdcJhzl;yg w,f? “yÉmpm&Dax&D”yg? ±l;oGypf mG t0wfAvmjzpf

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aewJrh ,fyÉm[m Ak'j< rwfpmG bk&m; &JŒw&m;awmfukd em,lt+yD;rSm w xdik w f nfe@J yxrqH;k r*fukd &wJt h cdu k f uJ&h @J twif;qd=k uwJh y&dowfukd jyefajymcJhwJh ta=umif;t&mawG [m ud, k b hf 0tay: trsm;}u;D v$r;f rd;k cJw h ,fv@kd q&kd ygr,f? &wem oH;k yg;qdkwJh yef;oHk;cdkifudkom yefoifh w,fq+kd y;D ESi;f qD/ py,f/ ca&awGukd acgi;f ay:rwifjzpfcw hJ m/ ig;yg;oDv udo k m cg;0wfyq k ;kd vdk +rJatmif 0wf oifw h ,fq+kd yD; yd;k / zJ/ uwWyD gawGukd udk,fay:rqifjzpfcJhwm/ olawmf aumif;OpPm ckepfjzmudo k m jref;oifh w,fq+kd yD; ausmufoyH wWjrm;awG/ oeyfcg;rdwu f yfawGukd yg;eJ@ em;ay: rqifjzpfcw hJ m? tJ'gawGtm;vH;k u “yÉmpm&Dax&D”ta=umif; zwf+yD; &mu pcJhwmawGyg? tJ'guvGJ&if a,musmf ;aumif;wa,muf&@J ae xdik ðf yrlenf;awGuom ud, k u hf q kd JG aqmifEdkifcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh udk,fcH,lxm; wJh rde;f rom;wa,muf&ŒJ cHpm;csuf awGukd a&;rjycsiaf wmhygb;l ? ud, k f tygt0if rde;f rom;vd@k owfrw S cf H xm;&wJh vlawGta=umif;udyk J ud, k hf taeeJ@ ±SmazGcpH m; wifjycsiyf gw,f? urBmOD;puwnf;u vlom;udk t rsK;d tpm;ESprf sK;d om cG+J y;D xm;ygw,f? rdef;reJ@ a,musfm;aygh? ordkif;rSwf wrf; vufvSrf;rDor#xJu rdef;r om;awGta=umif; =unfhvdkuf& atmifavæ? ckEpS o f uU&mZfawGukd c&pf awmfray:rDe@J c&pfawmfay:+yD;&,f vd@k cGx J m;wmrd@k a±S;tusq;kH udk od &atmif c&pfawmfray:rDukd =unfh vdu k af wmh æ bDpD 3500 rSmtD*spu f

rde;f rom;awG[m bmvDuae rke@f vkyf&mu bD,mpaomufaecJh=u w,fv@kd odvu kd &f ygw,f? tpm;eJ@ taomuf u wG J q uf a eawmh vnf;tke;f oD;pm;/ tke;f &nfaomuf =uovdkaerSmyJvdk@ awG;&wmaygh? “udu k mudv k m ,Ofaus;r_” uae “bD,m,Ofaus;r_”udk ajymif;oGm; wJh ESpfq,f&mpkaESmif;umvawG upvd@k rde;f rom;awG bD,mrl;ae wmjrifwdkif; cdk;vdk;ckvkjzpfcJhrdwm owd&rdyg&@J ? bD p D 3000 rS m awmh w ±kw{f u&D pDvif;±S;D u yd;k xnf0wf& wmóudufolrdk@ t0wftxnfvdk tyfcsut f wGuf yd;k arG;jrLa&;pwif cJyh gw,f? {u&D {u&mZfawG ud, k f wdik f pm;0wfaea&;qdw k meJ@ ruif; Edik w f muawmh aocsmygw,f? jznfh pGufcsufvdk@ oHk;avh±Sd=uwJhZdrfcH ypPnf;qdkwmvnf; {u&Dtzdk@ vdk tyfcsufjzpfaewmrdk@ udk,fhvdktyf csuu f kd ud, k zhf mom ajz±Si;f zd@k óud; pm;wJhtaeeJ@ ydk;ZmarG;wmu o bm0usaejyefygw,f? jynfwiG ;f jzpf yifeDeJ@csnfawGudk =urf;vdk@qdk+yD; r0wfcsicf =hJ uwJh rde;f rom;awGuck awmh,;kd ',m;uvmwJch sKyf+yD;om; csnfxnfawG 0wfrSacwfrD vSy w,fv@kd xifaewwf=uygw,f? ,d;k ',m;jzpfu aps;}uD;vdk@ jznfhpGuf csufpm&if;0ifoGm;awmh vdktyf csuftwGuf0wf&r,fh rdef;rom; awGtwGuf jynfwGif;jzpfuyJ vdk tyfcsuu f kd jznhq f nf;ay;w,fav? tckawmh jynfwGif;jzpf csnfawG awmif tweftoifjh yefjzpfxeG ;f vm aeygw,f? 21 &mpk rde;f rom;awGu ud, k zhf mom ±Si;f wwfawmh yd;k arG; ayr,fh {u&Dpv D if±;DS rvdak wmhygb;l ?

bDpD 1850 rSm tD*sprf ed ;f rom;awG u ud, k 0f efwm;zd@k q+kd yD; ysm;&nfe@J rdausmif; tnpfta=u;a&m+y;D rde;f rudk,fxJxnfhcJh=uw,fvdk@ qdkyg w,f? b,fudpPrsKd;rqdk vdktyf csut f ay: ta+ccH+yD; wDxiG &f +rJr [kwv f m;? ud, k 0f efwifrubJ ul; pufa&m*gawGudkyg wm;ay;EdkifwJh uGef'Hk;awGoHk;ygqdkwJh 21 &mpkrSm awmif tcsK@d tcsK@d aom rde;f rom; awGu ajcvGev f ufveG v f eG +f y;D umrS ay:aq;xdk;csifvdk@qdk+yD; aq;cef; vmwwf=uw,f? ud, k w f ikd w f x D iG f }uq H cJw h hJ tD*spo f al wGxufyJ acwf aemufusaeavovm; rpOf;pm; wwfygb;l ? bDpD 1750 rSm [lr&l mbD udOk ya't& rde;f rawGwefz;kd ±Syd pPn;f udkydkifqkdifcGifh/ qufcHcGifh&vmcJhyg w,f? 'Dht&ifuawmh rdef;r[m vly*k Kd~ vfwOD;wa,muf r[kwo f vdyk gy?J a,musmf ;ao&if om;orD; awGuyJ tarGqufccH iG ±hf w dS myg? 'D ydik q f ikd cf iG u hf pd u P vnf; vdt k yfcsuf t& ay:aygucf w hJ ,fqw kd m oHo ,jzpfp&mr±Syd gb;l ? 21 &mpkrmS awmh ydik q f ikd cf iG q hf w kd m rde;f rawG vufxJ rSmxuf yg;pyfxrJ mS a&mufae+yDv@kd ,lq&ygw,f? bDpD 1500 rSm [vDydk vpf q d k w J h tD * spf a q;ynmoif ausmif;awmfu rdef;rausmif;ol awGudk ausmif;om;tjzpf pwif vufccH yhJ gw,f? tD*sprf mS rde;f rawG bmvDuaebD,mvkyfwJhtcsdefeJ@ udk,f0efwm;enf; wDxGifwwfwJh tcsed f =um;umv ESpaf ygi;f 650 uGmcJhw,fqdkwm jzpfoifhwmyg? ud, k 0f efwm;enf; }uHqwwfae+yD jzpfwhJ rde;f rom;awG aq;q&mjzpf

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cGi&hf zd@k uawmh ESpaf ygi;f 350 apmifh vdu k &f ygw,f? 'Duae@aq;ausmif; awGrmS awmh rde;f uav;awGu t rsm;pkyg? aq;±Hktkyftygt0if em rnfausmf/ ae&m&q&m0efawGu awmh a,musmf ;awGcsn;f ygy?J tJ'D vdktaetxm;rSm q&m0efr}uD; awG ae&m&vmzdk@ ESpfaygif; 350 awmhrvdak vmufb;l xifyg&@J ? bDpD 776 rSm yxrqHk; urBmt h v kd yH pfyJG usi;f ywJt h cg rde;f r om;awG =unfch iG v hf nf;r&/ òydicf iG hf vnf;r&bl;vd@k qykd gw,f? 21 &mpk rSmawmh 'Durde;f rom;awGu Edik if H jcm;abmvH;k yGu J akd wmif tm;ay;ae =uwmyJ? upm;zdk@ 0goemygwm awmh r[kw=f uygb;l ? tm;ay;wm udk 0goemyg=uwmyg? c&pfawmfay:+yD;wJEh pS af wG udk =unfjh yefawmhæ at'D 397 u yxrqH;k jynfo@l aq;±Hu k kd pde@f azmf vDem qdw k hJ rde;f rom;u a&mrrSm wnfaxmifcJhygw,f? befzifwdkif; tifyg,macwfwek ;f u bk&m;zl;awG twGuf aq;ay;cef;oabmrsK;d pDpOf cJ=h uwmudk tm;usv@kd jynfo@l aq; ±Hq k w kd mudk wnfaxmifcw hJ mvd@k qkd ygw,f? tD*sprf mS rde;f rom;awG aq; ynmoifcGifh pwif&cJhwmu bDpD 1500 rSqakd wmh tJ'D rwdik cf ifEpS f awmf a wmf = um=um uwnf ; u a,musmf ;q&m0efawG±dS aecJ+h yD;vd@k ,lq&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh jynfol@ aq;±Hkqdkwmu tJ'DtcsdefrSmu wnf;u ray:cJb h J ESpaf ygi;f 1900 eD;yg; ausmv f eG +f yD;rS rde;f rom;wOD; pwifwnfaxmifcJh&mu jynfol@ aq;±Hq k w kd m ay:vmcJw h mayg?h 'ge@J rsm;awmif 21 &mpkrmS jynfoal q;±Hk u aq;±Ht k yk t f rsm;pk[m rde;f rawG

r[kw=f uygb;l ? at'D 900 u w±kwjf ynf rSm rde;f rom;awGukd arG;cgpuwnf; u ajcacsmif;av;awGcsK;d +y;D t0wfe@J pD;ay;wJ"h avhukd pwifcyhJ gw,f? =um zl;av;vdjk zpfae+y;D vS&atmifv@kd qdk ygw,f? tJ'aD cwfu csK;d xm;wJh ajc ao;ao;av;udk yd;k zdeyftvSxrJ mS waeukezf u G x f m;wwfwrhJ ed ;f rom; awGuoma,musmf ;aumif;aumif; & Edik w f ,fv@kd qdjk yefygw,f? ud, k v hf kd tyfcsufudk rlwnf+yD; trsm;t wGuyf g jznfph rG ;f ay;Edik rf ,fh tpDtpOf udk awG;Edik cf w hJ hJ w±kw{f u&D pDvif±;DS om ol@y;kd xnfawGu ajcaxmuf xkyzf @kd tqifajyaea=umif; od&if b,fvakd er,f rajymwwfygb;l ? ESpf aygi;f 3900 vnf; vGev f ma&m {u &D@y;kd uvnf; ajcxkyzf wfjzpfa&myJ? at'D1004rSm*syefpma&; q&mrrl&mqmuD±u DS b D u l “*ef*sD yHjk yif” trnf& 0wˆK±n S u f kd a&;om;cJh ygw,f? tJ'0D wˆK[m urBmah ±S;tus qH;k 0wˆK±Snt f jzpf owfrw S cf &H wJh 0wˆKvnf;jzpfygw,f? tdraf ±S@pH *ef*sD rif;om;&J@ eef;wGi;f tcspZf mwfvrf; eJ@ eef;wGi;f ta=umif;udk uAsmqef qefa&;zG@J xm;w,fv@kd qykd gw,f? pm a&;olu armif;rawmf/ rdz&k m;i,f wd@k tjzpf tr_xrf;cJo h jl zpf+yD; ol@&@J eef;wGi;f 'dik , f m&Dukd tajccH+y;D a&;cJh wmjzpfygw,f? vljrifuiG ;f rSm ud, k f wdik u f , kd u f s rwifw h ,f&wJh rde;f r om;awG[m olw@kd &@J jzpfwnfr/l pGr;f &nf/ cHpm;csuef @J qENawGukd zGit hf ef zd@k uavmifut kd m;ud;k cJ=h uwm ao csmygw,f? tdv k yH pfuo kd m E$v J @kd r& wmyg? uavmifuakd wmh qGv J @kd & w,fav? at'D 1220 wke;f u jyif

opfwuUodkvfrSm rdef;rom;awG aq;ynmoif=um;cGirhf ±Sjd yefb;l vd@k qdyk gw,f? (vGecf w hJ hJ ESpaf ygi;f 2700 ausmw f ek ;f uawmh tD*sprf mS rde;f r q&m0efawG ±Scd o hJ m;yg) wcg bDpD 1390 u vef'efrSm aq;q&m/ q&m0eftjzpf vkyu f ikd cf iG &hf zd@k q&kd if wuUov kd w f ckcu k bG@J wckawmh vdk tyfw,fv@kd qykd gw,f? tJ't D csed u f t*FvefrSmvnf; rdef;rawG wuU odkvfwufcGifhr&awmh vef'efrSm rde;f raq;q&m&,fv@kd r±Scd jhJ yefygb;l ? 'gayrJh udk;&D;,m;rdefrom;awGu awmh jywfom;ygw,f? a,musmf ; q&m0efe@J tukrcHb;l vd@k nDwn l m wl jiif;=uwmrd@k bDpD 1406 rSm rde;f r q&m0efoifwef;awG ay;vdu k &f yg w,f? 21 &mpkrmS awmh a,musmf ; om;zGm;rD;,yf yg&*lawGrsm;vmo vdk rdef;rt±dk;ukyg&*lawGvnf; ±Sd vmyg+y/D use;f rma&;pDrcH suef @J ay:v pDawG csrSwf&wJhae&mawmfawmf rsm;rsm;rSmawmh a,musmf ;awGyJ ±Sd aewwfygw,f? at'D 1821 u rde;f rom; awG wuUov kd w f ufciG hf udv k b H , D m rSm pwif&cJyh gw,f? pOf;pm; =unf&h if rde;f rawG bG@J &ynmwwf jzpfciG &hf cJh wm ESpaf ygi;f 200 awmif r±Sad o;yg bl;? urBmha±S;tusqHk; 0wˆK±Snf uawmh vGecf w hJ EhJ pS af ygi;f waxmif uwnf;u rde;f rom;wa,mufu vSycrf;em;pGm a&;om;cJh+yD;jzpfyg w,f? at'D 1840 u vef'ef rSm yxrqHk; uíefpHepf qef@usifa&; nDvmcHukd usi;f ycJyh gw,f? tJ't D csed u f vlc&D±mS armhwu f uíepf eH pf qef@usiaf &;udk tm;oGecf eG pf u kd v f yk f aecsdefyg? tJ'DnDvmcHudk wufzdk@

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óu;d pm;wJt h cg rde;f rom;jzpfv@kd q+kd y;D wufcGifhr&cJhygbl;? tJ'geJ@yJ olu ol@oli,fcsif; tJvDZbufu'Dp wefweG ef @J twl trsK;d orD;tcGit hf a&;twGuf nDvmcHwck usi;f yEdik f zd@k óud;yrf;cJ+h yD; at'D 1848 rSm yxr qH;k nDvmcH usi;f yEdik cf yhJ gw,f? vlrl a&;/ bmoma&;eJ@ taxGaxGtyk f csKyfa&;qdik &f m yxrqH;k trsK;d orD; tcGifhta&;nDvmcHudk olwdk@ESpf a,muf usi;f yEdik cf yhJ gw,f? tJ't D csed u f ae ESpaf ygi;f 160 avmuf=um vmwJhtcktcgrSm urBmhEdkifiHt awmfrsm;rsm;rSm trsKd;om;rsm;eJ@ wef;wltcGifhta&; &ae=u+yDvdk@ qdkEdkifayr,fh vuf±Hk;&nftpGrf;jy EdkifwJh tqifhavmufrSmom òydif qdik cf iG &hf ae=uwmjzpfygw,f? ESv;kH &nf/ Om%f&nfwdk@ tpGrf;jyEdkif+yD; ud, k pf m;ðyEdik cf iG v hf kd tcGit hf a&;rsK;d rSmawmh ta&;rygqyJ g? at'D 1854/ c±dik rf ;D ,m; ppfrmS zavm&ifph Ef u kd w f ifa*;vfu '%f&m&olawGudk ulnDolemðypk ay;cJhygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf vuf eufxdrSef'%f&ma=umifh ppfonf rsm;aoE_e;f [m 47 µuae 2³2 µ xd usqif;ap Edik cf yhJ gw,f? at'D 1860 rS m awmh rd e f ; rom;(16) a,muf pkpnf;+yD; *syefu tjrifq h ;kH zl;*sD,mrmawmifudk wufEdkifcJhyg w,f? 'gawGu rde;f rom;awG&@J cdik f rmwJEh v S ;kH &nfe@J }uHch ikd w f hJ vuf±;kH pGr;f wd@k ukd jyEdik cf w hJ ,fv@kd q&kd ygr,f? at'D 1868 u ,d k ; ' ,m;rSm trf'ef*rlerfqdkwJh rdef;r om;wa,mufu rdbay;pm;wJh oludk vufxyfzdk@jiif;qdkcJhygw,f? 'Dvkd rdbay;pm;wJo h u l kd vufxyfz@kd qdw k hJ tpOftvmudk w&m;0if vGef

qefz@kd óud;pm;wJt h aeeJ@ ud, k t hf rd f axmifzufukd ud, k w f ikd af ±G;cs,cf iG hf jyXmef;ay;zdk@ bk&ifxHrSmyg wifjy awmif;qdkcJhygao;w,f? ya'o &mZfEdkifiHawmfrSm tckvdktjzpft ysufjzpfysufcJh+yD; ESpftpdwfvGef ajrmufwJh at'D 1893 rSmawmh e,fomvefEikd if rH mS rde;f rom;awG udk rJay;ydik cf iG hf pwifay;cJyh gw,f? e,fomvef[m rde;f rrJay;cGihf yx rqHk;ay;cJhwJhEdkifiHvnf;jzpfygw,f? ta±S@awmiftm±SeJ@ taemufO a&myrSm ckvdk&ydkifcGifhawGudpPay: aygucf +hJ yD;aemuf at'D 1896/ t ar&duefrSm *íefa[mhyuif; aq; ausmif ; pwif z G i f h v S p f c J h y gw,f ? ausmif;tv_±iS u f rde;f rwOD;jzpf+y;D rdef;r/ a,musfm;aq;ausmif;udk twlww l ufEikd af tmif &nf±, G +f yD; vk y f a y;cJ h w mjzpf y gw,f ? tJ ' D aemuf at'D 1898 rSm ±Sm;vufyg uif*ifvrefu rde;f reJ@ pD;yGm;a&; ynmqdw k hJ pmtkyu f akd &;om;xkwf a0cJyh gw,f? rde;f rom;awG ynmr wwf&if wdik ;f jynfp;D yGm;a&; ysupf ;D w,fv@kd oluaxmufjycJyh gw,f? 'Dvekd @J 19 &mpk[m rde;f rom;awG twGuf tajymif;tvJrsm;wJh &mpk ESpw f ckjzpfcyhJ gw,f? at'D 1956 rSm *dv k 'f grD ,mu tpPa&;Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; jzpfvmygw,f? uJbeD uftzG@J xrJ mS olwa,mufxJ rdef;rom;yg±Sdyg w,f? 1958 rSmawmh t*FvefrmS rde;f rom;awGvw $ af wmfxrJ mS yg0if Edik v f mygw,f? tJ'aD emuf tkycf sKyf a&;ydik ;f / pDrcH ef@caJG &;ydik ;f qdik &f m jrifh rm;wJh &mxl;ae&mawGrmS rde;f rom; awG ae&m&vm=uygw,f? tJ'v D kd ae&m&vm=uwJt h a=umif; wul;

wuajymae/ a&;ae&wmudu k o wif;xl;rd@k ajymae&wmrsK;d jzpfae ygw,f? rde;f rom;awGae&m &vm wm[m qef;jym;w,f/ yHrk eS f r[kwf bl;/ tJ'Doabmudk aqmifaeyg w,f? aemufq;kH at'D 2000/ u ae'grSm bmAvDrufvmcsifqdkwJh rdef;rom;u yxrqHk;trsKd;orD; w&m;ol}uD;csKyfjzpfvmygw,f? u ae'g[m 1930 avmuf rSmwkef; awmh rdef;r[m vlyk*~dKvfwOD;w a,mufr[kwv f @kd jyXmef;cJw h EhJ ikd if yH g? ESpf 70=umawmhvnf; jyXmef;wm awG ajymif;oGm;wmayg?h bmyJ j zpf j zpf y g/ b,f t &murS r+rb J ;l qdw k m aocsm+y;D om; ygy?J &mZ0ifyjJ zpfjzpf/ ordik ;f yJ jzpfjzpf r+rJwJhta=umif;awGudk a&;xm;/ rSwx f m;wmawGr[kwv f m;? tck a±S;acwftqufqufu rde;f rom; awGta=umif; od&awmhvnf; 'Dr +rJwJhoabm/ ajymif;vJavh±SdwJho abmu txift±Sm;ygy?J tajymif; tvJawGukd rde;f rom;awG ud, k w f ikd f ðycJ=h uovdk cHvnf; cHc=hJ uygw,f? [kwu f /hJ rde;f rom;qdw k m ðyvkyw f wfw/hJ cHpm;wwfwv hJ o l m; ygyaJ v? a&;ay;&rS m u “rd e f ; r om;æqdkwm”wJh? udk,fhudk rdef;r om;vdk@ owfrSwfxm;=uw,fr [kwv f m;? 'gqkd tcku, kd f cHpm;a&; jyoGm;wmawG[m rde;f rom;&J@ cH pm;csufawGyJaygh? vufcHygw,f aemf? ?


tHhbG,fZif pkpnf;pDpOf onfh (rde;f r om;qdw k mæ) pmtkyrf S aumufEw _ af zmfjyxm;ygonf?

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6/19/2007, 3:11 PM