4+-+ob+mod

Reinforcement

Reinforcement

“Anything that tends to increase the intensity of a response and also induces the person to repeat the behavior.”

Positive Reinforcement The presentation of some event which causes the behavior to increase. Strengthens and increases the likelihood of a particular behavior being repeated because a desirable consequence is presented

Positive Reinforcement

The frog looks upward (behavior), sees a spider and eats it, enjoying the flavor (consequence).

Negative Reinforcement • The removal or avoidance of some event causes the behavior to increase Strengthens the probability of a particular behavior being repeated by withdrawing an undesirable consequence

Negative Reinforcement The hockey goalie dives for the puck and stops it from entering his net (behavior) to avoid the loss of a point for his team (consequence).

Punishment “Weakens and decreases the probability of occurrence of a particular behavior” • Types of Punishment Positive punishment: Where you add an unpleasant stimulus as a consequence of a response Negative punishment: Where you remove a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a response

Stimulus

Behavior

Consistently on time Timely submission of reports Consistently Late

Action

Type of reinforcement

Praise & recognition

Positive reinforcement

Do not reprimand

Negative reinforcement

Withhold praise that person values

Publicly reprimand

Extinction

Punishment

Behavior Encouraged

Behavior Suppressed

Stimulus Presented

Positive Reinforcement

Punishment

Stimulus Removed

Negative Reinforcement

Punishment

O.B. Mod • Organizational Behavior Modification • Robert Kreitner & Fred Luthans • Based

on

the

various

learning

theories,

especially the principles of reinforcement

O.B. Modification

Systematic application of positive reinforcement principles in organizational settings for the purpose of raising the incidence of desirable organizational behavior.

Objectives of OB Mod

• Functional Behavior – to be strengthened • Dysfunctional Behavior to be weakened

Benefits of OB Mod • Increase – Productivity (quality & quantity)

• Decrease – Absenteeism – Costs – Defects – Accidents – Grievances

Steps in O.B. Mod IDENTIFY (behavior for change) MEASURE (frequency of response) ANALYZE (ABC analysis) INTERVENE (Action Step) EVALUATE

Identification of Performance Behavior Identify critical behavior i.e. - observable & measurable - task related - have significant impact on performance

How to Identify? Personal Approach – from person closest to job – actual job holder/ supervisor

Benefits > accurate identification > more commitment Behavioral audit - internal staff specialists/ outside consultant

Measuring Critical behaviors Baseline Measure No of times that the identified behavior is occurring Methods Direct observation Existing data

Functional Analysis of behaviors Antecedents

Behavior

• A – Antecedent cues • B – Performance Behavior • C – Contingent Consequences

Problem solving Approach

Consequences

Developing effective intervention strategy • Action Step • Develop intervention strategy considering organizational factors - Positive reinforcement strategy effective than punishments -

more

Positive reinforcers – financial/non-financial

• Apply intervention

Evaluation to ensure performance improvement • Kirkpatrick- levels of evaluation - Reaction - Learning - Behavioral change - Performance improvement