3m

CHW 3M Exam Review People Agamemnon  King of Lydia Ashurbanipal Brad Pitt  Hittites  Ramses II  Cleopatra  Julius Caesar

       

       

Herodotus   Solon    Hatshepsut   Achilles   Babylonians   Alexander the Great Augustus   Caesarion   

Thucydides Venus of Willendorf Sargon the Great Hannibal Akhenaton Mark Anthony Octavian Lepidus

   

   

Sumer  Greece  Carthage  Actium 31 B.C 

   

Babylon Rome Sparta

    

Ziggurat  Stratigraphy   Hieroglyphics Canopic Jars Bull Leaping

   

“Ladies in Blue” Phalanx Ostracism Moabite Stone

Places Thermopylae Egypt   Crete   Romans 

Things/Other Homo Sapiens Cartouche  Cunieform   Acropolis  Dead Sea Scrolls

    

Concepts 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Neolithic Revolution Rosetta Stone Law Codes Minoan Frescos - Minoan way of life Alexander the Great Punic Wars/Carthage/Hannibal 2nd Triumvirate Spartan Women 

History ReView By: Vaibhav Mokashi

Topic Analyzing Artifacts and Dating Theories

Detail Artifacts (human made objects) can be broken down into main categories. Organic materials (remnants of living things such as plants and animals) Inorganic remains (store tools or pottery) The best preserved organic artifacts are found in Hot, dry regions (deserts) Freezing conditions (arctic regions) Waterlogged place 1. Peat bogs are acidic in nature which causes bones to decay but preserves flesh; thus remarkably preserved boneless bodies are sometimes found 2. He bottom of the sea covered by silt Human skeletal remains prevent special challenges to archaeologists: Age and gender Paleopathology (study of ancient diseases) Weapons, wounds and accidents Dating Artifacts Stratigraphy Study of ground layers of a civilization Based on the archaeological principles that the oldest artifacts are found deeper in ground Radioactive Dating Each radioactive elements decays at its own nearly constant rate Once this rate is known scientist can estimate the length of time over which decay has been occurring by measuring the amount of radioactive parent element Each radioactive isotope has its own unique ½ life each radioactive isotope. The ½ life is the time it takes for half of parent radioactive element decay to a daughter product

Paleolithic Age

Radioactive parent

Stable Daughter

Half Life

Carbon 14 (C-14) Potassium 40 (K-40)

Nitrogen 14 (N-14) Argon 40 (Ar-40)

5730 years 1.2 billion years

Uranium 238 (U-238) Thorium 232 (Th-232)

Lead (Pb-206) Lead 208 (Pb-208)

4.47 billion years 14 billion years

Rubidium 87 (Rb-87) Strontium (Si-87) 48.8 billion years Paleolithic Ages (50 000 – 10 000 BC) Men were hunters and women were food gatherers Although hunting was common, 80% of the diet consisted of vegetables People were nomadic or semi nomadic – they travelled Aware of keeping bloodlines strong, now various bands (500 bands) would join together at rituals or ceremonies to marry young people

Short Answers 1. Neolithic Revolution (Neolithic Age - 8 000 – 5 500 BC) Also knows as the “Agricultural Revolution” Neolithic Revolution coined by Australian archaeologist Childe, 1941 Positive Consequences: Created consistent food source, new materials and new tasks Negative Consequences: Lifestyles changed from a high value on mobility and low value on possession to the complete opposite: Humans began to settle and produce their own food rather than follow herds and animals Material possessions such as farm tools, farm clothes and pottery were all high valued Health: General health suffered from the introduction to carbohydrates (fruits and vegetables) Population increases Women gave birth and didn’t have to carry them around and the children would be useful in farm labor Epidemics – malaria, TB, Typhoid Parasites increase Mortality rate of men and women increased, women died because of childbirth and men due to warfare. There was no war in the Paleolithic age

2. Rosetta Stone The Rosetta Stone is an Ancient Egyptian artifact which was instrumental in advancing modern understanding of hieroglyphic writing The stone is a Ptolemaic era stele with carved text. The text is made up of three translations of a single passage, written in two Egyptian language scripts (hieroglyphic and Demotic), and in classical Greek. It was created in 196 BC, and in 1822 the French scholar Jean-François Champollion deciphered hieroglyphics. Comparative translation of the stone assisted in understanding many previously undecipherable examples of hieroglyphic writing. The text of the Rosetta Stone is a decree from Ptolemy V, describing the repealing of various taxes and instructions to erect statues in temples. Two key names that helped decipher hieroglyphics were Cleopatra and Ptolemy

3. Law Codes In the Hammurabi law code, capital and physical punishment and equal rights for all are ubiquitous whereas in the Hittite law code materialistic compensation and justice favoring men is visible; this is similar to communism (Hammurabi) vs. democracy (Hittites) Difference in: Social Political Economic Religious

Hammurabi Law Code Supported equal rights for everyone Equality and king was to be known as the most powerful and connected to god Valued money and mostly farmers Gods were greatly recognized

Hittite Law Code Supported men more than women Supported rights of men and women through monetary compensations Greatly valued money Gods were not mentioned so it is assumed that gods did not play a major part in law