301 Rp Fall 08

1. Citation 2. What is the primary research question or thesis of this article? • How will housing conditions now likely affect long term incorporation of immigrants? • Do recent Latino immigrants to Georgia aspire to American housing deficits? • Faced with normative housing deficits, do Latinos make adjustments consistent with those of Morris and Winter’s Theory? • Are the deficient housing conditions available to Latinos in rural Georgia limiting their incorporation into society in a way that points to potential downward assimilation in the future? 3. What are the characteristics of the population studied? How many people, age, genders, race/ ethnicity/nationality, professions, etc? How were these people selected? • The influx of Latinos to the southeastern United States in the 1990’s Latinos have few ethnic resources to draw upon • 4 large counties in Georgia which are Colquitt, Hall, Liberty and Whitfield • Latinos emerge in Georgia due to the demand for workers in low- paying low -skilled jobs in the 1990’s 4. What research method (s) was employed by the researchers? Was this appropriate for the population and the research question? Were there limitations to this method? • Morris and Winter Theory- a framework for understanding U.S. housing norms and the typical responses of families who lack the resources to meet these norms. • Two year qualitative study in four Georgia counties---Colquitt, Hall, Liberty and Whitfield—selected because these counties had the largest Latino populations as of the 1990 consensus. • A hour long in depth semi-structured interview with key informants in each county—Informants frequently interface with the Latino population in their county • Focus group participants conducted from each county identified by key informants • Ages ranged from 19 to 65 • Women and men currently living in Georgia • All groups were encouraged to talk freely about their housing needs, problems and aspirations -Instructed to comment on what they observed among Latinos in their community • Standardized questions • Illegal immigrants responses were also taken into consideration • Generated general questions about housing conditions of Latino immigrants from newspaper articles • Verbal communication was recorded and transcribed

5. What were the primary findings of the research? • Incorporation is facilitated by the presence of longer-term and second-generation immigrants who can serve as advisors and work as political advocates. • The transition to American life is different. Residential segregation “residential assimilation” (process that occurs over time and across generations) and home ownership will determine how well immigrants have adjusted in their new society. Housing quality • Immigrant incorporation in the United States does not necessarily result in acculturation and absorption into the white middle class. • Downward assimilation results in permanent poverty. • Immigrants living in poor housing conditions especially those associated with disadvantaged minorities—risk the permanent underclass identification of their group and the resultant outcomes of such labeling. • Many Latino immigrants have housing that does not meet the American norms. -Consequently, Latinos adapt and adjust to the available housing, regardless of satisfaction levels. • Americans hold housing norms for space (bedrooms vary depending on age and sex of all household members) -tenure (favor homeownership over renting but it is permissible for low income single mothers to rent) -expenditures (housing cost should not exceed thirty percent of the monthly household gross income) and -neighborhood (should be consistent with the socioeconomic status of the family neighborhood norms cal for attractiveness and access to good schools services and transportation (many more just a few listed) • U.S. norms are widely held and are constant despite diversity in the country. • U.S. government defined overcrowding as more than one person per room • Recent Latin American immigrants are not satisfied with their current housing conditions in the U.S. they refer to them as camas calientes “warm beds”—slang for overcrowded housing conditions; people must sleep in shifts and the bed never gets cold.—a indicator of dissatisfaction with their current housing and desire for living conditions closer to the American housing norms • Ability for upward mobility diminishes if and when immigrants accept “black jobs” (agriculture work) -May serve as a barrier being unable to leave those houses—may have long-term consequences -Immigrant groups that have distant themselves from African Americans have been the most successful • Growth is expected to continue • 9-12 an hour wages are not so low to preclude home ownership • Homes are over 87,000 on the market for 3 bedroom two baths the basic necessity for Latinos

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Housing is the basic shelter were essential activities take place to satisfy the needs for sleeping, eating, grooming, entertaining, and other activities The fact that families do not conform to a given cultural norm may not be used scientifically as evidence that the norm does not apply to them

6. Critique this article, discuss method, findings, analysis, writing style, or other elements of the research project 1. Citation 2. What is the primary research question or thesis of this article? • Does the processes of socioeconomic and cultural incorporation influence marital disruption in the Mexican-origin population? 3. What are the characteristics of the population studied? How many people, age, genders, race/ ethnicity/nationality, professions, etc? How were these people selected? • Marital disruption in the Mexican –origin population of the U.S. • Female education of Mexican origin has a positive correlation of marital disruption among Mexican Americans. • Women and men responses are pooled together from a standardized interview survey • U.S. census data is used that recorded marital separation, disruptions and marital contracts • Mexican origin persons aged 26-35 in the U.S.

4. What research method (s) was employed by the researchers? Was this appropriate for the population and the research question? Were there limitations to this method? • Developing and testing alternative hypothesis about how the processes of cultural and structural incorporation apply to the explanation of marital-disruption patterns among Mexican immigrants and their descendants compared to non-Hispanic whites and African Americans. • Discrete-time proportional hazard models of marital disruption using data from 1979 -1992 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY)—a longitudinal data that recorded samples of Mexican immigrant and Mexican American women and men marital disruption histories. • Limitation - interview methods were used in which men and women could be seeking divorce 5. What were the primary findings of the research? • Immigrants who received their education in Mexico were least likely to incorporate with Mexican American and other races

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Mexican Americans were more likely to incorporate due to their receiving education in the U.S. • The education destination determined U.S. levels of employment attainment • Women who were more involved in U.S. societies were more likely to have been separated or on the verge of marital disruption. • 1992 both Mexican American and African Americans had increased their levels of marital disruption. • Mexican Americans assimilating with African Americans of low status further predicted the possibility of marital disruption. 6. Critique this article, discuss method, findings, analysis, writing style, or other elements of the research project 1. Citation 2. What is the primary research question or thesis of this article? • Are Mexican immigrant salary and wage incomes positively or negatively influenced by the dimensions of a city’s Mexican-origin ethnic economy. 3. What are the characteristics of the population studied? How many people, age, genders, race/ ethnicity/nationality, professions, etc? How were these people selected? • Mexican American enterprises in the U.S. • Ages 40 and up • Men and women • People were selected by consumer demand for low and high Mexican immigrant enterprises. 4. What research method (s) was employed by the researchers? Was this appropriate for the population and the research question? Were there limitations to this method? • Using a hypothesis model that self employed immigrants earn higher incomes than other immigrant workers in the labor market. • Limitation- little research has been done to determine if entrepreneurship benefits immigrant workers of non-entrepreneurship status and if the entrepreneurs themselves benefit from their very own enterprises. • 1990 U.S. census of Population and Housing • 60 U.S. metropolitan statistical areas • Salary income from the 1989 calendar year 5. What were the primary findings of the research? • The relative size of the local ethnic market conditions the extent to which interurban variation in the self employment rate of Mexican immigrants will influence the incomes of Mexican immigrants who are not self employed.

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If Mexican immigrant’s enterprises are thriving they are more likely to invest interchangeably with other ethnic groups enhancing investments. -The downside of this is that other Mexican immigrants are not considered for employment because the co-ethnic group individuals are more qualified for the positions offered by Mexican immigrant’s entrepreneurship enterprises. • Mexican immigrants become entrepreneurs because they suffer economic disadvantages of employment education and the English speaking language 6. Critique this article, discuss method, findings, analysis, writing style, or other elements of the research project 1. Citation 2. What is the primary research question or thesis of this article? • Does immigrant immigration affect the educational attainment of Mexican Americans. • Is the observed pattern of generational status effects on educational outcomes consistent with the classic or segmented assimilation model? • Are generational status effects on educational attainment similar across years of completed high education, completion of high school, and completion of college? 3. What are the characteristics of the population studied? How many people, age, genders, race/ ethnicity/nationality, professions, etc? How were these people selected? • Sample is limited to persons of Mexican descent • Ages are 25 and older • Mexican American population • Focus groups are second and third generation Mexican Americans. • Disproportionately selected from the lower segment of U.S. socioeconomic distribution. • Male and Female genders • An arrangement of various employment levels 4. What research method (s) was employed by the researchers? Was this appropriate for the population and the research question? Were there limitations to this method? • Individual level data from the 1990’s—Latino sample of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (LPSID)—From this sample 2,043-household national sample of Latinos were originally interviewed in 1989--- Latino National Political Survey (LNPS); (LPSID) combines (LNPS) demographic and economic data collected in 1990 with (LNPS) immigration and language proficiency data collected in 1989. • Classic and segmented models of assimilation. • The classic model of assimilation offers a poor account of Mexican Americans’ lack of intergenerational social and economic mobility despite their assimilation.

5. What were the primary findings of the research? • Not only are Mexican American Immigrants revealing a lack of interest in education but schools are not providing the best teaching methods for Mexican American children to attain higher achievement. -(Mexican American culture places little emphasis on education attainment and more emphasis on investing in capital). • Academic tracking, grade delays and curriculums that downplay a student’s culture and language reduce the cost of Mexican American children to continue on with their education. • Students who come from socioeconomic backgrounds in which parents completed high school were more likely to complete high school and enroll in higher levels of education.

6. Critique this article, discuss method, findings, analysis, writing style, or other elements of the research project 1. Citation 2. What is the primary research question or thesis of this article? • Does the history of immigrants in New York shape second generation immigrant incorporation in America? • What does it mean for immigrants of New York to come of age in a heavily nonwhite, heavily immigrant context. 3. What are the characteristics of the population studied? How many people, age, genders, race/ ethnicity/nationality, professions, etc? How were these people selected? • Various Immigrant migration whites, blacks Latinos and Asians in the 1990’s. • Each immigrant wanted to challenge incorporating their children in one of the largest cities in the U.S. • Focus is on second generation immigrant individual experiences in New York. • Immigrants were chosen based on their arrival in the United States and the longevity of their stay. - Stay had to be at least ten or more years. (Mainly adult children of immigrants who arrived in the U.S. after 1965.) 4. What research method (s) was employed by the researchers? Was this appropriate for the population and the research question? Were there limitations to this method? • A large scale study under way since 1999; it conducted telephone interviews.

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Second generation immigrants were chosen from random selections of nationalities whose parents were from China, The Dominic Republic, Columbia, The Former Soviet Union and Guyana. • In 1999-2000 six ethnographies were targeted on institutions and sites where the second generations of mixed immigrants were more likely to encounter each other such as New York’s four year college ; City University of New York (CUNY) retail stores, and community political organizations. 5. What were the primary findings of the research? • Immigrant and native minority young people are creating a vibrant youth culture that is neither “immigrant” nor “middle American” but rather something new. • New York is overwhelmingly a city of mixed immigrants with a strong immigrant tradition. • The impacts of immigration within New York’s population have shaped New York’s population, culture, economy and political structure. Within the mixture of the second generation immigrants they (immigrants) are most successful than the native-born New Yorker to complete school and become successful. 6. Critique this article, discuss method, findings, analysis, writing style, or other elements of the research project