233 Hrm Handbook

Kingsland Institute of New Zealand

KINZ New Zealand Diploma in Business

Paper Outline

Human Resource Management Paper code: 233 Semester Two, 2007

www.kinz.ac.nz

http://www.esnips.com/web/233HRM

Contents Page

1.Introduction......................................................................................... .1 2.Course Length............................................................. ........................1 3.Aim, Objectives and Learning Outcomes.........................................1 4.Topics and Learning Outcomes.........................................................2 5.Lecturer......................................................................... .......................4 6.Overall Approach........................................................................... ......5 7.Prerequisites................................................................................ ........5 8.Prescribed Text.............................................................................. ......5 9.Additional Readings.................................................................. ..........6 10.Weekly Programme ..........................................................................7 11.Assessment Programme and Grade Criteria..................................7 12.Presentation of Assignments.........................................................13 13.Return and Reconsideration of Assessments..............................13 14.Standards of Study........................................................................ ..14 15.In Class Expectations.....................................................................15 16.Referencing—APA Style.................................................................16

Welcome to HR Management 1. Introduction This booklet is your Paper Outline for Human Resource Management. It outlines course requirements. It will be helpful to refer to this information throughout the semester. The course is designed to give you an understanding of fundamental HR Management and how they may be applied to business.

2. Course Length 7.5 weeks with 2 lectures each week, minimum of 60 hours class contact. You are expected to spend 130 hours on private study for this paper. So, for every one hour of class contact you are expected to devote 2-3 hours of private study. This time reflects the need for reading, lesson summaries, assignments, projects and research. This subject is taught on the basis that you are fulfilling this requirement. Attendance at all scheduled classes at KINZ is compulsory and repeated failure to attend class without a reasonable excuse or medical certificate may result in disciplinary action being taken including expulsion and cancellation of your student visa. Class Timetable Day Tuesday Thursday

Time 13:00 – 18:00 (5 hours) 15:00 – 18:00 (3 hours) Total 8 hours / week

[email protected]

3. Aim, Objectives and Learning Outcomes The aim of this course is to provide students with an ability to apply human resources concepts and processes, and to understand the role and function of human resources management. As the result students should be able to use the principles of management and development of people at work.

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4. Topics and Learning Outcomes Topics Outcome 1: Explain the Human Resources management: nature, role and scope. Describe the history and development of human resources management. Outline the competencies, professionalism and ethics of a human resources specialist. Students will be able to: - Explain what human resources management is; - Outline the features of Human Resources Management; - Describe the strategic Human Resources Management; - Explain the role of the HR specialist; - Know the origins of Human Resources Management; - Know what modern Personnel Management is; - Explain the competencies for Human Resources Management; - Know personal and professional ethics. Outcome 2: Explain the changes in workforce and workforce trends in New Zealand. Students will be able to explain: Attitudes to work, - The changing workforce; - Demographics trends in New Zealand; describe: - Labour markets; - Structure in labour markets; - Labour market flexibility; - Employment and unemployment; - Impact of economic and technological change. Outcome 3: Explain the importance of law and government in Human Resources. Students will be able to: - Identify the role of law and government; - Explain the importance of employment legislation; - Describe the importance of law and government in employment relations Outcome 4: Identify the human resources functions and human resources planning. Students will be able to - Explain the human resources function; - Describe the tasks of HR department and its services - Know The HR department’s aim and activities;; - Know how to assess human resources effectiveness; Human Resource Management_233_Paper Outline Semester 2, 2007

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- Describe HR planning process and uses of HR planning. Outcome 5: Describe the process of selecting, recruiting new employees and forming the employment relationships, managing employee relations. Students will be able to: - Explain the importance of recruitment; - Identify the recruitment issues and policies; - Know the recruitment process; - Explain the procedures of working with candidates and applications - Know the selection methods; - Describe the process of job interview; - Explain the selection decision process; - Describe the process of forming the employment contract Outcome 6: Describe the importance of leadership, motivation, performance planning, rewards and remuneration in organisations. Students will be able to: - Identify the importance of managing people and assessment of their performance; - Know how to motivate employees; - Know how to manage performance problems; - Identify the performance appraisal problem; - Know what performance planning and review are; - Know planning performance; - Describe the rewards process; - Identify trends in rewards and remuneration; - Explain the development of remuneration policies and practices; - Identify issues in remuneration management Outcome 7: Discuss the diversity and discrimination, safety, health and well-being of employees; manage discipline issues, disputes and grievances. Students will be able to - Identify the ways of managing diversity; - Identify the ways of providing equal employment opportunities; - Know what discrimination is and how to deal with it and how to avoid it; - Identify the issues of safety, health and HR management; - Know the basics of health and safety legislation; - Identify the approaches to managing safety and health and employee’s well-being; Know hot to deal with discipline; setting disputes, handling grievances and harassment at work.

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5. Lecturer Name

Contact details – Phone/email

David LIN

[email protected]

Office hours are advised by individual lecturers however individual student meetings can be arranged directly with the lecturers by email or at the lecture times.

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6. Overall Approach The paper introduces the nature of Human Resource management with particular emphasis on the New Zealand context. This course adopts the principles of student centred learning whereby, to a large extent, the responsibility for learning becomes that of the student. Teaching strategies may include autonomous learning, literature research, presentations, case studies and lectures. For effective learning students will need to have a good attendance record, show a level of discipline to work independently and with minimal supervision, be able to manage their time and resources effectively and show a level of maturity. Assessment attempts to find the students level of comprehension of HR management concepts and may call for some application of certain management rules to specific HR situations. The assessment programme consists of one mid-term test, one individual assignment, and an final exam.

7. Prerequisites 130 Organisation and Management It is also helpful if students have completed Business Communication so they are familiar with formal report writing and communication, and Computer Concepts so they are familiar with word processing.

8. Prescribed Text Richard Rudman (2002) Human Resources Management in New Zealand. (4th ed.) Auckland, N.Z : Prentice Hall It is not compulsory but it is recommended that students purchase the prescribed text for this course. Having your own textbook will allow you to be able to read and study at your own pace at home. You will find it easier to have access to the information you need to complete the assignment if you have copy of the textbook on hand. In accordance with New Zealand law, we do not photocopy textbooks for student use, and students must not photocopy any parts of a textbook.

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9. Additional Readings Additional readings all available at AUT or AU Library are given as being of use for further study or research purposes but not appropriate as a text for this paper. John Stredwick (2000) An Introduction to Human Resource Management, Butterworth Heinemann Gary Dessler (2005) Human Resource Management, (10th ed.) Prentice Hall You are advised to familiarise yourself with: NZ Marketing Magazine NZ Business New Zealand Herald Grocers Review

Management Magazine The Independent Admedia Unlimited

Copies of lecture notes: Each week for each topic class handouts are available. If students are absent or lose their notes a copy of the basic information needed for each topic is available in a Power point master file for each week on “http://www.esnips.com/web/233HRM/”. These master files will differ a little from individual lecturer handouts or power points used but cover the main points for each topic.

The Text book: The text book is an essential part of the paper. Even if lecturers do not refer to the text book for every topic in each class time, students are expected to read and become familiar with information in each topic before the lecture sessions commence. Students are expected to ask lecturers to explain any points in each topic if further clarification is needed.

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10.Weekly Programme (At lecturers discretion topics may vary) Week / Lecture

Date

Week 1 Lecture 1

16 Oct.

Week 1 / Lecture 2

18 /10

Week 2 / Lecture 1

23/10

Week 2 / Lecture 2

25/10

Week 3 / Lecture 1

30/10

Week 3 / Lecture 2

01/11

Week 4 / Lecture 1

06/11

Week 4 / Lecture 2

08/11

Week 5 / Lecture 1

13/11

Week 5 / Lecture 2

15/11

Week 6 / Lecture 1

20/11

Week 6 / Lecture 2

22/11

Week 7 / Lecture 1

27/11

Week 7 / Lecture 2

29/11

Week 8

04/12

Content

Human resources management: nature, role and scope. History and development of human resources management. Competencies, professionalism and ethics. Work and workers Employment and labour markets Law and government Organisation and management Leading and managing people Managing the human resources function HR Information systems HR planning Joining the organization Managing and motivating performance Performance planning and review Developing people and performance

Text Book Chapter 1/2/3

NZQA outcomes

4/5

1.1-1.4

6/7 8/9

1.1-1.4 8.1-8.3 5.1-5.7

10/11

1.1-1.4

18/19

4.1-4.10

20/21

Other information:

1.1-1.4 8.1-8.3

5.1-5.7 Individual Presentation due 10% Mid Term Revision

Mid Term Revision MID SEMESTER TEST 30%

Individual Essay due 20 % Designing and delivering training Diversity and discrimination Safety, health and well-being Discipline, disputes and grievances Work and jobs Recruiting people to the organization

22/23

4.1-4.10

26/27

7.1-7.6

12/13

3.1-3.6

Selecting the right employees Forming the employment relationship Employment relations and collective bargaining Managing employee relations Rewards & Remuneration Managing Remuneration

14/15

3.1-3.6

16/17

6.1-6.4

24/25

6.1-6.4 9.1

FINAL EXAM 40%

11.Assessment Programme and Grade Criteria Students must undertake all three assessments in order to complete the course. Failure to attempt any of the assessments will result in a “did not complete” result. This paper is marked out of 100%. To achieve the standard required to pass, students must attain at least 50% overall. Human Resource Management_233_Paper Outline Semester 2, 2007

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It is a requirement of the paper that all students must attend session on referencing and plagiarism. See further details under the section on plagiarism. There are 4 assessment items: Item

Due date

Marks

Mid-Term Test 2 hours + 5 minutes Individual Essay

08 Nov.

30 marks

08 Nov.

20 marks

Individual Presentation

06 Nov.

10 Marks

Examination

12 Dec.

40 marks

3 hours + 5 mins

Total 100 Marks ASSESSMENT ONE – Mid-Term Test Due: 08 Nov.

(2 hours + 5 minutes reading time)

This is essay based test which testifies students’ comprehension about human resource management concepts and applies them to the real world. It contains five optional questions for students to choose only THREE of them to write in essay format with reference to strategic human resources management. In the answer students must refer to a range of relevant theoretical concepts.

Mark: 30% of final grade.

ASSESSMENT TWO – Individual Essay Due: 08 Nov. Hard copy to be handed in within the first 10 minutes of the start of the second class session of the week. Mark: 20% of final grade. Approximate length: 2000 - 3000 words. Leave 1.5 – 2 space between lines of typing. Proper word document format with fonts of Time and New Roman of 12pts. In the document header, type the paper code 233 on the left upper corner, and your full name on the right hand upper corner on top of each page. Number your document properly with table of content and index as required.

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Only choose ONE topic to write an essay: Topic 1

STRATEGIC HRM

The roles and contributions of human resources communicators now need to be clearer, more central and more valuable than ever before. Based on Collins, 2000, p. 16 Discuss the above quotation with reference to strategic human resources management. In your answer you must refer to a range of relevant theoretical concepts. Topic 2

EQUITY ISSUES & LEGAL ISSUES

Governments have argued that there is no need for employment equity legislation.

Discuss the above statement, using your knowledge of current New Zealand employment legislation and equity issues. In your answer you must make specific reference to the role of HR when dealing with legal and equity issues.

Topic 3

CHANGE MANAGEMENT & ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Organisational development can smooth the path for organisational change, but will never clear it completely. Discuss the above statement, with reference to a range of relevant theoretical concepts. In your answer you must refer to the role of HR management in the organisational development and change management processes. Topic 4

LABOUR RELATIONS & LEGAL ISSUES

Trends in Labour Relations and Human Resources Management have made the move towards good faith bargaining in employment law inevitable. Agree or disagree with the above statement. In your answer you need to refer to a range of relevant theoretical and legal issues. Topic 5

RECRUITMENT, SELECTION AND ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE

Effective recruitment is essential if the organisation is to attract and engage (and keep!) people who will make a positive and innovative contribution to the values and aims of the organisation. (Rudman, 2002, p268) Discuss the above quotation, and why it is considered to be more important to recruit and select people who will fit into the organisational culture rather than just the do the job. Human Resource Management_233_Paper Outline Semester 2, 2007

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MARKING SCHEME FOR ESSAY

A Grade 26-30 • Answers the question/focuses tightly on the topic • Relationship to HR shown • Presents a logical, coherent argument • Evidence of understanding the main theories and applying them • Good use of examples • Well-expressed and organised B Grade 16-25 • Makes a reasonable attempt of answering the question • Links to HR made, although not sustained • Shows flashes of insight, but not necessarily sustained • Some evidence of understanding the relevant theories and applying them • Use of examples • Generally well-expressed and organised C Grade 10-15 • Only partially answered the question, but the part was adequate • Few links to HR made • Covers the material in a straightforward manner •Little evidence of independent thought; superficial; possibly ‘skims over the top’ • Few examples used • Some expression and/or organisation problems D Grade 0 - 9 • Lacked focus on question • No links to HR made • Sketchy and superficial treatment of the material • No evidence of independent thought or familiarity with main issues of topic • No examples used • Poorly expressed and/or organised

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ASSESSMENT THREE – Individual Presentation Date: 06 Nov. Mark: 10% of final grade.

[5 minutes duration for each presentation]

Individual Oral Assessment

Checklist

Student Name:__________________________________ Your presentation is based on what you’ve written on your essay. You should structure your presentation into INTRODUCTION, BODY and CONCLUSION. You MUST have power-point slides as your visual aids. Proper pronunciation and style of presentation are requested in this assessment. Read-out notes are NOT PERMITED at all. You must have certain manner of non-verbal communications. (Time: 5 minutes) Student Check

Voice

Lecturer Check

comment

1. Audible 2. Clear 3. Pronunciation mainly good 4. Appropriate speed and fluency 5. Interesting dynamic range 6. Effective use of pauses 7. Evident enthusiasm and commitment Attitude and physical presentation 1. Establishes rapport 2. Notes not read and unobtrusive 3. Appropriate gestures 4. Eye contact with audience 5. Distracting mannerisms minimised 6. Good use of body language 7. Businesslike manner (with dignity) 8. Clear, useful visual （prepared in advance） Subject matter and organisation 1. Attention catching opening remarks 2. point of view established and developed 3. 3-4 obvious points supporting the view point 4. Credible examples and/or statistics 5. Clearly structures and ‘signposted’ 6. Effective Conclusion 7. Knowledgeable and convincing Timing Runs to time

Marks

Lecture Signature

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Date

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ASSESSMENT FOUR – Final Examination Date: 04 December Mark: 40% of final grade.

3 hours + 5 minutes reading time

The examination is compulsory. A non programmable calculator will be needed for the examination. No dictionaries are allowed in the examination room. The examination is closed book.

Grade Criteria Grade A+ A B+ B C D E

% 85-100 75 – 84 70 – 74 60 – 69 50 – 59 40 – 49 0 – 39

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12.Presentation of Assignments General standards apply to assignments submitted by students for assessment. Work that does not reach these standards may be returned to students unmarked. All your work must be appropriately referenced so as to indicate to the reader the sources of your ideas and material. The programmes follow the American Psychological Association (APA 5th) referencing format. All assignments must be submitted in hard copy at the hand in dates and times advised. See also section on ‘Individual Work – Plagiarism.’ Information on referencing is attached at the end of this outline.

13.Return and Reconsideration of Assessments Students shall not be entitled to the return of all work submitted for formal assessment. Students will be notified of the date/time when assessment scripts can be viewed and reconsidered. This will take place under exam conditions. If you have any queries about your assessments, the procedure is as follows. You will have 20 minutes to review your assessment. During that time if you have any queries or want your grade to be reconsidered, then you need to write your reasons down, being as specific as possible. Your lecturer will then reconsider the grade and return your assessment. A grade may be unchanged, raised or lowered during reconsideration. Once a student removes his/her script from the reconsideration process, he/she loses any right of reconsideration/appeal. Non-attendance at any of these “return of script” sessions excludes any rights of reconsideration. If attendance at “return of script” sessions is not possible, it is the student’s responsibility to advise the lecturer concerned ahead of the specified session in order to make alternative arrangements. It is the student’s responsibility to collect their own course assessment work. Requests made after the “return of script” session will not be considered.

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14.Standards of Study The following are guidelines as to what constitutes acceptable standards of work and classroom behaviour. These will be equivalent to what is expected in an effective and socially responsible organisation.

Time Management Every effort is made by lecturers to arrange assessments to ensure students have a fair workload. However, because a specific amount of learning must take place before each assessment, there are times when assignments / assessments are due / sat on closely grouped dates. It is the student’s responsibility to plan ahead so that assessments can be submitted on time.

Preparing Your Work We expect students to be competent in both written and oral English. Marks will be deducted from any assessment for poor presentation, grammar and/or spelling. Students are expected to be able to undertake simple calculations and may use calculators for that purpose in exams. Students are requested to keep copies of all work submitted in case of unforeseen circumstances necessitating the resubmission of assessment items.

Assessment Students who work are urged to inform their employers in writing of the examination dates as soon as they are made available. It is the student’s responsibility to check these. Examinations not attended will score zero, unless on the grounds of illness or exceptional circumstances. A medical certificate will be required.

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Individual Work - Plagiarism Unless otherwise stated, all assessment work is expected to be the result of individual effort. If we suspect that submitted material has been written in collusion with another person or has been plagiarised (copying another persons work), no marks will be given and disciplinary action may follow. Research for assessments should be original and not that which has been presented in other papers. All material must be clearly referenced to avoid plagiarism.

Late Work Late work presented for assessment will have marks deducted. All assignments must be handed to your lecturer within the first 10 minutes of the start of the class of which they are due. After this deadline 10% will be deducted for each day or part there of when an assignment is late. For example, if the assignment is worth 25 marks and it is handed in a day late and the assignment scored 15 marks out of 25, then 2.5 marks will be deducted and the student will receive 12.5 out of 25.

Check when the assignment is due in and have before the due date.

15.In Class Expectations Participation Students who benefit most from this course are those that participate in class discussions and group exercises.

Mobile Phones These should be turned off or diverted when you are in class. Phone calls and text-messaging will not be tolerated. You may be asked to leave the room if these standards are ignored.

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16.Referencing—APA Style The following section is extracted from pages 82-91: Emerson, L. (Ed.). (2000). Writing Guidelines for Business Students. (2nd ed.). Palmerston North, New Zealand: Dunmore Press. (It is strongly recommended you purchase the book.) Referencing is an important part of all academic work. Sources of information should be acknowledged for the following reasons: • to distinguish between your ideas and someone else's. • to show readers the range and quality of your reading. • to direct readers to the sources used, if they want further information.

Failure to acknowledge a source of information, or using other people's ideas as your own, is called plagiarism, and is a serious form of academic dishonesty.

Most business or commerce departments use the formatting conventions of the American Psychological Association for setting out references. Some of these conventions are listed below. For more detail on APA referencing you should refer to the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (4th ed.).

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Acknowledging Sources The APA style of referencing uses in-line acknowledgement of sources rather than footnotes or endnotes. This means that sources need to be acknowledged in the ways listed below. 1. How to acknowledge an idea which you have expressed in your own words Sometimes someone else's ideas, concepts or figures, but not that person's exact words may be included in your work. This is called citing (as opposed to quoting, when you use someone's exact words). In this situation, the source must be acknowledged by putting the author's last name and the date when the work was published in brackets at the end of the sentence. Management consultants usually see the formulation of a strategic plan as an essential step for all organisations (McKendrey, 1992). Many entrepreneurs see educational qualifications as irrelevant (Fergusson, 1991; McKendrey, l992). Note that in the second example above, where two sources are cited, each one is separated with a semicolon. Note also that a page number in a citation may be included, but this is optional. 2. How to include a short quotation in your work If the author's own words are being used, put the quotation in quotation marks and include a page number at the end of the reference. For many New Zealanders, this country is no longer an agricultural nation. New Zealand has grown, diversified and bounced back again, determined never again to be reliant on a single industry and market. "We have come of age, internationally" (Anderson, 1992, p. 64). NB When the quotation ends a sentence, the full stop comes after the information in brackets. 3. How to include a longer quotation in your work If a direct quotation which is longer than two sentences is being used, the quote should be indented five spaces and quotation marks omitted. The reference should be acknowledged in the same way as the shorter quotation above. Within management theory there have been many changes and developments. One researcher - Sharryn Williams - has identified a key factor for management sources: communication. Communication is a vital factor in determining managerial success. A successful manager establishes links throughout her organisation, formal and informal, upwards, downwards and horizontally. Two vital measures of success are these: a respect for formal procedures and a recognition of the value of the informal network (1993, p. 6). Such a perspective has support from many other theorists in the area... 4. How to reference an author who is quoted in a book/journal you are reading If you wish to use a quotation or cite an idea which is quoted or cited by another author, then both sources should be acknowledged in the text as follows: Although much has been written about the negative Impact of stress, "nevertheless, stress can contribute to performance" (Ward, 1968, p. 33 cited in Bowling, 1991, p. 16). Although many authors have emphasised the way in which stress can impact negatively on performance, Ward (1968, cited in Bowling, 1991) emphasises its positive aspects. The Reference list, at the end of the assignment, would list only Bowling, not Ward. 5. How to reference a source if you have already used the author's name in the sentence Sometimes an author may be directly referred to within the assignment. • Magnall (1984) was the first to maintain that ... • Planning is the first essential step according to Magnall (1984). Human Resource Management_233_Paper Outline Semester 2, 2007

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• Researchers in the field (Magnall, 1984; Crews, 1992) indicate that ... • He stated that "the management cycle has four key elements" (Magnall, 1984, p. 16) but did not rank those four factors. 6. How to reference two works by the same author If referring to two or more works by the same author, both published in the same year, the first has an "a" after the date, the second has a "b" and so on: In her next study of the problem (Lenart, 1991b), she considered other factors. The author's name would then appear twice (or more often) in the references section at the end of the paper, with the appropriate small letter beside the date. 7. How to reference a work with many authors If a work has three or more authors, all names should be listed in the first citation, but et al. (meaning "and others") may be used in subsequent citations: First citation Coles, Emerson & Ormsby (1992) found that ... Subsequent citations Coles et al. (1992) also found ...

What is a Reference List? A reference list is a list of the full bibliographical details of all the material quoted or cited in your assignment. Every assignment written must have a reference list. It should be stated on a new page and be headed "References". In listing the references at the end of the document, one style guide should be followed consistently. We recommend that you use the following format, taken from the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) (4th ed.). All items must be listed in alphabetical order, according to the surname of the first author.

1. How to list a book according to APA style' Put the author's surname first, spelled out in full, with initials only for first and second names. Give the date of publication in brackets. Next comes the title, city of publication and publisher. Note that on the reference page only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle is capitalised. Title and subtitle should be underlined or italicised. Either is acceptable. The title is followed by a full stop. A colon (:) separates the place of publication from the publisher's name. The following list gives examples of the most commonly used types of referencing using this referencing style. ' The 4th edition of the APA Publication Manual distinguishes between copy manuscripts (i.e. those prepared for publication) and final manuscripts which will not be typeset, and the referencing conventions for the two types of manuscripts differ. Student assignments and theses are produced in final copy form. The conventions presented in this chapter therefore relate to final manuscripts. If you are preparing manuscripts for publication in an APA journal, you will need to consult the APA Manual. See pp. 331-33 of the APA Manual (1995). For a copy manuscript, the first line of each entry is indented and subsequent lines are placed flush against the margin. a. Single author Sligo, F. (1991). Organisational behaviour: Case studies and commentaries. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press. b. Single author, later edition May, C. (1992). Effective writing: A handbook for accountants (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. c. Two authors Human Resource Management_233_Paper Outline Semester 2, 2007

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Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E.B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan. d. Corporate author American Psychological Association. ( 1983). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author. e. Edited book (Book without an author but with an editor) Jackson, R., & Buckland, T. (Eds.). (1992). Summer schools: A unique grouping. London: Oxford University Press.

2. How to reference a periodical Periodicals are anything that is published on a regular basis - magazines, journals and newspapers. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between journals and magazines, but here is a general rule of thumb: if the articles in the periodical have a reference section (i.e. if they list their sources in some academically conventional way) then it can be regarded as a journal; if they do not have a reference section, then treat it as a magazine. Periodicals are referenced as follows: Titles of periodicals should be quoted in full and italicised (or underlined) and followed by volume numbers, italicised, and page numbers, not italicised. Titles of articles should not be italicised, underlined or placed in inverted commas. a. Journal article, one author Ferguson, I. S. (1973). Forecasting the future for timber. The Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 18, 562-578. b. Journal article, two authors, journal paginated by issue Becker, L.J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 37, 2, 1-7. c. Magazine Article Emerson, A-M. (1991, December 10~17). Bald is beautiful. The Listener, p. 16. d. Newspaper article, no author Students attack Todd report. (1994, June 16). The Dominion, p. 3. e. Newspaper article, author known Robinson, L. (1994, July 19). The new orthodoxy. The Dominion, p. 9. f. Newsletter article, corporate author Staff. (1992, September 3). Why students should pay more. National Business Review, p. 7.

Sections 3, 4 and 5 not shown here. 6. How to reference study guide material If you cite articles or excerpts from books which are reprinted in Study Guides, refer to the article or book directly (your Study Guide should contain full bibliographical information!). If the material being cited is not part of a reprinted article or book, it should be referenced as follows: • Where the study guide has an identified author: Emerson, J. M. (1994). Teaching the gifted child: Study guide 2. Palmerston North: Education Faculty, Massey University. • Where the study guide has no identified author: Department of Management Systems, Faculty of Business Studies. (1994). 26.120 Introduction to organisation and management. Palmerston North: Author.

Sections 7, 8 and 9 not shown here.

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10. How to cite a personal communication Sometimes you will need to acknowledge personal communication as a source of information. This includes lecture notes, memos, e-mail messages, interviews and the like. Personal communication is NOT included in a reference list or bibliography - you should only cite personal communications in the text of your assignment: (A. Wright, personal communication, 19 October, 1994)

11. How to cite material from the internet Emerston, L. (2000). On-line writing and learning laboratory. Retrieved January 20, 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://owll.massey.ac.nz Note: If you cannot find an author, use the corporate author if one is available. Jacobsen, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. A. (1995). A history of communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience. American Psychologist, 50, 750-765. Retrieved January 28, 1996 from the World Wide Web: http://www.apa.org/ journals/jacobson. html For full information on internet referencing go to http://www.apa.org/journals/ webref.html#website

12. Where to find information about referencing materials not mentioned here? For details on how to format other, more unusual material, (e.g. proceedings of meetings and symposia, films, TV programmes, individual interviews) refer to the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, Edition 4, also referred to as the APA Style Manual

13. What is a Bibliography? As mentioned above, a reference list should contain only the material you have cited in your text. If other material as background reading has been used it may be included in a new list called the Bibliography. Format material in exactly the same way as in the reference section. Here are examples from this book:

13 (a) References Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Razavieh, A. (Eds.). (1979). Introduction to research in education. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Brennan, M. C. (1993). Style handbook: Department of Marketing. Palmerston North: Business Studies Faculty, Massey University. Flower, L. (1985). Problem solving strategies for writing (2nd ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc. Sligo, F. X. (1994). Effective communication in business. (2nd ed.). Palmerston North: Software Technology.

13 (b) Bibliography Bate, D., & Sharpe, P. (1990). Student writer's handbook. London: Harem & Brace Jovanovich Inc. Clancy, J., & Ballard, B. (1981). Essay writing for students. Melbourne: Longman. Crystal, D. (1988). Rediscover grammar. Essex: Longmans.

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