21- Sar Sin 2009- Jan

21 pmpOf

21-pmpOf trSwf(12)

2009 ZEM 0 g&D v ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kdokawoeXmeu xkwfa0onf

1

21 pmpOf rmwd u m 21 pmpOf / trS w f 12 / 2009 Zef e 0g&D 1? 2? 3? 4? 5? 6? 7?

pmwnf;tzGJ@&J@ trSm tkdufpvef a'0gvDcH&awmhrnfavm &J a bmf n d K rif ; td k b m;rm; pl y grif ; avm at;+id r f ; jrif h 8 ESpfc&D; &J a bmf x G e f ; rif ; pd e f c sif ; =unf 2008 ckESpf&J@ +ydKuGJr_}uD; EkdifiHa&;tm%meJ@ 'Drkdua&pD apmouf a emif pD;yGm;a&;uyfu ol@o±kyfrSefukd zGifhjyay;jcif; cHvkduf&wJh urBmhvuQ%maqmif pD;yGm;a&; nd K pd e f 0 if ; 8? tar&dueforRwopfeJ@ Armjynf&J@ 'Drkdua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ ukdaxG; &J a bmf x G e f ; jrwf 9? tkdbm;rm; b,fvJ 10? tpPa&;&J@ *gZmppfyG J =unf 0 if ; 11? 21 &mpk a&eHEkdifiHa&; atmif + id r f ; 12? pmwnf;tzGJ@&J@ owif;eJ@rSwfcsufu¾ 13? 21 &mpkrSm Akdvfusv$rf;rkd;a&;tm%m tajymif;tvJ jzpfoGm;rvm; 'grSr[kwf tqHk;owfoGm;rSmvm; &JabmfatmifvGif 14? SHAYKH YASSIN ok@d r[kwf vufwGef;vSnf;ay:urD;awmif +id r f ; csrf ; ol 15? ajymif ; vJ j cif ; Y wnf a qmuf j cif ; atmif y if v ,f 16? aewk d ; ta&S @ wk d ; a&;jy\em &J a bmf ± _ , Of 17? obm0 ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&; atmif a prk d ; rk d ; atmif p nf 18? vlwef;pm; zsufodrf;a&;wkdufyGJ&J@ ed'gef; 19? vufeufukdifwkdufyGJtwGif; w[kefwkd;}uD;xGm; vmaewJh tdENd,jynfuGefjrLepfygwD (armfpDwkef;0g') &JabmfpdefxGef; 20? ay:jyLvm tar&dueforkdif; qef;ppfcsuf oef ; jra&$ 21? zlul;,m;rm;&J@ orkdif; ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;+yDqkdwJh oabmw&m;ukd u¾ 3 ckcGJI a0zefpdppf oHk;oyf=unfhjcif; &Jabmfodef;0if;

2

21 pmpOf 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890

pmw nf;t zGJ@&J@

trSm

12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890

21 pmpOfudk rxkwfbJaewm =umjyD? ,ckurBmrSm tajymif; tvJawG &Sdvmvdk@ jyefvnfxkwfa0ygonf? TpmpOfwGif ygor#aqmif;yg;rsm;onf aqmif;yg;&Sif . tmabmfrsm;omjzpfa=umif; xyfavmif;ajymcsifygonf? 'ga=umifhyJ aqmif;yg;&Sif. uavmiftrnfudk xnfhxm;wm jzpf y gonf ? xif j rif c suf a y;vmv#if aqmif ; yg;&S i f u yJ ajz&Sif;ygvdrfhrnf? EdkifiHwuma&;&mwdk@onf trsm;tm;jzifh apmifh=unfh &rnfhudpPrsm; jzpfonf?ar#mfvifhxm;ovdk jzpfvmwmvnf; &Sdrnf? rar#mfvifhwmvnf; jzpfwwfygonf? 21 &mpkonf 20 &mpkvkd r[kwyf g? 'ga=umifh rar#mv f ifw h mawG yd+k yD; jzpfyg vdrfhrnf? b,fvdkyJjzpfvmvm Armjynf'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk atmifjrifzdk@ rdrdbmom wdkufyGJ0if&rSm jzpfygonf? u,fwif &Sifb,faomtcgurS r&Sdyg?

3

21 pmpOf

&J a bmf n Kd r iif ;

wurBmvkH;rSm vlwOD;csif;0ifaiG yxrpGJcJh? tku d pf vefu u|e;f Ekid if yH ?J twWvefww d o f rk'&N m&J@ ajrmufyidk ;f aoe*F AsL[m tcsut f csmuswahJ e&mrSm wnf&w dS ,f? 'Dawmh ajrmuftwWvefwdwf pmcsKyftzGJ@tpnf;/ aewkd; NATO tzG@J xrJ mS olu tc&muswhJ tzG@J 0ifEidk if H jzpfvmw,f? tar&duefu a&wyfrawmf&@J avwyfpcef;}u;D wnfaqmufxm;w,f? +y;D awmh qkAd , D uf avwyf- a&wyf&@J v_y&f mS ;r_reS f or#udk enf;ynmpko H ;Hk +y;D axmufvrS ;f wm vkyw f ,f? tku d pf vefu|e;f &J@ tus,t f 0ef;u Armjynf&@J ‘7’ ykH ‘1’ ykyH J &S+d yD; vlO;D a&u 3 ode;f eD;eD;yJ &Sw d ,f? wkid ;f jynf&@J 30µu a&cJz;Hk aew,f? pku d yf sK;d Ekid w f hJ {&d,mu 1µ yJ &Sw d ,f? rD;awmifawGuvnf; 100 ausmf &Sw d ,f? orkid ;f uvnf; Oa&myEkid if aH wG wvSnphf D odr;f yku d cf &H wJh orkid ;f &Sw d ,f? 1918 rSm 'de;f rwf&@J vufatmufu vGw+f y;D vGwv f yfwEhJ idk if H jzpfvmw,f? 'garrJh (1940) rSm t*Fvyd u f odr;f wm cH&w,f? (1941) us awmh tar&duefu vufv, J$ w l ,f? (1944) usrS orRwEkid if q H +kd y;D jzpfvmw,f? (1949) usawmh NATO tzG@J 0if jzpfvmw,f? (1951) rSmusawmh tku d pf vef&@J umuG,af &;udpt P m;vk;H ukd tar&duefu wm0ef,x l m;vku d f w,f? wm0ef,v l u dk w f ,fqw dk mu pum;aumif;ok;H wmyg? tku d pf vefrmS ppftajccH pcef; }u;D ukd tar&duefu ol@pw d }f uKu d f wnfaxmif+y;D pDrcH ef@cEJG idk zf @dk jzpfw,f? tJ'v D edk @J (Ketlavik) pcef;}u;D ay:vmwmyJ? (2006) ckEpS u f sawmh tJ'pD pftajccHpcef;awGudk tar&duefu ydwyf pf

4

21 pmpOf vku d w f ,f? ppfat;acwf ukeq f ;Hk oGm;+yD/ qkAd , D ufudk &efvyk pf &m r&Sad wmhb;l / 'Dawmh tku d pf vefu pcef;awG rvkad wmhb;l ? 'Dawmh ydwyf pfvu dk w f myJ? aemufwa=umif;uvnf; &Sad o;w,f? tmz*efppf/ tD&wfppfu r+y;D ao;bl;? tD&efppf wku d &f rvkd jzpfaew,f? tdE, dN ygupPwef yËdyuQ rSmvnf; 0ifpu G zf @dk vkad ew,f? 'ga=umifh ppftajccHpcef;ukd tdE, dN ork'&N m buf a&$@&wmyJ? emrnfuom ajrmuftwWvefww d f umuG,af &;pmcsKyf tzG@J tpnf; aewk;d (NATO) jzpfayr,fh twWvefww d f ork'&N mu tok;H r0ifawmhb;l ? tdE, dN ork'&N mu tc&musae+yD? tJ'v D t dk ajctaerSm tku d pf vefudk ypfy,fvu dk w f myJ jzpfw,f? aumif;pm;pOfu tar&duefu aiGawGyaHk tm+y;D ok;H cJw h ,f? vlO;D a&u (3) ode;f yJ&w dS m qkad wmh wOD;csi;f 0ifaiG yxrpGw J m rqef;ygb;l ? ukokdvfqkd;&SmwJh tkdufpvef (2006) ckESpfrSm tar&duef ppfpcef;ydwfw,f? (2007) usawmh ‘b¾ma&;uyf’ qku d pf jyKw,f? (2008) usawmh ‘b¾ma&;uyf’ uae ‘pD;yGm;a&;uyf’ ul;w,f? tar&duef t*Fvyd b f %fawG ukr% ` aD wG ‘a'0gv’D cHvm&w,f? tJ'DvkdtajctaerSm txnf}uD;ysuf tkdufpvefu wrsKd;om;vkH; (wkid ;f jynfwckv;Hk ) a'0gvD cH&rvkd jzpfawmhwmyJ? tar&dueftm;uk;d eJ@ Oa&myukd ypfy,fxm;cJw h hJ tku d pf vef tpk;d &[m tckawmh Oa&my or*~(EU) ukd jyefuyfvmw,f? 0ef}uD;wyg;uawmh cyf&iS ;f &Si;f yJ? hJ myJ? tckawmh 0±ke;f oke;f um; “u|eaf wmfu (EU) xJ 0ifa&;ukd t&ifu qef@usicf w jzpfaecsed rf mS u,fq,fo&l mS &rSmyJ” vk@d ajym+yD; EU xJ0ifz@dk ajymvmw,f? aemuf0ef}uD; wyg;uawmh owif;pmxJrmS “a&&Snt f jrift& ajym&if EU xJ 0if&rSmyJ? Ekid if o H ;Hk aiG (Krona) u±ke d mukd pGe@f +yD; ,l±adk iG(Euro) eJ@ tpm;xk;d &rSmyJv@dk a&;vmw,f? aemuf0ef}u;D wyg;uawmh “IMF (Ekid if w H um aiGa=u;&efyaHk iGtzG@J ) ukd tultnD awmif;&rSmyJ” vk@d ajymw,f? EU

a&m IMF yg “Akdufem” aew,f?

tku d pf vef&@J 'kuu Q dk EU u u,fz@dk aeaeomom uk, d hf tzG@J 0ifa[mif; awGu, dk w f idk u f uk, d pf D tusyt f wnf;awG@ae=uw,f? olrsm;ukd u,fz@dk rajymeJ@/ uk, d u hf , dk f ukad wmif b,fvu dk ,f&rSe;f rod=ubl;? tku d pf vef0ef}uD;csKyfu EU Ekid if aH wGudk yxrcsO;f uyf+yD; ol@'u k u Q u,fwifz@dk ajym&Smw,f? t*Fvyd u f awmh u,fz@dk rajymeJ@/ tku d pf vef&@J ykid q f idk cf iG hf "eOpPm

5

21 pmpOf awGuadk wmif odr;f ,lvu dk w f ,f? odr;f ,lwhJ wefz;dk u ,l±(dk 5) bDv, D H &Sw d ,f? EU &J@ ajyma&;qkdcGifh&Sdoluawmh “tkdufpvefu Oa&myEkdifiHyJ? vGwv f yfr/_ 'Dru dk a&pD? vl@tcGit hf a&;eJ@ tajccHvw G v f yfciG rhf sm;&S&d if/ w&m;Oya'pk;d rk;d a&; hf m;ygw,f” vk@d pum;aumif; ajymw,f? 'gayrJh 0ifciG ahf wmh ray; &S&d if EU u wHcg;zGix ao;bl;? tJ'aD wmh a'0gvD cH&rvkd jzpfaewJh tku d pf vefu &efoal wmfa[mif; ±k&mS ;bufuv dk n S fh cGux f ;dk cHw,f? ±k&mS ;u ,l±(dk 4) bDvsaH cs;r,fv@dk jzpfvmw,f? aphpyf ae=uw,f? 'gu atmufwb dk m (7) &ufae@u tajc taeyJ? tck b,ftajcqku d af e+yv D J rajymwwfb;l ? ±k&mS ;u aiGacs;r,fqadk wmh EU a&m NATO yg xdwx f w d yf smysm jzpfuek f w,f? tku d pf vef0ef}uD;csKyfuawmh “yxr olw@dk qD tultnDawmif;wmyJ? olw@dk u y,fcsvu dk af wmh ±k&mS ;ukd uyf&wmyJ?” vk@d ajymw,f? od&wmu- tku d pf vefu yxr EU ukd tm;uk;d wmyJ? olw@dk u y,fcsawmhvnf; aemfa0/ qG'D if pwJh ajrmufyidk ;f u Ekid if aH wGudk tultnDawmif;wmyJ? tJ'u D r&awmhvnf; tar&duefudk tultnD awmif;jyefw,f? b,furS r&awmhv@dk }uH&mr& ±k&mS ;ukd awmif;wmyg? tku d pf vef 0ef}uD;csKyfuawmh “tckvdk tajctaerSm rdwaf qGopf &Sm&rSmyJ” vk@d ajym&Smw,f? ±k&mS ;rSmu pk+y;D aqmif;+y;D xm;wJah iGu a':vm bDvs(H 550) &Sad ew,f? tku d pf vefudk acs;ay;wJah iGavmufawmh olu acs;Ekid w f myJ? ±k&mS ;Ekid if rH mS xm;wJh tku d pf vefot H rwfuawmh “'gu ukeo f , G af &; oabmrsK;d eJ@ b¾ma&;udpu P dk ukid w f , G w f myg? aESmif}uKd;awG bmawG ryg ygb;l ” vk@d ajym w,f? 'gayrJh NATO uawmh vef@aew,f? tar&duefu 2006 ckEpS u f rS ydwyf pfcw hJ hJ ppftajccHpcef;}u;D ukd ±k&mS ;u tok;H csciG hf &oGm;avrvm;qk+d y;D pk;d &draf eygw,f? wkid ;f jynfvu dk f a'0gvcD &H &ifawmh 'g[mvnf; tku d pf vefu urBmrSm yxrpGw J myJ jzpfr,f? ppfat;acwfu yxrpGw J meJ@awmh ajymif;jyefjzpfrmS ayg?h ? 1234567890123456789012345678901212 1234567890123456789012345678901212 1234567890123456789012345678901212 1234567890123456789012345678901212 1234567890123456789012345678901212 1234567890123456789012345678901212 1234567890123456789012345678901212 1234567890123456789012345678901212 1234567890123456789012345678901212 1234567890123456789012345678901212 1234567890123456789012345678901212 1234567890123456789012345678901212 1234567890123456789012345678901212 1234567890123456789012345678901212 1234567890123456789012345678901212 1234567890123456789012345678901212 1234567890123456789012345678901212

6

21 pmpOf

tkdfbm;rm; plygrif;vm; at;+idrf;=rihf

tar&dueforRwopf wufvm+yD? b,fow l ufwuf 'D‘ykw’f xJu 'D ‘yJ ’ vk@d ajym&ifawmh rw&m;&musr,fxifygw,f? t&if;&Sipf epf ykw}f u;D xJavSmifxm; wJh ‘yJ ’ awGv@dk awmh ajymEkid yf gr,f? rd;k rdxm;wJyh aJ wG/ wcsKd @u ykyaf tmuf ae=u+yD? a&G;p&m yJEpS af wmihx f u J ckawmh tar&duef jynfoal wGu rdw _ ufwyhJ u J kd y,f+yD; usew f awmihu f kd aumuf,v l u dk =f ujcif; jzpfw,f? 'Dvedk @J bm;&uf tkb d m;rm; orRw jzpfvmcJw h ,f? xl;jcm;csuf r&Sw d mawmh r[kw/f tar&duef ordik ;f rSm rxrqk;H vlro J rRw/ rawmf bJe@J 'D&mxl;r&Ekid /f 'gayrJh t"du u ol@ay:vpDyg/ tcsed t f cge@J tnD aºu;a=umfow H if Ekid w f ,f? Ekid if rH mS u pD;yGm;ysuu f yftEW&m,f a=umufae&+yD/ tD&wfrmS wku d af e&wJh ppfrmS ar#mpf ifnaD emif twku d cf &H pOf aoqk;H cJw h hJ OD;a& 3000ausmf xufy+dk y;D tar&duef wyfom; 4000 ausmu f qk;H cJ&h +yD? tmz*efppfyJG rSmvnf; ppftiftm;jznfah e&qJ ² ² ² 'DumvrSm tajymif;tvJ (change )aºu;a=umfoH eJ@wufvmwmyg? oleJ@ +ydKifbuf orRwavmif;uawmh us&H_;aewJh orRwavmif;bk&Sf&J@ vrf;a=umif;ay:u ckerf xGuEf idk v f @dk tjywftowf&;_H oGm; &ygw,f? orR w a[mif ; &J @ usL;ausmf p pf a &;tarG bk&[ fS m t,fvcf u dk cf g (t=urf;zuf0g') acsre_ ;f a&; bifvm'if trdzrf;a&;rD;

7

21 pmpOf

&SL;rD;yef;awG ypfazmuf+yD; orkid ;f rSm axmufcrH r_ J trsm;qk;H &atmifvyk Ef idk f cJw h ,f? 'Dt D csuu f dk ukid f +y;D ppfr;D ar$; um a&eHavmb aZmeJ@ wcsucf w k f ESpS cf suf jywf tD&wf uk0d iford ;f w,f? orRw quf 'rf[pl ed f ukd }uKd ;ay; owfypfEidk f yg&@J / 'gayrJh qkaiGawG ykaH y;aewmawmif olqif;ay;&wJt h csed x f d bifvm'if ukd wDAzDG efom;jyifay:rSmyJ awG@omG ;cJ&h w,f? ygupPwefe,fpyfudk Ak;H }uJ&wJt h xd emrnfysuf cH+yD; vkyaf yr,fh bifvm'if bmrSrjzpf? pD ; yG m ;a&;tarG 1930 pD;yGm;a&;ysuu f yfwek ;f u orRw ±kZbJu h tdrrf , hJ mrJh awGtwGuf tdrf ykid &f mykid af wG jzpfatmif wnfaxmifay;cJw h hJ zefeaD r( Famnie Mae ) b%fe@J z&uf'rD uf (Freddie Mae ) b%f}u;D 2 b%f/2007 ckrm S ,dr;f ,kid f vmcJw h ,f? olw@dk &@J wefz;dk pkpak ygi;f u tar&duef a':vm 1²4 x&DvsaH wmif&w dS ,f/ wurBmvk;H u ,k=H unfu;dk pm;wJh b%f}u;D awGr@dk aiGyadk iGv#&H w dS hJ Ekid if }H uD;awGu0if &if;ES;D jr‡KyfESH cJ=h uw,f? w&kwf A[kb d %fu bDv, D H 376 ? *syef A[kb d %fu 229 bDv, D w H efz;dk txdawmif jr‡KyfEcHS =hJ uwmjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh tdr+f caH jrvkyif ef; vkyaf ewJh b%fawG&@J uk, d u f sKd ;=unfh vky&f yfawG taºu;awG azmazmoDoD ay;rdwm/ Oya'vufwvk;H jcm;eJ@ tdraf wG wqif+h yD;wqihf vSnahf ygiw f m cH=u&wmawGuae+yD; ww%fe@J wb%f r,krH =unfjzpf/ tmrrcHawmhb;l jzpfvmw,f? 'gt h jyif tpk;d &taeeJ@ Ekid if w H um ukeo f , G af &;rSm t&H;_ jyaewmu =um+yD/ jynfoal wGu taºu;eJ@vnfywfae&wm jzpfw,f/ aemufxyfvnf;aiGxw k v f @dk r&wJh tcg tvkyv f ufrahJ wG aygix f m;wJh tdraf wG ra&G; Ekid f =uawmhb;l ? 'Dvdk vluukd 10 oef; ausmf &Sw d ,fv@dk qkw d ,f? awmfawmfrsm;rsm; tdraf y:u armif;cscv H u dk =f u&w,f? b%fe@J tvkyv f yk af ewJh aiGa&;a=u;a&; vkyif ef;awG &yfuek w f ,f? tdraf jc ajraps;awG usqif;oGm;ygw,f? tar&duef pD;yGm;a&; tusjrefvmcJw h ,f? t&if;&Sif pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'wcsdK@ usdK;ayguf oGm;jcif; 2008 pufwifbmva&mufawmh b¾ma&;0ef}u;D [ife&D aygvq f ifu zefeaD reJ@ z&uf'rD uf wckck +yKd vJomG ;&if tar&duef b¾ma&;aps;uGuf }u;D omur urBmw0ef;vk;H b¾ma&;aps;uGuaf wGyg xdcu dk rf mS rk@d t+ydKvJrcHEidk b f ;l vk@d xGuaf jymvmygw,f? aemuf tpk;d &taeeJ@ taygicf H pmcsKyfawGukd a':vm bDv, D cH s+D yD; 0,f,cl w hJ ,f? avsmo h mG ;wJah iG awGvnf; jyefvnf jznfw h if;ay;r,fv@dk wm0ef,v l u dk w f m awG@&w,f/ oufwrf;&ifh aiGa=u;vkyif ef; ukr% ` D wcsKd @ a'0gvcD H vku d =f u &w,f? 'DtxJrmS ESpf - &mausmf ckid cf w hH hJ ukr% ` D }u;D awGygw,f? 'gah =umifh v$wx f m;wJah ps;uGuaf wGxJ tpd;k & 0ifygvm&w,f? tpk;d &u ukr% ` aD wG&@J &S,, f mawG 0,f+yD; toufqufay;ae&w,f? tpd;k &0ifrpGuaf &;rl usKd ;ayguo f mG ;w,f? tcGex f rf;awG&@J aiGawGe@J 'Dvdk vky&f rvm;vk@d jy\em wufvmw,f? jrifomwJah iGa=u; ok;H pGrJ w _ cku um;ukr% ` aD wGe@J qkid w f ,f? tar&duef pD;yGm;

8

21 pmpOf

a&;&J@ a'gu}f u;D wckjzpfwhJ um;vkyif ef; (bk&fS vufxufrmS ) vnf; txdem ygw,f? xdyw f ef; um;ukr% ` }D u;D 3 ck vnfywfz@dk aiGr&Sv d @dk vkyif ef;awGudk &yf&rvkjd zpfcw hJ ,f? 'gudk bk&fS tpk;d &u a':vm 14 bDv, D o H ;Hk +y;D u,fz@dk }uKd ;pm;cJw h m uGe*f &uftxda&muf+y;D olqif;ay;&wJw h idk f rajyvnf=uao;bl;? tar&duef b¾ma&; tusyt f wnf; *,uf[m urBmukyd g &ku d cf wf wkev f y_ f ygw,f? tar&duef owif;XmejzpfwhJ CNN rSeo f m;jyifrmS urBmu h rk % ` D }uD;awG&@J pawmh &S,, f maps;uGuf tn¸e;f awG =unfv h u dk yf g? teDa&mifjrm;awG atmufpu dk af e=uwm cktywf xd ae@pOfvadk wG@ae&w,f? tpdr;f a&mifjrm; tay:axmifjyEkid w f hJ ukr% ` u D uGuw f u d u G f usm; (wcgw&HrmS rS) jrif&w,f? urBmrSm 'kw, d tcsr;f omqk;H Ekid if [ H mvnf; tar&duef vkyd J um;xkwv f yk af &;u tajccH usygw,f? olw@dk qDuxdyw f ef; um;ukr% ` }D u;D 3 ck [m yk@d uek rf mS 10 &mckid Ef ;H_ ausmf usqif;oGm;cJw h ,f? 2008 ck pD;yGm;a&; wk;d wufEe_ ;f oknrSmajy aew,f? ESppf Of *%ef; 2 vk;H eJ@ t&Sed jf yif;jyif; pD;yGm;a&;wufaewJh w&kwjf ynfvnf; roufom/ wcsed rf mS 6²8 &mckid Ef e_ ;f yJwufcw hJ ,f? *smr%Du urBmh tcsr;f omqk;H bDv, D eH mwa,mufu qk;H &H;_ r_awGrsm;vGe;f vk@d uk, d u hf , dk u f , dk f owfaooGm;cJ+h y?D 'gayrJh olw@dk u aiGarsm&ifaiGe@J vu dk Ef idk w f hJ Ekid if aH wGyg? '%fcwfcH&olrsm; *sLeD,mygwemtjzpf bk&afS emufvu dk rf o d w l csKd @ '%fcwfc=H u&w,f? bk&fS uH=urRmeJ@ wwGw J nf;}uKd ;csnx f m;cJw h hJ t*Fvef 0ef}u;D csKyfbvJ E_wx f u G af y;vku d &f w,f? wyfawGy@dk +yD; zm;cJw h hJ =opa=wvs0ef}uD;csKyf [m;0yf rJ&;_H +yD; jyKwfomG ;w,f? *syefrmS vnf; ol@udk axmufcH tm;ay;cJw h hJ 0ef}u;D csKyfawG wa,muf+y;D wa,muf qif;ay;=u&w,f?EU EkdifiHwcsdK@eJ@ aewkd;tzGJ@0ifawGuvn;f aemufykdif; rwufºu=uawmhbl;/ ukd,f&Sdef owfvm=uw,f? ppfqw dk m vl@toufawGe@J b¾maiGawG jzKef;wD;=u&wJh tvkyyf ?J t&_;H tjrwf odyw f u G &f ygw,f? 'Dawmh tusKd ;&Sad ewJo h w l csKd @uvG+J y;D a&S@aqmifEmG ;vm;ukd 'Dtwkid ;f v$wf ay;rxm;Ekid w f m obm0usygw,f? aemufq;Hk '%fcwfcv H u dk &f wJh olawGuawmh 21 &mpk[m tar&duef &mpkjzpf &r,fv@dk vufrwaxmifaxmif 0Hºh um;cJh =uwJh eD,u dk eG f awGyJ ? (olw@dk udk a'gujf zKwcf svu dk Ef idk f wJu h pd P uawmhtrd , f m+cHajr aps;uGuf 'va[musqif;oGm;jcif;yJ jzpfw,f?) vpfb&,f 'Dru dk a&pD atmifycJG o H mG ;+yD t&if;&Sipf epf wnf+ro J mG ;+yD orkid ;f ed*;Hk csKyo f mG ;+yv D @dk ajymwJh olawG vdyaf usmuf+r;D eJ@ t&ku d cf H vku d &f ygw,f? urBmh pepfopf csxm;a&;rSm 0ef &k;d wckwnf;ay: rSm vnfap&r,fqw dk hJ olawG ausmaumhomG ;w,f? urBmukad cgi;f aqmifr,fh plyg yg0g}uD; a&epfaevk@d rw d af qGawGomru ole@J +ydKif bufawGuyg 0kid ;f q,fae=u&ygw,f?

9

21 pmpOf tk d b m;rm;eJ @ Armjynf tkdbm;rm;&J@ yxrqkH;aom ay:vpD rdef@cGef;xGufvmawmh ar#mfvifh rxm; wmav;awGe@J ok@d avmok@d avm awG;p&mav;awG ygvmygw,f? csucf si;f vkd wk@H jyefvu dk f =uwmeJ@ csucf si;f }udKqdv k u dk w f hJ toHawGvnf; =um;vku d &f w,f? Armjynf uku d , dk pf m;jyKaewJh ‘avv_id ;f cs’D &Siaf wG&@J toHawGxrJ mS awmh rcsihf r&Jjzpfol aemufa=umif;jyeftcsuu f av;awG pk+yD; pdwu f ;l ,Of aumufcsucf sjyol pojzihf awG@&w,f? xD}u;D xk;d xm;ovkd =um=umapmifh &rSmr[kwyf g? 2vk;H xD 3vk;H xD vkrd sKd ; r=umcif &Si;f oGm;ygvrd rhf ,f? (upm;csed u f awmh &Syd gr,f? ) Akv d o f ef;a&$ ppftyk pf k uawmho0%fvm$ awGy@dk +yD; upm;uGi;f xJ 0ifvu dk yf g+yD? Armjynfoal wGu Ekid if aH &;vmbfjrifoal wG jzpfw,f? vufawG@usw,f? 1930 utrBmh pD;yGm;ysuu f yfrmS q&mpHoyl ek f x+y;D vGwv f rf; &SmcJw h ,f? ckvnf; v,form; awG aerxl; aorxl; b0a&mufaew,f? jynfoal wG iwfae =u+yD? axmifxrJ mS Ekid if aH &; wufºuv_yf &Sm;olawG tjynft h odyf xnfah e&w,f? 'Dae@ urBmh b¾ma&;jyoemrSm Ekid if iH ,fawGtay: 0efxyk 0f efy;dk (yk)d ydvmEkid w f ,f/ 'DtajctaerSm acwftqufquf jzwfoef;vmcJw h hJ Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifawG ppfu|ef tjzpfrcHEidk w f hJ rsuaf rSmufacwf wkid ;f &if;om;awGe@J Armjynfoal wG xGuv f rf; &Sm=uawmhrmS oHo,&Spd &m rvkyd g? uk, d v hf rf;uk, d f av#muf =uygvrd rhf ,f? Ekid if t H oD;oD;uEkid if H acgi;f aqmifawGu aemifa&;ukad r#mv f if+h yD; jyifqifoifw h m awG jyifqifae=uygw,f? Arm0ef }u;D csKyf vkyo f u l awmh odyt f av;xm;wJyh pHk rH sKd ; rawG@&yg? jynfya&muf aewJAh rmjynf om;awG (wu,fu 2oef;ausmf 3oef; eD;yg; &S)d tvkyrf &Sd &ifjyefvmcJ/h tvkyf pDpOfay;Ekid w f ,fv@dk tmrcHomG ;ygw,f? (oluawmhpyl grif; yJ) ar;p&m awmh &Syd gw,f/ cifAsm;ay;r,f h tvkyu f wyfxJ / &JxJ xnfrh mS vm;/ vrf;azmuf wHwm;aqmuf&rSmvm; / ay:wmvku d &f rSmvm; / rD;owf pGr;f tm;&Sif }uHzh @HG vky&f rSmvm; ponf? tm;vk;H u ar#mv f ifw h }uD; jzpfae=uar,fh tkb d m;rm;uk, d w f idk u f awmh ‘csuf csi;f }uD;awmh (ol) vkyaf y;Ekid rf mS r[kwb f ;l ’ vk@d &k;d &k;d yJajymygw,f? 'guvnf; ol@Eikd if H twGuf t"duxm;ajymwmjzpfygw,f? 'DrmS jyoemu vkyaf y;csiw f m tmrcHcw hJ muwydik ;f / vkyEf idk w f m vkyaf y;vk@d r& wm/ r&ao;wmu wykid ;f jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh wurBmvk;H qkid &f mawGrmS tkb d m;rm; plygrif; [kwrf [kwf tenf;qk;H 4 ESpaf wmhapmih=f unfh &vdrrfh ,f? at;+idrf;jrifh

10

21 pmpOf

8 ESpfc&D; 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234 123456789012345678901234567890121234

&Jabmfrif;xGef;

tar&duefwiG f orRwopfwOD;.oufwrf;pawmhrnf? orRwa[mif;u oufwrf; 2 ck qufwu kd f wm0efxrf;aqmifciG &hf I 8 ESp=f umwm0ef xrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 2008 orRw a&G;aumufyu JG vnf; t}uw d t f e,f/ orRwavmif; 2 OD;ròyid cf if 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwx D rJ mS yif t}udwt f e,f,OS òf ydicf =hJ u&onf? ta&G;cH&v#if 2 OD; vH;k u &mZ0ifwiG u f serf nfo h al wG jzpf=urnf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifp. k yxrqH;k tmz&duefE, G zf mG ;ESifh yxrqH;k trsK;d orD; orRwwd@k jzpf=urnf? wzufu &DywfbvDuifygwzD ufuvnf; AD,uferfppfjyef 0g&ifh qDew d f wm/ udik pf rJG nfrh 0l g'u a*smb h &k . Sf tarGqufcrH nfrh 0l g'/ wurBmvH;k wGif t=urf;zuform; rsm;udk vdu k v f EH rdS ef if;I raumif;oly,f aumif;olu,frnhrf 0l g'/ urBmyh v k yd }f uD;wm0efukd qufvufI wufwuf ºuºG ux G rf;aqmifrnfo h ?l Trl0g'udk 8 ESpv f ;kH vH;k taumiftxnfazmfco hJ /l 1991 ppfat; wdu k yf JG tqH;k owft+yD;wGif 21 &mpkonf tar&duef&mpkjzpf&rnf/ urBmt h iftm; csed cf iG f v#monf tar&duefwzufwnf;od@k om wzufapmif;eif; tav;ay;I 0if&;kd wckwnf; urBm/ Adv k f wAdv k w f nf;urBmjzpf&rnf[I l eD,u kd eG rf sm;.rl0g'udk udik pf cJG o hJ . l 8 ESpw f mc&D;udk jyefvnf oH;k oyf=unhcf siyf gonf? uvifwef.oufwrf;+y;D qH;k I &DywfbvDuifygw. D ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf orRwbk&fS orRwopftjzpf pwifwm0ef,o l nhf 2001 ESpq f ef;onf ol@twGuf &$iv f ef; wufºuGz, G t f jynhjf zpfonf/ zcifb&k . fS r+yD;qH;k ao;aomwm0efrsm;udk qufvufxrf; aqmifrnfo h /l tar&duef&mpkopfukd pwifyakH zmfyEMucf srnfo h /l 'Dru kd a&pDEiS v hf @l tcGit hf a&; wefz;dk rsm;udk urBmt h ES@H wify@kd jzef@jzL;rnfo h /l urBmtES@H t=urf;zuform;rsm;udk tjrpfjywf acsre_ ;f rnfo h /l t=urf;zuform;rsm;udk avhusiahf rG;jrL tumtuG,af y;aeonfEh ikd if rH sm;/ olw@dk tqdk Edik if aH wmft=urf;zufr0l g'udk usio hf ;kH taumiftxnf azmfaeonfh Edik if rH sm;udk pyfpyfuav;qH;k rrnho f t l jzpf usr;f opPm used q f pkd Of rde@f ceG ;f ¹ru G =f um;cJo h nf? ol@wiG f wynhf wyef;uvnf; tjynh/f Oa&mywGif *sLeD,mywfwemtjzpf cdik ;f or# vkyrf nfh wdek b D vJ&o dS nf/ ta&S@tv,fyikd ;f wGif tpPa&;&So d nf/ tm&SwiG f tar&duef tEkjrL xD;&dyu f ckd akd e&onfh *syefEiS fh tar&duef aps;uGuu f kd rScD akd e&onfh ud&k ;D ,m;/ xkid 0f rf wd@k &dS onf? bmrSypl &mrvd?k eD,u kd eG f oabmw&m;q&mrsm;uvnf; ordik ;f ed*;kH csKyf+yD/ vpfb&,f0g'u tjynft h 0 atmifycJG +H yD[k a[mude;f xkwx f m;+yD/ vdi_ ;f 3 vdi_ ;f q&muvnf; tvm;wl?

11

21 pmpOf od@k aomf odyrf =umvdu k yf g? xkEd pS w f iG yf if wurBmvH;k wkev f y_ o f mG ;ap onhf e,l;a,muft¹rm¸ nDaemiftaqmuftODta&;tcif; ay:ayguv f monf/ jy\emu vH;k 0xifrw S rf xm;aom ppfrsuEf mS rS ay:xGuf vmcJjh cif;jzpfonf? tar&duefa[mvD;0k'rf S =urf;ayh&rf;ayhqakd om &rfbv kd kd um;rsK;d rSmyifv#if pdwu f ;l ,Ofrxm;Edik af om yHpk t H wkid ;f twmjzihf wdu k cf u kd cf v H u kd &f jcif;jzpfonf? 9§11 ta&;tcif;[k wurBmvH;k wkev f y_ o f mG ; atmif udik v f y_ cf o hJ rl sm;rSm tjcm;r[kw/f pDtikd af tu avhusio hf ifwef;ay;xm;+y;D tmz*ef epPwefppfyw JG iG f toH;k csco hJ nfh tar&duefEikd if . H azmufonfa[mif;rsm;/ t,fvcf u kd 'f g[k trnfwiG o f rl sm;/ acgi;f udik zf cif}u;D rSm pDtikd af t. wynh&f if; bifvm'ifjzpfaeonf? ud, k f arG;cJo h nfah rsmufu ud, k jfh yeftajcmufcv H u kd &f jcif;jzpfaeonf? wenf;qk&d v#if o&J arG;rd onfh atmufvrf;q&mukd xdo k &Ju ud, k jfh yefuyk cf sK;d onhu f ed ;f jzpfonf? 'kw, d urBmppfwiG yf if tar&duefyifruke;f ajray:od@k &efo@l usnf w awmif/h tajrmufqefwqef rusc&hJ onft h jzpfEiS Ehf i_d ;f ,SO=f unhv f #if &mZ0if&ikd ;f vSonf? orRwbk&u fS vnf; ,if;jzpf&yfut kd jynft h 0 jyefvnfw@kH jyefygonf? t=urf;zuf0g' wdu k f zsuaf &;ppfy[ JG k aºuG;a=umfonf/ tar&duef jynfaxmifpu k kd wdu k cf u kd cf aH e&+yD[k a=unm onf/ Twdu k yf w JG iG f rdrw d @kd bufraS ernfavm/ rdrw d @kd EiS q f ef@usib f ufraS ernfavm[k w urBmvH;k udk pdeaf c: ar;cGe;f xkwo f nf/ ol@twGuf =um;r&S/d oGm;avol Adv k af e0if;. 1962 ckEpS *f sLvdik v f 8 &uf "m; "m;csi;f - vSv H cHS si;f rde@f ceG ;f udyk ifjyefvnfowd&csipf &m? wdw k akd jym&v#iyf if xkEd pS x f w J iG yf if tmz*efepPwef Edik if w H iG ;f od@k ppf onfAv kd yf gtvH;k t&if;jzifh 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u kd yf gonf? ukvvHòk cHa&;aumifprD v S nf; vkyf ydik cf iG ahf y;vdu k yf gonf? *sLeD,mygwemuvnf; tiftm;tvH;k t&if; jzifyh g0ifqifEyJ$ gonf? wmvDbeftpd;k &ðywfusI wEdik if v H ;kH eD;yg;udk xde;f csKyfxm;Edik cf o hJ nf? olw@kd arG;jrLavhusifh ay;xm;ol umZdik ;f udk wifajrm‡ ufEikd cf o hJ nf? ok@d aomf ppfqifa&;. t"du&nfreS ;f csuf wckjzpf onfh t,fvcf u dk 'f gacgi;f aqmif bifvm'ifukd tao&&/ t&Si&f & qdo k nfrmS rl a*smb h &k fS xGuaf wmfrl eef;ucGg&awmhrnfh ,cktcsed w f iG yf if taumiftxnfray:ao;? xdrk #ru wEdik if v H ;kH udv k nf; rD;aoatmifxed ;f csKyx f m;Edik af o;onfr[kw/f wmvDbefw@kd v_y&f mS ;e,f ajru ydI k ydI k us,jf yef@vmaeonf? bifvm'ifukd trdzrf;zk@d vkyo f r#ppfqifa&;uvnf; tjypfrt hJ &yfom; jynforl sm;om trsm;pkaoa=uysupf ;D ae=u&onf? acwfrt D pGr;f xufvS ygonfqakd om vufeufqef;rsm;uvnf; r*Fvmaqmiftcrf;tem; usi;f yae&mod@k us onf? pmoifausmif;ay:odk@ usonf/ t&yfom;um;wef; ay:odk@usonf? Todk@jzifh jynfolrsm;.qef@usifr_udk ydkIcHvmae&onf? bifvm'ifu b,fqDaerSef;rodao;? wbufwiG f wmvDbefw@kd v_y&f mS ;r_u yku d s,jf yef@vmaeonf? ydrk kd &Jwif;vmaeonf? wavmav;uyif cdik b f mawmif=um;teD; ygupPwefyikd ef uf e,fajr&Sd tmz*efppfrsuEf mS od@k ay;yd@k rnfh ,mOfrsm;/ vufeufc, J rf;rD;ausmufrsm;/ &dumQ rsm; pkyo kH akd vSmifxm;&mpcef;udk wmvDbefw@kd u at;at;aq;aq;0ifa&mufI pdraf jyeajy zsuq f ;D oGm;cJo h nf? ygupPwefEiS fh tar&duefppfbuftm%mydik rf sm;twGuf rsuEf mS "m;jzifv h ;DS ypfcsipf &m tjzpftysurf sK;d

12

21 pmpOf jzpfonf? 'gu jzpfaeus òrd@xJ taocHA;kH cGw J mrsK;d r[kw/f tapmift h =uyf tcdik t f rm xl xyfpmG csxm;onhf pcef;udk pdraf jyeajy zsuq f ;D oGm;jcif;jzpfonf? ypfajy;wmrsK;d r[kw?f taotaysmuftxdt&S rsm;vSonfh ppfrsuEf mS rS/ trSnafh ¹cG ta¹cGcaH e&onhf tajc taerS/ aiGuek o f jH ymjzpfaeaomfvnf; jynfwiG ;f a&mjynfyyg rsuEf mS aumif;r&onhf tjyif 0dik ;f 0ef;qef@usicf aH e&onft h jzpfrS tvGw&f ek ;f xGu&f ef *sLeD,mygwemuvnf; ol@wyfrsm; qkwcf mG ygawmhrnf[k a=unmxm;&onf? 'Dawmh urBmAh v kd }f uD;u aemufxyfppfonf 3 aomif;xyfy@kd rnf[k a=unm&awmhonf? Tum; 8 ESpt f =um tmz*efppfrsuEf mS . t ajctaejzpfonf/ Zmwfaygi;f cef;udu k m; qufvuf apmifah r#m=f unh&f =_ u&OD;rnf? urBmukef us,foa&G@ a&ajrqHk;apawmh udkudkbifvm'ifudk vdkuf&Sm=u&OD;rnf? umZdkif;tpdk;& ºuGuw f iG ;f udv k nf; a':vma&rsm; tqufrjywfavmif;ay;=u&OD;rnf? vmyg+yD/ 2003/ a*smb h &k . fS ppfrsuEf mS opf/ ygygb&k . fS r+yD;qH;k ao;aom yef;csu D m;/ tD&wfppfrsuEf mS ? 'Dwcgawmh odyaf csmifonfr[kw?f ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;/ udq k Adk kd wke;f uyif ukvvHòk cHa&;aumifp. D cGiðhf ycsu&f onfr[kwI f aewd;k pmcsKyftzG@J taejzifh 0if}ucJ &hJ onf? ,ckvnf; urBmzsuf vufeufrsm; &Sad eygonf? rdepfyikd ;f wGi;f urBm}u;D w&yf vH;k rD;[ke;f [ke;f awmufEikd yf gonf? vkyZf mwfrsm;cif;aomfvnf; ukvvHòk cHa&;aumifp. D rif;'dwf r&/ vufeufppfaq;a&;tzG@J rsm;u tcsed af y;ygO;D cGiahf wmif;onfuykd if vufrcH? xkv d ufeufppfaq;a&;tzG@J rsm;qdo k nfuvnf; tD&wfwEdik if v H ;kH tar&duef.pnf;urf;csuf twdik ;f wHcg;r&Sd "m;r&Sd 0ifa&mufppfaq;cGi&hf xm;onht f zG@J / tzG@J 0iftrsm;pku tar&d uefawG? olw@kd tcsed af y;&ef cGiahf wmif;onfuykd if vufrcH? "mwkEiS fh tEkjrLvufeufrsm; &Sad eygonf[k wzufowfp&D ifcsucf s+yD; quf'rf[pl ed u f kd &mZoHay;awmhonf? rwfv v,fwiG f 0ifwu kd o f nf? wEdik if v H ;kH udo k rd ;f rdawmh ta=umif;jycsujf zpfonfh tpkvu kd f tòyHvu kd f aoapEdik o f nfqo kd nfv h ufeuf (WMD) qdo k nfu rl;vd@k yif &ªp&mrawG@? tm z*efepPwefppfrsuEf mS xufomonfu quf'rf[pl ed t f ygt0if ol@tpd;k & tzG@J 0iftawmf rsm;rsm;udk zrf;rdonf? &H;k wifppfaq;tjypfay;Edik o f nf? quf'rf[pl ed u f kd 2006 ESpu f ek /f tpPvrfOykou f mv/ c&pf,mefw@kd . emwmvl;csed cf gwiG f óud;ay;uGyrf sucf o hJ nf? tdrjf zL awmf0efxrf;rsm;u quf'rf[pl ed f ,ckem&Dyikd ;f twGi;f rkcsao&ygawmhrnf/ TjzpfpOfonf aemufa=umif;jyefvn S I fh r&Edik af wmhyg[ak jymrS a*smb h &k fS tdy&f m0ifEikd o f nf[k owif;rsm; uqdo k nf? pm;0iftyd af ysmo f nf[k qdo k nf? trsuaf pmifrmefuvnf; }u;D ygayh? ygygb&k u fS kd ul0w d w f iG f vky}f u&H ef=upH nfco hJ q l akd wmhvnf; *avmufawmh &Sad yrSmayg?h od@k aomf wynhf rsm; rvdrmR r_a=umihf quf'rf[pl ed . f aemufq;kH rdepfrsm;onf t&kyq f ;kd tusn;f wefc&hJ onf? ADved u f rif;om;jzpfomG ;cJ&h onf? rsuEf mS zH;k tpGyrf cH/ &ifaumhacgi;f armhI taocHomG ;ol quf'rf[pl ed . f &kyo f iG u f kd urBm&h yk jf rifo=H um;=unhyf &dwo f wfrsm; waeukejf rifawG@ae cJ=h u &onf? wcsed w f nf;wGiyf if Edik if w H iG ;f ckcq H ef@usirf r_ sm;u wd;k vmaeonf? 2007 ESpu f ek w f iG f usq;kH tar&duefppfonfO;D a&u 3000 ausmo f mG ;onf? [mvDbmwefEiS fh 'pfacs

13

21 pmpOf eD t&_yaf wmfyrkH sm; ay:vmonf? jynfwiG ;f rS tcGex f rf;jynforl sm;u tD&wfppfyu JG kd bm twGuf wdu k w f mvJ/ ppfyrJG S tusK;d tjrwf&aeolawGu b,foal wGvJ qdo k nfukd ar;cGe;f xkwv f m=uonf? TppfyrJG S tar&duefjynfaxmifpu k bmtusK;d tjrwf&ovJqo kd nfukd ar;cGe;f xkwv f mae=uonf? tbl*g&pftusO;f axmifEiS fh *Grw f memrdk yifv,fatmf tusO;f pcef;rS vl@tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufrr_ sm;ta=umif; owif;rsm;xGuaf y:vmonf? Oa&mywcGif pDtikd af t. v#K@d 0u S t f usO;f pcef;rsm;/ tusO;f om;rsm;udk oufqikd &f mEdik if t H pd;k &rsm; rodbJ v#K@d 0u S af v,mOfrsm;jzifh trnfrodae&mrsm;od@k o,fxw k o f mG ;r_rsm; ponfh t&_yaf wmfykH rsm; wpwp ay:xGuv f mcJo h nf? WMD ESiyhf wfoufI vH=uKwfaxmufvrS ;f a&; tpD &ifcpH mrsm;ta=umif; owif;rsm; ay:xGuv f monf? v#K@d 0u S o f zJ kd Zmwfvrf;rsm;xJu uJo h @kd yif oufqikd o f rl sm; t*FvefEiS t fh ar&duefwiG f xl;qef;pGmaoqH;k oGm;cJ=h u&onf? 2008 ESpu f ek w f iG f *sLeD,mygwemuvnf; awmifyikd ;f bmq&mòrd@rS wyftrsm;pkuq kd w k cf mG awmhrnf/ oifwef;enf;jyESifh tjcm;vdt k yfonfh ppfonftenf;i,f udo k m xm;&pfawmhrnf[k a=unmxm;+yD/ *syefu wdu k cf u kd af &;wyfz@JG 0ifr[kwo f nhf ppfonfrsm; qkwcf mG oGm;cJo h nfrmS rl =umvS+y?D tjcm; pdww f o l abmwl r[mrdww f yfz@JG 0if rsm;qdo k nfuvnf; *k%o f u d mQ &Spd mG rsuEf mS yef;vSvq S w k cf mG Edik af &; jyifqifae=uonf? tar&duefu, kd w f ikd u f vnf; wyfrsm; 2011 ckEpS t f uket f +yD; qkwcf mG a&;twGuf tD&wf tpd;k &ESipfh mcsKyfw&yfvufrw S x f ;kd xm;&+yD/ xkpd mcsKyfukd v$waf wmfwiG f rJcpJG OfwiG v f nf; odyaf jyvnfvo S nfr[kw?f tD&wfjynforl sm;u tar&duefukd quf'rf[pl ed v f ufatmufrS olwdk@ukd vGwfajrmufatmifvkyfay;onfh vGwfajrmufapolrsm; (liberator) r[kwf/ wdkif;jynfudkvufeuftm;udk;jzifh tkyfcsKyfodrf;ydkufxm;olrsm; (occupier) tjzpfom jrifae=uonfqo kd nfukd uGuu f u G u f iG ;f uGi;f yHak y:oGm;aponhjf zpf&yfonfvnf; 2008 ESpf ukef 'DZifbmvtwGi;f wGiyf if ay:xGuv f mcJo h nf? orRwbk&u fS óudwifa=unmxm;jcif;r&Sb d /J tD&wfo@kd a&mufvm+yD; v#yw f jyuf owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGw J &yf usi;f yonf? xkyd w JG iG f tD&wfowif;axmufwOD;u rajymrqdk ‘a[h acG;aumif/ rif;twGuf E_wq f ufvufaqmifu’G [katmf[pfum pD;vm aomzdeyf 2 zufv;kH jzifh ypfaygucf o hJ nf? wuUqufpjf ynfe,fom; aumif;bGKd if orRw}u;D u vGwaf tmifa&Smifvu kd Ef ikd af omfvnf; twlygvmol tdrjf zLawmf0efxrf;wOD; rsuu f iG ;f ndK oGm;&onf[k owif;rsm;uqdyk gonf? Tjzpf&yfonf wurBmvH;k wGif tkwaf tmfaomif; wif; jzpfomG ;cJo h nf? Tjzpf&yfonf tD&wfwiG t f ar&duef.vky&f yfrsm;udk &yfwef;u &yf&if&yf/ r&yf&if zdeyfwef; a&mufomG ;r,f[k tD&wfjynforl sm;ud, k pf m; owday;ajym=um; vdu k jf cif;jzpfonf[k ,laomf &Edik yf gonf? Edik if aH &;rsuEf mS pmwGif tar&duef urBmAh v kd }f u;D jzpfa&; tdyrf ufukd wdu k f &du k +f cdr;f ajcmufco hJ nfjh zpf&yfonfvnf; 2008 ESpv f ,f/ wdwu d susajym&v#if 2008 ckEpS f =o*kwv f 8 &ufae@wiG f jzpfygG ;cJyh gonf? wurBmvH;k acgi;f aqmifrsm; yDuif;tdv k yH pfziG yhf o JG @kd a&muf&adS ecsed /f tcGiahf umif;,lI a*sm*f s, D mEdik if u H awmiftpkd wufw;D ,m;udk vufO;D r_

14

21 pmpOf &,lI 0ifwu kd cf o hJ nf? xifxm;ovdrk [kwb f J &k&ES ikd if u H +idrcf rH aebJ csucf si;f jyif;jyif;xef xefw@kH jyefco hJ nf? wDbvDpòD rd@awmfem;txda&mufatmif &k&w S yfrsm;/ wifu h m;rsm;/ av ,mOfrsm; csO;f uyfwu kd cf u kd cf =hJ uonf? wdu k yf o JG nf teD;tem; tufcg;ZD;,m;e,fo@kd yg ul;pufomG ;cJo h nf? &k&v S rl sK;d trsm;pkaeaom xdek ,f 2 cku oD;jcm;vGwv f yfciG hf awmif;qdk ae=ujcif;jzpfonf? tusK;d quftm;jzifh ,cif0gaqm tzG@J 0ifEikd if rH sm; aewd;k ppftyk pf t k wGi;f od@k wd;k cs@J xnho f iG ;f a&;pDru H ed ;f udk Oa&myEdik if t H csK@d u oabmrwlI &yfqikd ;f vdu k &f onf? &k&ES ikd if yH wfvnfwiG f tar&duefr[mrdww f yfrsm;ESiphf pfpcef;rsm;/ 'k;H yspH cef;rsm; csxm;a&; tdyrf ufvnf; ysujf y,fomG ;cJ&h onf? ta&mifawmfveS af &;qifEcJ$ aJh om Edik if rH sm;. tem *wfrmS vnf; ra&r&mb0od@k a&muf&o dS mG ;awmhonf? &k&u S ajymifajymifwif;wif;yif ppftiftm;wd;k cs@J rnfh tpDtpOfrsm;udk a=unmcJo h nf? rsK;d qufopf r[mAsL[majrmuf AH;k }uJav,Ofrsm;ESifh tEkjrLxdyzf ;l wyf wdu k cf si;f ypf';Hk ysH rsK;d qufopfrsm;/ tEkjrL a&ikyf oabFmrsK;d qufopfrsm; xkwv f yk rf nft h pDtpOfukd a=unmcJo h nf? xkwv f yk rf nfh vufeuf opfrsm;xJwiG f tEkjrLpGr;f tifo;kH av,mOfwifoabFmopfrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf? od@k aomf ,ckuo hJ @kd a&eHEiS o fh bm0"mwfaiG@aps;E_e;f rsm; tqrwefusqif;oGm;csed w f iG f vufawG@ taumiftxnfazmfEikd rf nf/ razmfEikd rf nfurkd q l ufvufapmif=h unh&f ygO;D rnf? aocsmonf rSmawmh eD,u dk eG rf sm;.pDru H ed ;f xifwikd ;f rayguaf wmh qdo k nft h csuyf if? Tum; Edik if aH &;ppfa&;rsuEf mS pm jzpfonf? orRw}uD;twGuf 2008 onf uHq;kd rd;k arSmifusaomESpf jzpfonf? tEdik jf zifyh ikd ;f I *k%o f u d mQ &Spd mG tdrjf zLawmfrS xGuf cGmoGm;&rnfEh pS w f iG rf S pD;yGm;a&;rsuEf mS pmwGiv f nf; tjyu raumif;? tar&duefwiG f 2008 pufwifbmvrSpwifI Sub-prime crisis rS tpðycJah om pD;yGm;a&;rkew f ikd ;f onf wurBm vHk;odk@ ESpfukefwGif pD;yGm;ysufuyf (Great Depression)/ pD;yGm;a&;aES;auG;usqif;r_ (economic slowdown, downturn) rsm;tjzpf a&muf&& dS u kd cf wfomG ;cJo h nf? AIG uJo h @dk tmrcH ukr% ` rD sm;/ Lehman Brothers uJo h @kd aom ESpaf ygi;f &mausmo f ufwrf;&Sb d %f}u;D rsm; òydvJ ysufpD;cJh&onf? tdrf+cHajr aps;uGuf}uD;wckvHk; uarmufurjzpf ysufpD;cJhonf? aqmufvyk f a&;vkyif ef;rsm;tm;vH;k &yfvek ;D yg;jzpfomG ;&onf? tar&duefp;D yGm;a&;onf 2007 ckEpS f 'DZifbmvxJupwifI awmufav#mufp;D yGm;a&;usqif;r_ (Recession) xJwiG &f dS aeygonf[k 2008 ESpu f ek w f iG f wdik ;f jynfo@kd toHvi$ rfh ed @f ceG ;f ajym=um;&mY orRw}uD;u 0efcaH jym=um;cJ&h onf? ,if;tcsuo f nf 2008 ckEpS w f ckv;kH ol wdik ;f jynfo@kd today; ajym =um;cJo h r# rde@f ceG ;f rsm;xJY a&Smif&mS ;ajym=um;cJah ompum;vk;H jzpfonf? ESppf Of wdik ;f jynf w0ef;vH;k &Sd jynforl sm;od@k ajym=um; aeus ESpq f ef;csed f wdik ;f jynftajctaerde@f ceG ;f (State of Union Address) xJwiG v f nf; ryg0ifaompum;vH;k jzpfonf? u|eaf wmfw@dk wikd ;f jynfwiG f rqvacwfwav#mufv;kH zG@H òz;d r_tenf;qH;k Edik if t H jzpf w&m;0ifav#mufxm;& ,ljcif;rðyrD txd wav#mufv;kH rqv.[efjyv$waf wmfxw J iG f ‘wdik ;f jynf. pD;yGm;a&; tajctae onf tESpf 20 ESp&f n S pf rD u H ed ;f vrf;a=umif;ay:od@k jyefvnfa&muf&v dS m+y’D / ‘wdik ;f jynf.pD;yGm; a&; OD;armhvm+yD’ [k ajym=um;cJo h nhf avvH;k rd;k vH;k rsm;udk jyefvnfowd&p&myif?

15

21 pmpOf 2008 ckESpfEdk0ifbmvwvxJwGif puf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm; ydwfoGm;jcif; a=umifv h nf;aumif;/ tvkyo f rm;rsm; av#mch sjcif;a=umifv h nf;aumif;/ tvkyv f ufrjhJ zpf oGm;olaygi;f oef;0uf (5 ode;f r#) &So d nf[k w&m;0if xkwaf zmfa=unmcJo h nf? ,if;onf 1930 ckESpf urBmhpD;yGm;ysufuyf tajctaewkef;uxuf ydkIqdk;&Gm;aom tajctae jzpfonf[k qdyk gonf? vuf&dS pD;yGm;a&;tajctae taumif;bufo@kd jyefvn S I hf emvef jyefxv l m&ef tenf;qH;k 18 vr# =umrnf[k pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sit f rsm;ucef@reS ;f =u&m tapmqH;k jyefemvef xlvmrnfu h mvrSm 2009 ESpv f ,f jzpfvrd rhf nf? tcsK@d ynm&Sirf sm;u 2009 ckEpS w f ESpv f ;kH jyefemvefxzl , G rf &S[ d k a[mude;f xkwx f m;=uonf? tar&duefp;D yGm;a&;onf urBmph ;D yGm;a&;wnf;[laom &xm;}uD;. acgi;f wGjJ zpf&m T*,ufonf wurBmvH;k od@k vnf; &du k cf wfco hJ nf? urBmw0ef; pawmhaps; uGurf sm; usqif;cJo h nf? urBmah iGa=u;aps;uGuf wckv;kH uarmufrujzpfomG ;cJo h nf? tqd;k xJrS taumif;[lI r=umao;cifumvrsm;txd wpnfv#if a':vm &mausmu f m/ 200 eD;yg;txd wufrvdjk zpfcahJ om a&eHprd ;f aps;rSm urBmph ;D yGm;ysu*f ,ufa=umifh wpnfv#if a':vm 40 atmufo@kd jyefvnfusqif;oGm;cJo h nf? ,ckaemufq;kH a':vm 50 0ef;usif wGi+f idraf eonf? urBmph ;D yGm;a&;tiftm;}uD; 8 Edik if H G8 tjzpfpzk @JG xm;cJah om tpk ta0;onfvnf; 2008 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvxJwiG yf if yHpk aH jymif;oGm;cJo h nf? tiftm;}u;D Edik if H 20 G20 [kjzpfvmum tpnf;ta0;udk yHpk aH jymif;usi;f ycJ&h onf? Tum; r[mAsL[m pkz@JG r_ tcif;tusi;f opfrsm; jzpf=uygonf? xk@d a=umifh òciH I kH ajym&v#if orRwa[mif;twGuf 2008 ckEpS o f nf tEdik f ESiyfh ikd ;f I *k%o f u d mQ &Spd mG tdrjf zLawmfrS xGucf gG omG ;&onft h jzpfrsK;d r[kwaf wmhbJ 2009 ESpq f ef;wGif jy\emwaxG;}uD;/ tawmfrsm;rsm;u raxG;Edik rf rsKEd ikd jf zpf&yfrsm;udk tarG tjzpf orRwopfxH xm;cJI h tdrjf zLawmfrx S u G cf mG oGm;&awmhrnfjzpfonf? orRwopf twGuv f nf; Tqd;k arGrsm;udk ajz&Si;f &if;jzifyh if 2009 ckEpS u f jkd zwfoef;&rnfrmS aocsm oavmufyif jzpfaeawmhonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;vH;k urBmph ;D yGm;a&;/ Edik if aH &;/ ppfa&;rsuEf mS pmwGif jzpfysuaf eor#w@kd ukd apmif=h unhaf vhvm oifcef;pm,l&if; ud, k Efh ikd if . H tul;tajymif; tcsK;d tauG@umvjzpfaom 2009-10udk qufvuf jzwfoef;=uygp@kd [k wdu k w f eG ;f tyfygonf? 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890

16

&Jabmfrif;xGe;f

21 pmpOf

2008 ckESp&f J hjyKduGJrSk hBuD; pd e f c sif ; =unf vuf±dS 2008ckEpS b f ¾ma&;tusyt f wnf;}uD;tygt0if }uD;rm;wJh b¾ma&;tusyf twnf;}u;D awGtay:rSm enf;ynmawmfveS af &;rsm;&J@ tusKd ;oufa&mufru _ kd ordik ;f ±ky0f g' tjrifay:uae em;vnf,jl cif;[m pD;yGm;a&;uyfawG&@J ta=umif;&if;awGukd em;vnfEikd f ±krH u wnf±adS ewJph epfukd b,fvkd ajymif;vJypfEidk rf ,f/ uaomif;ueif;jzpfaewmawGukd b,fvakd vsmyh g;atmif vkyEf ikd rf ,f qdw k mwd@k uykd g oabmayguaf pygw,f? ordik ;f ±ky0f g'[m umvt±Sn=f umqH;k wnfw+hH yD; vltrsm;qH;k vuf cH=uwJh rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd &@J tbd"rRmbmom&yfukd jznfq h nf;r_ jzpfygw,f? tde*f ,f&@J “pdwful;,OfeJ@ody`Henf;usqdk±S,fvpf0g'”pmtkyftwGuf pHawmf0iftrSmudka&;cJh&mrSm atmufygtwdik ;f yg±ydS gw,f? “ordik ;f ±ky0f g'&J@c, H cl su[ f m atmufyguae tpðyw,f? vl awG&@J touf±iS w f nf±rdS u _ kd axmufuw l hJ ud&, d mawGukd xkwv f yk jf cif;/ aemuf+yD; 'D xkwf vkyfr_aemufrSm xkwfvkyfvdkufwJhypPnf;awGudk zvS,fjcif;wdk@[m vlr_taqmufttHk wckv;kH &J@ tajccHjzpfw,f? ordik ;f rSmjzpfay:cJw h hJ vl@tzG@J tpnf;wdik ;f rSm pnf;pdrOf pPmudk b,fvkd cGaJ 0w,f/ b,fvv kd w l ef;pm;awGtjzpf uGjJ ym;oGm;w,fqw kd mwd@k [m bmudx k w k v f yk w f ,f/ b,fvx kd w k v f yk w f ,f/ b,fvzkd vS,=f uw,f qdw k mawGtay:rSm wnfw,f? 'ga=umihf vl@tzG@J tpnf;ajymif;vJre_ @J Edik if aH &;awmfveS af &;awG&@J ta=umif;&if;awGukd odcsiw f ,f qd&k if xm0&trSew f &m;eJ@ w&m;r#wr_tay: vlawG&@J xd;k xGi;f =unhjf rifEikd rf t _ ay:rSm tajc rcHbJ xkwv f yk ef nf;eJ@ vJv, S ef nf;wd@k rmS tajccH+yD;±Sm&ygvrd rhf ,f?” vG,fvG,fajym&&if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ajymif;vJr_awG[m pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay:wd;k wufre_ @J awmfveS af jymif;vJr}_ uD;awG tay:rSm rlwnfygw,f? ordik ;f ±ky0f g'eJ@ yGe;f yGe;f wD;wD; ±S=d uolawGuawmh vuf±t dS usyt f wnf;rsKd ; ordik ;f rSm t&ifuvnf; ±Scd w hJ ,f qdw k mudk od&&if tH=h orSmr[kwyf gb;l ? tJ't D &ifu jzpfay:cJw h mawG[m umvtvdu k f ay:ayguw f hJ tck“enf;ynmawmfveS af &;”vd@k u|eaf wmfw@kd uac:ae=uwJh enf;ynm wd;k wufra_ wGe@J b¾mt&if;tES;D w±Sed x f ;kd wd;k wufra_ yguu f rJG q _ w kd mwd@k e@J tjyeftvSeq f uf

17

21 pmpOf

oG,yf wfoufae=uw,fqw kd m awG@&ygw,f? tde*f ,f&@J tqdu k kd enf;enf; xyfqq JG ef@wt hJ aeeJ@ enf;ynm awmfveS f a&;qdw k mudk ordik ;f ±ky0f g'eJ@tnD atmufygtwdik ;f teufziG =hf unhf =u&atmifyg? 'Dae&mrSm ADeZD v JG m;u enf;ynmqdik &f myg&*l umvdw k m yJ&ufZf (Carlota Perez) qDu enf;enf; iSm;oH;k ygr,f? olu 'Dvkd a&;ygw,f- “enf;ynmawmfveS af &;qdw k m[m pD;yGm;a&;wckv;kH udk }u;D rm;wJh tajymif;tvJjzpfay:apEdik pf rG ;f ±Sw d /hJ a&±Snw f ;kd wufr}_ u;D awGtwGuf tm;jzpf apwJh tifrwefjrifom+yD; t±Sed =f oZm}uD;wJh enf;ynm/ txGuyf pPn;f eJ@ pufrv _ yk if ef;awGtyg wòyw H rvH;k vd@k qd&k ygr,f? 'g[m tjyeftvSef eD;eD;uyfuyf qufo, G rf ±_ w dS hJ enf;ynm wDxiG f r_jzpf+yD;/ trsm;tm;jzifh 'DtxJrmS ta&;}uD;wJ/h bufaygi;f pHv k r$ ;f òcHw/hJ tuket f usenf;wJh wDxiG af zmfxw k f r_awGyg0ifygw,f? tawmfrsm;rsm;uawmhprG ;f tifyg? wcgwavawmh ta&;ygwu hJ ek =f urf;ypPn;f / aemuf+y;D xl;jcm;wJh xkwv f yk rf t _ opf/ xkwv f yk rf j_ zpfpOfe@J txuf taqmufttHak wGvnf; yg0ifygw,f? txuftaqmufttHo k pfqw kd mu tjrefEe_ ;f / ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&r_eJ@ qufoG,fr_awGudk tajymif;tvJjzpfap+yD; tukeftusudkvnf; trsm;}uD;avsmeh nf;apwmawGukd qdv k w kd myg? t&if;±Sipf epfatmufu enf;ynmwd;k wufr}_ u;D awG&@J ordik ;f [m jzpfay: wJah e&meJ@ urBmah e&mtoD;oD;udak &muf±o dS mG ;wJh “ordik ;f t& tjrefEe_ ;f ” wd@k tay:rlwnf+y;D twdik ;f twm uGjJ ym;ygw,f? b,fvykd jJ zpfyap olw@kd [mb,fae&mrSmrqdk olw@kd e@J b¾m t&if;eJ@ “o[Zmw rjzpfvS a=umif;” xif±mS ;wJo h ¿mefawGazmfjyygw,f? t*Fvyd f tar&duefw@kd &@J rSww f rf;t&qd&k if 1770pkEpS rf sm;u yxrqH;k pufra_ wmfveS af &;upvd@k uae@umvtxd tajymif;tvJ}u;D wd;k wufr}_ u;D ig;ck±cdS yhJ gw,f? 'Dpuf0ef;wdik ;f [m wDxiG rf }_ u;D awG ayguu f x JG u G w f meJ@ tpðywmcsn;f ygy?J aiGa=u;eJ@ xkwf vkyrf t _ &if;tES;D (wnf±adS ewJh xkwv f yk rf e_ nf;em)wd@k t=um; uÂaumZjzpfru _ 'Dvakd yguf uGx J u G rf u _ kd yd+k y;D vG,u f al pygw,f? b¾mt&if;[m vlvm;ajrmuf+yjD zpfwhJ enf;ynmopf u jyefay;Edik w f mavmufe@J rauseyfEikd af wmhygb;l ? xkwv f yk rf e_ nf;ema[mif;[m ol@t&ifu enf;ynmpD;yGm;a&;acwf &ifrh n S v fh m+yD; aps;uGuaf wGukd jynhv f #o H mG ;wmeJ@twl tpGr;f ukeo f avmufe;D yg; jzpfvm ygw,f? enf;ynmopfwpHk ay:vmwmtay:rSm pdwx f ufoefra_ wG jrifw h ufvm aecsed rf mS yJ aps;upm;r_awGvnf; aemufu uyfygvmygw,f? wygwnf; tqift h wef; rnDr#r[ _ m vnf; ydw k ;kd rsm;vmygw,f? wcsKd @utvGet f u|H csr;f om/ trsm;u aemufrmS use&f pf 'DvdkeJ@ aps;upm;r_u t&if;tESD;wefzkd;awGudk wu,hfwefzdk;xufydk+yD; twif;jr‡ihf wifcw hJ t hJ wGuf òydurJG _ ay:vmawmhwmygy?J 'Dvkd òydurJG }_ uD; +yD;oGm;wJt h cgrmS taqmuf ttHðk yjyifr/_ pepfusatmifvyk rf _ (wcgw&HrmS tpd;k &wzG@J v;kH udk ajymif;vJypfw,f) awG ay:vmygw,f? wcgw&HrmS qd&k if awmfveS af &;awG/ ppfyaJG wGawmif jzpfay:vmygw,f? pnf;pepfopf csrw S w f mawG[m trSm;awGukd jyifqifvu kd ±f rkH u tajc cHtaqmufttHak wG(infrastructure) eJ@ “}uD;vGe;f vd@k òydrusw”hJ vkyif ef;awGukd odod

18

21 pmpOf omom}uD; trsm;ydik v f uQ%m ydak qmifvmapygw,f? òydusra_ wG[m rsm;aomtm;jzifh awmh wckwnf;r[kwfygbl;? pD;yGm;a&;xdkif;rd_if;r_/ 'grSr[kwf pD;yGm; a&;usqif;r_awG qufwu kd af y:wwfygw,f? jyKjyifra_ wG vky+f y;D aemufrmS 'Dpnf;pepfcsrw S rf a_ wGe@J taqmuf ttHk csKyx f ed ;f r_awGuif;wJh enf;ynmopfawGukd pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHw k ckv;kH rSm wjznf; jznf;csi;f toH;k ðyvm=uygw,f? 'Dvekd @J b¾mt&if;eJ@xw k v f yk rf t _ &if;wd@k [m “aysm±f i$ f pGm jyefvnf aygi;f oif;=uavownf;” jzpfomG ;jyefwmygy?J 'DtcgrmS enf;ynmopf[m &ifu h suv f m+yD; aps;uGuaf wGxJ jynfv h #H oGm;jyefygw,f? 'Dtcsed rf mS t&if;[mvnf; +yD;cJw h hJ pnf;pepfcsrw S rf a_ wGwek ;f u ab;z,f xm;vdu k &f wJh wDxiG rf a_ wGukd oufjyif;r_wx f w k v f u dk +f yD; aemufqufvmwJh enf;ynm awmfveS af &;uae “wDxiG rf ±_ pdS mG ” tjrwf}uD; awG&atmif jyefvyk yf gawmhw,f? t&if;±Sipf epf t±k%w f ufcsed (f tenf;qH;k t*Fvefe@J tar&duefrmS ) u pvd@k ay:aygucf w hJ hJ enf;ynmwd;k wufr}_ uD;ig;ckukd twdck sKyfjyefazmfjyxm;vku d &f if 'Db¾m a&;uyfrmS óuaH wG@ae&wJh vrf;qHv k rf;cGe@J “xkwv f yk rf e_ nf;em” awG&@J ta&;ygru _ kd ydek m;vnf Edik rf ,fxifygw,f? puf r _ a wmf v S e f a &; (1771-1829) 1771ckEpS rf mS +Aw d ed Ef ikd if rH mS &pfcswt f mhc±f u kd f (Richard Arkwright) &J@ c±Gr;f zk@d (Cromford) puf±u kH zkd iG v hf pS v f u kd af wmh 0g*rG ;f / txnf&ufvyk if ef;eJ@ wjcm;pufr_ vkyif ef;awGtwGuf ydrk akd ps;oufomwJh tem*wfvrf;a=umif;awGukd xifxif ±Sm;±Sm; awG@ vdu k =f u&ygw,f? r=umrDrmS yJ 0g*rG ;f / oHºuyG f pwJv h yk if ef;rsm;udk puf±akH wG rSmvkyu f ikd v f m+y;D wGicf v kH kd puf±o kH ;kH ud&, d mawGvnf; acwfwacwf ajymif;oGm;ygawmhw,f? aemuf+yD; wl;ajrmif;awG/ a&vrf;awG/ jzwfoef;cay;&wJh um;vrf;}uD;awG pwJh tajccH taqmuf ttHak wGrmS tajymif;tvJawGjzpfvm+yD; pufrr_ mS a&tm;udo k ;kH wmvnf; e*dx k uf ydk wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmwm awG@=u&ygw,f? 'Denf;ynmtopfawGrmS tapmydik ;f &if;ES;D ðry‡ Ef o HS al wG&@J tE &W m,frsm; wJh pGe@f pm;r_awGuae t&rf;uma&m aiGa=u;upm;r_awGe@J “rvdt k yfbJ jzef@cs@J xm;wJh taºuG;ay;pepfe@J aiGpuULxkwv f yk w f phJ epf”wd@k ujkd zpfay:apcJyh gw,f? 'Dvu kd ae +Adwed u f yxrqH;k aom pufra_ wmfveS af &;udk tvSnt hf ajymif;wck a&mufvmap+yD; 1793ckEpS rf mS òydurJG }_ uD; ay:aygucf w hJ mjzpfygw,f? 'Dt h &if wESpw f ek ;f uawmh vGwv f yfa&; &wm r=um ao;wJh tar&duefEikd if rH mS yxrqH;k b¾ma&;òydurJG }_ uD; jzpfay:wmud=k unh+f yD; aomrwfpf *suzf mqifu “u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J puULylaygi;f }uD;uawmh uGx J u G o f mG ;+yD”vd@k rSwcf sucf schJ ygw,f? 'ge@J wqufwnf; vl@tzG@J pnf;u vkyu f ikd x f m;or#[mvnf; wygwnf; ajymif;vJomG ;+y;D jyefux JG u G o f mG ;ygw,f? pD; yGm;a&;vlwef;pm;opfawG ay:ayguv f mygw,f? wcsKd @uazmif;/ wcsKd @ujym; jzpfuek =f uygw,f? &mpkEpS ef @J cs+D yD;wnf±cdS w hJ hJ rif;pd;k &mZmawG

19

21 pmpOf rSL;rsKd ; rwfE, G af wGe@J bke;f }u;D awGom "e pkaqmif;cGi±hf w dS ,fqw kd hJ taqmufttHek @J Oya' awGuv kd nf; z,f±mS ;ypfvu kd yf gw,f/ v,form;awGukd v,fu|eb f 0u vGwaf jrmuf+yD; vcpm;awGjzpfvmap+yD; "e±Siaf wGuv kd nf; topfay:ayguv f mwJh taqmufttkaH wG&@J ydik ±f iS t f jzpf tqifjh r‡iafh y;vdu k yf gw,f? a&aEG ; aiG @ eJ @ rD ; &xm;acwf (1829-1873) 1929ckEpS rf mS a&aEG;aiG@e@J armif;wJh vlp;D rD;&xm;wpif;[m refcsupf wm uae vDAmyl;udk ckwaf rmif;cJyh gw,f? 'ge@J twl arG;zGm;vmwmuawmh tar&duefe@J +Adwed f wd@k rmS oHe@J r;D aoG;/ a&aEG;aiG@/ pufu&d , d meJ@ tiftm;oH;k pufrv _ yk if ef;awG w[kex f ;kd ay: ayguv f mwmygy?J 'gawGay:ayguv f mwm[m pD;yGm;a&;ta[mif;eJ@ vl@tzG@J tpnf;a[mif; udk xyfajymif;vJz@kd awmif;qdck yhJ gw,f? t&if;tjrpfopfawG tajrmuftjrm;vdt k yfaewmeJ@ xkwv f yk rf e_ nf;em tajymif;tvJw@kd u e,fcs@J z@kd &nfreS ;f csuaf wG ay:ayguv f mapygw,f? +Adwed Ef ikd if rH mS qd&k if qdik u f av;awGe@J tdraf wGxrJ mS ðyvkyw f hJ ud&, d m wefqmyvmeJ@ &ufuef;pifw@kd u xkwv f yk rf a_ wG edÏw d u H ek yf gw,f? tar&duefrmS awmh 'Denf; ynmopfawG[m u|epf epfukd qufxed ;f odr;f zd@k twGuf trsm;}u;D tusKd ;ðycJyh gw,f? 'g[m Edik if aH &;t&/ vl@usi0hf wft& vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk }uD;rm;wJ+h cdr;f ajcmufr_ jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 'Dvkd xkwv f yk rf t _ ydik ;f awmfveS af &;}uD;u vl@tzG@J tpnf;tay: }uD;rm;pGm oufa&mufr_ ±Scd yhJ ekH @J ywfoufv@kd rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd u uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwef;xJrmS tckvkd ajymif ajrmufpmG jc,fre_ ;f jyxm;ygw,f? “"e±Siv f w l ef;pm;onf xkwv f yk af &;ud&, d mrsm;udk rjywf awmfveS f jcif; rðybJ r&yfwnfEikd af y? TrSwqifh xkwv f yk rf q _ ufqaH &;ESihf vl@tzG@J tpnf;wGi;f qufqH a&;rsm;udk awmfveS af jymif;vJ&onf? tapmydik ;f pufrv _ yk if ef; vlwef;pm;rsm;rSmrl xkwv f yk f r_ypkH aH [mif;rsm;udk rðyjyif rajymif;vJbJ xde;f odr;f Edik rf S &yfwnfv@kd &onf? xkwv f yk rf u _ kd rjywf awmfveS af jymif;vJ/ vl@tzG@J tpnf;wGi;f taetxm;awG t+rJ rwnfr+ird jf zpf/ xm0 &rwnf+idrf ra&&mjcif;ESihf pdwyf yl ifaomujzpfjcif;wd@k onf "e±Siaf cwftm; tjcm;acwf rsm;ESihf rwlujJG ym;aponhf vuQ%mrsm;jzpfonf? tajccdik af e+yDjzpfaom/ wnf+rJaeaom qufqaH &;rSeo f r#rmS ,if;wd@k . a±S;usI wcsed u f *k%o f a&±Scd ahJ om tpGt J vrf;ESihf tjrif rsm;ESit hf wl z,f±mS ;jcif;cHvu kd &f onf? topf ay:aygucf o hJ nfrsm;rSmvnf; tajc rusrrD mS yif acwfaemufusomG ;onf? taumiftxnf±o dS nfreS o f r# taiG@b0 ajymif;oGm;onf? ±dak oxdu k o f nfrsm;vnf; !d;_ rSed o f mG ;onf? tqH;k wGif vlw@kd taejzifh olw@kd . wu,fh b0tajctaersm;ESihf olw@kd vlom;tcsi;f csi;f wu,fq h ufqrH r_ sm;udk acgi;f at;at;jzifh &ifqikd &f awmhonf?” 'Dpufr_vkyfief;awG&J@ a±S@tvm;tvmay:rSm wnfaqmufxm;wJh aiGa=u;upm;r_awG[m 1830pkEpS rf sm;eJ@ 1840pk ESprf sm;twGi;f rSm awmufav#muf ay: aygucf yhJ gw,f? tJ'u D mv aemufyikd ;f ESpaf wGrmS Oa&mywcGif pD;yGm;a&;òyu d rJG a_ wG ydrk kd rsm;jym;

20

21 pmpOf pGm us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ jzpfay:cJw h mygy?J 'Dacwf&@J rnDr#ru _ kd tde*f ,fu ol@&@J ‘t*Fveftvkyf orm;vlwef;pm;tajc tae-1844’qdw k hJ pmtkyx f rJ mS emem=unf;=unf;eJ@ ay:vGiaf tmif a&;jy xm;ygw,f? 1848-1850rSmawmh tvSnt fh ajymif;}uD;wckuakd &mufvmygawmh w,f? Oa&mywcGirf mS taqmufttHo k abmt&a&m/ vl@tzG@J tpnf;t&yg ydrk t kd ajccH uswhJ 'Dru kd a&pDtajymif;tvJawGvyk zf @kd vdt k yfvmjyefyg+yD? Oa&mywcGirf mS wd;k cs@J a&;eJ@ wd;k wufa&;udk twm;tqD;jzpfaewJh ya'o&mZfqufqaH &; tºuiG ;f tuseaf wGukd z,f±mS ; r,fah wmfveS af &;awG tES@H tjym; jzpfay:vmcJyh gw,f? tar&duefrmS qd&k if aus;u|epf epfukd zsuo f rd ;f zd@k twGuf enf;ynmopfawG toH;k ðyr_ukd acwW&yfqikd ;f cJyh gw,f? awmfveS af &;awG/ ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awG +yD;oGm;wJhaemufrSm wdk;wufr_[m ydkrdkwnf+idrf+yD; t&rf;uma&m aiGa=u;upm;r_awGuv kd nf; jyef+yD; pepfusatmifvyk cf yhJ gw,f? oHr%d/ v#yfppfESifh tav;pm;tif*sifeD,m enf;ynmacwf (1875-1918) 1875ckESpf/ tar&duefEdkifiHyifqDvfaA;eD;,m;jynfe,f/ ypPbmh*frSm ume,f *sb D ufpifem oHr%dvyk if ef;udk zGiv hf pS v f u kd +f yD;oHr%dacwfukd wnfaxmifvu kd f ygw,f? oHr%dxw k v f yk rf u _ ae wjcm;vkyif ef;tajrmuftjrm;udv k nf; azmfxw k v f u kd f ygw,f? Oyrm- oabFm}uD;awGtwGuf a&aEG;aiG@armif;pufawG/ t}uD;pm; "mwkeJ@ vrf;wHwm;vkyif ef;awG/ v#ypf pfypPn;f pufrv _ yk if ef;/ a=u;eDe@J v#ypf pfóu;d vkyif ef;/ pnfow G ef @J ykvif;oGwt f pm;taomuf/ puULESihf xkyyf ;kd a&;pufrv _ yk if ef; pwmawGygy?J 'Denf;ynmawG eJ@ olw@kd &@J p;D yGm;a&;[m topfðyjyifxm;wJ/h twdik ;f twmydrk }kd uD;rm;wJh tajccHtaqmuf ttHak wG vdt k yfygw,f? aemuf+yD; urBmwckv;kH qufo, G x f m;wJah =u;eef;vkyif ef;/ Edik if t H oD;oD;&Sd w,fvzD ek ;f awG/ a&a=umif;o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;eJ@ 'DtwGuf vHòk cHa&;/ pl;tuf wl;ajrmif;/ rD;&xm; vrf;awG/ wHwm;awG/ Orifv% kd af cgi;f awG/ v#ypf pfueG , f ufawG[mvnf; xif±mS ;wJh OyrmawGygy?J 'DtcgrmS aiGa=u;upm;r_[m jyefcek x f u G v f m+yD; 1890pkEpS rf sm; tukef ydik ;f rSm {&mrb¾ma&;uyf}uD; ay:cJyh gw,f? tJ'aD emufrmS awmh oDt'kd dk ±kpAJ&h @J ðyjyif ajymif;vJra_ wGuud, k pf m;ðywJh pepfusatmif jyefvnf pnf;urf;owfrw S rf a_ wG vky&f yg awmhw,f? oluwnf±adS ewJzh @JG pnf;r_ak wGukd tjref ajymif;vJaewJh enf;ynmtajccH taqmufttHak wGe@J vdu k af vsm nDaxGatmif jyefvnfxed ;f ndw ‡ mawGvyk yf gw,f? tOD;ydik ;f tvkyo f rm;or*~vy_ ±f mS ;r_[m wae@tvkycf sed f ±Spef m&Djzpfa&;eJ@ uav;tvkyo f rm; t oH;k rðya&;wdu k yf aJG wGuae ayguzf mG ;vmwmjzpfygw,f? wygwnf;rSm tiftm; aumif;pðy vmwJh t&if;±SiAf [dck surf Edik if }H uD;awGt=um;rSm yËdyuQawG ay:aygu+f yD; yxrurBmppf }uD;jzpfymG ;cJyh gw,f? ppfbufqikd &f menf;ynmawGtwGuf ppfy[ JG m t±Sed jf rifw h ufvm+yD; “ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;acwf” wnf+idrfa&;ar#mfvifhcsufudk aysmufuG,foGm;apcJhygw,f?

21

21 pmpOf 'Dtcsed rf mS enf;ynmawmfveS af &;opfwcku t±Sed , f al eyg+yD/ b¾mt&if;taeeJ@ oHr%d acwfukd ordik ;f pmtkyx f yJ @kd ypfr,fh enf;ynmopfwòyHwrudak wG@±+dS yD; xkwv f yk af &;uae cGx J u G pf ðyaeyg+yD? armfawmfum;/ a&eHeJ@ xkeJ@xnfeJ@xkwfvkyfr_acwf (1908-1874) 1908ckEpS rf mS tar&duefEikd if /H rDcs*D efjynfe,f/ 'ufx±dKG ufòrd@ zd@k 'u f m; vkyif ef;}uD; uae yxrqH;k wDarmf',f armfawmfum;udk xkwv f yk v f u kd yf gw,f? xke@J xnfe@J xkwv f yk f vdu k w f hJ armfawmfum;/ aps;aygwahJ &eHe@J avmifpmqD/ a&eH"mwkvyk if ef;/ twGi;f rSm ayguu f JG wJph epfe@J tif*si/f tdrw f iG ;f oH;k v#yf ppfypPn;f / tat;cef;eJ@a&cJ±u kd t f pm;taomufvyk if ef;/ 'gawG tm;vH;k udpk ak ygi;f vdu k af wmh tajccHt& ydak umif;atmifvyk /f wd;k cs@J xm;wJh tajccH taqmufttHak wG- t&yfo;kH a&m/ ppfo;kH a&m- ay:ayguv f mygw,f? 'DaemufrmS vkyf tm;cGaJ 0r_topfay:xGuv f m+yD; xke@J xnfe@J xw k v f yk w f hJ vkyif ef;awGrmS vkyt f m;aps;uGuf twGi;f ud, k u fh , kd u f kd a&mif;cs touf±iS &f yfwnf&wJh ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;[mvnf; ta& twGuf t}u;D tus,w f ;kd rsm;vmygw,f? 'Dvw l ef;pm;[m 'dt&ifwek ;f u txnfvyk if ef;eJ@ oHpufrv _ yk if ef;awGrmS rmhupf ef @J tde*f ,fw@kd avhvmcJw h hJ vlwef;pm;ygy?J tckawmh vky&f wmyd+k y;D tajymif;tvJenf;vm/ wyHpk w H nf;usvm/ puf±yk q f efvm/ vltppfe@J uGjJ ym;vm wmwk@d jzpfvmwmygy?J 'Dvyk t f m;&J@wefz;kd [m touf±iS f &yfwnfv@kd &±ko H mjzpfygw,f? tJ'g uawmh wacwfu tifrwefval jymrsm;cJ=h uwJh v#r;f v#r;f awmufwhJ 20pkEpS rf sm;ygy?J 1929ckESpfaemufrSm qufjzpfay:cJhwJh b¾ma&;òyduGJr_}uD;uawmh jyif;xefvSygw,f? ol@a=umihf wnf±SdaewJh zGJ@pnf;r_awGomru EdkifiHa&;eJ@ wjcm;taqmufttHkawGyg vHk;0ajymif;vJukefygw,f? tJ'DaemufrSm pufr_or*~v_yf±Sm;r_ jrifhwufvmwmtjyif ajz±Si;f r_opf/ vlrz_ v l akH &;/ aiGa=u;ydik ;f qdik &f mxde;f ndr‡ /_ qd±k , S v f pf0g' t,ltq (qd±k , S f 'Dru kd &ufwpfo¿mefe@J a&m rmhupf 0f g'o¿mefe@J yg) pwmawG[m tajymif;tvJawG&@J tajccHawGjzpfvmygw,f? ta0;ajy; armfawmfum;vrf;/ avqdy/f oabFmqdy/f a&eHe@J "mwfaiG@yu kd v f ikd ;f / v#ypf pfvikd ;f / qufo, G af &;(a&'D,/kd w,fvzD ek ;f / wJvufp/f a=u;eef;) óud;rJha&m-óud;eJ@a&m/ ydkufuGefrsdK;pHk[m wurBmvHk;udk txyfxyf&pfywfvmwm[m enf;ynmawmfveS af &; &ifu h suv f mwmudk azmfjyaewmygy?J owif;eJ@qufoG,fa&;acwf (1971-´ ´ ´) 1971ckEpS /f tar&duefEikd if /H umvDz;kd eD;,m;jynfe,f/ pefwm uv,f&m rSm tifwv J u f rk % ` u D rdu k cf ±dyk ±du k q f ufpm (microprocessor) udk urBmudk xkwjf yvdu k f ygw,f? 'Dae@rmS awmh odyyH` nmwdik ;f [m uGeyf sLwmodyH` jzpfaeyg+y?D ol@t&ifacwf v#ypf pf/ owif;eJ@ ukef=urf;okawoewdk@uae ay:xGufvmcJhwmjzpfwJh rdkufc±dky±dkqufpm[m aps;aygwhJ tDvufx±Ge;f epfypPn;f awGukd azmfxw k cf yhJ gw,f? tJ'u D ae uGeyf sLwmawG/ taysmx h nfawG/ w,fvzD ek ;f qufo, G af &;awG/ ZD0enf;ynm/ aemufq;kH uke=f urf;opfawGukd

22

21 pmpOf awmif zefw;D ay;cJyh gw,f? us,jf yef@vw S hJ zdik b f matmhyw f pf uGe, f uf}u;D awG/ ò*[ d w f ak wG/ tifwmeuf/ tD;ar;vfpwJh tDvufx±Ge;f epf 0efaqmifrv _ yk if ef;awG pwJh tajccH taqmuf ttHq k ikd &f m {&mr &if;ES;D ðry‡ Ef rHS }_ u;D awGu vlawG&@J aer_xikd rf /_ oGm;r_vmr_/ qufo, G rf /_ b0 wckv;kH udk tajymif;vJ}uD; ajymif;vJapcJyh gw,f? ‘'dw}urd òf yu d rJG }_ u;D rSm t&ift}urd af wGe@J wlwmawG±o dS vdk topfawG vnf;±Syd gw,f? 1980pkEpS rf sm;wke;f u wydik ;f v#yu f ;l (semi conductor) eJ@ taysmx h nf awG t}uD;tus,fxGef;um;cJhwm/ 1990 pkESpfrsm;&J@'kwd,ydkif;uae 2000ckESpftxd aiGaps;upm;r_awG t±l;trl; vkyv f m=uwm/ 'Duae 'Dae@òyu d rJG }_ u;D qufjzpfvmwmwd@k ukd rSwrf =d uygvrd rhf ,f? vuf±SdòyduGJr_ 'DòydurJG r_ mS tqifEh pS q f if±h ydS gw,f? yxrtqifu h 2000 ckEpS rf mS yg? tJ'gu“kd a'gu h eG yf al zmif;(dot-com bubble) ayguu f rJG ”_ vd@k ac:=uygw,f? 'kw, d tqifu h awmh tckt}udryf g? 2000ckEpS u f owday;csuu f kd owdrrlcw hJ hJ bk±t fS pd;k &[m aiGa=u;e,fy,frmS ðyjyifoifw h mawG rðyjyifcw hJ t hJ jyif pnf;urf;awGukd av#mch scv hJ @kd jzpf& wmvd@k qdEk ikd yf gw,f? t&if enf;ynmawmfveS af &;awGwek ;f uvdyk J 'DwcgrmS vnf; b¾m t&if;[m enf;ynmopf&@J twdik ;f tqudk vGex f u G o f mG ;cJw h mygy?J olwdk@[m b¾mt&if;udk taqmufttHk ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGu wqifh enf;ynmopfukd toH;k ðywJh xkwv f yk af &;awGqu D kd jyefy@kd &r,ft h pm; pnf;pepfr±S/d taumiftxnfr±Sw d hJ td;k tdrt f &if;tES;D awGrmS aiGawG yHak tmupm;wmawG jzpfay: vmcJh ygw,f? 'DawmhrnDr#ra_ wG wef;ay:vmygawmhw,f? *vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;±Si;f - txl;ojzifh t&if;tES;D awGe@J b%fawG&@J aiGa=u;±Si;f wrf;awGukd *vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;±Si;f vkyv f u kd w f hJ twGuf urBmtEH@S rSm t±l;trl;aiGa=u;upm;r_awG t}urd af ygi;f rsm;pGmjzpfvmawmhwmygyJ (tar&duefEikd if o H m;wOD;u ol@trd u f akd ygiEf v HS u kd w f m&J@ tpdwt f ydik ;f wck[m aemfa0;Edik if /H òrd@av;wòrd@u rD;owftzG@J rD;owfwyfom;a[mif;wOD;&J@ yifpifvpm jzpfaeEdik yf gw,f)? wu,fu Edik if w H umvuQ%maqmifvmwmeJ@tr# Edik if w H umvuQ%maqmifwhJ xde;f csKyfr/_ pnf;urf;owfrw S rf a_ wG ±So d ihyf gw,f? Edik if aH um aiGa=u;&efyakH iGtzG@J / urBmb h %fw@kd xuf Edifk if w H um taqmufttHak wG ay:vmoifyh gw,f? ukvor*~[mvnf;tckxuf tpGr;f ±Sd oifyh gw,f? trSeaf jym&&if 'Denf;ynmawmfveS af &;u urBm}u;D tay: tusKd ;ouf a&mufprG ;f udk aumif;aumif;rjrif&ao;ygb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd [m 1930 ckEpS f armf',f armf awmfum;wpif;udak rmif;+yD; 'kw, d urBmppfrwdik rf D urBm}uD;udk vSnyhf wf=unhaf eovdyk J jzpfaeygao;w,f? urBmay:rSm t&mudpP tawmf rsm;rsm;[m csKyfuikd zf @kd vw kd ,fqw kd mudyk J awGae&rSmyg? 'DtxJu wcsKd @upd aP wGuawmh tawmfav±Si;f vmyg+yD/ - aiGa=u;pepfxu J tawmfrsm;rsm;tygt0if pD;yGm;a&;tajccH t

23

21 pmpOf aqmufttHak wGukd yd+k y;D trsm;ydik v f uQ%maqmifatmif vky&f ygr,f? 'gukd taqmuf ttHk qdik &f m rjyif&ifrjzpfwhJ jyefvnfðyjyifra_ wGe@J tpðy&ygr,f? olw@kd ysupf ;D &if pepfwckv;kH udk yg tE &W m,fjzpfEikd af pr,hf taqmufttHak wGukd wpdww f ydik ;f / 'grrS [kwf wckv;kH jynfoyl ikd f vkyyf pf&ygr,f? - wcsed w f nf;rSm aumif;rGepf mG vnfywfaewJh aps;uGuaf wGukd aysmuf ysuf roGm;atmifxed ;f &ygr,f? ydak umif;atmif vky&f ygr,f? }uD;wJh tpd;k &/ yd+k yD; qd±k , S f vpfqefwJh tpdk;&w&yf[m rwnf+idrfr_awGudk ydkðyjyif/ "ecGJa0r_udk ydknDr#atmifvkyf/ ynmwwfawGe@J odyyH` nm±Siaf wG ydrk akd rG;xkw/f avhusiahf ay;Edik yf gw,f? 'gayrJh ol[m enf; ynmopf&@J tusKd ;aus;Zl;awGukd pD;yGm;a&;wckv;kH rSm jzef@usut f oH;k ðyap&mrSmawmh tm; enf;ygw,f? tenf;qH;k xkwv f yk o f al wGe@J o;kH pGo J al wGt=um;u ta&;rygwhJ ta&mif;t0,f tqifq h ifh tvDvaD wGe@J ywfouf&if rxda&mufvyS gb;l ? aps;uGuq f w kd mu ±Sm;yg;wJo h ,HZmwawGukd oifah wmfwhJ taqmufttHak wGuwqifh xda&mufpmG toH;k ðyEdik af tmif vkyaf y;wJh jiif;y,f r&wJh t&mawG jzpfygw,f? aps;uGu[ f m obm0t& wnf±adS ewm r[kwyf gb;l ? vlawG&@J rsm;jym;us,jf yef@whJ vdt k yfcsuaf wGukd tusKd ;ðyzd@k csrw S x f m;wmawGyg? t±l;trl; aps;upm;=uwm/ òyduGJwmwdk@eJ@ qufaewJhoabmw&m;awG[m olwdk@eJ@ xdu k w f efpmG yJ usqif;uke=f uyg+yD? - enf;ynmopfawGukd tjynft h 0toH;k csz@kd twGuf b¾mt&if;eJ@ xkwv f yk rf w _ @kd jyefvnfaygi;f pnf;a&;twGuq f &kd if tifrwef }u;D rm;wJh trsm;qdik &f mydik ;f u &if;ES;D ðr‡yEf rHS }_ uD;awG trsm;}uD;vkyzf @kd vdyk gw,f? tenf; qH;k q,fpEk pS w f ckpmavmuf 0if a&mufxed ;f odr;f uGyu f w J mawG vkyw f mudk awG@vmEdik yf gw,f? *s'D yD &D @J 100µavmufukd vkyf&rSmyg? bk±Sftpdk;&&J@ x&DvsHeJ@csDwJh u,fq,fa&;pDrHudef;[m Ed_if;pmjcif;tm;jzifh vuf±*dS s'D yD &D @J 10µavmufy±J ydS gao;w,f? +yD;cJw h hJ 'kw, d urBmppfwek ;f uoH;k pGrJ [ _ m *s'D yD &D @J 110µ±SdcJhygw,f? tJ'DvdkoHk;pGJvdkufvdk@om 1930pD;yGm;a&;uyf}uD;xJuae vGwfajrmuf vmwmjzpfygw,f? - ±Si;f aewmwcku wDxiG rf a_ wG[m obm0t&udyk J rwnf+idrrf u _ kd jzpfay:apygw,f? 'gt h jyif t&ifacwfawGe@J pm&if ay:ayguw f EhJ e_ ;f [mvnf; ydjk refrmS yg? 'DawmhaiGa=u;eJ@ xkwv f yk af &;t&if;tES;D wd@k t=um;rSm uGm[r_[m ay:udak y:rSmyg? 'Dtcg rSm jzpfpOfukd ydrk ekd m;vnfoabmayguaf tmif vkyaf &;&,f/ wd;k wufre_ @J wx D iG rf u _ kd cGiðhf ywJh aiGa=u;taqmufttHak wG- tpd;k &-xkwv f yk rf w _ @kd t=um;u xde;f n‡x d m;wJh qufo, G rf _ ay:vma&; qdw k m&,fw@kd [m t"dupdeaf c:csuf jzpfvmygvrd rhf ,f? 'g[m tvGet f u|H rwnfr+idrjf zpfwmawGa&m xde;f csKyfveG ;f vd@k pD;yGm;a&;xdik ;f rdi_ ;f vmwma&m rjzpfz@kd awmh vdyk gw,f? - vlwikd ;f tvkyt f udik &f ±Sad &; enf;AsL[m[m rwnf+ird rf u _ kd wm;qD;Edik f wJh taumif;qH;k a&±Snef nf;emyg? 'Dvo kd m jzpfae&if wDxiG rf a_ wG/ rjynfph w kH òhJ yid q f ikd rf a_ wGukd vlawGu onf;cHEikd rf mS yg?

24

21 pmpOf - wDxGifr_topfawG[m urBm}uD;udk enfvrf;aygif; taxmif taomif;eJ@ wkyaf ESmif+y;D urBmppfwckukd rjzwfoef;bJ pD;yGm;a&;uyf}u;D awGuae xGuaf yguf zefw;D ay;ygw,f? 'gayrJh 'g[m ordik ;f vrf;a=umif;udk zDqefaewmvnf; jzpfygw,f? - enf;ynmopfawG[m vkyt f m;wyfz@JG xu J tajrmuftjrm;udk ypPn;f rJt h jzpfu ajymif;vJypfEikd pf rG ;f ±Syd gw,f? tvkyo f rm;awGukd vufygwahJ vmufaumifawGv@kd qdw k hJ vkyif ef;±Si}f u;D awG&@J tjrifuv kd nf; ajymif;vJypfEikd yf gw,f? jynfoyl ikd v f rl z_ v l akH &;vkyif ef;/ yifpifvyk if ef;/ ynma&;/ ydw k kd awmif;wJt h vkycf sed /f aemuf+yD; vGwv f yfpmG pnf;±H;k cGi/hf “vkyf tm;aps;uGu”f udk zsuo f rd ;f ypfr,fqw kd u hJ wd/ tJ'gtpm; yd+k yD;umuG,rf ±_ w dS J “h vkyt f m;” twGuf aps;uGupf ojzifh jzpf&ygr,f? 'Daps;uGurf mS vkyt f m;&J@wefz;dk [m qufvuf tvkyf vkyaf y;zd@k twGuf touf±iS f &yfwnfEikd ±f rkH [kwb f J olxw k v f yk v f u kd w f m/ 'grrS [kwf olvyk f aqmifwhJ 0efaqmifr&_ @J wefz;kd eJ@ avsmn f w D w hJ efz;kd jzpf&ygr,f? tqd;k xJutaumif;±Sm/ tysut f pD;xJuoifcef;pmxkw/f 'Dvrkd o S m vl@tzG@J tpnf;}u;D [m wd;k wufygvrd rhf ,f? txufrmS awG@cw hJ mawGu jyqdak ewmuawmh u|eaf wmf wd@k OD;wnf&rSm[m “vlwikd ;f vkyEf ikd o f avmuf vky/f vkyo f avmuf cHpm;&ap” qdw k myJ jzpf&ygr,f? [kwyf gw,f/ 'g[m rmhupf w f ifcw hJ ahJ ºuG;a=umfoyH g? (=opa=w;vsm;Edik if u H *|eaf uhpf(John Case)a&;wJh The Crash Historical Materialism qdw k ahJ qmif;yg;udk bmomjyefwmyg) pd e f c sif ; junf

25

of 2008 and

21 pmpOf

12345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789 EkdifiHa&;tm%meJh 'Drkdua&pD 12345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789

apmouf a emif

Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &/ Ekid if aH &;tm%m/ tm%m&Sipf epf/ 'Dru dk a&pD pwmawG ae@pOf eJ@tr# ajymqdak eoH =um;ae&w,f? wcsKd @u Ekid if t H pd;k &qkw d m rif;usiw hf &m;awGe@J jynfph kH &r,fajymw,f? wcsKd @u tpk;d &qkw d m wkid ;f oljynfom;awGudk ausmom;&ifom; rcGjJ cm;bJ &if0,fom;vkd oem;n‡mwm cspcf if&r,fajymygw,f? wcsKd @u Ekid if aH &;vkyw f m Ekid if aH &; tm%m vkcd siv f @dk r[kwb f ;l ? 'Dru dk a&pDvcdk siv f @dk jzpfw,fv@kd ajym=uw,f? a&G;aumufyJG awGvyk +f yD; tEkid &f wJh tiftm;pku tpk;d &zG@J +yD; Ekid if aH &;tm%musio hf ;kH &if 'Dru dk a&pD tpd;k &qk+d yD;vnf; ajym=uw,f? vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDomv#if 'Dru dk a&pD/ qk&d , S v f pf 'Dru dk a& pDqw dk m tm%m&Sipf epfyjJ zpfw,fq+dk yD; ,lqolawGvnf; &Sad eygw,f? 'Djy\emawGukd tajccHtjrif&iS ;f zk@d q&dk if vl@orkid ;f ukd ±ky0f g'eJ@ csO;f uyf ±_jrifwhJ orkid ;f ±ky0f g'tjrife@J csO;f uyfrS tajzrSeu f dk &Ekid w f mjzpfyg w,f? vlom;[m obm0 avmu}u;D xJu qifu h jJ zpfpOft& wd&p>mefavmu uae jzpfay:wk;d yGm;vmwm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvjdk zpfay:wk;d yGm;vm&wm[m obm0jzpfpOftjyif vlom;&J@ ol@u, dk o f zl efw;D wJh tcef; u¾[m ykt d a&;ygwt hJ cef;u ygvmygw,f? tJ'guawmh vl[m tvkyv f yk &f mu rdrcd E<m uk, d f taetxm;ukd ajymif;vJay;ovkd rfrt d od^m%fuv dk nf; jzpfay:wk;d yGm;apvku d v f @dk ygy?J vlom;[m obm0ypPn;f awGudk vufeuftjzpf ukid w f , G f toH;k cswwf vm&muae vufeufu&d , d mawGudk wDxiG zf efw;D wJt h vkyu f dk pvky&f muae vl@avmu }u;D ukd t}u;D tus,f ajymif;vJw;dk yGm;oGm;apvku d Ef idk cf w hJ ,f? vufeufu&d , d mawG wDxiG f zefw;D Ekid v f @dk ajr,mxGe, f uf xkwv f yk w f hJ tvkyaf wGjzpfap/ trJom;ig; &SmazGpm;aomuf

26

21 pmpOf &mrSmjzpfap tykt d v#aH wG &Sv d mw,f? twnfwus aexkid w f wfvmw,f? yk*v ~ u d ypPn;f ykid f qkid w f phJ epfay:vmw,f? vlwef;pm;uGo J mG ;w,f? tkypf ;dk ole@J tkypf ;dk cH&olqw dk m jzpfay: vmw,f? Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &qdw k m ay:vmw,f? Ekid if aH &;tm%mqkw d m &Sv d mw,f? vlwef; pm;yËdyuQ/ vlwef;pm;wku d yf q JG w kd m jzpfay:vmw,f? vl@,Ofaus;r_awG ay:xGe;f vm w,f? 'gawG[m vl@&@J tvkyu f ae jzpfay:wk;d yGm;vmwmawG jzpfw,f? vl@pw d q f ENe@J bmrSrqkid yf g? 'Dtjrifbufu=unf&h if Ekid if aH &;t%m&xm;wJh Ekid if aH wmf tpk;d &qkd wm[m vlwef;pm;w&yfudk zdEydS w f u hJ &d , d mqkw d m awG@&rSmygy?J aus;u|eyf idk &f iS af wGu aus; u|eaf wGudk yk*v ~ u d ykid yf pPn;f awGtjzpf oabmxm;wJh aus;u|eaf wG&@J vyk if ef;eJ@ vl@avm u}uD;ukd wnfaqmufwhJ acwf}uD;udk aus;ykid u f |eyf idk af cwfv@dk oH;k E_e;f ygw,f? 'Dacwf[m vl@orkid ;f rSm vlwef;pm;yËdyuQ/ vlwef;pm;wku d yf /JG yk*v ~ u d ypPn;f ykid q f idk w f phJ epf/ Ekid if aH wmf tpk;d & pwifay:ayguv f mwJh orkid ;f rSww f idk yf gy?J aus;ykid u f |eyf idk &f iS af wGrmS vGwv f yfra_ wG wnf&adS e+y;D aus;u|eaf wGrmS awmh vGwv f yfrq _ ;kH ±_;kH oGm;&wJh acwfjzpfygw,f? aus;u|eaf wGu vGwv f yfrt _ wGuf wku d yf 0JG if&if aus;ykid u f |eyf idk &f iS af wGu tpk;d &qkw d hJ ,E©&m;uko d ;kH +y;D zdEydS f ypfcw hJ mygy?J orkid ;f rSm a&S;tusq;kH 'Dru dk a&pDxeG ;f um;wJh *&dw@dk acwfqw kd m[m tJ'D aus;ykid f u|eyf idk af wG&@J vGwv f yfru _ dk ajymwmjzpfygw,f? aus;u|eaf wGtay:rSmawmh oufO;D qHyidk f pepfe@J yJ tkycf sKyfygw,f? ajr,mawGudk yk*v ~ u d ykid q f idk w f phJ epfudk a&mufawmhvnf; ajr&Siyf a'o &mZfawGu ajru|efawGukd/ v,form;awG/ ukefonfawGtay: oufOD;qHykdifpepfeJ@yJ tkycf sKyfygw,f? Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &tm%m[m ajr&Siyf a'o&mZfawGvufxrJ mS yJ xm;&Sw d m jzpfygw,f? t&if;tES;D ukd yk*v ~ u d ydik yf pPn;f pepfvyk w f hJ t&if;&Siaf cwfudk a&muf wJt h cgrmS t&if;tES;D yk*v ~ u d ykid w f hJ vlwef;pm;eJ@ t&if;tES;D r&Sw d hJ vlwef;pm;yËdyuQ[m t"duyËdyuQjzpfygw,f? t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm;[m ajr&Siyf a'o&mZfvw l ef;pm;ukd wku d yf JG qifpOfuajymwJh wef;wla&;/ vGwv f yfa&;/ w&m;r#wa&;qkw d mawGudk vlom;w&yfv;kH twGuv f v dk dk aºu;a=umf+yD; wku d yf 0JG ifcw hJ mjzpfygw,f? wu,fwrf; ekid if aH &;tm%m& &SdvmwJhtcgrSm wef;wla&;/ vGwfvyfa&;/ w&m;r#wa&;ukd vlom;w&yfvHk;twGuf ray;vkad wmhyg? vlom;w&yfv;kH twGuf wef;wla&;/ vGwv f yfa&;/ w&m;r#wa&;ukd azmf aqmifr,fq&dk if t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm;[m ol@&@J y*k v ~ u d ykid q f ikd rf t _ m;vH;k ukd pGe@f vw $ &f rSm jzpfygw,f? 'DtjzpfrsKd ; tjzpfrcHcsiw f t hJ cgrmS t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm;[m ol@vw l ef;pm; twGuf om w&m;r#wr_/ wef;wlr/_ vGwv f yfru _ dk usio hf ;kH +yD;/ wjcm; t&if;tES;D rJw h hJ vlwef;pm; awGuadk wmh Ekid if aH wmftm%meJ@ zd ESyd cf sKycf s,x f m;vku d yf gw,f? 'g[m t&if;&Sif 'Dru dk a&pDe@J t&if;&Siftpkd;&awG&@J EkdifiHa&;tm%mudk t&if;cHtusqHk; t&Sif;vif;qHk; &Sif;jywmyJ jzpfw,f? vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pD[m vlwOD;csi;f yk*v ~ u d vGwv f yfciG u hf dk tajccHw,fqadk wmh yk*v ~ u d ykid pf epfudk xde;f odr;f xm;zk@d twGuf ajymwm jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh t&if;&Sipf epfrmS vuf0g;}u;D tkyt f &if;&Sipf epf/ e,fcs@J pepf pojzifh toGiaf wG trsm;}u;D ajymif;ygw,f? wcg

27

21 pmpOf

t&if;&Sipf epf jzpfay:wk;d yGm;r_[m rnDrnm&Sw d ma=umifh t&if;&Siaf wG 'Dru dk a&pD usio hf ;kH yHk awG[mvnf; wkid ;f jynfwcke@J wck yHpk H rwlyg? a,bk,s wln=D uwmuawmh t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm;twGi;f rSm 'Dru dk a&pD usio hf ;kH wmeJ@ t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm;rSty vlwef;pm;awGudk EkdifiHawmftm%m/ AsL±ldua&pD,E©&m;eJ@ zdESdyftkyfcsKyfxm;wmawmh wlygw,f? 'gayrJh wcgw&HrmS vuf0g;}uD;tkyt f &if;&Sit f xJrmS awmif vk,ufro _ yd jf yif;xefvm&if Ekid if aH &; tm%m tykid &f xm;olu tm%m&Sit f jzpfe@J tkycf sKyw f wfw,f? uae@ urBmay:rSm t&if; &Si'f rD u dk a&pD usio hf ;kH ygw,fqw dk hJ Ekid if aH wGrmS tm%modr;f yGaJ wGjzpfwm/ ppfwyftm%m odr;f w,fqw dk m tJ'D tajctaersKd ;awGygy?J vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pD 'grrS [kwf t&if;&Si'f rD u dk a&pDudk twGi;f usus tESpo f m&ukd =unfrh ,fq&dk if t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm;twGuf 'Dru dk a&pD tjynft h 0&S+d y;D t&if; &Sirf [kww f hJ vlwef;pm;awGtay:rSmawmh tpk;d &qkw d hJ zdEydS af &;,E©&m;eJ@ tkycf sKyw f m awG@& rSmyg? 'ga=umifh t&if;&Sit f pk;d &&J@ Ekid if aH &; tm%m[m t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm;r[kww f hJ vlawGtay: tm%m&Sipf epf usio hf ;kH ygw,f? 'gukd t&Si;f vif; tvG,u f q l ;kH ajym&if t&if; &Si'f rD u dk a&pD tm%m&Sipf epfyJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dtcsuu f dk b,ft&if;&Sif Ekid if aH &;okcrde/f t&if; &Sit f pk;d &awGurS 0efrcHygb;l ? olw@dk vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDqw dk m[m vlwef;pm; tm;vH;k twGu/f vlwidk ;f twGu/f jynfov l x l t k wGuf 'Dru dk a&pDygq+dk yD; vdrn f mae=uygw,f? t&if;&Si'f rD u dk a&pD usio hf ;kH wJEh idk if aH wGrmS Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wG[m tm%m&ygweD @J twku d t f cH ygwq D w dk hJ pepfudk usio hf ;kH wJeh nf;eJ@ olw@dk t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm;twGi;f vk,ufrj_ y\emukd ajz&Si;f =uygw,f? tm%mukd wvSnphf , D w l ehJ nf;eJ@ cGaJ 0usio hf ;kH =uwm jzpfygw,f? olw@dk twGi;f usio hf ;kH wJh 'Dru dk a&pDqw dk m tJ'gygy?J t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm;r[kww f hJ Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wG b,fawmhrS Ekid if aH &;tm%mr&atmif enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ uef@owfxm;wJh 'Dru dk a&pD pepfjzpf ygw,f? t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm; Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wG tm%m&wJh wkid ;f jynfawGrmS t&if;&Sif 'Drdk ua&pDom xGe;f um;wmygy?J t&if;rJv h w l ef;pm; (0g) ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; tygt0if tzdEydS cf &H wJh vlwef;pm;awGuvnf; ol@vw l ef;pm;twGuf 'Dru dk a&pD&&Szd @dk / tzdEydS cf b H 0u vGwaf jrmufz@dk ±kef;uef=uwmygyJ? 'ga=umifh uGefjrLepfygwDawG/ wjcm;wkd;wufwJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDawG zG@J pnf;wmyJ? Ekid if aH &;tm%m &&Sad tmif vH;k yef;wmyJ? uGejf rLepfygwaD wG tm%m&wJh wkid ;f jynfrmS qk&d , S v f pf'rD u dk a&pDqw dk mudk usio hf ;kH wmyJ? ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;[m ol@Eidk if aH &; ygwD uwqifh Ekid if aH &;tm%m&wJt h cgrmS ol@vw l ef;pm;tygt0if tzdEydS cf &H wJh vlwef;pm; tm;vH;k &J@ vGwv f yfr/_ wef;wlr/_ w&m;r#wr_udk tmrcHw,f? tJ'v D w l ef; pm;awGudk Ekid if aH &; tcGit hf a&;utp tcGit hf a&;t&yf&yfudk ole@J twl cHpm;apygw,f? aoG;pkyw f hJ vlwef;pm;/ t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm;udak wmh Ekid if aH &;tcGit hf a&;tygt0if aoG;pkycf iG ahf wGuydk g ydwyf if wm;qD;vku d yf gw,f? 'ga=umifh uGejf rLepfygwaD wG tm%m&wJw h idk ;f jynfawGrmS usio hf ;kH wJh pepf[m qk&d , S v f pf 'Dru dk a&pD jzpfygw,f? tjynft h pHak jym&if ypPn;f r 'hJ rD u dk a&pD tm%m &Sipf epf jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk b0wl vlwef;pm;awGe@J twl tcGit hf a&;cHpm;wma=umifh tJ'D

28

21 pmpOf Ekid if aH wGrmS twku d t f cHe@J tm%m&qkw d hJ Ekid if aH &;yHpk rH sKd ;rvkyb f J yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G w f hJ yHpk u H dk usio hf ;kH ygw,f? urBmrSm yxrqH;k qk&d , S v f pfEidk if aH wmf xlaxmifwhJ qkAd , D ufjynf axmifp[ k mqk&d if qkAd , D uf%m%mqkw d m[m tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;tm%mqk+d yD; twdtvif;yJ a=unmygw,f? t"dym` ,fu tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;vlwef;pm;awGtwGuf 'Dru dk a&pD tcGit hf a&;awG tmrcHcsuaf y;+y;D / t&if;&Sif "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;awGudk vGwv f yfpmG aoG;pkycf iG hf tygt0if Ekid if aH &; tcGit hf a&;awG ray;Ekid b f ;l qkw d myJ jzpfygw,f? ukv d ekd w D ykid ;f ya'o&mZfwykid ;f Ekid if jH zpfwhJ w±kwjf ynfrmS awmh uGef jrLepfygwu D acgi;f aqmifum awmfveS af &; qifE+J$ yD;/ tm%modr;f +yD;wJah emufrmS w±kwf jynfopfukd xlaxmifw,f? w±kwjf ynfo@l orRwEkid if u H dk xlaxmifw,f? jynfo@l 'rD u dk a&pD tm%m&Sipf epfukd usio hf ;kH ygw,f? tESpo f m&uawmh qk&d , S v f pf'rD u dk a&pD tm%m&Sif pepfygy?J w±kwjf ynf[m uae@ Ekid if aH &;t& yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G w f ,fqw dk mukd Ekid if aH &; twkid yf ifcu H eG zf &ifeh @J tmrcHxm;w,f? tck uGejkf rLepfygwaD wG tm%m&xm;wJh Ekid if H awGjzpfwhJ AD,uferf/ avm/ usL;bm; Ekid if aH wG[mvnf; tajccHtm;jzifh 'Dvydk ;l aygi;f aqmif &Guw f phJ epfyJ usio hf ;kH =uw,f? uGejf rLepfygwaD wG[m 'Dru dk a&pDA[kcd sKyfuidk rf u _ dk vku d ef mjcif;tm;jzifh ygww D iG ;f 'Dru dk a&pDudk &mE_e;f jynft h mrcHovkd pnf;urf;udv k nf; oHr%dpw d "f mwfe@J vku d ef m =uygw,f? uGejf rLepfygwaD wG[m ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;&J@ wyfO;D ygwaD wGjzpfawmh 'Dvdk jrifrh m; wJt h odpw d "f mwfe@J awmif;qkzd @JG pnf;&wm jzpfw,f? 'Dvv dk yk Ef idk w f t hJ wGuf ol@vw l ef;pm; tusKd ;twGuaf &m b0wl tzdEydS cf v H w l ef;pm;awGtusKd ;yg o,fy;dk Ekid w f mjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh uGejf rLepfygwrD mS jynfov l x l k tusKd ;pD;yGm;rSwyg; wjcm;bmtusKd ;pD;yGm;rS r&Sb d ;l vd@k ajym wmygy?J uGejf rLepfygwaD wG[m wkid ;f jynftusKd ; jynfov l x l t k usKd ;om vkyaf qmifwm jzpfw,f? uGejf rLepfygw&D @J oD;jcm;tusKd ;pD;yGm;qkw d m r&Syd g? 'Dvdk uGejf rLepfygwaD wGu ol@widk ;f jynf/ ol@jynfot l usKd ;udk aqmif&u G f wm wenf;tm;jzifh ol@widk ;f jynfu tzdEydS cf v H w l ef;pm;awGtwGuf qk&d , S v f pf'rD u dk a&pD tm%m&Sipf epfusio hd ;kH wmukd t&if;&Sif "e&Sif Ekid if aH &;orm;awG/ Ekid if aH &;ynm&Sif qko d al wG u uGejf rLepftm%m&Sipf epf usio hf ;kH w,f? qk&d , S v f pf'rD u dk a&pDqw kd m tm%m&Sipf epfyq J +dk y;D rw&m;pGypf aJG e=uw,f? ykwcf wfae=uw,f? uGejf rLepfygwaD wGrmS pkaygi;f acgi;f aqmifre_ @J wOD;csi;f wm0efcrH p_ epfe@J tvkyv f yk w f ma=umifh b,fawmhrS tm%m&Siq f w dk m ray: ayguf Ekdifyg? t&if;&Sipf epfrmS t&if;&Si'f rD u dk a&pDudk t&if;&Sit f m%m&Sipf epfe@J tmrcHxm;& ovkd qd&k , S v f pfpepfrmS vnf; qk&d , S v f pf'rD u dk a&pDudk ypPn;f rJh tm%m&Sipf epfe@J tmrcH& r,f? t&if;&Si'f rD u dk a&pDrmS yHpk t H rsKd ;rsKd ; &So d vkd qk&d , S v f pf'rD u dk a&pDrmS vnf; yHpk t H rsKd ;rsKd ; &Sw d mygy?J b,fvydk J jzpfygap 'Dru dk a&pDqw dk m Ekid if aH &;tm%mr&&Sb d J 'Dru dk a&pD r&SEd idk f dk m bl;qdw k m awG@&rSmygy?J 'Dru dk a&pDe@J Ekid if aH &;tm%m[m '*Fg;wjym;&J@ acgi;f eJ@yef;yJqw

29

21 pmpOf

awG@&ygvrd rhf ,f? ArmjynfrmS vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D wJah emuf usio hf ;kH wJph epf[m AsL±lu d &uf t&if;&Sipf epfyg? 'ga=umifh t&if;&Sif 'Dru dk a&pDtm%m&Sipf epf usio hf ;kH cJyh gw,f? t=urf;tm; jzifah wmh 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if v H @dk ajym=uygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dt&if;&Sif 'Dru dk a&pD[m tom;ruscif rSmyJ AsL±ku d &uft&if;&Sit f yk pf w k ckjzpfwhJ Akv d af e0if; OD;pD;wJh ppftyk pf u k tm%modr;f yg w,f? olw@dk AsL±ku d &ufvw l ef;pm; twGi;f rSm rwlwt hJ yk pf ak wGu tvSnu hf s tm%ma0,lwhJ pepfudk rusio hf ;kH awmhbJ ppftyk pf u k t+y;D wkid f tm%modr;f vku d w f mjzpfw,f? 'ge@J yJ "e&Sif 'Dru dk a&pD[m vlrr,fb0rSm vnfrsKd n‡po f wfcv H u dk &f w,f? Adkvfae0if;ppftkyfpku ppftm%m&Sifpepf usifhoHk;ygw,f? 'gayrJh twkta,mif qk&d , S v f pfpum;ajymw,f? qk&d , S v f pfqidk ;f bkwcf sw d x f m;wJh rqvqdw k hJ EkdifiHa&;0wf±Hkyg;yg;av;ukd Akdvfae0if; +cHK+yD; vltrsm;ukd em;vSnfhyg;±kdufcJhw,f? 'geJ@yJ ArmjynfrmS wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfqw dk m ay:vmw,f? Akv d af e0if;usio hf ;kH wJh ppftm%m&Sif pepfqw dk m[m t&if;&Sif tm%m&Sipf epfom jzpfygw,f? Akv d af e0if;[m tm%mukd olwOD; wnf; t"du vuf0g;}uD;tkyv f u dk w f ,f? b¾mukd ol@taygi;f ygwpke@J cGaJ 0vku d w f ,f? urBmrSm b,ftm%m&Sirf qkd tm%mukd wOD;wnf;ukid +f y;D b¾mukd ol@tpktwGi;f cGaJ 0avh &Syd gw,f? 'Dvdk Adv k af e0if;u wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfusio hf ;kH wmukd vltawmf rsm;rsm;u uGejf rLepfygwaD wG usio hf ;kH wJh qk&d , S v f pf'rD u dk a&pD tm%m&Sipf epfe@J cyfv, G v f , G f a&maxG;=unfjh rifvu dk =f uw,f? urBmay:rSm tm%m&Sit f m;vH;k [m t&if;&Sit f m%m&Sif csn;f yJ jzpfw,f? wcsKd @u ppftyk pf zk @JG w,f? wcsKd @ u ppftyk pf rk zG@J b;l ? wcsKd @u Ekid if aH &; ta& wckcu k dk +cHKw,f? wcsKd @u r+cHKbl;? 'gyJ uGmw,f? 'Dtm%m&Sit f m;vH;k [m uGejf rLepfudk olw@dk &@J t"du &efoyl J qk+d y;D owfrw S w f m wln=D uw,fqw dk mudak wmh vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; rod=ubl;? 'grrS [kwf rodcsiaf ,mif aqmifae=uw,f? vuf&AdS rmjynfrmS ppftm%m&Sipf epf }u;D pk;d aewma=umifh b,fvw l ef;pm; b,f vl@tv$mrS 'kuQruif;a0;Ekdif=uyg? rwlwJhtwkdif;twmeJ@ 'kuQa&mufae=uygw,f? +cHKiH+k yD;ajym&ifawmh vlrsKd ;pHjk ynfov l x l }k uD;w&yfv;kH 'kuyQ ifv,fa0ygw,f? aemufwcg xyfajym&&ifawmh wrsKd ;om;vH;k 'kuQ qif;&JwiG ;f usqif;ae&wmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifv h nf; jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ wrsKd ;om;vH;k pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;/ 'Dru dk a&pDa&;/ wef;wla&;awG awmif; qkad e=uwmjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmif;qkrd a_ wGudk taumiftxnfazmfr,fq&dk if ppftm%m &Sipf epfudk zsuo f rd ;f &ygr,f? Ekid if aH &;tm%mukd jynfov l x l &k @J uk, d pf m;vS,af wG&@J vufxJ a&mufatmifvyk &f ygr,f? jynfov l x l &k @J uk, d pf m;vS,v f ufxu J dk Ekid if aH &;tm%m a&muf&rdS S 'Dru dk a&pDudk jynfov l x l }k u;D u cHpm;&ygvrd rhf ,f? Ekid if aH &;tm%mjy\emrSm Akv d af e0if;ppftyk pf u k tp Akv d o f ef;a&$ ppftyk pf t k qH;k b,fwek ;f urS pdwu f ;l r,Ofb;l ? odyv f ufawG@usw,f? vG,v f , G ef @J b,fawmhrS Ekid if aH &; tm%mukd pGe@f rmS r[kwb f ;l ? Akv d af e0if; trsKd ;rsKd ; vdrn f m+y;D Ekid if aH &;tm%mudk xde;f w,f?

30

21 pmpOf

12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012

Ak d v f o ef ; a&$ [ mvnf ; tm%mjy\emrS m od y f vufawG@usygw,f? vdrfzkd@ 0efrav;bl;? ajymif; wkdufzkd@ 0efrav;bl;? &uf&ufpufpufowfjzwfzkd@ 0efrav;bl;? EkdifiHwum tokdif;t0kdif;rSm txD; usefjzpfrSmvnf; ra=umufbl;?

tJ'eD nf;eJ@ xde;f r&&if &uf&ufpufpuf t=urf;zufowfjzwfwehJ nf;yJ oH;k w,f? uae@ Akv d o f ef;a&$e@J trsKd ;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyt f ygt0if Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pktm;vH;k jynfov l x l k w&yfv;kH &ifqidk af e&wm 'Djy\emyJ? Akv d o f ef;a&$[mvnf; tm%mjy\emrSm odyv f uf awG@usygw,f? vdrzf @dk 0efrav;bl;? ajymif;wku d zf @dk 0efrav; bl;? &uf&ufpufpufowfjzwfz@dk 0efrav;bl;? Ekid if w H um tokid ;f t0kid ;f rSm txD;usejf zpfrmS vnf; ra=umufb;l ? tck trsKd ;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyfudk &efov l o dk abmxm;+yD; qufqaH ewm[m ol@tm%mukd xdv@dk y?J 'DcsKyfrmS uvnf; Ekid if aH &;tm%mukd w&m;0if &ykid cf iG &hf w dS hJ Ekid if aH &; tzG@J tpnf;jzpfw,f? ppftyk pf [ k m 'DcsKyfudk rvdrw hf ywf vkyw f myJjzpfjzpf/ tjywf&iS ;f +yD;yJ jzpfjzpf ol@vrf;n¸ef 7 csuu f dk &atmifcsz@dk pkid ;f jyif;aeygw,f? 'ga=umifh jynfov l x l k v_y&f mS ;r_udk jri‡ w hf if+y;D jynfov l x l k uk, d pf m;vS,af wG vuf xJ Ekid if aH &;tm%m&&Sad tmif enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ vky&f rSmyJ jzpfw,f? jynfov l x l k uk, d pf m; vS,af wGvufxJ Ekid if aH &;tm%m&&Srd o S m vlx}k uD;twGuf 'Dru dk a&pDqw dk m &rSmjzpfyg w,f? tJ'D &vmwJh 'Dru dk a&pD[m b,fvdk 'Dru dk a&pDrsKd ;vnf;qdw k mukd vlx}k u;D u qH;k jzwfyg vdrrhf ,f? ?

apmoufaemif 31

21 pmpOf pD ; yG m ;a&;uyf u ol @ o ±k y f r S e f u k d zG i f h j yay;jcif ; cH v k d u f & wJ h

12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123

urBmhvuQ%maqmif pD;yGm;a&;

nKd p d e f 0 if ;

'Dae@ tar&duefrmS jzpfay:aewJh pD;yGm;a&;uyf}uD;ukd u|eaf wmfw@dk tav;xm;pl;pku d rf e_ @J =unfjh rifygw,f? bmvk@d vq J adk wmh tar&duefrmS pwifay:cJw h hJ 'Dp;D yGm;a&;uyf[m tar&duefomru wurBmvk;H ukd ±ku d cf wfEidk pf rG ;f &Sv d @dk yg? pD;yGm;a&; urBmv h uQ%maqmifaewJh 'Dacwf}u;D rSm tar&duefp;D yGm;ysuu f yf[mvnf; urBmv h uQ%m aqmifvmEkid yf gw,f? wp wp aqmifvmaeygw,f? tar&duefu urBmv$r;f +cKpH ;D yGm;a&;rSm OD;aqmif Ekid if w H Ekid if t H jzpf a&S@wef;u yg0ifaew,fr[kwv f m;? taES;eJ@tjref 'Duyf&@J ±ku d cf wfru _ dk yd+k yD;cH&rSmyg? =umav ±ku d cf wfry_ jdk yif;av jzpfvmEkid yf gw,f? Arm jynfoal wG tygt0if urBmv h o l m;awG 'D±u dk cf wfru _ dk us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ cH&Ekid yf gw,f? (b,foal oao iawrm+y;D a&mqkw d )hJ etzu 'Duyfudk b,fvydk J vspv f sLjyKaeae Armjynfom;awGuawmh 'D'%fudk pwifcaH e&+yD r[kwv f m;? yJaps;uGu/f tvkyo f rm;aps;uGu/f avmifpmqDaps;uGu/f tvkyv f ufrhJ jzpfr/_ tvkyt f ukid f &Sm;yg;vmr_w@dk u tjrifomqk;H ygy?J 'Daemufawmh 'D'%fudk omrefjynfoal wGtrsm;pk cHpm;vm&rSmyg? urBmv h o l m;awGtusK;d Armjynfoal wGtusK;d vkv d m;olreS o f r# 'Duyftay: tm±krH pku d v f @dk r&ygb;l ? tm±kpH u dk rf o S m uk, d jhf ynfoal wG&@J 'kuQ oufomavsmeh nf;a&;vrf;ukd pOf;pm;Ekid rf mS r[kwv f m;? awmfveS af &;&J@ tajctae eJ@tcGit hf cgudk ykrd w dk u G q f Ekid rf mS r[kwv f m;? 'gayrJh 'Daqmif;yg;rSm tck qufwu dk jf zpfaewJh tar&duefp;D yGm;a&;uyf&@J *,uf±u dk cf wfr_ ae@pOfe@J tr# jzpfay:aewmawGudk tao;pdwf azmfjyajymqkdaerSm r[kwfygbl;? uyfawGjzpfay:apwJh urBmhvuQ%maqmifpD;yGm;a&; (*vkb d ,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f ) eJ@ urBmv h uQ%aqmifp;D yGm;a&;xJu uyfta=umif;uko d m olbmvJ qkw d m ay:vGiaf tmif rD;armif;xk;d jyzk@d &nf&, G w f myg?

32

21 pmpOf yxrqk;H ajymcsiw f muawmh t&if;&Sipf epf/ ‚&J@p;D yGm;ysuu f yfrsm;tay: rmhupf 0f g'&J@ =unfjh rifo;Hk oyfyeHk nf;eJ@=unfv h u dk &f if ol@&@J tusK;d ta=umif;w&m;awGudk tuGi;f vku d f tuGi;f vku d f &Si;f &Si;f }u;D jrifEidk w f ,fqw dk t hJ csuyf g? 'Duyf pwifjzpfay:cgprSmyJ *smr%DjynfrmS rmhp0f g'tay: vlawG jyefvnftm±kpH u dk v f m=uygw,f? rmhupf &f @J t&if;usr;f pmtkyaf wGudk jyefvnf0,f,+l y;D zwf±a_ vhvm=uw,f? t&if;&Sipf epftay: rmhupf f b,fvdk =unfjh rifw,f? t&if;&Sipf ;D yGm;a&;eJ@ t&if;&Sipf ;D yGm;a&;uyfawGtay: rmhupf f b,fvo dk ;Hk oyf a&;om;xm; ovJqw dk m &SmazGp;l prf;=uw,f? *smr%DrmS rmhupf &f @J pmtkyaf wG a&mif;cs&r_udk =unf&h if 'Duyfjzpfay:+y;D wvtwGi;f a&mif;&wJph mtkyt f a&twGu[ f m ,cifwESpv f ;Hk a&mif;&wJh ta&twGufxuf ykdrsm;vmw,fvkd@ qkdygw,f? 'Dvkd pD;yGm;a&;uyfjzpfay:vmcsdefrSm rmhufpf&J@pmtkyfawGukd vlawG bmvkd@tav;xm;vm=uwmvJ? t&if;&Sifpepftay: rmhupf 0f g'&J@=unfjh rifr_ rSeu f efw,fqw dk m odvm=uvk@d yg? a*sm-h qk;d &yfvkd yk*K~ v d rf sK;d awGe@J wjcm;t&if;&Si}f uD;wcsK@d awmif rmhupf 0f g'ukd zwf±a_ vhvm=u+yD; trsm;ykid ;f ukd }udKufyg w,fv@dk ajymvm=uw,fr[kwv f m;? 'ga=umifh 'Dae@ pD;yGm;a&;*vkb d ,fvu dk f aZ;&Si;f eJ@ olu jzpfay:apvku d w f hJ tar&duefp;D yGm;a&;uyfta=umif; rmhp0f g'u wifjyxm; wJt h csuaf wGe@J ppfaq;pdppf=unf&h if ol@&@J o±kyrf eS f yDyjD yifjyif ay:vmvdrrhf ,fxifygw,f? 'kw, d taeeJ@uawmh 'Dae@jzpfay:aewJu h yfta=umif; ajymwJt h cgrmS tar&duefu Ekid if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;a[mif; urBmrSm ausm=f um;aeqJjzpfwhJ upfqif;*sm;&J@ tjrifudk tajccHxm;+y;D uk;d um;/ a0zef/ok;H oyfcsiw f myg? 'Dvq dk v dk @dk upfqif;*sm;&J@tjrifudk rSew f ,fq+dk yD; ,lquk;d um;rSmawmh r[kwyf gb;l ? 'gayrJh upfqif;*sm;[m tar&dum;eJ@ tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;ta=umif; ajcajcjrpfjrpf odxm;w,fvkd@ ,lq&vkd@yg? aemuf+yD; 'Duyfe@J ywfouf+y;D olu oljrifoavmuf raxmufrn‡ma&;xm;wmukd vnf; awG@&vk@d yg? aemuf+y;D olu 'Duyfe@J ywfoufv@dk ukpm;&r,fah q;n$e;f awGuv dk nf; ay;xm;ygao;w,f? 'gayrJh 'Daq;awG aomufvnf; 'Da&m*g &Si;f &Si;f }uD; aysmufomG ;r,fv@dk olu, dk w f idk f r,kyH g bl;? a&m*goufomr,fh aq;jrD;wkad wGudk ol ay;=unfv h u dk w f myg? upfqif;*sm;u ,ckjzpfay:aewJh uyf[m *vkb d ,fvu dk f aZ;&Si;f qkw d hJ urBmv h uQ%maqmifp;D yGm;a&;pepfuae jzpfay:vmw,fq+dk yD; +cKHio Hk ;Hk oyfum *vkb d ,f vku d af Z;&Si;f &J@ tjypftemtqmawGudk axmufjyxm;w,f? 'D+cKHio Hk ;Hk oyfwt hJ jrifrmS awmh upfqif;*sm;[m vk;H 0rSeu f efr&_ ydS gw,f? t&if;&Sipf ;D yGm;a&;pepfrmS t&if;&Siv f @l tzG@J tpnf; wckv;Hk &J@ wnf&rdS u _ dk w}urd x f ufw}urd f ykrd +dk crd ;f ajcmufaewJ/h umvykid ;f tvku d f ukeo f , G af &; pD;yGm;a&;uyfrsm; xyfjyefwvJvJ jzpfay:aeavh&w dS ,fqw dk hJ rmhupf 0f g'&J@tjrife@J vnf; uku d n f rD &_ ydS gw,f? aemuf+yD; tck olwifjyxm;wJt h csuaf wG[m rmhupf 0f g'azmfjycJ/h tESpf om&ukd o±kycf jJG ycJw h hJ urBmv h uQ%maqmifp;D yGm;a&;(*vkb d ,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f ) eJ@ t&if;&Sif pD;yGm;a&;pepf&@J tckid t f rm tjypftemtqmawG jzpfaewmukv d nf; awG@&w,f? wenf; ajym&&if t&if;&Sipf epftay: rmhupf 0f g' =unfjh rifcsuaf wG[m rSeu f efa=umif; olu ouf aojyxm;ovkd jzpfaewmayg?h 'ga=umifh ol@wifjycsuaf wGudk uk;d um;xm;ygw,f?

33

21 pmpOf ('Dae@ *vkb d ,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f qkw d m t}uD;tus,f acwfpm;vmcsed rf mS 'D*vkb d ,fvu dk af Z; &Si;f qkw d m rmhupf 0f g'u tapm}u;D uwnf;u wGuq f jyxm;+y;D om;yJ qkw d m rmhupf 0f g'avhvmolwcsK@d od=uygw,f? acwfrDpufr_vkyfief;}uD;u urBmhaps;uGufukd wnfaxmifvkduf “acwf w,f” "e&Sifvlwef;pm;[m urBmhaps;uGufukd zGifhvSpfvkdufjcif;jzifh “"e&S wkdif;jynfwkdif;&Sd xkwfvkyfa&;eJ@ okH;pGJa&;ukd urBmhvuQ%m aqmifapvkdufw, ,f?” uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;xJrmS rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@dk u twdtvif; a&;om;azmfjycJw h myg? “pufrv _ yk if ef;[m jynfwiG ;f uke=f urf;uko d m ok;H pGw J m r[kwaf wmhyg? ta0;uGmqk;H ae&mrS ,laqmifvmwJh uke=f urf;ukd ok;H pGv J mw,f? puf±u Hk xkwv f yk v f u dk w f hJ txGuyf pPn;f awGuv dk nf; uk, d Ehf idk if rH mS omru urBmtES@H o;Hk pG&J wJt h ajctae a&muf&dS vmapw,f? uk, d w hf idk ;f jynfxu G f ypPn;f rsm;eJ@ jznfw h if;aeusjzpfwhJ a[mif;EGr;f aewJh vkt d yf r_rsm;ae&mrSm a0;uGmwJw h idk ;f jynf/ &moDOwk uGjJ ym;wJah 'o ae&mrsm;u txGuyf pPn;f rsm;eJ@ jznfw h if;ay;&wJh vkt d yfrt _ opfrsm; tpm;xk;d 0ifa&mufvmygw,f? a[mif;EGr;f ae +yjD zpfwhJ a'ocsi;f uif;uGmr_/ trsK;d om;csi;f uif;uGmr_/ rdrb d momzlvrHk _ pwmawG&@J ae&mrSm trsK;d om;rsm; wOD;eJ@wOD; tbufbufrS qufo, G af e&r_/ tjyeftvSef rScD adk e&r_w@dk e@J tpm;xk;d vku d &f wJt h jzpf a&mufvmw,f? ±ky0f wˆK xkwv f yk af &;bufrmS om rubl;? todynmxkwv f yk af &;rSmvnf; 'Dtwkid ;f yJ?”qk+d yD; rmhupf w f @dk / tde*f ,fw@dk u urBmv h uQ %maqmifwhJ pD;yGm;a&; tajctaeawGudk pdppfjycJyh gw,f? tJ'gu tajccHyg? tJ'aD emuf t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm;[m rdrt d xGuyf pPn;f rsm;twGuf aps;uGuu f dk tqufrjywf wk;d cs@J z@dk vkt d yfaewma=umifh urBmtES@H ajy;v$m;ae&muae aemufyidk ;f rSm urBmh aps;uGuq f w dk m zefw;D +yD; urBmv h uQ%maqmifwhJ ukeo f , G af &;/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ aiGa=u;pepfw@dk udk azmfaqmif vmwmyg? 'ge@J twl vGwv f yfwahJ ps;uGu/f vGwv f yfwu hJ ek o f , G rf /_ vGwv f yfw+hJ yKdiq f idk rf v _ @dk aºu;a=umfvm=uwmyg? enf;ynmawG wk;d wufxeG ;f um;vmr_uvnf; olw@dk &@J urBmh vuQ%maqmifwhJ pD;yGm;a&;ukd azmfaqmif&mrSm t&Sed t f [kef ykrd dk jrefqefatmif taxmuf tuljyKay;cJyh gw,f? olw@dk ajymaewJh vGwv f yfa&;qkw d mawGtm;vk;H xJrmS olw@dk tvkcd siq f ;Hk vGwv f yfa&;uawmh vGwv f yfpmG ukeo f , G af &mif;0,fa&;qkw d mygy?J tJ'u D rBmv h uQ%m aqmifp;D yGm;a&;[m rsuaf rSmufacwfrmS awmh rsuaf rSmufacwf&@J azmfjycsuv f uQ%mawGe@J qif,ifxm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh tESpo f m&uawmh twlwyl gy?J tJ't D ESpo f m&ukd rmhupf u f twkq d ;Hk eJ@ tay:vGiq f ;Hk ajymvku d w f muawmh “wcGe;f wnf; ajym&&if "e&Siyf pHk t H wkid ;f urBmwckudk zefw;D vku d w f mygy”J wJ?h tJ'v D dk "e&Siyf pHk t H wkid ;f urBmwck ('grrS [kwf rsuf arSmufacwft& ajym&&if tar&duefypHk t H wkid ;f urBmwck)ukd zefw;D zk@d }uKd;pm;wJt h cgrmS b,fvdk tusK;d oufa&mufra_ wG jzpfay:vm ygovJ?) upfqif;*sm;&J@ rsuaf rSmuftckid t f rm wifjycsuaf wGuawmhæ

34

21 pmpOf - orkid ;f rSm yxrOD;qk;H t}udrt f jzpf wu,fu h dk urBmv h uQ%maqmif pD;yGm;a&;pepf[m onft h &ifu rar#mrf eS ;f Ekid cf w hJ hJ csr;f omºu,f0r_ tvm;tvmaumif; awGe@J twl jzpfwnfvmw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm qef@usib f uftjzpf urBmv h uQ%maqmif pD;yGm;a&;pepf[m ol@&@J &nfreS ;f csuf jynfah jrmufatmif azmfaqmifjcif;ukd +cdr;f ajcmufrj_ yK vmwJh trsK;d om;a&;0g'w&yfuv dk nf; wygwnf; ac:aqmifvmcJw h ,f? - urBmv h uQ%maqmif pD;yGm;a&;pepf&@J tajccHta=umif;wckuawmh vGwv f yfpmG +yKid q f idk rf j_ zpfpOf[m tcsed w f t dk wGi;f xda&mufwhJ tusK;d qufawG ay:vmjcif;yg yJ? vGwv f yfpmG +yKid q f idk &f if;u Ekid o f el @J ±_;H olq+dk y;D ay:vmw,f? wu,fv@dk ±_;H wJo h u l a&&Snf awmufav#muf±;H_ vm&ifawmh ole@J &if;ES;D u|r;f 0ifwhJ Ekid if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;qD OD;wku d +f y;D ol@udk u,fwifz@dk trSt D ckjd yK&w,f? - pufrz_ @HG +zKd;+yD; Ekifd if aH wGrmS urBmv h uQ%maqmifwhJ pD;yGm;a&;pepfu jynfwiG ;f Ekid if aH &;tay: enf;vrf; 2 oG,ef @J tusK;d ouf a&mufr_ jzpfapw,f? ykad umif;vmwJh ukex f w k Ef e_ ;f xm; jrifrh m;vmr_u ykd aumif;vmwJh csr;f omºu,f0r_&@J qef@usib f uftjzpf tvkyv f ufr@J Ee_ ;f jrifrh m;r_vnf; twl,OS w f JG jzpfay:vmw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm edru hf swhJ atmufajc um,tvkyaf wGrmS tok;H jyKw/hJ Ekid if jH cm;uvmwJh tvkyo f rm;awGudk ajymif;a&$@ z,f&mS ;wJh tjzpftysuaf wGvnf; ay:vmw,f? (upfqif;*sm; ajymwJ'h jD y\emeJ@ ywfouf vk@d tar&dueftpk;d &u *GmwDrmvmu tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm; olwidk ;f jynf jyefy@dk wmukd Oyrmtjzpf =unfEh idk yf gw,f? 'Dupd rP mS *GmwDrmvmtpk;d &uawmif rauseyfyg?) ,Ofaus;r_ csi;f xdyw f u dk af wG@re_ @J vlrsK;d cGjJ cm; 0kid ;f y,fwhJ trsK;d om;a&;0g'w&yfw@dk [m }u;D xGm;vmw,f? uk, d u f sK;d pD;yGm;umuG,rf 0_ g' toGit f rsK;d rsK;d [m 'Denf;eJ@ jynfwiG ;f rSm tajccHrj_ zpfvm w,f? - 'Du, dk u f sK;d pD;yGm;umuG,af &;0g'[m pufrv _ yk if ef;urBm&J@ xkwv f yk f a&;u¾rSmawmif ae&m,lvmw,f? urBmw0ef;vk;H u wrsK;d wpm;wnf;aom pufrv _ yk if ef; awGe@J aiGa=u;qkid &f m tzG@J tpnf;awGudk tifwmeufrw S qifh csw d q f ufvyk u f idk w f hJ e,fausmf pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awG[m urBmvk;H qkid &f m aps;uGuaf e&mawGrmS ±k;H cGaJ wGxm;+yD; vkyif ef; vnfywfum pD;yGm;a&;vkyaf qmif=uw,f? 'Dp;D yGm;a&;±k;H cGaJ wG [m tJ'aD 'ou oufqidk &f m tpk;d &awGxufawmif vkyyf ikd cf iG hf yk&d ae=uw,f? olw@dk twGuf yk+d yD; tuef@towfenf; aew,f?(upfqif;*sm;wifjycsut f wGuf taumif;qk;H OyrmrSm Ekid if pH aHk umf ykad &;&Si;f }uD; wck&@J tr_aqmift&m&Scd sKyf CEO u xkEd idk if 0H ef}u;D csKyf xuf yk+d y;D =oZmtm%m&Sad ejcif;yg?) trsK;d om;pD;yGm;a&;tay: a,bk,s rScD adk e&wJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyf ief;awGus awmh 'Dvt dk cGihf ta&;rsK;d awG r&ygb;l ? olw@dk [m olw@dk cef@xm;wJh tvkyo f rm; 0efxrf;tif tm;pkawGudk tedrq hf ;Hk vpmyJ ay;xm;Ekid w f ,f? bmar#mv f ifch su/f bmtvm;tvmaumif; ukrd v S nf; ay;rxm;Ekid b f ;l ? 'Dp;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awG[m yk+d y;D tuef@towf&w dS hJ aps;uGuaf wG ay:rSmeJ@ trsK;d om; Ekid if aH &;vkyif ef;pOftay:rSm rScD adk e&wJh tjzpfrsK;d om qku d af &mufaew,f? e,f ausmu f rk % ` }D u;D awGuawmh vGwv f yfpmG ukeo f , G cf iG ehf @J t&if;tES;D &J@ vGwv f yfciG u hf ydk J

35

21 pmpOf &yfc=H uw,f? ajym=uw,f? trsK;d om;qkid &f mukr% ` aD wG(eJ@ tvkyo f rm;or*~awG) rSmawmh r=umc% uk, d u f sK;d pD;yGm;umuG,af &;0g'buf a&muf&o dS mG ;avh&w dS ,f? (txufyg wifjycsuaf wGrmS upfqif;*sm;[m urBmv h uQ%maqmif pD;yGm;a&;pepfawGu rnDr#whJ ukeo f , G rf t _ cGit hf a&;awGjzpfap+yD; ud, k u f sK;d pD;yGm;umuG,f a&;0g'buf wdr;f nGwjf zpfay:apa=umif; azmfjyxm;w,f? ud, k u f sK;d pD;yGm;umuG,af &;0g'[m zG@H +zKd;+yD;Ekid if }H uD;awGa&m/ zG@H +zdK;qJe@J rzG@H ao;wJEh idk if aH wGrmS a&m tm;vk;H rSm ay:Ekid w f myg? 'Dtcsurf mS vnf; t&if; &Sipf epf[m “uk, d u f sK;d pD;yGm;umuG,af &;0g'eJ@ &ufpuf=urf;=uKwrf _ 0g'buf jyefvnfa&muf&o dS mG ;Ekid w f ,f”vk@d 1849 ckEpS u f wnf;u rmhupf f }uKdwif a[m ude;f xkwx f m;wmeJ@ wxyfwnf;usaeygw,f? &ufpuf=urf;=uKwrf 0_ g' ouf a&mufEidk w f hJ tvm;tvmawG ykrd &dk v dS m+yDv@dk vnf; wcsK@d u wGuq f ae=uygw,f?) onfhaemufrSmawmh upfqif;*sm;u pD;yGm;a&;uyfawGta=umif; qufajymxm;ygw,f? -txufyg wdrf;;nGwfr_awGukd pD;yGm;a&;uyfawGu txift&Sm; azmfjyvku d w f ,f? urBmvk;H qkid &f maiGa=u;pepfuvnf; ol@&@J }uD;xGm;wk;d wufru _ dk ar#mrf eS ;f xm;wJh ESpu f mvawGrmS yJ ol@&@J umvtvku d f tusyf twnf; uyfawGudk jzpfymG ;apw,f? 1980- ckEpS rf sm;wke;f u vufwiftar&dum;rSm? 1994 ckEpS w f ek ;f u rufqu D rdk mS ? 1997 ckEpS u f sawmh tm&S? ±k&mS ;rSmu 1998 ckEpS w f ek ;f u? tar&dum;uawmh 2001 wke;f u wcg/ a[m-tck 2007 ckEpS rf mS wcg? (tck jzpfay:aewJh tar&duefu tpjyKwJh pD;yGm;a&; uyf[m 2007 ckEpS u f wnf;u pwifvmcJah =umif; owdjyKyg?) pD;yGm;a&;uyfwidk ;f [m tpysK;d ykrH wl =uayr,fh wlnw D hJ bkv H uQ%mawG &Sw d ,f? pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awG qkw, f w k yf sujf ym; vmwm/ pawmh&, S , f meJ@ wefz;dk &Syd pPn;f awG aps;upm; vm&wm/ }u;D rm;wJh ysupf ;D qk;H ±_;H r_ awG }uKHvm&wm pojzifh azmfjyvmw,f? - q,fpEk pS u f mvwkid ;f rSm tjrwf}u;D }u;D &zk@d aps;upm;r_vyk w f hJ t&if; tES;D &J@ tcef;u¾[m ykrd adk y:vGiv f mw,f? aps;upm;tjrwf&mS wJh pD;yGm;a&;rSm ol@&@J tajccHusw*hJ % k o f wWu d awmh zswv f wfou G v f ufry_ ?J tcGit hf vrf;ukd jrifwt hJ cg w[kef xk;d ajy;0ifvu dk /f ab;tEW&m,f&@J yGOJ ;D xGut f csujf yr_udk vSr;f jrifvu dk w f t hJ cgrmS xGuaf yguf buf acgi;f wk;d 0ifvu dk ef @J / olu ajcoGu&f ygw,f? 'Dvdk aps;upm;+yD; tjrwf}uD;}uD;&SmwJh t&if;tES;D [m r=umc%qko d vkd pD;yGm;a&;ylazmif;awG&@J xdyrf mS 0Jaevku d /f r=umcif pD;yGm; a&;uyftwGi;f 'vdrahf umufauG; csmcsmvnf usqif;oGm;vku d ef @J yg? - 'Dvedk @J Ekid if w H umhpepf[m qef@usib f ufjzpfra_ wGudk &ifqidk v f m& w,f? ol@&@J tvm;tvm[m urBmv h uQ%maqmifwhJ pD;yGm;a&;&J@ atmifjrifrt _ ay: rScD dk xm; w,f? 'gayrJh jzpfpOfuawmh ol@&nfreS ;f csuaf wGe@J uÂaumpjzpfapr,fh tjyeftvSef tusK;d oufa&mufra_ wG &Sad ew,f? urBmh vuQ%maqmifp;D yGm;a&;pepf&@J refae*smawG[m olw@dk &@J Eidk if aH &;vkyif ef;awGrmS 0if+y;D pDrcH ef@cEJG idk w f hJ tcGit hf vrf;awG enf;w,f? Ekid if aH &;vkyf ief;&J@ refae*smawGuawmh pD;yGm;a&;refae*smawGe@J wxyfwnf;ruswhJ qGaJ qmifra_ wG/

36

21 pmpOf pD;yGm;a&;rufv;Hk awG olw@dk rmS &Sad ew,f? 'DumG [r_}u;D ukd z,f&mS ;ypf&vdrrhf ,f? tenf;qk;H awmh usO;f ajrmif;oGm;atmif/ ao;usK@H omG ;atmif vky&f rSmyg? (qufvuf+yD; upfqif;*sm;u 'DtjypftemtqmawGudk ausmef if;zk@d enf;emawG ol tn$e;f ay;w,f? olenf;emawG[m pD;yGm;a&;uyftwGuaf &m/ urBmh vuQ %m aqmifp;D yGm;a&;pepftwGuaf &m &nf&, G yf &Hk ygw,f?) - yxrqk;H vky&f rSmuawmh 'Djy\emawG[m }u;D rm;wJh atmifjrifr&_ @J tjypftemtqmawGyq J w dk m todtrSwjf yK&r,f? 'Dc|w, f iG ;f csuaf wGudk jiif;ckaH qG;aEG; wJt h cg t,ltqa&;&m tajccHabmiftwGi;f u wku d cf u dk rf a_ wG jzpfroGm;oifb h ;l ? 'grsK;d awG[m tar&dum;rSm orRwa&G;yG/J rJq, G yf aJG wGrmS r=umc% ay:avh&w dS ,f? Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifawG[m 1930 ckEpS rf sm;wke;f u pD;yGm;a&;uyfudk OD;wnfjzpfymG ;apwJh uk, d u f sK;d pD;yGm; umuG,af &;0g?ukd a&Smif&mS ;&r,f? tm;ray;&bl;? - urBmv h uQ%maqmifp;D yGm;a&;pepftay: trsK;d om;vkH +cKaH &;qkid &f m xl;jcm;wJhvuQ%m&SdwJh uef@owfcsufawGjyKjcif;[m trsKd;om;a&;tajccHay:rSmom pku d x f x l m;oifw h ,f? wGe;f tm;ay; v_@H aqmfa&;vkyaf ewJh tkypf ak wG/ Oya'jyKv$waf wmfrmS =oZm0ifo;Hk aewJh Ekid if aH &;yGpJ m;awGe@J a&G;aumufyq JG idk &f m Ekid if aH &;awGtay:rSm tajcrcH oifb h ;l ? tar&duefjynfaxmifprk mS aemufwufvmr,fh tpk;d &tzG@J [m tpk;d &ygweD @J twku d f tcHygwD 2 ygwv D ;Hk u yg0ifwhJ tqifjh rifah umfr&Siw f &yfz@JG &r,f? 'DtzG@J u tar&duef pufrv _ yk if ef;awGe@J enf;ynmvkyif ef;awG&@J tajccHay:rSm rkcsvt dk yfwJ rh [mAsL[mukd b,fvcdk srw S rf vJqw dk meJ@ ‚r[mAsL[mukd xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufz@dk pDrcH ef@crJG a_ wG b,fvdk vkyrf ,fqw dk m pl;prf;avhvm&r,f? ol@&@J OD;pm;ay;vkyif ef;uawmh u|eaf wmfw@dk +yKdib f uf Ekid if aH wGe@J ,SOv f u dk &f if tif*sief , D meJ@ ynm&Sif arG;xkwrf _ tvGeef nf;yg;aewJh u|eaf wmfw@dk ynma&;pepf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ukd tav;xm;&r,f? pHcsed pf n H e$ ;f eJ@ rlawG[m trsK;d om; vk+H cKHa&;twGuf tajccHuswmawGyJ jzpf&r,f? urBmv h uQ%maqmifp;D yGm;a&;twGuf +yKdiq f idk w f ahJ e&mrSm uk, d phf ;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awGudk umuG,zf @dk qdk wJt h ay: tajcrcHoifb h ;l ? 'Dvrf; pOfudk a&;qGzJ @dk cufrmS yg? Ekid if aH &;qkid &f m pDrcH ef@crJG a_ wG pGe@f pm;+yD;vkyrf S &rSmyg? 'gayrJh jy\emuawmh csKyf+idr;f oGm;rSm r[kwaf o;yg? wcsK@d tqifah wGqdk ukid w f , G v f @dk r&Ekid w f hJ tajctae jzpfvmOD;rSmyg? (upfqif;*sm;uk, d w f idk f q&mrEkid w f ahJ &m*goabmrsK;d tuJjzwf xm;wmukd owdjyKyg) - Ekid if w H um pD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;awG[m vwfwavm pdeaf c:r_ awGe@J qDavsmu f u dk n f w D hJ vkyif ef;awG vky&f r,f? yxr pGr;f tiftusyt f wnf;uyfwek ;f u pufrx _ eG ;f um;wJh 'Dru dk a&pD 6 Ekid if w H @dk [m ‚wk@d &J@ tem*wf pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ vlra_ &;wk@d twGuf &nfreS ;f csuv f rf;n$eaf wG a&;qGcJ =hJ uovkd 'Duae@rmS vnf; *s-D 8 (G 8) Ekid if aH wG[m xdyo f ;D tpnf;ta0;awG usi;f yoifw h ,f? (1975 ckEpS f 'Dtyk pf u k dk pwifz@JG pnf; pOfu 6 Ekid if yH J ygcw hJ myg? 1976 rSm uae'gudk xyfjznfv h u dk w f ,f? ±k&mS ;u 1998 ckEpS u f srS ygvmw,f?) jyifopfjynf Rambouillet rSm tpnf;ta0;vkycf phJ Ofu &if;&if;ES;D ES;D eJ@ yGiv hf if; acsmarmwJh

37

21 pmpOf tpnf;ta0;jzpfatmif orRwtygt0if wufa&mufol 3 OD;ukdyJ cGifhjyKcJhw,f? tJ'D aemufyidk ;f usawmh tpnf;ta0;awG[m Ekid if aH &;tcrf;tem;ykpH v H v dk dk nDvmcHvv dk dk tjzpf rsK;d tjzpf av#musvmcJw h ,f? - 'Dtyk pf [ k m olw@dk &@J rlv&nfreS ;f csuu f dk jyef+yD; xde;f odr;f azmfaqmif &r,f? urBmv h uQ%maqmifp;D yGm;a&; a&&Snu f se;f rmoefprG ;f a&;ukd tusK;d oufa&mufap r,ft h csuaf wGudk tajccH+y;D tvkyt f au|;jyKomG ;&r,f? urBmv h uQ%maqmifp;D yGm;a&;rSm ryg0ifEidk b f J aemufcsex f m;jcif;cH&wJh vl@tzG@J tpnf;awGudk tcGit hf vrf;aumif;ay;Ekid w f hJ tcsut f vufawG yg0ifap&r,f? (tJ't D pnf;ta0;/ tJ'v D yk if ef;xJrmS tdE, dN / w±kwef @J b&mZD;vfw@dk uv dk nf; xnf&h r,f?) 8 Ekid if t H yk pf k tpnf;ta0;vkycf sed rf mS rlv pufrx _ eG ;f um;wJh 'Dru dk a&pD 7 Ekid if w H @dk rS b¾ma&;0ef}uD;rsm;yg0ifwhJ tpnf;ta0;wck qufvyk f oGm;&r,f? 'D *sD - 7 tzG@J [m wjcm;udprP sm;xuf urBmv h uQ%maqmifp;D yGm;a&;a=umifh jynfwiG ;f a&;qdik &f meJ@ vlra_ &;qkid &f mbufawGu ykyH suyf ef;ysuf uarmufur jzpfaewJh udpaP wGudk OD;pm;ay;udik w f , G o f mG ;&r,f? - Ekid if w H um aiGa=u;&efyaHk iGtzG@J IMF &J@ zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufy[ Hk m rsuaf rSmufrmS acwfrrDawmhb;l ? 21 &mpk b¾ma&;tusyt f wnf;rSm olu yG=J unfyh &d owfvdk ab;u xkid =f unfo h l jzpfaew,f? olu yk*v ~ u d ykid f u¾rsm;twGi;f u yk*v ~ u d awGe@J zG@J pnf;xlaxmifxm;wmuk;d ? olu rsuaf rSmuftajctaeeJ@ tH0ifciG u f sjzpfatmif }uKd;yrf; tm;xkwrf a_ wmh jyKyg&@J ? odyaf ES;auG;vGe;f w,f? IMF ukd jyKjyifajymif;vJz@dk vkad e+yD? - tar&dum; pD;yGm;a&;tusyt f wnf;uyfudk jzpfay:apwJ ah iGacs;vkyf ief;[m ta&;ay:vkyif ef;awG vky&f rSmomru 'gx h ufy+dk yD; Ekid if w H um eJ@ yl;aygif;aqmif &Gurf a_ wG vkyzf @dk vw dk ,f? tusyt f wnf;uyfrwkid rf u D aiGjzKef;wJv h yk if ef;awGe@J r&Si;f rvif; vkyif ef;awGudk vkycf w hJ m xif&mS ;ygw,f? uk, d &hf @J wm0ef&rdS e_ @J wm0ef,&l r,fh 0wW&m;ukd rodusK;d u|jH yK+yD; ta&mif;t0,f aps;upm;r_udk tm;ay;wJh b¾ma&;qkid &f m taxmuf tuljyK ypPn;f ud&, d mawG&@J zefw;D ay;r_e@J olw@dk 'gawGvyk Ef idk cf =hJ uwmyg? taygicf H aiGacs; pmcsKyfvkyfief; +yKdvJysufpD;oGm;wJhtcgusawmh aiGacs;ay;vkdufwJholawG[m ‚wkd@&J@ wm0ef&rdS t _ wkid ;f twmukd cef@reS ;f wGucf suEf idk pf rG ;f uif;oGm;=uw,f? - usi0hf wfqidk &f m ab;tEW&m,fuv dk nf; &ifqidk =f uzk@d vkyd gvrd Ohf ;D r,f? arG;&myg yÉdyuQoabmjzpfaewmuawmh b¾ma&;tzG@J tpnf;awG[m tusK;d tjrwf jrufjrufuav;&r,fu h pd eP @J tdrf ajr,mwk@d vdk tzd;k wefypPn;f awG pDrcH ef@ccJG iG u hf ae tusK;d cHpm;&aewke;f uawmh cGijhf yKcsuaf wGay;Ekid cf =hJ uw,f? onfah emuf tajctaeu ajymif; oGm;awmh qk;H ±_;H r_twGuf ay;&r,fyh rm%u }uD;vGe;f w,fq+dk yD; cGijhf yKcsuf ray;Ekid b f ;l vk@d a=unmvmw,f? tcGeaf y;aqmifoal wG(tcGex f rf;jynfoal wG)tay: 'D 0efxyk 0f efy;dk }u;D ukd yck;H ajymif; txrf;ckid ;f vku d w f myJayg?h &if;ES;D jr‡yEf rHS _ b%fawGyjJ zpfjzpf/ }uD;rm;wJh aiGa=u; &efykHaiGtzG@J tpnf;awGyjJ zpfjzpf b¾ma&;tzG@J tpnf;awG[m tcGefxrf;jynfolawG&@J tusK;d pD;yGm;ukd enf;vrf;&Sm tumtuG,af y;zk@d *±kwpku d f }uD;=uyfvyk af qmifoifw h ,f?

38

21 pmpOf csKyfvu dk &f if pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ Ekid if aH &;tpDtpOfawGt=um;u uGm[r_[m vkaH vmufatmif ao;usK@H usO;f ajrmif;oGm;r_ r&Sb d ;l qk&d if olw@dk EpS Of ;D [m wOD;ukw d OD; tjyef tvSef tm;enf;csnehf @J omG ;apr_e@J om tqk;H owfomG ;vdrrhf ,f? 'Dwifjycsuaf wG[m upfqif;*sm;&J@ wifjycsuaf wGyg? ol@wif jycsuaf wG =unf&h ifuydk J urBmv h uQ%maqmift&if;&Sipf ;D yGm;a&;pepf&@J o±kyo f uefudk &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; }u;D jrifEidk yf gw,f? 'Dp;D yGm;a&;pepfa=umifh ukeo f , G af &; rnDr#awG ay:vmw,f? vlrsK;d cGjJ cm;wJh trsK;d om;a&;0g'awG ay:vmw,f? urBm}u;D ukd aumif;usK;d ray;cJw h /hJ aemifvnf; aumifusK;d ay;rSmr[kww f hJ uk, d u f sK;d pD;yGm;umuG,af &;0g'awG xyfjzpfvmw,f? tvkyv f ufrEhJ e_ ;f wufvmw,f? vlrq _ ufqaH &;awG uarmufur jzpfvmw,f? b,fo@l urdk S raxmufxm; wJh tjrwf&mS pD;yGm;a&;awG jzpfvmw,f? jzpfor#'%f i0ufcaH ya&mh qk+d yD; qku d sK;d awGudk jynfoal wG&@J yck;H ay: v$aJ y;w,f? olw@dk &@J urBmv h uQ%maqmif t&if;&Sipf ;D yGm;a&;pepf[m vl@tzG@J tpnf;awG&@J tusK;d pD;yGm;awGudk xnfrh pOf;pm;bl;?æpwJt h csuaf wG tckid t f rm ay:vmygw,f? “xkwv f yk af &;t+rJrjywf ajymif;vJjcif;/ vlrq _ ufqt H m;vk;H rwnfr+idrf jzpfjcif;/ xm0pOfra&&mjcif;/ v_y&f mS ;jcif;”awG[m t&if;&Sipf epf&@J vuQmawGyJ r[kwyf gvm;? urBmvuQ%maqmifwJh pD;yGm;a&;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm tar&duef[m vGwv f yfwhJ aps;uGu/f vGwv f yfwhJ a&mif;0,fuek o f , G rf /_ vGwv f yfwhJ +yKid q f idk f r_æpwmawGudk aºu;a=umfovkd “vpfb&,f0g'opf” ukv d nf; ,SOw f aJG ºu;a=umfvmcJh wmyg? t&if;&Sipf ;D yGm;a&;eJ@ wygwnf; t&if;&SiEf idk if aH &;ukd wGaJ c:vmwmvnf; jzpfygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;rSm olw@dk ajymaewJh vGwv f yfrq _ w dk mukd rmhupf 0f g'u tapm}uD;uwnf;u “ra&rwGuEf idk w f /hJ zsuo f rd ;f r&Ekid w f /hJ cGijhf yKcsuef @J &&Sx d m;wJh vGwv f yfrr_ sm;ae&mrSm wck wnf;jzpfw/hJ pOf;vJwhJ vGwv f yfr(_ 0g) vGwv f yfpmG ukeo f , G rf e_ @J tpm;xk;d vku d w f ,f? wcGe;f wnf;qk&d &if bmoma&;eJ@ Ekid if aH &;vSnphf m;r_ rsuEf mS zk;H pGyx f m;wJh aoG;pkyjf c,fv, S rf a_ e&mrSm ajAmifusw/hJ t&Surf w hJ /hJ wku d ±f u dk jf zpfw/hJ &ufpufwhJ aoG;pkyrf e_ @J "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;u tpm; xk;d vku d w f ,f” qk+d y;D &Si;f vif;pGm zGiq hf jdk yxm;+y;D om;yg? olw@dk u urBmv h uQ%maqmif pD;yGm; a&;eJ@twl olw@dk &@J Eidk if aH &;ukd wGzJ ufac:aqmifvmwmuvnf; “"e&Siv f w l ef;pm; jzpfay: wk;d yGm;r_ajcvSr;f wkid ;f rSm ‚eJ@ avsmn f w D hJ ol@vw l ef; pm;&J@ Ekid if aH &;wufvrS ;f r_ vku d yf gvmcJh w,f” vk@d rmhupf 0f g'u ajymxm;cJw h t hJ wkid ;f ygy?J tar&dum;rSm jzpfaewJh pD;yGm;a&; refae *smeJ@ Ekid if aH &;refae*smwk@d &@J uGm[r_awG/ Ekid if w H umpepf&@J atmifjrifr[ _ m urBmv h uQ%m aqmifwhJ pD;yGm;a&;atmifjrifrt _ ay: rScD adk e&wmawGæpwJh upfqif;*sm;&J@ wifjycsuf awG[mvnf; tar&duefp;D yGm;a&;/ tar&duefEidk if aH &;wk@d &@J bufpt Hk usyt f wnf;awGudk jrifomapygw,f? 'gayrJh upfqif;*sm;&J@ wifjycsuaf wG[m tar&dum; pD;yGm;a&;tusyf twnf;uyfudk u,fwifz@dk / tar&dum;&J@ urBmv h uQ%maqmif pD;yGm;a&;ukd u,fwifz@dk &nf&, G cf suef @J wifjyaewmyg? ol@wifjycsuaf wGudk tar&duefwm0ef&o dS al wGu aqmif&u G f wmawGvnf;&So d vkd raqmif&u G w f mawGvnf; &Srd mS yg?

39

21 pmpOf pD;yGm;a&;uyfudk t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm;u b,fvedk nf;awGe@J ausmef if;cJ=h uygovJ? uGejf rLepf a=unmpmwrf;xJrmS “wzufrmS xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;ukd xkxnftvku d f zsuq f ;D ypf=uw,f? aps;uGuf a[mif;rsm;ukd yk+d y;D ukepf ifatmif aoG;pky, f =l uw,f? 'Dvv dk yk w f m[m yk+d y;D us,jf yef@w/hJ ykrd zdk suq f ;D Ekid pf rG ;f &Sw d hJ uyfrsm;ukd vrf;zGiahf y;vku d w f myJ jzpfw,f? usyw f nf; r_uyfrsm;ukd [ef@wm;Ekid rf ,feh nf;vrf;rsm;tm; avsmeh nf;oGm;apjcif;om jzpfw,f” vk@d qkx d m;ygw,f? 'Dvedk nf;eJ@ ausmef if;vk@d r&wJt h cgrmS urBmppf zefw;D +yD; ppfwu dk w f ehJ nf;eJ@ ajz&Si;f wwf=uw,f? 1930 ckEpS rf sm;u t&if;&Sipf ;D yGm;ysuu f yfuydk J =unfyh g? 'Dwek ;f u pD;yGm;ysuu f yfay:wmeJ@ ra&S;raESmif;rSm [pfwvmeJ@ rlqv dk edk w D @dk ay:vmw,f? onfah emuf urBmppf}uD; jzpfvmw,f? 'Denf;eJ@ pD;yGm;ysufuyfukd ausmfcJhwmyg? ArmjynfqkdwJh aps;uGuaf [mif;rSmawmh yk+d yD; ukepf ifatmif aoG;pkyv f u dk =f uwJt h cg v,form;awG&@J v,fawG cspw f ;D awG&@J vufxJ tawmfrsm;rsm; a&mufuek w f ,f? v,form; trsm;pk[m pyg;aps;usw'hJ %fa=umifh 'kuaQ &mufc=hJ u&w,f?“pyg;wawmif; ig;yJ/ bk&m;wefaqmif;ysm;pG/J ukvm;acgi;f "m;0J”qkw d m tJ't D csed u f ay:cJw h myg? tJ'u D ae q&mpH v,form;olyek }f u;D ayguzf mG ;vmcJyh gw,f? tck tar&duefu pwifvu dk w f hJ pD;yGm;a&;uyf[m 1930 pD;yGm;a&; uyf&@J aemufyidk ;f rSm t}u;D qk;H uyfv@dk qkad e=uw,f? wESpw f mumv vGev f mcsed rf mS awmif 'Duyf&@J *,uf[m &Sad ewke;f yJ? b,favmuftwkid ;f twmtxd 'Duyf qufvuf±u dk cf wfr,f qkw d m rajymEkid af o;ovkd b,fenf;eJ@ 'Duyfuae tvGw±f ek ;f xGu=f urvJqw dk mvnf; tajzrxGuaf o;bl;? u|eaf wmfw@dk taeeJ@uawmh Armjynf jynfov l x l k tusK;d pD;yGm;xdcu dk rf _ b,favmuf&rdS vJqw dk mtay: tm±kpH u dk =f u&rSm jzpfygw,f? em*pfrek w f idk ;f tay:uawmif ab;oifjh ynfoal wG&@J acgi;f uked if;+yD; tjrwfxw k w f hJ ppftpk;d &[m pD;yGm;ysujf ynforl sm; tay: b,fvt dk jrwfxw k v f mrvJqw dk m rsujf cnfrjywf apmif=h unf&h rSmyg? jynfo@l tusK;d xdcu dk rf a_ wGudk tqufrjywf qef@usiw f u dk cf u dk o f mG ;&rSmyg? upfqif;*sm;&J@ aemuf&nf&, G cf suw f ckuawmh urBmv h uQ %maqmifwhJ pD;yGm;a&;ukd emvefxvm+yD; use;f rmoefprG ;f atmif wGe;f wifay;a&; jzpfygw,f? urBmv h uQ%maqmifwhJ jzpfpOftwGuf }uKd;yrf;cJ=h uwm ckacwfrmS rS r[kwyf gb;l ? vlom;orkid ;f rSm &mpkEpS f 2 cktwGi;f urBmv h uQ%maqmifwhJ jzpfpOftwGuf }uKd;yrf;cJ=h uwm 4 }udraf wmif &Scd yhJ g+yD? - 18 &mpk aESmif;ykid ;f wke;f u yxrt}udr?f eykv d , D pH pfyaJG wGa=umifh +yKd ysuo f mG ;cJ&h w,f? - 19 &mpkaESmif;ykid ;f rSm 'kw, d t}urd ?f yxrurBmppf}u;D a=umifh csKy+f ird ;f cJ&h w,f? - 1920 ckEpS rf sm;u azmfaqmifcw hJ hJ urBmv h uQ%maqmif a&;jzpfpOf uawmh 'kw, d urBm ppf}uD;a=umifh ysupf ;D oGm;&jyefw,f? - rsuaf rSmufumvu “*vkb d ,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f ” vk@d ac:ae=uwJ u h rBmh

40

21 pmpOf vuQ%maqmifw@J jzpfpOfuawmh pwkwt ˆ }udryf g? ol b,favmufxd use;f rmoefprG ;f ae rvJ qkw d mawmh rodEidk af o;ygb;l ? w&m;t&qk&d ifawmh (tcsed =f umaumif; =umEkid af yr,f)h vJvu dk /f xlvu dk /f vJvu dk /f xlvu dk ef @J aemufq;Hk wae@rmS t&if;&Sipf epf[m ajr}uD;ay: bke;f bke;f vJomG ;rSmuawmh aocsmw,fv@dk ,k=H unfaeyg w,f? urBmppf}u;D eJ@ tqk;H owf oGm;wmawmh rjzpfapcsifygbl;? 'gayrJh “ra&&mjcif;”qkdwmuvnf; t&if;&Sifpepf&J@ obm0vuQ%myJav? ol@&@J p;D yGm;a&;eJ@ ol@&@J tm;}u;D r_udk rScD +dk y;D aºu;a=umfxm;wJh “tar&duef &mpk” qkw d mua&m? ? ndKpde0 f if;

vlom;orkid ;f rSm &mpkEpS f 2 cktwGi;f urBmv h uQ%maqmifwhJ jzpfpOf twGuf }uKd;yrf;cJ=h uwm 4 }udraf wmif &Scd yhJ g+yD? - 18 &mpk aESmif;ykid ;f wke;f u yxrt}udr?f eykv d , D H ppfyaJG wGa=umifh +yKd ysuo f mG ;cJ&h w,f? - 19 &mpkaESmif;ykid ;f rSm 'kw, d t}udr?f yxrurBmppf }uD;a=umifh csKyf+idr;f cJ&h w,f? - 1920 ckEpS rf sm;u azmfaqmifcw hJ hJ urBmv h uQ%m aqmifa&;jzpfpOfuawmh 'kw, d urBmppf}uD;a=umifh ysupf ;D oGm;&jyef w,f? - rsuaf rSmufumvu “*vkb d ,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f ” vk@d ac:ae=uwJ u h rBmv h uQ%maqmifw@J jzpfpOfuawmh pwkwt ˆ }udryf g?

41

21 pmpOf

12345678901 12345678901 12345678901

12345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234 123456789012345678901234 123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567 123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567 123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567 123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567 123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567 123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567 123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567 123456789012345678901234 123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567 123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567 123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567 123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567 123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567 123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567 123456789012345678901234

tar&dueforRwopfeJ@

Armjynf&Jh 'Drkdua&pDa&; v_yf&Sm;r_

123456789012345678901234

ukdaxG;

2008 Ek0d ifbm 4 &ufae@u tar&dueforRwopf a&G;yG+J yD;oGm;vk@d 44 a,mufajrmuf orRwopf jzpfvmwJh bm;&uftb kd m;rm;[m 2009 Zefe0g&v D xJrmS pwif wm0efxrf;zd@k jyifqifaeygw,f? ol@tpk;d &opfxrJ mS wm0efay;zd@k 0ef}u;D a&G;cs,cf ef@tyfra_ wG vkyaf eyg+y?D 'Dru dk &ufygwx D u J csn;f r[kwb f J uGeq f maA;wpfygwx D u J vlawGuydk g a&G;cs,w f mrd@k tawmfr#r#ww&Srd ,fh orRwvk@d xifp&mygy?J 4 ESpw f }udraf &G;aumufyjJG yKvky+f yD; orRw tajymif;tvJvyk af vh&cdS w Jh hJ tar&duefrmS 'Dw}udraf &G;aumufyu JG awmh t&ift}udrf awGxuf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; &Sw d mawG@&ygw,f? 'Da&G;aumufyrJG mS 8 ESpw f idk w f idk f tar&d ueftrsKd ;om; tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk tjywfom;qH;k umuG,o f /l 'Dru dk a&pDe@J vl@tcGit hf a&;ukd urBmay:rSm tumuG,q f ;kH qkw d hJ tar&duefppfppf orRw wa,mufukd tar&duefvx l u k jywfjywfom;om; pGe@f ypfvu dk +f yD; tmz&duaoG;ygwhJ 'Dru dk &uftar&duefwa,mufudk a&G;cs,cf =hJ uvk@d jzpfygw,f? 'Dw}udraf jymif;vJr[ _ m vlomrubJ tar&dum;&J@ ay:vpD t&yf&yfyg ajymif;vJra_ wG&EdS idk w f mrd@k urBm}u;D &J@ tem*wf[m ykrd +kd ird ;f csr;f om,mavrvm; ar#mv f ifph &mygy?J orRwbk&[ fS m 21 &mpktzGirhf mS 9²11 tjzpftysuef @J }uKH cJ&h +y;D jyefvnf vufw@Hk jyefciG u hf dk azmazmoDo/D =urf;=urf;&rf;&rf; &,lcw hJ myg? b,forRweJ@rS rwlatmif tar&d ueftrsKd ;om; tusKd ;pD;yGm;umuG,af &;twGuf [pfatmf+yD; ppfoaH y;cJw h myg? vufw@Hk jyefciG u hf dk urBmuvnf; pmemaomtm;jzifh azmazmoDoD ay;xm;ovkjd zpfaecsed rf mS tm z*efepPwefudk 0ifa&mufwu dk cf u dk w f m jzpfygw,f? tmz*ef usL;ausmw f u dk cf u dk rf _ ppf&edS jf rifh aecsed rf mS tD&wfupd u P dk rD;tm;jr‡iahf ecJw h myg? tmz*ef0ifwu dk +f yD; 2 ESpt f =umrSm tD&wf

42

21 pmpOf ukd 0ifa&muf usL;ausmw f u dk cf u dk cf yhJ gw,f? tar&duefjynfoal wG&@J tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf tE©&m,f&w dS ,fv@dk,q l &if }uKd wifvufO;D r_,+l y;D wku d cf u dk rf ,fqw dk hJ uGeq f maA;wpf vufopf tkypf &k @J ay:vpDudk emcHusio hf ;kH wmygy?J urBmah &eHxu G af 'ojzpfwhJ tm&S/ Oa&my/ tmz&du a'owk@d &@J tv,fA[kd a'ojzpfwhJ ta&S@tv,fyidk ;f a'oukd odr;f yku d cf sKyu f idk zf @kd 0ifwu dk w f ,f rajymayr,fh tm;vH;k ujrif+yD; a0zefqef@usiw f m wav#mufv;kH cHae&ygw,f? qkAd , D uf+ydKuG+J yD; ppfat;acwfveG u f mvrSm urBmt h iftm;t}uD;qH;k taet xm;jzpfcw hJ hJ tar&duefrmS tm%m&cJ=h uwJh uGeq f maA;wpf0g'aD wG[m urBmay:rSm Akv d u f s csiw f idk ;f usciG &hf w dS ,fv@dk ,lqcJ=h uw,f? t"du u uGeq f maA;wpfvufopf0g'D tkypf k jzpf ygw,f? orRwbk&u fS awmh 'Dtyk pf &k @J ay:vpDawGudk taumiftxnfazmf&wJh aemufvu dk f jzpfcw hJ myg? 9²11 ta&;tcif;jzpfcw hJ t hJ ay:rSm wkev f y_ cf &hJ wJh tar&duefjynfoal wGukd t=urf;zuf0g' wku d cf u dk af &;ukd axmufczH @kd tvG,w f ul pnf;±H;k Ekid cf yhJ gw,f? bk&[ fS m 'DtvH ukd jrifrh m;pGmv$i+hf yD; tumtuG,, f u l m Adv k u f susL;ausmw f m vkycf w hJ myg? ukvor*~udk ab;csdwfygw,f? EkdifiHwum oabmwlpmcsKyfawGudk wzufowf ausmckdif;ygw,f? tiftm;0g'ukd tajccHwhJ Ekid if jH cm;a&;ay:vpDukd usio hf ;kH ygw,f? ppfa&;t& vufO;D r_,l wku d cf u dk af &; usio hf ;kH r,fv@dk aºu;a=umfygw,f? vufawG@rmS vnf; 2 ESpt f wGi;f ppfy}JG u;D 2 yGJ wku d jf ycJyh gw,f? t=urf;zuf0g'wku d cf u dk af &;eJ@ vSnphf m;cHc&hJ wJh tar&duefjynfoal wG[m 8 ESpf=umvmawmhrS uGefqmaA;wpfawG&J@ ppftiftm;A[kdjyKwJhay:vpD&J@ cg;oD;r_ukd oabmayguv f m=uyH&k ygw,f? ppfp&dwaf wGuek /f vlawGao+yD; urBmay:rSm vlrek ;f tcH& qH;k jzpfaewJh olw@dk tpk;d &ukd vufrcHEidk jf zpfvm=uwmyg? ppfyJG }uD; 2 ck[m 8 ESpo f m =umcJah yr,fh +yD;jywfz@dk tvm;tvmu a0;aeqJyg? xdcu dk rf u _ awmh }uD;ygw,f? bk&fS vufxuf tmz*efeJ@ tD&wfppfyGJtwGuf ukefusp&dwfpkpkaygif;rSm ppfyGJtprS 2008 pufwifbm 30 &uftxd/ tar&d uefa':vm pkpak ygi;f 845 bDv, D H ukeu f sc+hJ yD;+yDv@dk qkyd gw,f? tD&wfppfyJG twGuf ukeu f scw hJ hJ ppfo;kH p&dwrf mS wvv#if 12 bDv, D H &Scd ahJ =umif; 6 ESp=f um ppfo;kH p&dwf ukeu f srp_ m&if;u azmfjyaeygw,f? tar&duefppfom; tao taysmufu 5000 0ef;usif a&mufaeyg+y?D 'Dvdk ppfa&;t& tqH;k rowfEidk /f pD;yGm;a&;t& 0efxyk 0f efy;dk u ydoxufy+d y;D Ekid if aH &;t& bmrS wdwu d sus ajz&Si;f r_xu G rf vmEkid w f hJ tajc taerSm bk&efS @J uGeq f maA;wpfawGudk tar&duefjynfoal wGu jywfjywfom;om; pGe@f ypf vdu k w f m jzpfygw,f? urBmjh ynfoal wGtwGuf wpHw k &m pdwf csr;f omp&mvk@d qk&d rvm;ygy?J 'DtajctaeawGudk odaewJh 'Dru dk &ufygwt D aeeJ@ tkb d m;rm;eJ@ rJq, G yf aJG qmify'k f ukd “ajymif;vJa&;”vk@d aºu;a=umf+yD; tar&duefvx l u k dk pnf;±H;k cJw h myg? tD&wfppfyu JG qkwcf mG a&;udk ajymcJw h myg? tD&wfppfyu JG dk pdwu f ek af ewJh tar&duefjynfoal wGtwGuf t}udKufawG@omG ;ygw,f? 'gayrJh bm;&uftb dk m;rm;[m t=urf;zuf0g'wku d zf suaf &;ukd qufvufqifErJ$ ,fv@dk q+dk yD; tD&wfu ppftiftm;awGukd tmz*efbufa&$@z@dk ? orwbk&fS uawmh t=urf;zuf0g'wku d cf u dk zf @kd tmz*efppfqifE+J$ y;D rS tD&wfukd qufcw hJ myg? tkb d m;rm; ua&m? tmz*efppfyu JG ae b,fudk qufrmS qdw k mu apmif=h uyf=unfh =u&OD;rSmjzpfygw,f?

43

21 pmpOf 2009 ckEpS u f p+yD; aemuf 4 ESpo f rRwjzpfvmr,fh tkb d m;rm;[m tar&duef twGuf wpHw k &maom tajymif;tvJawG vkyrf mS uawmh aocsmygw,f? ol@ orRw oufwrf;umvtwGi;f rSm ArmjynftwGuf bmtajymif; tvJrsm; jzpfvmEkid af jc&Srd vJv@dk cef@reS ;f wGuq f r_vyk af e=uoHawGvnf; ae&mtES@H / axmifrh sKd ;pHu k tjrifrsKd ;pHk =um;ae=u &ygw,f? ArmjynftwGuf tvm;tvmaumif;zk@d ar#mv f if=h uwma&m/ pdwyf su=f uwmyg tpHyk gy?J ar#mv f ifch suaf umif;awG b,favmufxm;ayr,fh tkb d m;rm;[m bk&fS avmuf Armjynfta&;rSm 0ifpu G rf _ }uD;}uD;rm;rm; rvkyb f ;l vk@d yJ cef@reS ;f &ygw,f? tkb d m;rm;[m bk&Sf&@J =urf;&rf;r_awGukd a0zef+yD; wufvmcJhol r[kwfygvm;? tvGefqHk;vkyfEkdifrSmu jyif;xefpGm a0zefzdtm;ay;ajymqkdwm/ pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqkd@wm/ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;zkd@ wku d w f eG ;f wmpwmawGxuf ykv d yk Ef idk zf , G rf &Syd g? 'Dvdk Ekid if w H um zdtm;ay;wmrsKd ;ukd etzu rr_yg? tESpf 20 vH;k vH;k &ifqidk af jz&Si;f jycJ+h y;D yg+y?D tdb k m;rm;vufxufrmS oHwref a&;t&yg ykx d ad &mufatmif vky&f mS ;vmr,fh t&dyv f uQ%mawGawmif awG@ae&yg w,f? ukvor*~/ tar&duef/ tD;,l/ ±k&mS ;/ w±kw/f *syef/ tdE, dN eJ@ tmqD,pH wJh urBmh Ekid if t H oD;oD;u Armjynf&@J Eikd if aH &;taetxm;ukd pdwyf suaf e =uwmyg? tm;vH;k u jynf wGi;f Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pktcsi;f csi;f awG@qakH qG;aEG; n‡Ed id_ ;f wkid yf if+yD; ajyvnfatmif ajz&Si;f apcsi=f uwm jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh etzppftyk pf u k ajyajyvnfvnf ndE‡ id_ ;f wkid yf if ajz&Si;f wmrvkyv f b dk J ppftyk pf u k vuf0g;}uD;tkyaf jz&Si;f wmuko d m useEf idk if aH &; tiftm;pktm; vH;k u vufct H av#mah y;+y;D vkyw f ehJ nf;vrf;wckxo J m ArmjynftwGuf taumif; qH;k qd+k y;D vkyaf ewmjzpfygw,f? ppftyk pf [ k m acgi;f rm+yD; ol@tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf &yfwnfcsuf jywf om;ygw,f? ol@vrf;pOftwkid ;f qufvuf+y;D atmifjrifatmif csw D ufz@kd jyifaeygw,f? 2010 a&G;aumufyrJG mS 0ef}uD;vkyzf @dk ol@vl awGt G wGi;f rSm vla&G;yGv J yk af eyg+yD? 2010 twGi;f ay:ayguv f mr,fh vlxek @J ekid if aH &;tiftm;pkawG&@J qef@usirf a_ wGudk ukid w f , G af jz&Si;f zk@d &Jwyf&if;awGudk tiftm;jynfah tmif pkz@JG +y;D t"du±k%;f ESrd ef if;a&;qkid &f m avhusichf ef;awGukd rem;rae vkyaf eygw,f? vufeufrsKd ;pHw k yfqif+yD; avhusiw hf m vkyaf eygw,f? etz[m befurD eG ;f awmif;qkw d m vufrcHovk/d tkb d m;rm;vnf; Armjynfudk u,fwifEidk rf ,fh tajc tae r&Syd g? Armjynfoal wG uk, d u hf , dk w f idk ±f ek ;f uef wku d yf 0JG ifre_ @J om Armjynfudk u,fwif Ekid rf mS jzpfygw,f? ?

ukdaxG; 21 - 12 - 2008?

44

21 pmpOf

tkdbm;rm; b,fvJ ============= 1234567890123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901

&J a bmf x G e f ; jrwf

ta&G;aumufcH tar&dueforRwopf tkb d m;rm;[m 2009 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D 20 &ufrmS orRwtjzpf usr;f opPmused q f w dk t hJ cg ol@udk bmjy\emawGu apmif}h udKae ygovJ? orRwbk&fS csex f m;cJw h hJ pD;yGm;a&;tusyt f wnf;/ ppfyJG 2 yG/J t=urf;zuf0g' qef@usiaf &;wku d yf /JG ta&S@tv,fyidk ;f jy\em pwmawGygy?J wu,fv@dk rsm; tkb d m;rm;taeeJ@ 'Djy\emawGukd atmifatmifjrifjrif rukid f wG,Ef idk &f if ol@Eidk if aH &;t&if;tES;D awG yGe;f yhu J ek rf mS jzpf+y;D 'gawGudk ukid w f , G Ef ifdk af tmif }uKd ;pm; vkyaf qmifEidk cf &hJ ifvnf; bk&&fS @J vrf;pOfawGudk aemufu vku d v f yk &f ovkd jzpfaejyefw,f? orRwopftaeeJ@ twdwu f dk &ifqidk af jz&Si;f &rSmjzpf+yD; wcsed w f nf;rSmyJ tem*wfopfudk yHak zmf&rSm jzpfygw,f? tdb k m;rm;&J@ OD;pm;ay;vkyif ef;rsm;uawmh æ 1? pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;? ? 'guawmh jynfwGif;a&m EkdifiHwum vdt k yfcsut f wGuaf &m jzpfygw,f? pD;yGm;a&; jyef emvefxv l matmif vky&f rSmjzpf+yD;/ jynfwiG ;f rSm ay:ayguaf ewJh tusKd ;pD;yGm;umuG,af &;0g' (protectionism) ukd a&Smif=uOf Ekid af tmif }uKd ;pm;zk@d yJ jzpfygw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSmyJ Ekid if w H um b¾ma&;pepf jyefvnfjyKjyif &mrSm OD;aqmifz@dk vnf; vkyd gw,f? Ek0d ifbmvwke;f u G20 tpnf;ta0;udk bk&u fS vkyf aqmifay;cJw h m[m toH;k wnfw h hJ tpOftvmaumif;w&yfudk wDxiG af y;cJw h myg? tJ'g uawmh 'Dtpnf;ta0;rSm Ekid if w H umh pD;yGm;a&;/ b¾ma&; ta&;t&mawGrmS aemufyidk ;f zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufvmwJh pD;yGm;a&;}uD;rsm; (w±kw/f tdE, dN / b&mZD;vf tp&So d nf) yg0ifvmap cJjh cif; jzpfygw,f?

45

21 pmpOf

2? ppfyGJ 2 yG?J ? tkb d m;rm;u tD&wfu tar&duefwu dk cf u dk af &;orm;rsm;ukd 2010 ckEpS f tv,fxm;+y;D qkwcf mG zd@k uwday;xm;ygw,f? bk&u fS vnf; 2011 ckEpS f aemuf qH;k xm;+yD; qkwcf mG zk@d tD&wftpk;d &eJ@ oabmwlxm;ygw,f? 'Dtcsed Zf ,m;awGuvnf; wu,fh ajrjyifu tjzpf tysurf sm;&J@ tajctaeay: rlwnfrmS yg? tD&wfjynfwiG ;f Ekid if aH &; tay;t,lvyk if ef;rsm;eJ@ tD&wftrd ef ;D em;csi;f rsm;eJ@ aqG;aEG;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;ay: rlwnf ygw,f? tmz*efepPwefu ykcd ufcpJ &m &Syd gw,f? ygupPwefwiG ;f &Sd tkypf rk sm;&J@ ulnrD e_ @J wmvDbefrsm; wpcef;xvmvk@d ygy?J tdb k m;rm;u tD&wfuwyfawG ±kyo f rd ;f +yD; tmz*ef epPwefudk v$wcf siaf eygw,f? 'gayrJh Ekid if jH cm; ppfwyfawG tmz*efepPwefxrJ mS rsm;av/ trsKd ;om;pdwjf yif;av jzpfwwfygw,f? (tckaemufq;kH rGeb f idk ;f t=urf;zufwu dk cf u dk rf a_ wmif wcsKd @u tkb d m;rm;ukd tjypfwifc=hJ uygao;w,f? tmz*efrmS &Sw d hJ t=urf;zuform;rsm;u tkb d m;rm; wufvm&if olw@dk qrD mS tar&duefwyf xyfw;dk vmrSmukd }udKwif[ef@wmvk@d qd=k uygw,f?) tmz*efrmS wjcm;vkyEf idk w f hJ tvkyaf wGuawmh ppfwyfe@J ykvyd u f dk oifwef;awG ykad y;zk@d e@J wkid ;f jynfwiG ;f eJ@ tdref ;D em;csi;f Ekid if rH sm;t=um; Ekid if aH &;aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; ay:ayguf vma&;wk@d ygygw,f? 3? t=urf;zuf0g' qef@usifa&;? ? 'Dupd rP mS vnf; t=urf;zuf0g'udk qufvufqef@usif wku d yf 0JG ifomG ;&rSm jzpfayr,fh wku d cf u dk f a&;avoHawGuakd wmh av#mah ygzh @kd vkyd gw,f? tmvfcsw D mvkd t=urf;zuftzG@J tpnf;rsm;ukd &ifqikd &f mrSm atmifjrifEidk w f hJ AsL[mw&yfuawmh wjcm;Ekid if rH sm;eJ@ owif;tcsut f vufrsm;ukd eD;eD;uyfuyf zvS,af &;eJ@ t"du rlqviftrsm;pk}uD;&J@ axmufcrH u _ dk &,lEidk w f ahJ y:vpDrsm; csrw S zf @dk jzpfygw,f? 4? ta&S@tv,fykdif; ta&;tcif;rsm;? ? 'Dtykdif;rSmawmh jy\emawGu tawmf±y_ af xG;ygw,f? Oyrm- tD&efjy\em qkyd gp@dk ? Oa&my/ ±k&mS ;/ w±kwf pwmawGyg ygwhJ oHcif;wrefcif; jy\emrsm;yg yg0ifaeygw,f? tdb k m;rm;ud, k w f idk u f vnf; bk&v fS rdk [kwb f J tD&efupd rP mS us,jf yef@whJ oHwrefaqG;aEG;r_awGvyk rf ,fv@dk qkx d m; ygw,f? aemufxyf tiftm;}uD;ekid if jH zpfwhJ ±k&mS ;eJ@yg qufqaH &;aumif;rGeyf grS 'Da'ou Ekid if aH wGrmS tar&dueftaeeJ@ tqifajyEkid rf mS yg? 'gro S m bk&&fS @J r+yD;jywfcw hJ hJ tpPa&; ygvufpwkid ;f jy\em/ tpPa&; - qD;&D;,m;jy\emawGukd ukid w f , G Ef idk rf mS yg? 5? tmz&d u / vuf w if t ar&d u / tm&S p wmawG r S m vnf ; jy\em tao;t}uD;tpHk ay:Ekdifygao;w,f? bk&Sf[m tm&SrSmawmh ajrmufukd;&D;,m;udpP uvGv J @dk uset f iftm;}uD;Ekid if aH wGjzpfwhJ *syef/ w±kw/f tdE, dN pwmrsm;eJ@ qufqaH &;awG aumif;atmif vkyx f m;Ekid cf yhJ gw,f? 'gawmh bk&u fS kd aus;Zl;wif&rSmyg? bk&rfS 0l g' (Bush Doctrine) jzpfwhJ vufO;D r_,w l u dk w f hJ ppfyaJG wG/ twif; tusyf 'Dru dk a&pDjyKjyifa&;0g'eJ@ wOD;wnf; 0ef±;dl pGe;f wckx&J w dS hJ vky[ f efawG tm;vH;k [m 'Dae@urBmeJ@ ruku d n f w D hJ rSm;,Gi;f wJh cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmr_ay:rSm tajccHygw,f? urBmt h iftm;t}u;D qH;k Ekid if H

46

21 pmpOf }uD;[m rdrw d OD;wnf;eJ@ vkcd siw f hJ &nf rSe;f csuaf wGudk razmfaqmifEidk b f ;l qkw d m em;vnfz@dk vkyd gw,f? wu,fawmh tkb d m;rm; ta&G;cs,cf v H u dk &f r_u tar&duefrsm;tzd@k rdrw d @kd &@J “yg0g taysm”h (soft power) ukd jyef toH;k csz@dk jzpfvmEkid yf gw,f? 'gayrJh tkb d m;rm;taeeJ@ yg0gtrmeJ@ yg0gtaysmah ygi;f pyf+y;D (smart power) yg0gtyspH m;ukd oH;k wwfz@kd awmh vkyd gw,f? 'Dru dk a&pDudk jr‡iw hf if&mrSm =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf; zdtm;ay;wmxuf aysmah ysmah ysmif;aysmif; qGaJ qmifwwfz@dk v+dk yD; pdw&f n S v f uf&n S ef @J tcsed , f v l yk &f rSmyg? Oyrmtm;jzifh - usL;bm; rSm&Sw d hJ *Gmwmemrkd tusO;f pcef;ukd ydwjf yvku d jf cif;tm;jzifh tkb d m;rm;taeeJ@ wu,fh vky&f yfe@J oufaojyovdjk zpfEidk yf gw,f? (tkb d m;rm;u 2 ESpt f wGi;f ydwyf pfr,fv@dk ajymxm; ygw,f?) EkdifiHwum tiftm;csdefcGifn‡m jzpfay:wkd;wufr_t& EkdifiHwumpepftwGif; tiftm;t}u;D qH;k Ekid if }H u;D taeeJ@ wjcm;Ekid if eH @J tpk;d &rsm; olw@kd bmomolw@dk rvkyaf qmif Ekid w f hJ wurBmvH;k qkid &f m trsm;tusKd ; jyKvkyif ef;rsm; (global public goods) ukd vkyf aqmifjyzk@d vkyd gw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh Ekid if w H umhaiGa=u;aps;uGut f wGi;f u vku d ef maqmif &Gu&f r,fh Oya'orsm;ukd a&;qGw J m/ urBm&h moDOwk tajymif;tvJupd u P dk vufO;D r_&&dS dS uk, d w f , G af y;wm pwmwk@d jzpfygw,f? wu,fawmh tkb d m;rm;&J@ ta&;t}uD;qH;k OD;pm;ay;vkyif ef;}uD;uawmh tar &duef[m a=umufvef@p&mr&Sw d hJ ar#mv f ifch suaf &mifjcnfawG ay;pGr;f wJh yg0gtyspH m; toH;k jyK wJh Ekid if }H uD;tjzpf Ekid if w H umu jrifvmatmif jyKvkyzf @kd om jzpfygw,f? ukd;um;? ? Obama meets the world he wants to shape by Joseph S. Nye. China Daily 5.12.08

&J a bmf x G e f ; jrwf

47

21 pmpOf

tpPa&;vf &J@

*gZmppfyGJ

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789

=unf 0 if ; +y;D cJw h hJ 'DZifbm 27 &ufae@rmS tpPa&;vfu *gZma'oudk AH;k }uw J u kd cf u kd rf a_ wG pwif ðyvkyf cJw h ,f? *gZma'ouae+y;D [m;rwfpaf wGu tpPa&;vfukd 'H;k eJ@ypfcwfwu kd cf u kd af ewmawGukd vufw@kH jyefwm jzpfw,fv@kd qdw k ,f? AH;k }uw J u kd cf u kd w f hJ yxrqH;k ae@rmS yJ tenf;qH;k vl 225 a,muf aoqH;k cJw h ,f? yxr av;rdepftwGi;f rSmyJ [m;rwfpw f @kd &@J v+kH cKHa&;taqmuftOD 100 avmufukd AH;k }uJwu kd cf u kd cf w hJ ,f? ava=umif;rSm &ufowWEpS yf wf=um wdu k cf u kd +f yD; aemufrmS ajrjyifx;kd ppf 0ifygw,f? 'Dwu kd cf u kd rf [ _ m tpPa&;vfe@J [m;rwfpw f @kd &@J 6 v typftcwf&yfpaJ &; oabm wlncD suf ukeq f ;kH +yD;aemuf r=umrDrmS yJ ðyvkycf w hJ m jzpfyg w,f? 'Dtypftcwf&yfpaJ &;udk tD*sp&f @J =um;0ifaphpyfay;r_e@J 2008 ckEpS f ZGev f 19 &ufae@rmS &cJw h myg? tJ'aD emuf ZGev f 24 &ufae@rmS tpPa&;vfu taemufbufurf;a'o ebvl;òr@ukd 0ifwu kd cf &hJ m ygvufpwdik ;f 2 OD; aoqH;k cJw h ,f? wOD;u [m;rwfpt f zG@J e@J rqdik w f hJ tpPvrfrpf*s[ D wftzG@J u wyfr;ª vd@k qdyk gw,f? tJ'aD e@aESmif;ydik ;f rSmyJ tpPvrfrpf*s[ D wfpt f zG@J u tpPa&;vfukd 'k;H usno f ;kH pif;eJ@ wH@k jyefypfcwfwu kd cf u kd cf w hJ ,f? ZGev f 26 &ufae@rmS [m;rwfpt f zG@J u tpPa&;vfukd *gZm e,fpyfawG ydwfqdk@xm;wm[m typftcwf&yfpJa&;udk t"ducsdK;azmufaewJhtcsuf jzpfw,fv@kd a0zefcw hJ ,f? 'gayrJh useyf gvufpwdik ;f tzG@J awGuakd wmh typftcwf&yfpaJ &; oabmwlncD suu f kd vdu k ef m=uzd@k aqmf=ocJw h ,f? typftcwf&yfpaJ &;oufwrf; ukeq f ;kH cge;D vmwJt h cg 'DZifbm 13 &ufae@rmS tpPa&;vfu [m;rwfpb f ufrS pnf;urf;csuaf wGvu kd ef mr,fq&kd if typftcwf&yfpaJ &; oabmwlncD suu f kd tcsed w f ;kd cs@J vw kd ,fv@kd a=unmw,f? tpPa&;vfu *gZme,fpyf ydwq f @kd xm;wmudk rzGiahf y;wJt h wGuf typftcwf&yfpaJ &;udk qufw;kd rSmr[kwb f ;l vd@k [m;rwfpf tzG@J u 'DZifbm 20 &ufae@rmS a=unmw,f? tpPa&;vf&@J *gZma'oudk ydwq f @kd xm;r_a=umifh (tckq&kd if 18 v &S+d yDjzpfw,f) *gZma'ou vlxk 1²5 oef;[m t}u;D tus,'f u k rQ sKd ;pHu k kd cHpm;cJ=h u&wm jzpfw,f? tD*spu f 0ifaphpyfay;vd@k typftcwf&yfpaJ &; &vmwJt h cgrmS 'D'u k u Q aQ wGu vGwaf jrmufawmh rvm;qdw k hJ ar#mv f ifch suaf wG ay:cJw h ,f? tJ't D ypftcwf&yfpaJ &; 6 vwm umvtwGi;f rSm

48

21 pmpOf 'H;k usnef @J tpPa&;vfuykd pfcwfwmawG quf&cdS ahJ yr,fh vltaotaysmufr&Scd b hJ ;l ? [m; rwfpu f typftcwf&yfpaJ &;udk q,fEpS t f xdw;kd zd@k e@J tpPa&;vf&@J 1967 ckEpS ef ,fpyfrsO;f udk tajccHwhJ Edik if aH &;oabmwlncD su&f &Sad &;txd urf;vSr;f cJw h ,f? 'gayrJh tpPa&;vfbufu 'gawGudk vspfvsL±_cJhw,f? typftcwf&yfpJa&;oabmwlnDcsufrSmygwJh tpm;tpm/ aq;0g;eJ@avmifpmqDawG wifoiG ;f Edik zf @kd e,fpyfyw d q f @kd xm;wmudk av#mah ygah y;zd@k ysuu f u G cf hJ w,f? Edik if jH cm;ynmawmfoifq&k wJh ausmif;om;awG *gZmu xGucf mG cGiu hf v kd nf; tpP a&;vfu ray;bl;? *gZmpme,fZif;orm;awGe@J ukvor*~u, kd pf m;vS,af wGvnf; xGucf iG hf ray;yg? jyifyu pme,fZif;orm;awG 0ifcGifh&zdk@vnf; tvGefcufygw,f? olwdk@&J@ ydwq f @kd ra_ =umifh *gZma'ocHawG&@J qd;k 0g;vSwhJ tajctaeawGukd jrifawG@rmS pd;k vd@k tckvkd 0ifcGifhray;wm jzpfw,f? 'Dydwfqdk@r_a=umifh *gZmvlxk[m ±kyfydkif;t&/ pdwfydkif;t& tvGeq f w k , f w k f usqif;ae=u+yD jzpfw,f? trsm;pk uav;oli,fawG tm[m&csKd @wahJ e+y;D a'owGif; a&m*grsdK;pHkjzpfyGm;aewmudk aq;0g;ukoray;EdkifwhJtajctae jzpfaew,f? Ed0k ifbm 5 &ufae@upvd@k uvd&k if;jywfvwfra_ =umifh oef@&iS ;f a&&&Szd @kd 'kuaQ &muf&w,f? a&oef@roH;k Edik v f @kd a&m*gawG jzpfymG ;vmr,ft h EW&m,f wd;k rsm;vmw,f? avmifpmqD rvHk avmufv@kd v#ypf pfr;D vnf; tcsed jf ynfrh ay;Edik b f ;l ? 'Dvykd w d q f @kd xm;r_a=umifh jzpfaewJh *gZm a'otajctae[m vl@*% k o f u d mQ tusyt f wnf;vd@k ukvor*~u qdyk gw,f? oufarG;0rf; ausmif;r_awG trsm;tjym;zsuq f ;D cH&w,f/ tajccHtaqmufttHek @J tajccH0efaqmmifr_ awG t}uD;tus,f ,d, k iG ;f ysupf ;D ukew f ,f? a=umuf&@G x H w d v f ef@ae&r_[m tES@H tjym; jzpfaew,f? vlO;D a&pkpak ygi;f &J@ 80µ [m ud, k [ hf mud, k f r&yfwnfEikd b f J vlom;csi;f pmemr_ tultnDawGtay: rScD akd e&w,f? pdwu f se;f rma&;pDrcH suf t}u;D tuJ pdwaf &m*guk q&m0ef &J@ cef@reS ;f csut f &qd&k if pdwaf omurD;a=umifh vlO;D a&w0ufe;D yg;[m pdwzf pd ;D r_a0'emawG cHpm;ae&w,f? 'ge@J ywfouf+yD; tpPa&;vfEikd if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; wDZyD v D pfyeD (Tzipi Livni) &J@ajymqdck suu f awmh =ocsavmufygw,f? ‘*gZma'orSm vlom;qdik &f m tusyt f wnf; qdw k m r&Sb d ;l / tJ'u D vlom;awGtajctae[m olw@kd v;kH vH;k jzpfoifw h t hJ wdik ;f jzpfaewm’ vd@k ajymygw,f? Edik if w H um=uufajceDtzG@J }uD;uawmh tajctae[m “onf;cHEikd zf , G &f m r&Sb d ;l ” “vH;k 0ayguu f x JG u G v f mwJh vlom;tusyt f wnf;}u;D ” jzpfw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? tpPa&;vfe@J ygvufpwdik ;f yËdyuQrmS tpPa&;vfukd tvGet f rif;buf vdu k x f m;wJh owif;awGudkyJ jrifawG@=um;ae&wm jzpfaeusyg? tckvnf; typftcwf&yfpJa&; ysufoGm;&wm[m [m;rwfpftzG@J a=umifh jzpfw,f/ 'Hk;usnfe@J ypfcwfwdkufcdkufwmawG wd;k vmvd@k jzpfw,fv@kd qd=k uygw,f? wu,fjh zpf&yfukd zH;k uG,x f m;=uw,f? ajym&r,fq&kd if typftcwf&yfpaJ &;umv twGi;f rSm 'H;k usnef @J ypfcwfra_ wG tawmf}u;D avsmeh nf;oGm;wm jzpfw,f? ypfcwfaewJh 'H;k usnaf wGqw kd muvnf; tdrw f iG ;f jzpfawG rsm;w,f? xda&mufr_ &Sv d w S m r[kwb f ;l ? Ed0k ifbm 4 &ufae@rmS tpPa&;vfu wdu k cf u kd v f @kd ygvufpwdik ;f awG trsm; tjym;aoqH;k +yD;aemufro S m 'H;k usnef @J ypfcwfra_ wG jyefvnfw;kd yGm;vmwm jzpfygw,f?

49

21 pmpOf 'H;k usnef @J ypfwmrSeo f r# [m;rwfpt f zG@J vufcsuv f @kd vnf; ajymr&ygb;l ? *gZma'orSm oD;jcm;tzG@J tpnf;awGtrsm;}uD; &Sad ewmjzpfw,f? [m;rwfp&f @J òyifbuf zmwmtzG@J &@J tm;ay;axmufcrH e_ @J zG@J xm;wJt h zG@J awGawmif &Syd gw,f? 'Dvdk aemufcHtajctaeawGatmufrSm tpPa&;vfwdkufcdkufr_[m 'Hk;usnfeJ@ ypfcwfwmawGukd wH@k jyefz@kd oufoufqw kd m rjzpfEikd yf g? wdu k cf u kd rf a_ wG rpwifrD &ufowW ywfaygi;f rsm;pGmuwnf;u tpPa&;vfppfbufe@J Edik if aH &; acgi;f aqmifawG[m [m;rwfpaf wG udk ppfy}JG u;D qifEzJ$ @kd olw@kd vx l u k kd jyifqifaecJh wm jzpfygw,f? wu,fu 'Dppfqifa&;twGuf tao;pdwpf rD u H ed ;f udk pwifa&;qGcJ w hJ m 6 v avmuf=um+yDv@kd qdyk gw,f? [m;rwfpef @J tpPa&;vf ,m,D typftcwf&yfpaJ &; vufrw S af &;xd;k cJw h t hJ csed af vmufu pcJw h myg? 'gu=kd unf&h if typftcwf&yfpaJ &; vufrw S x f ;kd cJah yr,fh tpPa&;vf&@J oabmxm;[m rlrrSeb f ;l qdw k m ay:vGiyf gw,f? 2008 ckEpS Ef 0kd ifbm 19 &ufae@rmS 'Dppfqifa&;pDru H ed ;f udk tpPa&;vfumuG,af &;0ef}uD; tD[w G b f m&ufqD twnfðycsu&f ,lz@kd wifw,f? 'DZifbm 18 &ufae@rmS bm&ufu tpPa&;vf0ef}u;D csKyf tD[w G t f rkd wfe@J awG@qw kH ifjyw,f? 'Daemuf rSm 'DprD u H ed ;f udk tpPa&;vftpd;k &tzG@J u wnDw!Gww f nf; twnfðycJ=h uwm jzpfw,f? 'DZifbm 27 &ufae@rmS tpPa&;vfppfqifa&; pwifw,f? bmcGjJ cm;r_rS r&Sb d J AHk;}uJwdkufcdkufwJhtwGuf t&yfom;trsm;tjym;aoqHk;&w,f? aoqHk;olawGxJrSm uav;i,f/ trsKd ;orD;eJ@ ouf}u;D &G,t f akd wG ygw,f? 2008 ckEpS f 'DZifbm 27 &ufae@uae 2009 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 6 &ufae@txdq&kd if ygvufpwdik ;f aoqH;k olO;D a&[m 640 &So d mG ;+yD jzpfw,f? aoqH;k olawGxrJ mS uav;i,f tenf;qH;k 75 OD; yg0ifw,f? '%f&m&ol ta& twGuu f awmh 2850 ausmo f mG ;+yD jzpfygw,f? 'DumvtwGi;f [m;rwfpu f 'H;k usnef @J ypfcwfra_ =umifh tpPa&;vfbufu ig;OD; (ppfom;ESpOf ;D eJ@ t&yfom;oH;k OD;) aoqH;k cJw h ,f? ukvor*~u zGifhxm;wJhausmif;awGvnf; tpPa&;vfAHk;'%fu rvGwfygbl;? ygvufpwdik ;f t&yfom;awG[m tJ'aD usmif;awGrmS AH;k '%fu vGwrf vm;qd+k yD; oGm;cdv k _H ae=uwm jzpfw,f? ukvor*~u olw@kd ausmif; wnfae&m (GPS) awG tpPa&;vfbufukd ay;xm;wJt h jyif tvHawGvnf; xlxm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh AH;k '%fu rvGwyf gb;l ? aemufyikd ;f rSm awmh rSm;ypfrw d mygv@kd tpPa&;vfu ajymygw,f? tpPa&;vf&@J &uf&ufpufpufwu kd cf u kd rf _ a=umifh ukvor*~tygt0if Edik if t H awmfrsm;rsm;u typftcwfcsucf si;f &yfz@kd awmif;qdck hJ =uygw,f? 'gayrJh tpPa&;vfu *±krpdu k yf gb;l ? [m;rwfpb f ufu 'H;k usnaf wGe@J ypfcwfwmawG &yfomG ;atmif 'Dppfqifa&;udk qifEw J$ mvd@k tpPa&;vfu ta=umif;jyygw,f? a&G;aumufcH orRwtdb k m;rm;[mvnf; 2008 ckEpS f *sLvdik v f twGi;f tpPa&;vfukd a&muf&cdS phJ Ofu tckvakd jymcJzh ;l ygw,f? “u|eaf wmfh orD;ESpaf ,muf ntdyaf ewJt h rd u f kd wa,mufa,mufu 'H;k usnaf wGe@J ypfaer,fq&kd if tJ'v D kd ypfaewmawG&yfomG ;atmif u|eaf wmft h m%m tpGr;f &So d r# vkyrf mS yJ? tpPa&;vf taeeJ@vnf; 'Dvykd J vkyrf mS yJv@kd u|eaf wmfxifygw,f?” ol@ukd jyefar;p&m&Sw d mu cifAsm; orD;ESpaf ,mufaeaewJh tdru f kd ydwq f @kd xm;vd@k tpma&pm 00rpm;&/ aexdik rf aumif;

50

21 pmpOf

AH;k '%f=um;rS ygvufpwdik ;f rdom;pk jzpfv@kd vnf; ukp&maq;0g;r&S/d vljzpfygvsuf vlvrkd ae& rxdik &f / tcsed rf a&G; twdu k t f cdu k f cH&Edik v f @kd us;D vef@pmpm; jzpfae&+yDq&kd ifaum cifAsm; bmvkyrf vJ qdw k mygy?J tpPa&;vfu 'H;k usnef @J ypfaewmawG &yfomG ;atmif/ [m;rwfpt f zG@J tiftm; csnehf @J omG ;atmif 'Dppfqifa&;udk qifEw J$ mvd@k ta=umif;jyayr,fh wjcm;ta=umif;awG vnf; &Syd gw,f? vmr,fah zazmf0g&v D rSm tpPa&;vfEikd if H a&G;aumufy&JG ydS gw,f? umuG,f a&;0ef}u;D tD[w G b f m&ufcef @J Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D vpfAef w D @kd [m olw@kd u, dk o f w l @dk jywfom; wJo h al wGtjzpf jycsiw f mvnf;ygygw,f? tckvuf&dS tm%m&aewJh tpPa&;vftpd;k & tzG@J [m ppf0g'ED ikd if aH &;orm; emwef,m[kukd pdeaf c:tEdik &f +yD; wufvmwJt h pd;k & jzpfygw,f? emwef,m[k[m tpPa&;vf&J@vHkðcHa&;udk tmrrcHEdkifbl;qdk+yD; xdk;ESuftEdkif&vmwm jzpfw,f? tckvnf; a&G;aumufyeJG ;D vmvd@k tpGr;f jywmr[kwb f ;l vd@k rajymEdik yf g? a&G;aumuf yGu J akd wmh 'Dppfqifa&;+y;D wJt h xd a&$@xm;vdu k yf g+y?D 2006 vufbEGepf pfyw JG ek ;f u [pPbv kd m awGukd OD;rcsKd ;Edik cf v hJ @kd emrnfysucf &hJ wJh tpPa&;vfppfwyfu tck *gZmppfyeJG @J tzwfqnf csiw f mvnf; ygEikd yf gw,f? [m;rwfpt f zG@J ukd t"duOD;wnfwu kd w f mqdak yr,fh tckvkd t&yfom;awGuykd g &uf&ufpufpuf wdu k cf u kd o f wfjzwfaewmudk =unhjf cif;tm;jzifh OD;wnfcsu[ f m ydu k s,jf yef@ w,fqw kd m odomygw,f? [m;rwfpt f zG@J ukd a&G; aumufcw hJ t hJ wGuf ygvufpwdik ;f vlxu k kd tjiK;d w}u;D eJ@ wdu k cf u kd af ewmvnf; jzpfygw,f? aemifukd [m;rwfpf 'grrS [kwf [m;rwfpv f kd tzG@J rsKd ; xyf+y;D rJray;=ueJ@? rJay;rdv@kd uawmh tckvykd J roufombl;omrSwq f +kd y;D wdu k cf u fkd f aewm jzpfw,f? igw@kd tvdu k s vdu fk af vsmr,ft h zG@J rsKd ;udo k m rJay;=uvd@k rajym±Hw k r,fygy?J tpPa&;vf- ygvufpwdik ;f yËdyuQ[m &Sn=f umvS+yD jzpfygw,f? tckvkd ygvuf pwdik ;f awGukd tpPa&;vfu tjiK;d w}u;D eJ@ &uf&ufpufpuf owf jzwf wdu k cf u kd af ewma=umifh 'DyËdyuQr;D [m +idr;f at;zd@k yd+k yD;a0;oGm;&OD;rSmyJ jzpfygw,f? ref:Understanding the Gaza Catastrophe by Richard Falk, 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza Conflict from Wikipedia.

-unf0if;

51

21 pmpOf

21&mpk a&eHEidk if aH &; atmif + id r f ;

trS m rS John Bellamy Foster &J@ ‘a&eH xdyfrSwfESifh pGrf;tife,fcs@J pepf’ Peak Oil and Energery Imperialism aqmif;yg; [m ,ae@urBmrSm }uHKawG@ae&wJh a&eHjy\emeJ@ EkdifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpD ta=umif; ukd tcsuftvuf pHkpHkvifvifjzifh rD;armif;xkd;jyEkdifwJh aqmif;yg;wyk'f jzpfw,f? tem*wfurBm&J@ pD;yGm;a&; EkdifiHa&; ppfa&; bufpHktcif;tusif;ukd pmzwfolrsm; ar#mf a c:oH k ; oyf E k d i f a p&ef aumuf E k w f a zmf j yygw,f ? Monthly Review . July -August 2008

a&eHxdyfrSwf a&eHxu G f xdyq f ;kH trSwq f w dk m ,ckwavm a&eHa&;&m ay:vpDcsrw S o f rl sm; t=um; tjiif;yGm;ae=uwJh udp}P u;D w&yfjzpfw,f? tar&duefu tD&wfudk vufO;D atmifcschJ wJhppfyGJ 5 ESpf=umvmwJhtcg urBmha&eHaxmufyHhr_[m wpwpqkd;0g;vmw,f? a&eH xkwv f yk rf _ (txGu)f usqif;vmwmeJ@ tar&duef a':vmwefz;dk usqif;r_w@dk aygi;f pyf+yD; 2008 arrSm a&eHwpnf a':vm 135 ausmt f xd jzpfvmw,f? 2006 wke;f u ysr;f r#wpnf 66 a':vmeJ@ 2007 u ysr;f r#wpnf 72 a':vmom &Scd w hJ mjzpfw,f? Goldman Sachs &J@ wGucf surf t _ & aemuf 2 ESpt f wGi;f a&eHwpnf a':vm 200txd wufz, G &f w dS ,fv@dk qkd w,f? 1998 {+yDrmS tar&duef[m yxrqH;k t}udrt f jzpf olo;kH pGw J hJ a&eH trsm;pkudk jynfyrSwifoiG ;f cJ&h w,f? xkt d csed rf pS +y;D urBmah &eHxu G x f yd rf w S o f @dk r=umrD a&mufawmhr,f qkw d hJ pk;d &dryf yl efr_ }uD;xGm;vmum tus,t f jyef@o;kH oyfra_ wG ay:ayguv f mw,f? 1998 rwfvxkwf odyeH` nf;us tar&duefpmapmifwiG f t+idr;f pm;a&eH blrad A'

52

21 pmpOf ynm&Sif Collin J. Campbell eJ@ Jean H. Laherrere a&;wJh ‘aps;ayga&eHe*d ;kH ’aqmif;yg;rSm urBmh a&eHxyd rf w S [ f m 10 ESpf twGi;f ay:ayguEf idk af =umif; owday;cJw h ,f? csr;f omwJh H um Ekid if rH sm;eJ@ zG@J pnf;xm;wJh pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf e_ @J zG@H +zKd ;a&;tzG@J (OECD) &J@ Ekid if w pGr;f tif at*siaf pD (IEA) rS xkwjf yefwhJ ‘1998 urBmh pGr;f tif oH;k oyfcsu’f pmwrf;u urBmah &eHou dk f (World Oil Resrves) tay: tqk;d jrifjzifh =unfah pumrl ouU&mZf 2008 - 2009 avmuf txd a&&Snaf xmufyEhH idk rf &_ u dS m ‘a&eHxu G x f yd rf w S ’f ok@d a&mufO;D rSm r[kw[ f k qkw d ,f? 'Dcef@reS ;f csuu f vGaJ ew,f? ‘a&eHxu G x f yd rf w S ’f ok@d a&muf&rdS [ _ m atmufyg twkid ;f jzpfvmw,f? =op&D;,m; (1955) *smr%D (1967) tar&duef (1971) uae'g (1974) &kad r;eD;,m/ (1976) tif'edk ;D &Sm; (1977) tar&dueftmvmpum (1989) tD*spf (1993) tdE, dN (1995) *gbeG f (1997) rav;&Sm; (1997) tm*siw f ;D em; (1998) AifeZD v JG m; (1998) ukv d b H , D m (1999) tDauG'g (1999) t*Fvef (1999) =opa=w;vs (2000) tkrd ef (2001) aemfa0; (2001) ,Drif (2001) 'de;f rwf (2004) rufqu D dk (2004) [ Source: Energy Watch Group (oct 2007, 11) ]

‘a&eHxyd rf w S ’f qkw d m a&eHawG 'va[m xGu&f rdS v _ @dk qkv d w dk m r[kwb f ;l ? blrd aA'eJ@ enf;ynmykid ;f t& a&eHxu G f txGwt f xdyo f @dk a&muf+y;D aemuf txGuu f sqif;vm wmukd ajymwmjzpfw,f? a&eHwiG ;f wkid ;f [m a&eHnp‡ x f w k &f ,lr[ _ m acgi;f avmif;yHk rsO;f auG; jzifh tcsKd ;nDtwuftusudk jzpfay: avh&w dS ,f? Oyrm - wESpv f #if 2 &mckid Ef e_ ;f wufvm+y;D tjrifq h ;kH trSwo f @dk a&muf&+dS y;D oumv tcsKd ;nDpmG wESpv f #if 2 &mckid Ef e_ ;f jzifh usqif;vmjcif;? t"dym` ,fu a&eHou dk cf ef;vmjcif;jzpfw,f? 'Denf;ukd 1950 ckEpS rf sm;u tar&duefa&eHwiG ;f rsm;&J@ xdyrf w S u f dk 1970 vk@d wGucf sujf zpfcw hJ hJ a&eHbrl yd nm&Sif M. King Hubbert ukd trSjD yK+y;D ‘[yfbwfxyd q f ;kH rSw’f vk@d vnf;ac:w,f? or±k;d usa&eH (a&eHprd ;f ) qkw d m ajratmuf[u dk 'f ±ku d mbGeo f u dk rf S wGi;f wl;pifrsm; jzifh xkw, f &l &Sw d hJ a&eH jzpfw,f? or±k;d us r[kww f hJ a&eHqw dk mu wjcm;enf;eJ@ xkw, f w l hJ a&eHtav;/ oJa&eH/ a&Sva&eH/ oJuwW&ma&eH/ obm0"mwfaiG@t&nfe@J tcJ/ ausmufr;D aoG;t&nf/ ZD0avmifpm ponfw@dk jzpfw,f? or±k;d usr[kww f hJ a&eHxw k v f yk &f mrSm ukeu f s p&dwf }u;D jrif+h y;D pGr;f tiftxGuf edrrhf a_ =umifh pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ obm0ywf0ef;usif xde;f odr;f a&;t& wGuaf jcruku d b f ;l ? tar&duef pGr;f tifjyef=um;a&;±H;k (EIA) &J@ 2008 {+yDxw k jf yefcsut f & 2005 rS 200& twGi;f urBmah &eHprd ;f xkwv f yk rf r_ sO;f [m cyfajyajy avsmu h svmw,f? 2005 rSm ysr;f r# w&ufpnfaygi;f 73 .8 oef;rS 2007 rSm 73 .3 oef;ok@d usvmw,f? urBmh a&eHaxmufyhHr_ (or±kd;usaum or±kd;usr[kwfwmaum) u 2005 rS 2007 txd w&ufpnfaygi;f 8 .5 oef;jzifh rsO;f wajy;wnf; wef;aew,f? urBmah &eHtxGuf tajymif;tvJ odyrf &Sd jyifno D zG,w f ef;ae (plateau) jcif;[m xdyrf w S f (peak) ok@d a&mufjcif;avm? a&eHaps; acgicf u dk v f mjcif;eJ@ qufpyfr_ &So d avm?

53

21 pmpOf trsKd ;rsKd ; oH;k oyfae=uygw,f? wef;aejcif;ukd OD;aqmifaxmufco H l Richard Heinberg u ‘tiftm;tus’qkw d hJ pmtkyrf mS “bma=umifw h ef;aeovJ/ pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;tcsuf (pD;yGm;a&;us/ 0,fvt dk m; us) eJ@ ppfe@J awmfveS af &; qkw d hJ Ekid if aH &;ta=umif;tcsurf sm;a=umifjh zpfw,f? or±k;d us r[kww f hJ a&eHtxGuw f ;dk r_e@J enf;ynmopfrsm;a=umifh tusrematmif arG@&mcHay;xm; ovkd jzpf+yD; xdyrf w S rf mS wef;aejcif;jzpfw,f”vk@d oH;k oyfygw,f? blrdenf;ynmeJ@ EkdifiHa&;ta=umif;tcsufrsm;a=umifh wef;aer_&Snf=umjcif; jzpfw,fqw dk hJ aumufcsu[ f m a&eHavmurSm xif&mS ;wJh tjrifw&yfjzpfvmw,f? f yk rf _ 2007 Ek0d ifbm Wall Street *sme,fu a&;&mrSmæ“urBmah &eHprd ;f xkwv yrm%[m vufawG@tm;jzifh uef@owfcaH e&+y;D taemufwidk ;f a&eHurk % ` D t&m&S}d u;D rsm;rS tp t"du a&eHwify@dk whJ Ekid if rH sm;rS t&m&St d a[mif;topfrsm;txd[m a&eHxu G x f yd rf w S f qko d nfudk axmufco H vkd &Sad omfvnf; urBmah &eHou dk w f 0uf ukecf ef;ae+yDqo dk nfudk r,H=k uacs? olw@dk u urBmah &eHxu G f rsuEf mS usuf jzpfay: vmjcif;[m a&eHajr0ifaygut f m; wif;usyfxm;r_/ ukefusp&dwf xkd;wufr_eJ@ a&eHblrdtjcif;t&m ±_yfaxG;r_a=umifh[k ,H=k unf=uonf? xkwv f yk af &; wef;aer_om jzpf+y;D xdyq f ;kH rSwrf [kw[ f k &yfc=H uonf”? a0gpx&d*sme,fu qufvufazmfjy&mrSm uif;b&pf pGr;f tifoak woetzG@J &@J wGucf surf u _ dk uk;d um;+yD; xdyrf w S u f dk 2030 txda&mufO;D rnfr[kw/f OD;pGmtm;jzifh v_id ;f ozG,w f ef;aeOD;rnf[k qkw d ,f? ok@d aomf *sme,fu qdik rf eG f (Matthaw R. Simmons) &J@ tjrifuv dk nf; tav;xm; wm awG@& w,f? qkid rf eG u f a&eHxyd rf w S [ f m 2008 eJ@ 2010 t=um;rSm jzpfw,fv@dk qkw d ,f? qkid rf eG [ f m bk&fS - acseD pGr;f tiftoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; twkid yf ifcaH umfrwDtzG@J 0if wOD;jzpf w,f? a&eHe@J ywfoufwhJ pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;pGm a&;om;cJo h v l nf;jzpfw,f? ol@&@J 2005 rSm xkww f hJ ‘oJuE©m&qnf;qm’pmtkyw f iG f aqmf't D ma&As&dS urBmt h }u;D qH;k a&eHwiG ;f }u;D jzpfwhJ Ghawar a&eHwi G ;f [m xkwv f yk rf _ xdyrf w S o f @dk a&mufvek ;D +yDv@kd axmufjyygw,f? tar&duef pGr;f tifXme}u;D &J@ jyef=um;a&;±H;k u tapmqH;k xdyrf w S [ f m (2004 [k tuJjzwforl sm;ukd qef@usi+f yD;) tapmqH;k 2020 [ko;kH oyfygw,f? (2000 Zlvidk )f Tok@d pk;d &dryf yl efrr_ sm;a=umifh 1998 rS 2001 twGi;f tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ‘twGi;f pnf;’twGi;f tus,t f jyef@aqG;aEG;oH;k oyf=u+y;D r[mAsL[m enf;vrf;rsm; &Sm}uH vmcJ=h uw,f? ok@d jzifh ‘tar&duef&mpkopfprD cH su’f ukd us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ xkwaf zmfvm cJ=h uw,f? a&eH e ,f c sJ @ 1998 Zlvidk rf mS Ekid if w H umr[mAsL[mavhvma&;Xme (CSIS) rS pGr;f tifqidk &f m r[mAsL[mXme (SEI) ukd tvsipf vkd zG@J w,f? qD;edwv f ufeufuidk w f yfz@JGrsm;a&;&maumfrwD OuUÏ Sam Nunn eJ@umuG,af &;0ef}u;D a[mif;(pGr;f tif0ef}u;D a[mif;vnf;jzpf)Schlesinger

54

21 pmpOf wk@d OD;aqmifw,f? ‚tzG@J rS 2000 Ek0d ifbmrSm “21 &mpk pGr;f tifqidk &f m yx0DEidk if aH &;” tpD&ifcpH mukd xkwjf yefw,f? tpD&ifcpH mwGif “urBmtES@H a&eHxw k v f yk rf _ usqif;ae+yD; a&eH0,fvt dk m; jrifw h ufaer_atmufwiG f urBmph rG ;f tif vkt d yfcsuu f dk jznfq h nf;Ekid &f ef twGu/f yg&eS yf ifv,fauG@ a&eHxw k v f yk rf u _ dk ouU&mZf 2000 - 2020 twGi;f 80 &mckid Ef e_ ;f wk;d xkwv f yk zf @dk vkt d yfa=umif;” wifjyw,f? ‚wk@d u (txufwiG f azmfjycJh onf)h Campbell, Laherrer eJ@ Simmons wk@d wifjywJh a&eHxy d rf w S [ f m tapmqH;k 2010 wGif a&muf&dS rnfqo dk nfh aumufcsuu f dk y,fcsw,f? ok@d aomfa&eHxyd rf w S jf y\emukd tvGef tav;xm; a=umif; odomygw,f? “wckwnf;aom tiftm;vGe”f tar&dueftaeeJ@ “urBmeJ@t0ef; pGrf;tifaxmufyHhr_tay: txl;wm0ef 0wW&m;&Sda=umif;” urBmha&eH “0ifaygufzGifh” xm;&rnfjzpfa=umif; xkwjf yefw,f? tar&duef&@J pD;yGm;a&;'%fcwfyw d q f @dk cHxm;&wJh tD&wfe@J tD&efrS a&eHwify@dk r_ wk;d jr‡iEhf idk w f ehJ nf;vrf;rsm; &Sm}uHz@dk tav;ay; azmfjyw,f? 2001 wGif Edward L. Morse obmywdvyk w f hJ James Baker Institute eJ@ Ekid if jH cm;qufqaH &; aumifpw D @dk uruxjyK+y;D 21 &mpk r[mAsL[mpGr;f tifay:vpD pdeaf c:r_ avhvma&;w&yf vkyw f ,f? 'FtzG@J tpD&ifcpH mu ,ckvdk azmfjyw,f? urBmah &eHou dk [ f m q,fpEk pS rf sm;pGmtwGuf vHak vmufa=umif;/ 'gayrJh xkwv f yk af &;pGr;f &nfopftwGuf “&if;ES;D jr‡KyfErHS r_ vHak vmufjcif;”eJ@ “rwnf+idraf omEkid if rH sm;” a=umifh “axmufyahH &;wif;usyrf ”_ (a&eHav#mx h w k w f mukd qkv d w dk ,f) eJ@ }uKH awG@ae&a=umif;/ a&eHxw k v f yk af om Ekid if rH sm;[m xkwv f yk af &;pGr;f &nfopftwGuf &if;ES;D jrK‡ yfE&HS r,ft h pm; a&eHr&S aiGudk vlrp_ D rHued ;f rsm;wGif oH;k pGjJ cif;jzifh tykt d v#aH wGudk “&Si;f ypf”wm “rjzpfpavmuf”om oH;k pGw J m vky=f ua=umif;/ tD&wf[m tc&muswhJ “,dr;f v_yaf eaom”a&eHxw k v f yk o f /l xkwv f yk rf p_ rG ;f &nf wrifErdS hf xm;ol “r[mAsL[m tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf a&eHyu dk af cgi;f ukd ydwcf szD iG chf sv D yk o f ”l jzpfa=umif;/ “quf'rf[pl ed [ f m tD&wfa&eHudk aps;uGurf S z,fxm;Ekid w f m”a=umifh urBmt h &if;&Sif pD;yGm;a&;twGuf tE©&m,f}uD;a=umif;ponfjzifh wifjyxm;ygw,f? tajzu tar&duefO;D aqmifwhJ taemuftiftm;}u;D Ekid if rH sm;taeeJ@ urBmah &eH t&if;tjrpf zG@H +zKd ;a&;twGuf wku d ±f u dk yf g0ifaqmif&u G zf @dk wwd,urBm&J@ “t&if;tjrpfEidk if H ykid jf yKr_’ trsKd ;om;a&eH ukr% ` rD sm; pk;d rk;d xm;wJh vuf&EdS idk if aH &;abm*aA'ukd Ekid if pH akH &eH ukr% ` rD sm;ukd A[kjd yKwJh a&S@wef;a&muf t&if;&Sipf ;D yGm;a&;jzifh tpm;xk;d zk@d yJ jzpfygw,f? 2001 arrSm 'korRw 'pfacseD (Dick Cheney) }uD;=uyfwhJ trsKd ;om;pGr;f tif ay:vpDudk tdrjf zLawmfu xkwjf yefw,f? tar&duef a&eHxw k v f yk rf [ _ m 1970 (xdyrf w S )f aemufyidk ;f 39 &mckid Ef e_ ;f usqif;w,f? 2020 rSm jynfwiG ;f "mwfqeD @J pufqo D ;kH pGrJ &_ @J 3 yHk 2 yHu k dk jynfywifoiG ;f r_tay: rScD &kd rSmjzpfa=umif; owday;xm;w,f? ‚umvrSmyJ orRw bk&u fS jynfyu a&eHwifoiG ;f r_tay: rScD adk e&jcif;jzifh “trsKd ;om;pGr;f tifv+kH cHKa&;”ukd “u|Eyfk w f @dk tusKd ;pD;yGm;ukd rvkv d m;aom jynfyEkid if rH sm;”vufxJ 0uGut f yfxm;ovdk jzpfae a=umif; owday;ajym=um;w,f? 2001 Ek0d ifbm tar&duefprG ;f tifXme&J@ Ekid if w H umpGr;f tifo;kH oyfcsurf mS yg&eS yf if

55

21 pmpOf v,fauG@ a&eHxu G u f dk 1999 rS 2020 twGi;f ESpq f wk;d xkwaf &;pDru H ed ;f [m ratmifjrifb;l ? tcsut f csm Ekid if rH sm;jzpfwhJ tD&wf/ tD&efe@J aqmf'w D @dk wiG f tvH;k t&if;eJ@ &if;ES;D jr‡KyfEjHS cif; rjyKEidk v f #if ratmifjrifEidk b f ;l ? tD&wfa&eHprd ;f txGu[ f m 2001 rSm 1979 xuf 31 &mckid Ef e_ ;f avsmch +hJ yD; tD&efu 1976 up+yD; 37 &mckid Ef e_ ;f avsmu h scw hJ ,f? 2 Ekid if pH vH;k [m '%fcwf ydwq f @dk c&H r_a=umifh &if;ES;D jr‡KyfErHS v _ nf;usw,f? txGuv f nf;usw,f? yg&eS yf ifv,fauG@ Ekid if rH sm;tzd@k 2030 a&eHxu G pf rD u H ed ;f ukd jynfrh ED idk &f ef pufu&d , d meJ@ enf;ynmopftwGuf a':vmbDv, D 5H 00 ausmf &if;ES;D jr‡KyfEzHS @kd vkt d yfw,fv@dk oH;k oyfxm;w,f? 2001 aEGO;D rSm bk&t fS yk cf sKyfa&;tzG@J &@J ed*;kH aumufcsuf ay:xGuv f mw,f? }u;D rm; wJah &eHou dk af wG &Sad o;w,f? xkwv f yk af &;pGr;f &nf wtm;wif;usyx f m;w,f? a&eHaps; aoG;vef@r_ edrdwfqdk;awG ay:xGufaew,f? yg&Sefyifv,fauG@ a&eHwdk;xkwfr_omv#if t"dujzpfw,f? 'Dvrdk [kw&f if ‘a&eHxyd rf w S ’f wap>ajcmufcaH e&rSm jzpfw,f æ vk@d qw dk ,f? ok@d jzifh a&eHo;kH pGrJ e_ @J 0,fvt dk m;bufrS jy\emukd }udK;pm;ajz&Si;f &r,ft h pm; a&S@utkycf sKyaf &; tzG@J rsm;vkyd J bk&t fS yk cf sKyaf &;tzG@J [m ppfa&;enf;vrf;udyk J a&G;cs,cf w hJ ,f? Michael T. Kare u “aoG;eJ@a&eH”pmtkyr f mS ,ckvkd azmfjyw,f? 9 / 11 (2001) rjzpfreD @J jzpf+y;D vawGtwGi;f yifv,fauG@twGuf Ekid if pH ;D yGm;a&; ppfa&;yHpk jH ymwckudk csw,f? OD;pGmtm;jzifh yifv,fauG@EkdifiHrsm;&J@ a&eHxGufukd jr‡ifhzkd@ jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh a'owGif; rwnf+idrrf e_ @J yËdyuQawG &Sw d ma=umifh txGuw f ;dk &dyf rjrif&? 'ga=umifh ppfa&;pGuzf ufr_ vkyw f mjzpfw,f? aqmf'rD wnf+idrw f t hJ wGuf ppfa&; usm;uefay;w,f? tD&wftpk;d & tajymif;tvJudk ppfa&;eJ@ azmfaqmifw,f? tD&eftay: tjrifq h ;kH zdtm;ay;w,f? Donald Rumsfeld eJ@ Paul Wolfowitz vkd yk*Kd~ vfrsm;u a&G;aumufyr JG wkid rf u D wnf;u tD&wfudk usL;ausmzf @kd wku d w f eG ;f w,f? pufwifbm wku d cf u dk rf a_ y:ayguv f mwJt h cg “t=urf;zuf0g' ppfy”JG qdw k meJ@ tmz*efudk odr;f +yD; tv,ftm&Se@J uufpyf , D yH ifv,fo@dk yx0DEidk if aH &;0if ayguf (ESifh ykdufvkdif; vrf;a=umif;) zefwD;w,f? 2003rSm tD&wfukd odrf;w,f? ta&S@tv,fyidk ;f ukd tar&duef&@J r[m AsL[m xde;f csKyrf [ _ m “tar&duef&mpkopf” twGuf tcsut f csmuswhJ tajccHudk csrw S jf cif;yJ jzpfyg w,f? ,ae@umv xdyq f ;kH wef; tar&duefp;D yGm;a&;ynm&Sijf zpfwhJ A[kb d %f OuUÏ a[mif; Alan Greenspan u “2007 &J@ uaomif;ueif;umv”pmtkyrf mS ,ckvkd a&;w,f? “tD&wfppfy[ JG m t"du a&eHa=umifq h w dk hJ tcsuu f dk todtrSwjf yKzk@d twGuf Ekid if aH &;t& tqDtai:rwnfh jzpfaer_tay: 0rf;enf;ygw,f”wJ?h *&if;pyif;u yifv,fauG@a'oukd twdwu f taemufEidk if rH sm;&J@ ppfa&;pGuzf ufrr_ sm; eJ@ ,SO+f y;D =unho f ifah =umif; ajymygw,f? “Oyrmtm;jzifh 1951 u tif*vdk - tD&efa&eHurk % ` u D dk Mossadeq tpk;d & Ekid if yH idk jf yKrt _ ay: vufw@Hk jyefjcif; (CIA u tD&ef0ef}uD;csKyf Mossadeq ukd jzKwfcs+yD; &Sm;bk&if Shah ukd eef;wifc)hJ 1956 emqmtpk;d & (tD*sp)f u pl;tufw;l ajrmif; a&a=umif;vrf; Ekid if yH idk f odr;f r_tay: +Aw d o d #e@J jyifopfw@dk &@J vufw@Hk jyefr_ om;av#mcJjh cif;”? *&if;pyif;u qufajym &mrSm “ukev f eG cf w hJ &hJ mpk wpdwf (25 ESp)f twkid ;f aemufxyf&mpkwpdwf urBmph ;D yGm;a&;

56

21 pmpOf zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufapzk@d q&dk if ,ae@ u|eaf wmfw@dk oH;k pGaJ eaom a&eHyrm%xuf aemufxyf 4 yHk 1 yHrk S 5 yHk 2 yHk xyfrv H t dk yfrmS jzpfw,f”? 'Da&eHawG tajrmuftjrm; &&SEd idk w f mu urBmah &eHou dk &f @J 3 yHk 1 yHw k nf&&dS m yg&eS yf ifv,fauG@uyJ jzpfw,f? bk&t fS yk cf sKyfa&;u *&if;pyif;ajym=um;csuu f dk jiif;qkad omfvnf; 2007 pufwif bm 13 orRwbk&&fS @J ±kyo f rH ed @f ceG ;f wGif tu,fI tar&duefwyfawG tD&wfu ±kyo f rd ;f cJ&h if “tpGe;f a&mufawGu urBmvH;k qkid &f m a&eHaxmufyrhH _ tcsut f csmawGudk xde;f csKyfomG ; ygvrd rhf ,f” vd@k ajymygw,f? tvS n f h t ajymif ; avm ppfyJG 5 ESpf =umvmcJah omfvnf; tD&wfa&eHtxGuf wk;d vmjcif;r&Syd g? tD&wfudk odr;f yku d +f yD; '%fcwfyw d q f @dk r_ ±kyo f rd ;f vku d jf cif;jzifh q,fpEk pS w f cktwGi;f tD&wfa&eHxu G f 1979 tjrifq h ;kH / wae@pnf 3 . 5 oef; xGu&f rdS u _ dk ausmv f eG +f yD; wae@pnf 6 oef;rS 10 oef; txd xGu&f zdS @dk ar#mv f ifch =hJ uw,f? 'gayrJh 2007 rSm ,cif 2001 txGuf wae@pnf 2 . 4 oef;xuf 13 &mckid Ef e_ ;f avsmeh nf;+yD; wae@pnf 2 . 1 oef;om xGuw f ,f? yg&eS f yifv,fauG@wckv;kH a&eHxu G rf mS 2001 rS 2005 txd ESppf Of (ysr;f r#w ae@ pnf 2 . 4 oef; txd) wk;d xGu&f cdS ahJ omfvnf; 2005 rS 2007 twGi;f 4 &mckid Ef e_ ;f usqif;+y;D urBmh a&eHxu G f xkid ;f r_id ;f r_e@J }uHKawG@vm&w,f? urBmw0ef; a&eHwiG ;f rsm; &SmazGawG@&+dS yD; a&eHxu G jf rifv h mwJh 1960 ckEpS rf sm; aemufyidk ;f (ESpf 40 vGe+f yD;aemuf) vufuseaf &eHou dk yf rm%ukd wGucf su&f mrSm Ekid if aH &; ta=umif;rsm;a=umifh cs@J um;azmfjy =uw,f? 'ga=umifh ‘a&eHxyd rf w S ’f okawoDrsm;u a&eHou dk yf rm%tpm; xkwv f yk af &; (txGu)f ay: tajccH oH;k oyf=uw,f? ‘xdyrf w S ’f jy\em[m a,bk,s pGrf;tiftusyftwnf;r[kwf[k oHk;oyf=uw,f? a&eH[m qlvG,feyfvG,fjzpf±Hkru o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;twGuf tvGefta&;ygwJh avmifpmjzpf aew,f? tar&duefa&eHoHk;pGJr_ 3 yHk 2 yHk[m um;}uD;um;i,fawGtwGuf "mwfqD 'DZ,fqt D jzpfo;kH wm jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh a&eHtusyt f wnf;[m wnf&adS ewJh t&if;&Sif pD;yGm;a&;}u;D w&yfv;kH &J@ toufaoG;a=umukd xdcu dk af pw,f? 2005 atmufwb dk m Robert L. Hirsh a&;wJh “ra&SmifvEJ$ idk w f hJ urBmah &eH xdyf rSw”f pmwrf;wGif “,cif pGr;f tiftul;tajymif; (xif;rS ausmufr;D aoG;/ ausmufr;D aoG;rS a&eH) [m jznf;jznf;csi;f wpwp ajymif;vJcw hJ ,f? a&eHxyd rf w S u f awmh ±kwcf sn;f jyif;xef vdrrhf ,f? urBm}u;D [m 'Dvjdk y\emrsKd ; ,cifu r}uKH z;l yg? jy\emray:cif tenf;qH;k q,f pkEpS w f ckavmuf xke@J xnfe@J ajyvnfr&_ atmif r}udK;pm;cJ&h if jy\em[m us,jf yef@ &Snf =umoGm;vdrrhf ,f”vd@k a&;ygw,f? taemufwidk ;f a&eHvt dk yfcsut f wGuf pdwyf yl efp&mwcsurf mS tm&Stv,fyidk ;f rSty urBmh t}u;D qH;k a&eHajrjzpfwhJ umZufpwef&dS um&Sm*ef (Kazakhstan’s Kashagan)

57

21 pmpOf a&eHajr[m wESprf mS ESp0f ufavmuf a&cJaejcif;a=umifh pDru H ed ;f ukd 8 ESpaf vmuf a&$@qidk ;f vku d f &jcif;jzpfw,f? 2006 rSm bk&t fS pk;d & trsKd ;om;pGr;f tifv+kH cHKa&;Xmeu pm;oH;k oD;ESrH S tDoaem xkwv f yk +f y;D avmifpmtpm;xk;d a&; vkycf w hJ ,f? 2007rSm tar&duefo;D ESx H u G f 20 &mckid Ef e_ ;f rS ,mOfo;kH pufo;kH tDoaemavmifpm xkwcf w hJ ,f? urBmw0ef; oD;ESaH ps;xk;d wufrr_ mS 'Dtcsuf [m ta=umif;wcsujf zpfw,f? ywf0ef;usif xde;f odr;f a&;0g'D Lester R. Brown u “pDru H ed ;f B 3. 0”pmtkyr f mS ,ckvkd a&;ygw,f? “±kww f &ufyJ urBm}u;D [m a&S;ur}uKH z;l wJh uk, d u f sihf odumQ eJ@ Ekid if aH &;jy\emukd }uKH awG@&w,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf oD;ESaH wGudk armfawmfum;ukd au|;rnfavm? vludk au|;rnfavm? aps;uGuu f um;ukd au|;=uvk@d ajymaew,f”? yx0DEkdifiHa&;eJ@ a&eH 2007 azazmf0g&D U.S. Government Accountablity Office tpD&ifcpH mu “a&eHxu G f usjcif;ta=umif;&if;rSm urBmah &eHou dk &f @J 3 yHk 1 yHak vmuf&w dS hJ tD&ef/ tD&wf/ Ekid *f s;D &D;,m;eJ@ AifeZD v JG m; t"du Ekid if H 4 Ekid if &H @J Ekid if aH &;pGe@f pm;r_rsm;a=umifh jzpfw,f”vk@d qkw d ,f? 2005 atmufwb dk m Ekid if w H umr[mAsL[mavhvma&;Xme (CSIS) tpD&ifcH pmu t,f*s;D &D;,m;/ tD&ef/ tD&wfw@dkrmS avmavmq,fq,f vH+k cKH a&;jy\emawG &Sw d ,f? 'gayrJh tmz&du uufpyf , D yH ifv,fe@J awmiftar&du[m yifv,fauG@xuf xl;+y;D wnf+ird f aewm r[kwb f ;l ? Ekid *f s;D &D;,m; yku d v f idk ;f ayguu f rJG /_ AifeZD v JG m;tvkyo f rm;oydw f /f ±k&mS ; tusiyhf sujf cpm;r_/ OZbufe@J ,cifqAdk , D ufEidk if aH [mif;rsm;twGi;f jynfwiG ;f r+idrrf ouf r_awG &Sad ew,fv@dk azmfjyw,f? CIA 'g±u dk w f ma[mif; John Deutch eJ@ Schlesinger wk@d OD;aqmifa&;om;wJh 2006 Ekid if jH cm;qufqaH &;aumifpD tpD&ifcpH mu t"du pGr;f tifaxmufyEhH idk if rH sm;jzpfwhJ ±k&mS ;/ tD&ef/ AifeZD v JG m;wk@d [m a&eHudk jynfwiG ;f eJ@ yx0DEidk if aH &;&nfreS ;f csut f wGuf toH;k csaew,f? a&eHtxGuw f ;dk zk@d xyfr&H if;ES;D jrK‡ yfErHS _ rvky=f ubl;? aqmf'/D tD&wf/ tD&efe@J taemuftmz&du[m rwnf+idrfr_ A[kdcsufawG jzpfw,f? w±kwfu tmz&dueJ@ uufpyf , D rfyifv,fpwJh a&eHaxmufyrhH u _ dk “aomhcwf”zk@d }udK;pm;aew,fv@dk wifjyw,f? 2007 {+yD Baker Institute &J@ ay:vpD tpD&ifcpH mazmfjycsuu f atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfw,f? trsKd ;om;a&eHurk % ` rD sm; (Ekid if yH idk f a&eHurk % ` rD sm;ukd qkv d w dk ,f) u urBmah &eH okduf&J@ 77 &mckdifE_ef;ukd xdef;csKyfxm;+yD; taemufwkdif; EkdifiHpHka&eHukr`%Drsm;u 10 &mckid Ef e_ ;f om xde;f csKyx f m;w,f? trsKd ;om; a&eHaumfyadk &;&Si;f tm;vH;k yk*v ~ u d ykid jf yK&r,f? Ekid if jH cm; &if;ES;D jr‡KyfEo HS rl sm;ukd jynfwiG ;f ukr% ` rD sm;enf;wl cGijhf yK&r,f? tkyd uf (OPEC) ukd zsufodrf;&r,f? vGwfvyfukefoG,fr_/ ,SOf+ydKifaps;uGufwkd@jzifh aps;uGufu jyÏmef;wJh aps;E_e;f twkid ;f urBmah &eHvt dk yfru _ dk jzef@jzL;&r,f? ok@d &mwGif t"du a&eHxw k v f yk rf u _ dk vufcH zk@d q&dk if olw@dk [m yk+d yD; pD;yGm;a&;qef&r,f? yGiv hf if;&r,f? tpk;d &pGuzf ufr_ uif;&r,f?

58

21 pmpOf tpD&ifcpH mu qufvufazmfjy&mrSm a&eHxw k v f yk o f rl sm;&J@ (oufqidk &f m Edik if u H dk qkv d w dk ,f) vuf0g;}u;D tkyt f m%mukd zsuo f rd ;f &r,f? a&eH&if;jrpfudk trsKd ;om;&nfreS ;f csuf twGuf roH;k bJ ul;oef; a&mif;0,fro _ ufouf twGuo f m oH;k &r,f? xif&mS ;wJh Oyrmu a&eHxw k v f yk af &;rSm Ekid if aH wmfu pGuf zufaewJh Hugo Chavez tkycf sKyfwhJ AifeZD v JG m;yJ? “ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufa&;”tpm;“trsKd ;om; zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufa&;ay:vpD”eJ@ “vlr_a&;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_”ukdvkyfaew,f? 'gwifru a&eHukd “EkdifiHjcm;a&; ay:vpDvufeuf”tjzpfo;kH aew,f? yx0DEidk if aH &;wGe;f aqmfrt _ jzpf bkv d ;D AD;,m;/ tDauG'g/ Eku d u f &m*Gg/ u&pfb, D rfEidk if rH sm;eJ@ oabmwlncD suaf wGvyk v f mw,f? aemufOyrmu tD&efy?J tu,fI tar&duefu wku d v f m&if a&eHjzwfoef;yk@d aqmif&m tcsut f csm vrf; a=umif;jzpfwhJ [mrGwf a&vuf=um; (Strait of Hornuz) ukd ydwq f @dk ypfr,fv@dk +cdr;f ajcmuf ae&J@? owdxm;&r,fh ta&;}uD;wJhtE©&m,fw&yfu t"dua&eHxkw/f oHk; EkdifiHrsm;&J@ &efvadk om r[mrdwzf @JG rj_ zpfwhJ ±k&mS ;/ w±kw/f tD&efe@J tv,ftm&SEidk if rH sm;&J@ r[mrdwzf @JG r_ (&Se[ f J yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;tzG@J udk qdv k )kd jzpfw,f? aemufxyf yx0DEidk if aH &;t& tcsuf tcsmuswhJ a&eHjy\emuawmh tD&wfEidk if aH &; rwnf+idrrf y_ gy?J tD&wfe@J tmz*efppfyrJG sm; jzpfaeqJrmS aqmf'v D +kH cKH a&;twGuf tar&duefu OD;pm; ay;vkyaf qmifae&w,f? tar&duef pGr;f tifvt dk yfcsuf jznfq h nf;Ekid zf @dk aqmf'aD &eHxu G f 2030 rSm 2 q wk;d a&;twGuf tvH;k t&if;eJ@ &if;ES;D jrK‡ yEf &HS mrSm bk&ifEh idk if aH qmf'D wnf+ird +f ird ;f csrf;zkd@vkdtyfygw,f? avmavmq,frSm vlr_a&;wif;rmr_ 0ifaiGuGm[r_ vdifcGJjcm;r_ rESp+f rdK@z, G t f }udwt f cJawG ay:ayguaf ew,f? James Howevel Kunstler &J@ “&Sn=f um wJt h a&;ay:”pmtkyrf mS azmfjyovkd b,fvrdk wnf+ird rf sKd ;awGyjJ zpfjzpf “tmomirf;irf; wuf aewJh tiftm;vGeEf idk if }H uD;[m urBm+*dK[fay:u t}uD;qH;k use&f adS ewJh a&eHajrukd b,fvdk t&if;tES;D yJ ay;&ay;& xde;f csKyfz@dk }udK;yrf;jcif;rSty wjcm;a&G;vrf;r&Sv d @dk ,lqvdrrhf ,f”? vGecf w hJ EhJ pS w f csKd @twGi;f tar&duefppfwyf[m tmz&du*DeyD ifv,fauG@ (Gulf of Guniea) rSm tajccHppfpcef;awG wnfaqmufv_yf&Sm;vmw,f? tar&duefa&eH vkt d yfcsu&f @J 20 &mckid Ef e_ ;f rS 25 &m ckid ef e_ ;f txdudk 2010rS 2015 twGi;f tmz&durS wif oGi;f &ef ar#mrf eS ;f w,f? 2007 rSm oD;oef@tmz&du ppfO;D pD;Xme (U.S. Africa Command) (tD*sprf t S y) ukd zG@J pnf;w,f? tmz&du a&eHtay: tar&duef[m yDuif;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&; oufoufr[kwf ppfa&;r[mAsL[mt&yg oG,0f u dk +f yKd ifqidk af e&w,f? tar&duef[m ppftiftm;tvH;k t&if;eJ@ 0ifa&muf+yD; ukv d b H , D mppfwyfudk ausmaxmufaemufcaH y;w,f? ukv d b H , D mppfwyfu tdref ;D em;csi;f Ekid if rH sm;ok@d usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufw,f? 2006 rSm tar&duefawmifyidk ;f ppfO;D pD;Xme (U.S Southern Command) rS AifeZD v JG m; bkv d ;D AD;,m; tDauGa'g (rufqu D v dk nf; ygw,f) wk@d [m tar&duefprG ;f tif vH+k cHKa&;twGuf qd;k qk;d 0g;0g; tE©&m,f&adS ew,fv@dk a=unmw,f? tar&duefprG ;f tife,fcs@J pepfopfu urBmeJ@t0ef;jzpfvmrnfh ppfyw JG &yfudk wmpl aew,f? wnfqt J &if;&Sipf ;D yGm;a&;ukd umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f zd@k / av#musvmaewJh Akv d u f s pk;d rk;d

59

21 pmpOf a&;taetxm;ukd jyefrwfvmEkid zf @dk jzpfw,f? Matthew R. Simmons u “a&$r&J @J tem *wfudk jyefpOf;pm;jcif;”pmtkyrf mS , ckvdk owday;xm;w,f? “tu,fI u|eaf wmfw@dk onf aemifvt dk yfrnfh pGr;f tifvt dk yfcsuef @J &Ekid zf , G &f o dS nfh pGr;f tifyrm%t=um; }u;D rm;aom uGm[csuu f dk ajyvnfatmif rvkyEf idk cf ahJ omf u|eaf wmfw@dk wku d cf o hJ r# ppfwumwk@d wiG f tqk;d 0g;qH;k eJ@ aemufq;kH ppfyu JG dk wku d &f zd@k ude;f &So d nf? u|eaf wmfqv dk dk onfrmS rkcsjzpfawmhrnfh tyfcsrwfcs ppfyjJG zpfonf”? ocGwyf ifu rD;wusnu f snq f o dk vkd csr;f omwJt h &if;&Sif Ekid if rH sm;&Sd vuf0v J pf b&,fpmapmifrsm;u pmzwforl sm;&J@ tmCmw ("mwfqaD ps;}u;D jrifrh a_ =umifh a'grmefymG ;r_) ay:rSm upm;uGux f iG af e=uw,f? taemuft&if;&Sipf epfudk umuG,zf @dk a&eHe,fcs@J pepfudk axmufczH @dk tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufjyK=uw,f? 2006 Zefe0g&D 4 vef'ef ‘*g;'D;,ef;’rSm David Litvin &J@ “a&eH"mwfaiG@e@J t&if; &Sipf epf” aqmif;yg;u “acwfay:pGr;f tife,fcs@J pepf&@J rvGrJ aoG vkt d yfru _ dk todtrSwf jyK&r,f? tar&duefu tD&wfudk odr;f r_[m wpdww f ykid ;f t& a&eHv+kH cKH a&;a=umifjh zpfw,f? pGr;f tife,fcs@J pepf[m a&eHo;kH pGo J El idk if rH sm;&J@ a&eHaxmufyrhH v _ +kH cHKa&;twGuf Ekid if aH &; ppfa&;pGuzf ufjcif;jzpfw,f? 'ga=umihf u±k%mzufwhJ vkyaf qmifcsut f jzpf =unfjh rif& r,f”vk@d a&;w,f? tvm;wl 2008 ar - ZGef Mother Jones pmapmifwiG f Jasnua Kurlantziz u a&;om;&mrSm “a&eHudk Ekid if pH akH umfyadk &;&Si;f }uD;rsm;vufxJ xnfx h m;jcif;[m ykrd v kd +kH cHKr_ &Sw d ,f? tu,fI pmzwforl sm;u usm;oem;rS EGm;csr;f omrnf qkjd im;tH/h olw@dk (Ekid if pH kH aumfyadk &;&Si;f }uD;rsm;) [m tenf;qH;k tm;jzifh vlxak 0zefru _ dk wm0efoo d d wH@k jyefw,f (bmwm0efvnf; rod)/ t&if;tjrpf Ekid if yH idk jf yKxm;wJh AifeZD v JG m;rSonf Armjynfe@J ±k&mS ; txd[m tm%m&Sipf epfe@J tusiyhf suv f mbfpm;r_awG xlajymw,f” wjcm;a&eH Ekid if aH wG jzpfwhJ bkv d AD ;D ,m;/ tDauGa'g/ tD&ef/ umZufpwef/ Edik *f s;D &D;,m;eJ@ vpfAsm;wk@d uv dk nf; jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefw,f? w±kwEf idk if yH idk f a&eHaumfyadk &;&Si;f rsm;&J@ urBmw0ef; a&eH avmbeJ@ obm0ywf0ef;usif xde;f odr;f a&; ysuu f u G rf r_ sm;ukd ypfrw S x f m; wku d cf u dk w f ,f? ok@d jzifh tar&duefprG ;f tife,fcs@J pepf[m w&m;r#w+yD; Ekid if pH akH umfydk a&;&Si;f }uD; rsm;eJ@ yifw*Gef tay: ,H=k unftm;xm;um u,fwif&iS af r#m=f uzk@d yjJ zpfw,f?

atmif+idrf; (pmwnf ; tzG J @ &J @ rS w f c suf ? ? 'D a qmif ; yg; xG u f + yD ; wmeJ @ tar&d u ef b ¾ma&; tusyf t wnf ; ay:/ wurB m vH k ; ±k d u f c wf / aemuf q uf taeeJ@ a&eHaps;E_ef;awGus/ tar&duefa':vmaps;wuf/ yx0DEkdifiHa&;/ t&if;&Sif pepf,kdifeJ@vmr_/ urBmhpepfopftwGuf ar;cGef;rsm;/ wGufqr_rsm; ay:cJh? jy\em awG rajz&Sif;Ekdif=uao;/ vufawG@eJ@,SOf=unfhEkdif&ef)

60

pm

w

nf;

GJ@& tz

f;eJ@ i ow

21 pmpOf

J@

u¾ f su Sr fc w

owif; eJ@ r S w f c su f

tdb k m;rm; uwdopPmvdu k +f y;D &Gww f u hJ pd rP mS xpfxpfaigah igu h av; jzpfomG ;w,f? tdb k m;rm; pdwv f y_ &f mS ;aevd@k vnf; jzpfEikd o f vdk olxrf;aqmif&r,fh rEdik 0f ef}uD;udak wG;+yD; ylaewm a=umifhvnf; jzpfEdkifw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;udk oltopfrcef@0Hhuwnf;u ol[m yifwm*Gef(Pentagon) eJ@qufqH&rSmudk vef@aew,fqdkwm xif&Sm;+yD;om;yJ? tckjzpfaewJh tar&duefp;D yGm;ysuu f yfrmS yifwm*Geu f arG;jrLxm;wJh ukr% ` }D uD;awGwckrS a'0gvrD cH&ygb;l ? *sL; (3) a,mufaovd@k ygvufpwdik ;f 1300 ausmu f kd owfwphJ pfyrJG mS tpPa&;vftpd;k &oH;k wJh ppfvufeufypPn;f awGtm;vH;k [m tJ'u D rk % ` }D uD;awGu xkwv f yk f a&mif;csxm;wmawGy?J urBmrSm ppfawGjzpfaeor# 'Durk % ` }D uD;awG a'0gvD b,fawmhrS cH&rSmr[kwyf gb;l ? [pfwvm/ rlqv kd ekd /D wd*k sKd wd@k ukd arG;jrLajrawmifajr‡mufay;cJw h mvnf; tJ'v D kd ppfvufeufypPn;f xkwv f yk af &; ukr% ` }D u;D awGygy?J ‘eD,u kd eG ’f awG vufajr‡muft±H;_ ay;oGm;=uwm r[kwyf gb;l ? 'gukd tdb k m;rm; odygw,f? tdb k m;rm; cef@xm;wJh Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;opf uvifwefuvnf; ‘yg0gtrm’ eJ@ ‘yg0gtaysm’h udk vdo k vdk wjyefpo D ;kH oGm;r,fh “ausmah usmah rmharmhyg0g” (smart power) qdw k mudk wDxiG v f u kd w f ,f? yifwm*Geaf useyfatmifv@kd vkyw f myJ xifygw,f? tdb k m;rm;twGuf a&S@rmS tcGit hf vrf;awGxuf pdeaf c:r_awGu rsm;rSmyg? tar &duefomrefjynfoal wGe@J urBmjh ynfoal wG&@J ar#mv f ifch suaf wG ysujf y,froGm;apzd@k vdyk gvrd hf r,f? AD,uferfppf+yD;pu wufvmwJh tar&dueforRwumwmvdk rjzpfatmif ol@a&G; aumufy0JG ifuwdawGukd wnf=unf}uH@cikd pf mG vkyw f wfz@kd vdyk gvrd rhf ,f?

61

21 pmpOf owif ; eJ@ rS w f c suf bufrvdkufbl;qdkwJhbDbDpD *gZmrSm tpPa&;vf&@J &ufpufwhJ AH;k }uJwu kd cf u dk rf a_ =umifh 'kuQ a&muf aewJo h al wGukd ulnzD @kd twGuf +Aw d o d #Eikd if H ta&;ay:ab;'kurQ sm;qdik &f m aumfrwDtzG@J }uD;u (Disasters Emergency Committee of the United Kingdom) &efya kH iG&mS wJt h pDtpOfw&yfukd rD', D mawGuae xkwv f i$ zhf @kd vkycf yhJ gw,f? tJ't D zG@J [m +Aw d o d #Eikd if &H dS a&S@wef;a&muf u,fq,fun l D a&;tzG@J (13) zG@J yg0ifwhJ xD;&dyt f zG@J }u;D jzpfygw,f? +Aw d o d #=uufajceDtzG@J (British Red Cross)/ uav;oli,frsm; u,fwifa&;tzG@J (Save the Children)/EdkifiHwumapmifha&Smufa&;tzGJ@(Care International) eJ@ hJ zG}J uD;yg? tJ't D zG@J }uD;&J@ atmhupf zf rftzG@J (Oxfam) pwmawG ygwt &efyHkaiG&SmwJhyef=um;v$mtpDtpOfudk xkwfv$ifhay;zdk@ bDbDpDu ta=umif;jycsuf (2) cke@J jiif;qdyk gw,f? 'Dvx kd w k v f i$ ahf y;&if bDbpD &D @J bufrvdu k w f =hJ um;aea&;rl0g'udk xdcu kd rf mS pd;k vd@k qw kd m&,fe@J aumufcH &&Sw d t hJ vªaiGawG rSeu f efoifah wmfwv hJ al wGqaD &mufra&muf bDbpD u D rodEikd v f @kd qdw k mawGygy?J 'Dq;kH jzwfcsuef @J ta=umif;jycsuaf wGa=umifh +Adwed t f ygt0if urBmay:&Sv d x l t k rsm;tjym;u a'goxGu=f uygw,f? vef'efrmS qd&k if a'gow}uD;eJ@uef@uGufqENjyyGJawG jzpfygw,f? bDbDpD&J@ta=umif; jycsux f u J aumufc&H &Sw d ahJ iGawG ‘rSeu f efoifah wmfwv hJ al wG’qD a&muf ra&mufqw kd mudk ar;csiw f m&Syd gw,f? *gZmrSm ygvufpwdik ;f awG 'kuQ ab; usa&mufraebl;vd@k qdck siw f mvm;? ab;'kuaQ &mufaew,fq&kd if awmifrS tckab;'kuaQ wG@aewJh ygvufpwdik ;f awGqD tJ'aD umufc&H &Sw d hJ aiGawG ra&mufbJ [m;rwfpt f zG@J qD a&mufomG ;rSmudk pd;k &drw f mvm;? 'gq&kd if [m;rwfpt f zG@J [m t=urf;zuftzG@J q+kd y;D tpPa&;vfu owfrw S f xm;ovdk bDbpD u D vnf; owfrw S x f m;vd@k vm;? 'guu kd bufvu kd rf vdu k f qdw k meJ@ rywfoufaezl;vm;?

62

21 pmpOf aemufta=umif;jycsujf zpfwhJ bufrvdu k b f ;l qdw k muawmh ajymp&mrsm;ygw,f? *gZmudprP @kd *gZmeJ@qikd w f myJ ajymygr,f? bDbpD t D ygt0if taemufwikd ;f rD', D mawG&@J toHvi$ chf suaf wGu *gZmppfy[ JG m tiftm; wlcsi;f wdu fk af ewJh ppfyv JG kd jzpfaeygw,f? wu,fu tiftm;csi;f rr#whJ ppfyyJG g? ydwq f @kd ra_ =umifih wfjywf'u k aQ &mufaewJh vlawGukd wdu k cf u kd f aeol[m urBmay:rSm pwkwpÎ pftiftm;t}uD;qH;k Edik if H jzpfygw,f? qm;AD;,m;eJ@tm*siw f ;D em;rSmwke;f uqd&k if bDbpD [ D m owif;v$iw hf h J tcgrSm olwdk@owif;axmufawG[m jyifytpkd;&awG&J@ xdef;csKyfr_ udck aH e&wJah =umif; xnfx h nfv h i$ yhf gw,f? tcktcgrmS awmh bDbpD [ D m 'Dvkd xnfrh v$iyhf gb;l ? 'gayrJh jyowJo h wif;awGu *gZm jyifybufu ±du k x f m;wJyh akH wG jzpfaeygw,f? tpPa&;vfu ydwq f @kd xm;vd@k *gZmxJ 0ifr& jzpfaewmudk rajymygbl;? *gZmtwGif;uyHkawGudkawmh t,fv*f smZD;,m;u xkwv f i$ w hf hJ jyuGuaf wGxu J tenf;tusO;f jzwf ,ljyowmyJ &Syd gw,f? aemuf+yD; ygvufpwdik ;f awG[m tpPa&;vfukd 'H;k usnaf wG axmifaygi;f rsm;pGm ypfvw $ w f u kd cf u kd af ew,f qdw k mudv k nf; acsmufcsm; zG,jf zpfatmif ae&mwumrSm =um;ae&ygw,f? wu,fu yxrqH;k tdrw f iG ;f jzpf';Hk umqrf (Qassam) udk 2001 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mvrSm ypfcwfcw hJ myg? 2004 ckEpS f *|ev f rSm yxrqH;k aoqH;k wm jzpfw,f? tckcsed t f xdq&kd if *sL;pkpak ygi;f 24 OD;yJ 'H;k usnaf =umifh aoqH;k w,f? yg vufpwdik ;f awGuawmh 5000 ausmaf oqH;k &+yD jzpfw,f? w0ufausmu f *gZmujzpf+yD; tenf;qH;k oH;k yHw k yHu k uav;i,fawG jzpfw,f? owif;v$ifh&mrSmoHk;wJh toHk;tE_ef;awGudk=unfh&ifvnf; b,fbufuvdkufaeovJqdkwm odEdkifygw,f? ygvufpwdkif;awGudk ajym+yq D &kd if ‘ppfaoG;ºu’ awGq+kd y;D !ïe;f ygw,f? usL;ausmw f u kd cf u kd rf a_ wG udk ckcw H eG ;f vSeo f q l w kd hJ toH;k tE_e;f rsKd ; r=um;&ygb;l ? ud, k t hf rsKd ;udk &uf&ufpufpufowfjzwfaeolawGukd &wJeh nf;vrf;eJ@ wH@k jyefwu fkd yf 0JG ifwhJ ol&aJ umif;awGqw kd hJ toH;k tE_e;f uawmh a0vma0;yg? tpPa&;vf&@J &ufpuf,w k rf mr_awGuawmh urf;ukeyf gw,f? Oyrm Zefe0g&v D 15 &ufae@rmS t,fvu f w G af q;±Hu k kd xyfrAH ;kH }uJwu kd f cdu k v f @kd vlem 50 avmuf [m toufv+k y;D ajy;&ygw,f? wcsKd @[mqd&k if wGe;f vSn;f awGe@J qGx J w k v f m&wm yg? aq;±Hu k awmh rD;avmifysupf ;D oGm;w,f? tpPa&;vfppfwyfu azmfpz&yfpt f jzLAH;k awGuv kd nf; oH;k w,f? azmfpz&yfpftjzLAHk;[m ae&mtus,f}uD;udk jyef@oGm;Edkifw,f?

63

21 pmpOf

vluadk vmif&if t±d;k xdavmifapwm jzpfw,f? 'Dazmfpz&yfpt f jzLAH;k udk aq;±Hek @J ukvor*~taqmuftOD;awGtygt0if t&yfbufypfrw S af wG tay:rSm toH;k ðycJw h m jzpfygw,f? aemuf+yD; *gZmu q&m0efawGu xl;qef;wJah 0'em&Sit f rsm;tjym;udk awG@&w,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? olw@kd awG@&whaJ 0'em&Siaf wG[m ajcESpzf ufv;kH jywfomG ;olawG jzpfygw,fw?hJ 'gu tpPa&;vf[m 'dik ;f qdw k hJ [Dense Inert Metal Explosive (Dime)] prf;oyfqJvufeufudk oHk;ovm;qdkwJhoHo,udk jzpfapygw,f? 'Dv D ufeufu tEkpw d Af ;kH pav;awG (micro-shrapnel) xGuv f m+y;D av;rD wm t0ef;twGi;f &So d r#ukd avmifu|r;f ysupf ;D apwm jzpfygw,f? aemf a0; q&m0ef tD&pfcaf zmfpu D “tpPa&;vfawG 'dik ;f (Dime) vufeuf oH;k w,fv@kd u|eaf wmfoo H ,&Syd gw,f? bma=umifv h q J akd wmh ajcESpf zufv;kH jywfomG ;wm 'grrS [kwf ud, k cf E<matmufyikd ;f u tom;pawG t}uD;tus,jf ywfxu G f ysupf ;D oGm;wmawG trsm;}uD;awG@&vd@k ygy?J 'dik ;f vufeufu xGuv f mwJh zdtm;vdi_ ;f [m ajrjyifuae txufukd wufwm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh vlemtrsm;pk[m cE<mud, k 0f rf;Adu k f atmufyikd ;f rSm t}uD;tus,x f cd u kd yf supf ;D =uwmyg? jy\emu u|ef awmf awG@&wJv h el m trsm;pku uav;awG jzpfaewmygy?J olw@kd (tpP a&;vfawG) [m wdusaocsmatmif óu;pm;aeygw,fq&kd if 'Dvufeuf awG[m uav;oli,fawGukd wrif&nf&, G yf pfaew,fqw kd m &Si;f yg w,f” vd@k ajymygw,f? bDbpD t D ygt0if taemuftyk pf rk 'D , D mawG bufvu kd f rvdu k f qdw k m olw@kd xw k v f i$ w hf o hJ wif;awGukd ,SO=f unf&h if odomygw,f? udq k kd Adu k pd u P tvSr;f a0;w,fq&kd if jzpfomG ;wm r=umao;wJh ±k&mS ;&J@ a*sm*f sD ,mppfyeJG @J tck tpPa&;vf&@J *gZmppfyo JG wif;awGukd ,SO=f unfEh ikd yf gw,f?

owif ; eJ@ rS w f c suf tar&dueforRw&Jh vGwfvyfa&;qkwHqdyf Zefe0g&D 13 &ufae@rmS tar&dueforRwbk&[ fS m “vGwv f yf&;qkwq H yd ”f (medals of freedom) awG cs;D jri ‡ chf w hJ ,f? 'Dq[ k m ‘vGwv f yfre_ @J +ird ;f csr;f a&;

64

21 pmpOf ta&;}u;D wmu tar&dueftifyg,m&Jh trSak wmfukd opPm&S&d x dS rf;zdyhk ?J ta&;}u;D wmu uk, d v hf l _zpfzyhdk J r[k w f v m;? 'gajumif h tck v d k tar&d u ef & h J trSak wmfxrf;aumif;qk wHqyd af wG&wmygy?J twGuf’ wu,fESpfjr‡Kyfóu;yrf;vkyfaqmifolawGudk ay;wJhtar&duef&J@ tjrifq h ;kH qkwq H yd v f @kd qdyk gw,f? qk&&So d al wGxrJ mS +Adwed 0f ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; wdek b D vJ/ =opa=w;vs0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; *|eaf [mif;0yfe@J udv k b H , D m orRw t,fvAf m±d, k &l b D w D @kd ygw,f? wdek b D vJ[mqd&k if bk&efS @J twl tD&wfwEdik if v H ;kH &J@ ±kyb f 0/ vlr_ a&;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_awG wpHv k ;kH ysupf ;D oGm;atmif vky&f mrSm bk&efS @J twl wm0ef,&l r,fv h l jzpfw,f? *|eaf [mif;0yfuawmh tar&duef&@J *sLeD,m ygwemygv@kd ajymaeolyg? udv k b H , D mEdik if [ H m vlowfra_ wGtawmfrsm; rsm; jzpfaewmyg? r=umao;cifu aumufcHwJhppfwrf;wckt&qdk&if tJ'Dowfjzwfr_awG&J@ 90 &mckdifE_ef; [m tpd;k &ya,m*vd@k qdyk gw,f? 'gayrJh 'gawGu ta&;r}u;D ygb;l ? ta&;}u;D wmu tar&dueftifyg,m&J@ tr_awmfukd opPm&S&d x dS rf;zd@k y?J ta&;}u;D wmu uk, d v hf l jzpfz@dk yJ r[kwv f m;? 'ga=umifh tckvkd tar&duef&@J tr_awmfxrf;aumif;qk wHqyd af wG&wm ygy?J bk&Sfu olwdk@udkqkwHqdyfay;wmrSm olwdk@tr_xrf;aumif;vdk@ ay;wmwifoufoufr[kwfygbl;? ol@udk,foljyef+yD; od'
65

21 pmpOf

owif ; eJ@ rS w f c suf

usL;bm;tay:tD ; ,l p D ; yG m ;a&;yd w f q d k h rS k &kyfodrf;awmhr,f 2008 azazmf0g&v D rSm &mtl;uufpx±dk &mxl;,l+y;D uwnf;u pD;yGm; a&;ydwq f @kd r_ rvkyaf wmhb;l vd@k tD;,lu ajymvmw,f? tar&duefuawmh 1962 ckuwnf;u pD;yGm;a&; ydwq f @kd xm;wmyg? orRwuae'Duae bk&fS (ti,f) txd orRwtquf quf&cdS +hJ yD? tD;,la=unmcsuu f kd bk&t fS pd;k &u rauseyfygb;l ? ydwf qdk@xm;wm zGifhray;zdk@ wdkufwGef;ygao;w,f? tD;,lu vdkufem r,fyh rkH ay:? (Ref: BBC 20 - 6 - 08) &mpkEpS 0f ufe;D yg; usL;bm;u bma=umifah wmifch EH ikd cf o hJ vJ? ol@rmS Edik if t H csKd @e@J qufo, G v f yk u f ikd Ef ikd zf @kd }uH/ eDu,f/ aq;jyif;vdyf avmufom &Sw d ,f? 'gayrJh vlom;&if;jrpf awmifw h ,f? q&m0eftyg twwfynmonfawG trsm;}uD; &Sdw,f? t"duu jynfolawG axmufcrH &_ atmif pnf;±H;k xm;Edik w f myg? jynfou l kd 0atmifau|;w,f? use;f rma&;/ ynma&;/ vlr_ a&; tmrcHcsuaf wG ay;xm;Edik w f ,f? tESpf 100 ydwx f m;vnf; ðzef r,fEh ikd if rH [kw?f ArmjynfrmS u bk&m;ay;wJ"h mwfaiG@ (Gas) omrawG@vu kd f &if bmjzpfaervJ? usL;bm;rSm tqifjh rifh twwfynmonfawG &Sw d ,f? ArmjynfrmS tvky=f urf;orm;awGyJ &Sw d ,f? ArmjynftaeeJ@ qdik &f iS f (sanction) tvkycf &H wm bmrS

66

21 pmpOf r=umao;bl;? ‘Aspf Asp’f jrnfae+yD? usL;bm;tpd;k &vdk jynfou l kd pnf;±H;k xm;Edik zf @kd qw kd muawmh a0;vma0;? urBmhpDyGm;a&;tusyftwnf;eJ@awmh awG@ae+yD? IMF u a=unmvdu k w f mu wurBmvH;k pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufEe_ ;f [m ESpaf ygi;f 60 twGi;f tqd;k qH;k jzpfvrd rhf ,f? 2009 [m tm&Swu kd t f wGuf uHaumif;r,fEh pS f r[kwb f ;l vd@k vnf; a[mcsux f w k v f u kd af o;w,f? 2009 ckEpS w f iG f Armjynfu vl 5 oef;ausmf 6 oef; tiwf ab;eJ@ ñuHEikd w f ,fv@kd ajymae=u+yD? 'Dawmh tm%mav;udkif+yD; ‘+idrfh’ aewJh bkef;&SifuH&SifawG bmvky=f urvJ? pmwnf;tzGJ h

2009 [m tm&Swu kd t f wGuf uHaumif; r,fhESpf r[kwb f ;l vdhk vnf; a[mcsufxw k f vdu k a f o;w,f? 2009 ckEp S w f i G f Arm_ynfu vl 5 oef;ausmf 6 oef; tiwfab;eJh}uHKEdi k w f ,fvhkd a_ymae }u_yD? 'Dawmh tm%mav;udi k _f yD; _idrhf aewJh bke;f &Siu f & H i S a f wG bmvky}f urvJ?

67

21 pmpOf 21 &mpkrSm Akdvfusv$rf;rkd;a&;tm%m tajymif;tvJjzpfoGm;rvm; 'grrS [kwf tqH;k owfomG ;rSmvm;

&JabmfatmifvGif

teD;acwf taemufwidk ;f Ekid if aH wG w[kex f ;dk jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wuf xdyw f ef;a&muf vm+yD;uwnf;u Ekid if }H uD;awG zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufr/_ qkw, f w k rf e_ @J ‚wk@d Adv fk u f svr$ ;f rk;d a&; tm%mok@d ajymif;vJtpm;xk;d oGm;r_ 'grrS [kwf awmufav#muf ajymif;vJomG ;r_awG[m taemufwkdif; EkdifiHwumhEkdifiHa&;&J@ A[kdcsufr jy\emjzpfcJhw,f? taemufurBmu tcsKd @x;l c|ew f hJ Ekid if aH &;ynm&Siaf wG/ awG;ac:ynm&Siaf wG/ oHwrefa&; &mynm&Siaf wG[m 'gawGudk tm±Hpk u dk rf _ r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? 21 &mpkxJ 0ifa&mufvm+yD;aemuf w±kwjf ynf[m “urBmh ukex f w k v f yk rf E_ idk if }H uD;”/ tdE, dN [m “urBmt h aysmx h nfEidk if }H uD;”rsm;tjzpfe@J +idr;f csr;f pGm jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wuf xdyw f ef;a&mufvmwmeJ@tr# tar&duef[m txl;ojzifh tD&wfppfy/JG a':vmwefz;dk usqif;oGm;jcif;/ t&nftaoG;rrDwu hJ ek pf nf (substandard goods) awG tusyq f u dk o f mG ;+y;D aemufrmS 0if±;dk wckwnf; Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tm%m[m tqH;k pGef tuef@ towf ay:xGuv f mw,f? 'ga=umifh ‚&J@ tiftm;awmihw f if;wJh acgi;f aqmifrp_ rG ;f tm; pwifq;kH ±_;H r_jzpfpOf[m ay:vGiv f mw,f? tJ'jD zpfpOftwGi;f wcsKd @ tar&duef&@J 0if±;dk wck wnf; Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tm%mukd tav;xm;=uolawGe@J taemuftyk pf &k @J Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_ tm%mtay: pk;d &dr=f uol taemufwidk ;f om;rsm;twGi;f “w±kwjf ynf&@J +cdr;f ajcmufa&; oabmw&m;”“±k&mS ;&J@ +cdr;f ajcmufa&;oabmw&m;”“tD&ef&@J +cdr;f ajcmufa&; oabm w&m;”eJ@ “tdE, dN &J@ +cdr;f ajcmuf a&;oabmw&m;”pwmawG[m taemuftyk pf k txl; ojzifh tar&duef&@J Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tay: olw@dk &@J tav;xm; *±kpu dk rf e_ @J aomuawGudk azmfjyvku d w f mom jzpfw,f? “A[k0if±;dk ” “0if±;dk rJ”h “tkypf 0k if±;dk ” “'Dru dk a&pD wefz;dk qkid &f m r[mrdwt f zG@J ”“twWvE©w d o f rk'&N mqkid &f m r[mrdwt f zG@J ” 'gt h jyif “w±kw-f tar&duef yl;wGpJ rD t H yk cf sKyaf &; oabmw&m;”pwmawGudk tprf;oabmtjzpf wifjyvmw,f? 'g[m

68

21 pmpOf 21 &mpk Ekid if }H uD;awG&@J qufqrH e_ @J ‚wk@d &@J “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tpDtpOfopf” 'DZidk ;f tjzpf uHqcsuaf wGudk ajymqkd wifjyvmwmyg? txufrmS azmfjycJw h hJ tjriftrsKd ;rsKd ;&J@ tESpo f m&uawmh tar&d uefe@J ‚wk@d &@J taemuftyk pf u k Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_topfudk yHw k u l ;l +yD; quf vufwnf&adS ea&;jzpfw,f? olw@dk[m “w±kw-f tar&duef yl;wGpJ rD t H yk cf sKyaf &; oabmw&m;”ukd wifjyxm;ayr,fv h nf; Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d a&;topfu Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d a&;ta[mif;ukd rlvtwkid ;f vufcx H m;a&;ukd tqdjk yKjcif; 'grrS [kwf vku d af vsmjcif;om jzpfw,f? 'g[m tar&duefe@J ‚wk@d &@J taemuf tkypf k Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d a&;ukd vH;k 0 rwk@d rxdwhJ a&S;OD;vkt d yfcsuaf tmufrmS w±kwpf wJh olw@dk todtrSwjf yKxm;wJh “xGe;f opfp Ekid if aH wG&@J Akv d u f s v$r;f rk;d r_” 'grrS [kwf “pdeaf c:Ekid if rH sm;&J@ Akdvfusv$rf;rkd;r_”awGukd tav#mhay;a&;wrsdK;eJ@ vufeufcstnHhcH&ef wkdufwGef;vkduf wmyJjzpfw,f? tar&duefe@J taemuftyk pf &k @J 'Dt}ut H pnf[m ‚wk@d zefw;D xm;wJh ‚wk@d a&S@aqmifwhJ “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d a&;tm%m zG@J pnf;yHpk epf”u “xGe;f opfp pdeaf c: Ekid if aH wG&@J Akv d u f s v$r;f rk;d r_tm%m”tay: “pepfjzpfay:a&; jyKjyif ajymif;vJr”_ w&yfudk ‚wk@d Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tm%m&J@toufumvywf &Sn=f uma&;tjzpf usio hf ;kH vku d rf y_ gy?J 'gayrJh &mpkopfxJukd pwif0ifvkdufwmeJ@w+ydKifeuf tjcif;t&m opfawGeJ@ ‚tjcif;t&mopfawGtygt0if tajctaeopfawGu 21 &mpk rSm tar&duefeJ@ taemuftyk pf &k @J Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d a&;tm%mawG qufvuf &Sio f efawmhrmS r[kwaf wmhovkd Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tm%mtay: pdeaf c:r_awG/ ajymif;vJtpm;xk;d r_awG/ vSnahf jymif;r_qw dk mrsKd ; awG ay:vmvdrrhf ,fr[kwb f J 21 &mpk[m Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tm%m tqH;k owfomG ;r,fh &mpkEpS w f ck jzpfvrd rhf ,f? qdyk gp@dk / tar&duef[m Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tm%mekid if }H uD;jzpf+yD; “taemufwidk ;f ”[m ,Ofaus;r_t& Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d a&;tm%m jzpfc&hJ if 21 &mpk[m tar&duef&@J Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tm%m tqH;k owfomru teD;acwfumvtwGi;f Akv d u f s v$r;f rk;d r_tm%mEkid if }H uD;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_t& Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_ tm%mwckv;kH tqH;k owf oGm;wm jzpfygvrd rhf ,f? ykt d a&;}uD;wmu tar&duefe@J taemuftyk pf &k @J Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_[m w±kwjf ynf “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d a&; tm%mtopf”twGuf tqH;k owfomG ;wmr[kwb f J Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tm%m r&Sad wmha&;twGuf tqH;k owfomG ;r_jzpfw,f? ac:qkad vh&w dS h J “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_topf” pdeaf c:r_ 2 &yftwGuf tqH;k owfr[kwb f J “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_ tm%m rjzpfay:a&;”twGuf “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_ tm%mjzpfxEG ;f a&;” acwfumv&J@ pdeaf c:r_ tqH;k owfomG ;wm jzpfvrd rhf ,f? 21 &mpk tar&duef&@J Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d a&;tm%meJ@ taemuftyk pf &k @J ,Ofaus;r_t& Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tm%mwd@k tqH;k owfomG ;+yD;aemufrmS Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tm%mtopfEidk if }H uD;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_t& Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tm%mtopfw@dk xyfrrH &Sad wmhbJ Ekid if }H uD;awGu pHerlemtjzpf vkyaf qmifw/hJ 0wW&m;ausyeG w f /hJ wm0ef 0wW&m;awGudk tav;xm;*±kpu dk w f /hJ Ekid if iH ,fav;awGudk wef;wlcpH m;cGi&hf w dS /hJ 'Dru dk a&pD&w dS /hJ tultnDawG&&Sw d hJ tqifajyoifjh rwf+y;D Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tm%m wu,fr&Sad wmhwhJ urBm wcko@dk wjznf;jznf;csi;f pwifvrS ;f 0ifomG ;ygvrd rhf ,f?

69

21 pmpOf

1? 21 &mpk&J@ tar&duef[m “0if±kd;wckwnf; Akdvfusv$rf; rkd;oGm;a&;” xkdrSwqifhwufum “Akdvfusv$rf;rkd;r_ jzpfxGef;a&;” jzpfpOf twGif;rSm ±kd;±kd;omref urBmhEkdifiH}uD;wEkdifiH jzpfvmvdrfhr,f ppfat;acwf tqH;k owfomG ;+y;D aemuf txl;ojzifh “&D*if&@J pnfyifom,ma&;” tajccHtw k jf rpfay:rSm uvifwef tm%m&vmawmh tar&duef[m t&Sed t f [kef vsijf ref pGm; wk;d wufvmcJw h ,f? tJ'aD emuf bGw&f fS (ti,f) orRwtjzpf xrf;aqmifwhJ yxrouf wrf;umvrS pwifum Ekid if aH wmf&@J taxGaxGtiftm;[m txGwt f xdyo f @dk trSew f u,f yJ a&muf&cdS w hJ ,f? Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tm%m Ekid if }H uD;wEkid if t H aeeJ@ t&ifb,fwek ;f urS r&Scd zhJ ;l wJh vH;k 0omvGerf _ taetxm;ukv d nf; a&muf&o dS mG ;awmhw,f? [kw d ek ;f u *syef[m 1985 rSm oabmwlpmcsKyfwckcsKyf+yD;aemufrmS Oa&myeJ@ tar&duef&@J twlwuG zdEydS rf _ awGudk cH&+yD; “10 ESpw f m wk;d yGm;r_tykid ;f tp” awG&@J ylazmif;ayguu f o JG mG ;wJh umvukd a&mufomG ;&awmhw,f? qkAd , D uf jynfaxmifpk +yKu d o JG mG ;+y;D wJah emuf ,,fvqifvufxuf ±k&mS ;rSm jynfwiG ;f qlyrl a_ wG/ jynfwiG ;f ppfawG/ +ydKuGrJ a_ wGe@J qkw, f w k rf a_ wG ay:ayguf rvmao;cifumv/ Oa&myrSmawmh vlrz_ v l akH &; pepfjrifrh m;wJh Ekid if aH wG&@J tuk&cufwhJ emwm&Snaf &m*gawG pkyv kH m+yD; 1 &mckid Ef e_ ;f avmufom&Sw d hJ wk;d wufrt _ &Sed ef @J ',D;',kid f wGm;oGm;ae±Hrk u wcgwav wk;d wufrE_ e_ ;f [m tEkwv f uQ%m ay:aewJh umvjzpfw,f? w±kwfjynfrSmawmh 1992 ckESpf wdef@a&Smifzifu awmifykdif;rSm ajymqkdcJh+yD;aemuf 'kwd,t}udrf zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_'Da&jrifhokd@ vSrf;0ifvkduf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ vsijf refaeayr,fh twkid ;f twm yrm%uawmh bDv, D H 1000 ausmo f m &Sad o;w,f? 'gayrJh 'DvkdtajctaeatmufrSmyJ &mpkESpftul;tajymif;ukda&mufawmh EkdifiHawmf&J@ pGr;f tm; tvGe@f tvGepf nfyifaewJh tar&duef[mvnf; tmz*efppfy/JG tD&wfppfy/JG 'DppfyJG ESpyf aJG =umifh jzKef;wD;r_awGe@J yifyef;&r_awGudk cHEidk &f nfr&Sad wmh±rkH u rdr&d @J zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufru _ dk aES;auG;oGm;apcJhw,f? ajymif;jyeftm;jzifh tjcm;EkdifiHawGuvnf; tcGifhta&;ukd aumif;aumif;qkyu f idk +f yD; +idr;f csr;f pGm jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufa&;&J@ tcGio hf mr_udk tjynft h 0 jzpfxeG ;f apovdk tiftm;E_id ;f ,SOrf t _ & “Ekid if }H uD;rsm;twGi;f tiftm;csed cf iG v f #mn‡rd ”_ ukd t}u;D tus,f wGe;f aqmfay;cJw h ,f? tck vufiif;umvtxd tar&duef&@J ppfo;kH p&dw[ f m tjcm;Ekid if aH wG&@J pkpak ygi;f jzpf+rJjzpfae±Hrk u rsuaf rSmufaps;uGuu f dk tajccH+yD; wGu=f unfh &ifvnf; wkad wmif;vSwhJ umvav;twGi;f rSm tar&duef&@J GDP [m wurBmvH;k &J@ GDP eJ@ tcsKd ;cs=unf&h if tjrifq h ;kH tcsed rf mS 34 &mckid Ef e_ ;f avmuf &Scd +hJ yD; tck usomG ;wJt h csed rf mS 23 &mckdifE_ef;avmufyJ &Sdygw,f? *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;[m urBmhEkdifiH}uD;rsm;t=um; zG@H +zdK;+yD;Ekid if rH sm;eJ@ xGe;f opfpEkid if rH sm;t=um; tjyeftvSerf cDS rdk u _ dk wae@wjcm; ydrk edk uf±id_ ;f vmapvku d w f meJ@tr# tD&wfppfyaJG y:vm+yD;wJah emuf 'Dvdk “Ekid if }H uD;rsm;twGi;f tiftm; csed cf iG v f #mn‡rd ”_ u tar&duefe@J ‚&J@r[mrdwrf sm;ukd tmz*efjy\em/ tD&wfjy\em wk@d udk oD;jcm;rajz&Si;f Ekid ±f rkH u tD&ef/ ajrmufu;dk &D;,m;jy\emwk@d uv dk nf; rajz&Si;f Ekid cf yhJ gb;l ? pGr;f tifaps;E_e;f jrifw h ufr/_ &dumQ tusyt f wnf;wk@d vdk “wurBmvH;k eJ@qikd w f hJ pDrcH ef@caJG &;”

70

21 pmpOf

jy\emwk@d udk rukid w f , G Ef idk b f ;l qkw d m azmfjyaew,f? 'gt h jyif tar&duefa':vm wefz;dk usqif;oGm;r_e@J tqift h wef;rrDwhJ ukepf nfrsm; tusyq f u dk o f mG ;r_w@dk vdk “tar&duefouf ouf” jy\emawGuv dk nf; rajz&Si;f Ekid yf gb;l ? 'gawG[m t&if;cHtm;jzifh tar&duef&@J “0if±;kd wckwnf;Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d oGm;a&;”eJ@ taemuftyk pf w k ckv;kH u “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_jzpfxeG ;f oGm;a&;”wk@d a=umifh qk;d qk;d &Gm;&Gm;jzpfvmaewJh orkid ;f jzpfpOfudk vSnhf ajymif;rypfEidk v f @dk ygy?J tar&duef[m t&ifu 0if±;dk wckwnf; Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_e@J r[mrdwrf sm;&J@ axmufcrH a_ =umifh tm;vH;k ukd ajz&Si;f Ekid cf w hJ ,fv@dk qkyd gp@kd ? 'gjzifh tar&duef[m tckurBmvH;k qkid &f m jy\ emawGukd wu,fw h u,fajz&Si;f a&;rSm r[mrdwEf idk if aH wG&@J tusKd ;aqmifay;r_/ rde@f rmS csuf twkid ;f aqmif&u G rf e_ @J ajr‡mufx;dk yifah umfvyk af y;r_w@dk &zdS @dk vkt d yf±rHk u urBmw h jcm;Ekid if H }u;D awGtjyif a'oqkid &f m Ekid if }H u;D awG&@J em;vnfr/_ axmufcrH /_ yg0ify;l aygi;f aqmif&u G rf w _ @dk vkt d yfa=umif;ukd xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&ygvrd rhf ,f? tar&duefu qEN&&dS dS r&S&d /dS vufO;D r_&&dS dS r&Sd&Sd/ cHpm;r_ &Sd&Sd r&Sd&Sd wu,fawmh tar&duef&J@ “0if±kd;wckwnf; Adkvfusv$rf;rkd; oGm;a&;”jzpfpOf[m ysuo f Ok ;f r_ pwifae±Hrk u 'DjzpfpOf[m wpwp t&Sed jf refvmum wjznf;jznf;csi;f eJ@ wpHw k ckaom tajcajymif;trSwo f @dk rv$rJ a&Smifom eD;uyfvmaeyg+yD? wifjyzk@d vkw d muawmh tar&duef&@J “0if±;dk wckwnf; Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d oGm;a&;” “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_ jzpfxeG ;f oGm;a&;”wk@d [m tar&duef&@J ,k, d iG ;f ysuo f Ok ;f oGm;r_oabm raqmifayr,fh tenf;qH;k 2050 ckEpS rf wkid rf eD @J tJ'gausmv f eG o f mG ;+yD;umvawG&@J tem *wfuakd wmh }udKjrifEidk w f mayg?h 'gt h jyif 21 &mpkwckv;kH tar&duef[m ta&;ygwhJ Ekid if H }uD;rsm;twGi;f a&S@aqmifajy;aewJEh ikd if /H taxGaxG wu,ft h iftm; urBmeh yH gwf 1 jzpf +rjJ zpfae+y;D tar&duef&@J vH;k 0omvGew f hJ taetxm;rsKd ;om jyefvnfrwnf&EdS idk af wmhwm jzpfygvrd rhf ,f? tedrq hf ;kH tar&duef&@J 0if±;dk wckwnf; Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_e@J igwaum auma&; qENawGuv kd nf; axmufcEH idk =f uawmhrmS r[kwyf gb;l ? tar&duef[m &mpkopfpvku d w f meJ@ wckwnf;aom tiftm;vGeEf idk if }H uD;wEkid if H b0uae urBmt h "du Ekid if }H uD;awGe@J tjyef tvSef uef@owfwyk af ESmifxm;wJh ±k;d ±k;d omref urBmEh idk if }H uD;wEkid if t H jzpf wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJomG ;ygvrd rhf ,f? 2? 21 &mpk &J @ Oa&mytwG i f ; yk d i f ; rS m quf v uf + yD ; “Ak d v f u sv$ r f ; rk d ; r_ jzpf x G e f ; rvma&;”eJ @ jynf y rS m “Ak d v f u sv$ r f ; rk d ; r_ jzpf x G e f ; oG m ;a&;” uk d rv$ J ra&S m if o m pwif a &S @ aqmif o G m ;a&; 20 &mpk&@J Oa&my[m jynfyrSm taemufOa&myEkid if }H uD;awGudk urBmZh mwfckH ay:rSm urBm}h u;D ukd Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d aewJh Ekid if }H u;D tqifah e&meJ@ qkAd , D ufjynfaxmifpt k ay: twkduftcHjyKr_ukd tpGrf;ukef xdef;odrf;oGm;a&; 'grSr[kwf qufvuf&SifoefoGm;a&; jzpfw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm tar&duef&@J Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tm%mtwGuf a&&Snt f nHrh cHvb dk J tar&duef&@J vkyaf zmfuidk zf ufuav;tjzpf vkycf w hJ ,f? 'gtwGuf tiftm;awmifw h if;wJh qkAd , D ufe@J tar&duefudk taemufOa&myu b,fEidk if yH jJ zpfjzpf tm;vH;k [m wEkid if cH si;f taejzifh &ifqidk zf @dk tpGr;f tpr&Sad wmh r[mrdwt f zG@J taeeJ@ “Oa&myjynfaxmifp”k tjzpf

71

21 pmpOf vky+f yD; txl;ojzifh taemufOa&myEkid if }H uD;awGu urBmEh idk if }H uD;awGtjzpf Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d ae&r_avmufuydk J tmomajy auseyfaecJ&h wmyg? Oa&myu jynfyok@d Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_ppfyu JG dk a&S@aqmifwhJ t&if;cHweG ;f tm;eJ@ ‚wd@k tm; rJqEN&iS f jynfoal wG&@J axmufcrH u _ dk &&Sad pwJh t&if;cHjzpfEidk rf a_ wG[m 21 &mpk xJ0ifvm+yD;aemuf wzufrmS Oa&myjynfoal wGtwGi;f tm;aumif;pGm ay:xGe;f vmwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;pdwf"mwfeJ@ ‚wkd@&J@ 'Drkdua&pDpepfu csKyfcs,fuef@owfcsufawGa=umifh yuwdbm0t& trSew f u,fyJ ysuo f Ok ;f oGm;apcJw h ,f? tjcm;wzufrmS awmh ppfat; acwf tqH;k owfomG ;+y;D aemuf pD;yGm;a&;*vkb d ,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f eJ@ urBmah ps;uGuf jzpfxeG ;f vm a&;jzpfpOfw@dk eufeuf±id_ ;f ±_id ;f jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufvmjcif;/ tm&S/ tmz&dueJ@ vufwiftar&du wk@d rS us,af jymvSwhJ zG@H +zKd ;qJEidk if aH wG&@J xGe;f opfp jzpfay:wk;d yGm;r_e@J }u;D jrwfwehJ ;dk =um;vmr_ awG xufjrufjyif;xefvmjcif;/ txl;ojzifh w±kw/f tdE, dN / ±k&mS ;/ b&mZD;/ rufqu D /dk awmiftmz&dupwJh tqufrjywf wk;d yGm;vmaewJh xGe;f opfpEkid if t H yk pf ak wG&@J +idr;f csr;f pGm w[kex f ;dk xdyw f ef; a&mufvmjcif;[m Oa&mytm; taemuftyk pf t k wGi;f tiftm;tcsnhf eJ@q;kH uGi;f qufjzpfomG ;apcJw h ,f? tod&&dS dS r&S&d /dS “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_jzpfxeG ;f oGm; a&;”jzpfpOfudk pwifa&S@aqmifvu dk jf cif;u zG@H +zdK;pEkid if aH wGtaeeJ@ tcsi;f csi;f t=um; ykrd akd v;pm;oGm;a&;/ ykrd w kd ef;wlr&_ v dS ma&;/ ykrd akd phpyftav#mah y;oGm;a&;pdw"f mwfrsm;udk csrw S u f sio hf ;kH vm& awmhw,f? 'g[m Oa&mytwGi;f rSm “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rd;k r_ jzpfxeG ;f rvma&;”eJ@ jynfyrSm “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_jzpfxeG ;f a&;” jzpfpOfw@dk u wcsed w f nf; v_yEf ;d_ vku d rf a_ =umifh 21 &mpk Ekid if w H um Ekid if aH &;&J@ ta&;}u;D wJh tjcif;t&mopfw&yfjzpfvmaer_udk xufjrufwv hJ al wG awG@jrif ae=uyg+yD? taemufOa&my[m teD;acwf urBmEh idk if }H uD;awG&@J Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d a&;tm%m vk,ufr_ jrpfzsm;cH&ma'o jzpfw,f? pydeef @J a[mfvef&@J Akv d u f s v$r;f rk;d a&;Akv d v f yk rJG S +Aw d ed -f pydef Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d a&; Akv d v f yk o JG @dk ajymif;oGm;+y;D / +Aw d ed ef @J jyifopfAv dk u f svr$ ;f rk;d a&;ppfyrJG w S zef *smr%De@J +Aw d ed w f @dk &@J Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d a&;pdeaf c:r_e@J tar&duef- +Aw d ed w f @dk &@J Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_o@dk ajymif;oGm;cJrh a_ wG[m vlwidk ;f odwhJ teD;acwf Akv d u f svr$ ;f rd;k a&; Ekid if w H um Ekid if aH &;&J@ *EÎ0ifjzpf&yfawG jzpfw,f? 'g[m taemufwidk ;f ,Ofaus;r_ w[kex f ;dk Ek;d xvmr_&@J orkid ;f wpdww f a'ojzpfovkd taemufwidk ;f tiftm;}uD;awG&@J usL;ausmrf /_ aoG;pkyrf /_ vk,ufr/_ tm&S/ tmz&dueJ@ vufwiftar&du Ekid if t H oD;oD;ukdk csKd ;ESrd rf _ orkid ;f vnf; jzpfw,f? taemuftyk pf k tiftm;}uD;Ekid if aH wGt=um; tvSnu hf sAv dk u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_ tm%mvky&GJ @J aoG;n‡eD @H a[mifveG ;f vSwhJ orkid ;f vk@d vnf; ajymEkid yf gw,f? ppfyu JG jynfoal wGudk ynm &apvku d yf gw,f? Oa&my jynfoal wG[m ESpf 300 eD;yg; tqufrjywf ppfyjJG zpfay:apwJh a&aomufjrpfudk tuket f pif zsuo f rd ;f Ekid af &;twGuf urBmppf}uD; 2 ck +yD;oGm;wJah emuf em=unf;r_ ajyaysmufomG ;=uawmhrS em=unf;r_jzpfc&hJ wJh ta=umif;&if;awGudk jyefvnf pOf;pm;oH;k oyfw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&;eJ@ tcsKyftjcmtm%mykid rf e_ @J wef;wlr_ pwJh tvHawGudk jrifjh rifrh m;rm; v$ix hf al &;ukd a&S@aqmifc=hJ uw,f? Ekid if w H Ekid if H rJwjym;qkw d hJ vH;k 0 “tcsKyf

72

21 pmpOf

tjcmtm%mykid rf _ wef;wla&;”rl/ tcsKyftjcm tm%mv$aJ jymif;r_/ tcsKyftjcm xde;f n‡rd /_ “tcsKyftjcmtm%m vuQ%mcsi;f rwlrr_ sm; jzpfxeG ;f a&;” jzpfpOfudk pwifc±hJ rkH u 'Dtajc cHay:rSm Oa&my waygi;f wpnf;wnf;jzpfa&;jzpfpOfudk wufwufºuºuwGe;f aqmfcw hJ ,f? urBmh ZmwfcakH y:rSm Oa&myor*~&@J t"du urBmEh idk if t H qifah e&m jyefvnf &Sio f efa&;eJ@ ckid rf m pGmtmrcHay;a&;wk@d udk jynfyrSm }uHpnftm;xkwo f mG ;a&;eJ@ jynfwiG ;f rSm taemufOa&my EkdifiHtcsif;csif; Oa&my Akdvfusv$rf;rkd;a&; tm%mvk,ufaer_&J@ a&aomufjrpfudk tuket f pif zsuo f rd ;f oGm;a&;jzpfw,f? 'g[m Oa&myEkid if aH &;&J@ }uD;jrwfwhJ wk;d wufr_ w&yfjzpfw,f? Oa&my jynfoal wG&@J }u;D jrwfwhJ Ekid if aH &; wDxiG zf efw;D r_w&yfvnf; jzpfw,f? Oa&my zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufrj_ zpfpOf&@J }uD;jrwfwhJ orkid ;f tvSnt hf ajymif;w&yfvnf; jzpfyg w,f? 'gayrJh wcsed w f nf;rSm Oa&myEkid if }H u;D awG[m taemufwidk ;f ,Of aus;r_wckv;kH &J@ ta&;}u;D wJh tpdwt f ykid ;f w&yftaeeJ@ olw@dk &@J jynfyok@d Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d a&;tm%mukad wmh t&if;cHtm;jzifh bmrS ajymif;vJr_ r&Syd gb;l ? jyifopf[m tmz&du/ +Adwed u f +Adwed jf ynf axmifpk t0ef;t0kid ;f twGi;f / pydeu f awmiftar&du ekid if rH sm;/ +Aw d ed /f jyifopf/ *smr%Dw@dk u ta&S@tv,fyidk ;f / taemuftyk pf k zG@H +zKd ;+y;D Ekid if t H m;vH;k u wwd,Ekid if t H rsm;tjym;rSm Akv d u f s v$r;f rd;k a&;v_y&f mS ;r_awG ysm;yef;cwfaeovkyd gy?J 'gt h jyif olw@dk [m tar&duefe@J qdAk , D uf jynfaxmifpk tiftm;vGeEf idk if }H u;D 2 ck Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d a&;tm%m vk,ufra_ wGudk wku d ±f u dk f yHyh ;dk ulnyD g0ifcahJ o;w,f? w±kwef @J tdE, dN ta&S@widk ;f &J@ +idr;f csr;f pGm w[ke;f xk;d jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufvmr_[m w±kw/f tEN, d tyg t0if / tmz&du/ vufwiftar&du Ekid if t H oD;oD;rSm +ird ;f csr;f pGm jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufa&;/ wef;wly;l aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;/ tjyeftvSet f usKd ;tjrwf &&Sad &;jzpfwhJ ekid if jH cm;qufqaH &;wk@d u tmz&du/ tm&Se@J vufwiftar&du&Sd tvwfpm; eJ@tao;pm; Ekid if t H oD;oD;ukd zG@H +zdK;wk;d wuf+yD; Ek;d =um;vmapwmeJ@tr# Oa&myor*~e@J ‚wd@k &@J +Adwed /f jyifopf/ *smr%DpwJh Oa&my&J@ t"duEkid if }H uD;awG[m wcsKd @a'o/ wcsKd @ tcsed rf mS / wcsKd @aom jy\emawGrmS “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_jzpfxeG ;f oGm;a&;”jzpfpOfudk olw@kd &@J wpHw k ckaom enf;emtjzpf pwif=u&awmhw,f? *smr%Du rmu,f? jyifopfu pmukq d /D +Adwdefu a*:'ifba&mif;wkd@ ukd,fpm;jyKwJh Oa&my t"duEkdifiH}uD;awG&J@ acgif;aqmif rsKd ;qufopfwpk[m “wefz;kd oabmw&m;tjrif Ekid if jH cm;qufqaH &;” “'Dru dk a&pDwefz;kd t& r[mrdw”f eJ@ “twWvE©w d f r[mrdwt f opf”pwJh tar&duefudk qufvuf=unfnKd a&;/ taemuftyk pf &k @J pkaygi;f Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_ 'grrS [kwf taemufwidk ;f ,Ofaus;r_&@J Akv d u f svr$ ;f rd;k r_udk umuG,af &;twGuf t&ifu tcsed =f umjrifph mG ab;csw d x f m;wJh “twWvE©w d f r[m rdw”f ukd jyefvnfyx JG w k v f m+yD; tar&duef&@J taemuftyk pf u k Akv d u f svr$ ;f rd;k r_&@J t"du tqifah e&mukd twlwuG umuG,o f mG ;zk@d }upH nfaew,f? 'gayrJh 'DjyKral qmif&u G f csuaf wG ukd rav#mrh jzpfv@dk av#mch sypfae&w,f? ‚wd@k &@J “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_ jzpfxeG ;f oGm;a&;” [m rv$o J mra&Smifom tusyq f u dk af er_a=umifh txl;ojzifh w±kw/f tdE, dN wk@d uk, d pf m;jyKwJh ta&S@widk ;f Ekid if }H u;D awG w[kex f ;dk wk;d wufvmr_e@J tmz&du/ vufwiftar&du ekid if H toD;oD; &J@ aumif;rGew f hJ zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufr_ tvm;tvm&J@aemufrmS zG@H +zdK;pekid if aH wG&@J obm0"mwf

73

21 pmpOf aiG@ pwJh o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfawG omvGerf &_ adS ewmukd jyefvnfawG@ jrifvm+y;D uwnf;u “Ekid if zH @HG +zdK;wk;d wufa&; csed cf iG v f #mn‡rd ”_ tajctae[m rsuaf rSmufurBm&J@ “,Ofaus;r_ zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufa&; csed cf iG v f #mn‡rd ”_ ukd vku d yf g vmatmif qGaJ qmifawmhw,f? Oa&my&J@ t"du Ekid if }H u;D awGu taemuftyk pf &k @J pkaygi;f Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tm%m 'grrS [kwf taemuf wkid ;f ,Ofaus;r_&@J Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_tm%m umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f a&;ukd usw d }f uHpnf }udK;pm; aer_awG[m t&mxifrmS r[kwaf wmhygb;l ? 3? 21 &mpk w±kwf/ tdENd,wkd@ ukd,fpm;jyKwJh “Akdvfus v$rf;rkd;r_ +zpfxGef; rvma&;” EkdifiH}uD;tkyfpk&J@ +idrf;csrf;pGm w[kefxkd; xdyfwef;a&mufr_[m wm;qD; vkd@r&EkdifwJh orkdif;a&;pD;a=umif; jzpfvmjcif; w±kwef @J tdE, dN wk@d ud, fk pf m;jyKwJh “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_jzpfxeG ;f rvma&;Ekid if }H uD;”eJ@ “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_r[kww f , hJ Ofaus;r_” wk@d w[kex f ;dk jzpfxeG ;f vmjcif;[m t&if;cHtm;jzifh 21 &mpkrmS Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_ jzpfxeG ;f rvma&;u “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rd;k r_jzpfxeG ;f oGm;a&;” acwf umv&J@ pdw"f mwfe@J orkid ;f a&pD;a=umif;ukd uk, d pf m;jyK+yD; 21 &mpkrmS “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_ tqH;k owfomG ;a&;” tajccHtw k jf rpfudk csvu dk w f mjzpfw,f? w±kwef @J tdE, dN wk@d uk, d pf m;jyKwJh ta&S@widk ;f ,Ofaus;r_&@J }uD;jrwfwhJ Ekid if }H uD; 2 Ekid if [ H m &Sn=f umav;jrifh xGe;f ajymifwhJ orkid ;f ,Ofaus;r_udk rdrw d @kd bmom zefw;D cJ=h uw,f? 'gayrJh teD;acwfumvtwGi;f ukv d ekd /D ukv d ekd D wykid ;f b0&J@ a=uuGzJ , G f &ifeifzh , G u f =H urRmukd toD;oD; }uKH awG@c=hJ u&w,f? 20 &mpk tv,favmufa&mufrS a&S@pOfaemufqufqo dk vkd jyefvnf arG;zGm; vmcJjh yefw,f? 21 &mpko@dk 0ifa&mufomG ;+yD;aemufawmh trsKd ;om; zG@H +zdK; wd;k wufa&;c&D;pOfopfudk pwifc=hJ ujyefw,f? w±kwyf nm&Siw f OD; ajymqkcd sut f &qd&k if tdE, dN [m bmoma&;eJ@ bmoma&; pdw"f mwfawG ±_yaf xG;wJh Ekid if w H Ekid if jH zpfw,fw?hJ tdE, dN bmoma&;pdw"f mwf a&pD;a=umif; [m w±kwjf ynfo@dk pD;0ifc+hJ y;D ta&S@tm&Swckv;kH v$r;f rk;d oGm;cJ&h mu uae@txd ta&S@tm&S Ekid if w H umtpDtpOf tawG;tac: eJ@ pdw"f mwftajccHtw k jf rpfwck jzpfaeqJygyw J ?hJ w±kw/f tdE, dN ta&S@widk ;f ,Ofaus;wJh Ekid if }H u;D 2 Ekid if [ H m ,Ofaus;r_t& tquftpyf&+dS y;D olw@dk [m xl;jcm;wJh ta&S@widk ;f &J@ ajyjypf/ o[ZmwjzpfwhJ ,Ofaus;r_pw d "f mwfudk tkwjf rpfcsco hJ al wG vnf; jzpfw,fv@dk qkyd gw,f? tdENd,bmoma&;tawG;tac:[m cspfcif,k,r_0g'ukd tav;xm;ygw,f? “owfjzwfjcif;ukd owdw&m;xm;a&;”eJ@ “rdru d , dk u f , dk f csKyfwnf; a&;” owfjzwfre_ @J ppfyaJG wGukd qef@usiaf &; t,l0g'ukd qkyu f idk x f m;ygw,f? pdw"f mwf jyif;xefayr,fh ±ky0f wÎKe@J pnf;pdrOf pPm *k%yf umoeukd rvku d pf m;bl;? rsuaf rSmufumG [r_awGudk iH@k rcHEidk af wmhwm a=umifo h m aemiftem*wftwGuf tpDtpOfopfawG awmif;qkrd u _ dk tav;xm;vm&wm yg? tdE, dN ,Ofaus;r_ wefz;dk twGi;f rSm t=urf;rzuf +ird ;f csr;f a&; tawG;tac:awGu olawmf pif*EN&D @J rw&m;r_awGudk qef@usiw f hJ t=urf;rzufa&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;eJ@ aemifrmS ae±l;u tqkd wifoiG ;f cJw h hJ bufrvku d v f y_ &f mS ;r_w@dk udk oaE<wnfapcJw h ,f? txl;ojzifh ae±l;&J@ bufrvku d f

74

21 pmpOf

v_y&f mS ;r_ t,ltq[m Ekid if w H umrSm Akv d u f srE_ idk if aH &; (power politics) ukd qef@usi+f yD; vGwv f yf trScD u dk if;wJh Ekid if jH cm;a&;ay:vpDudk a&mifjyef[yfcw hJ ,f? urBm}uD;ukd 0if±;dk trsm;tjym;&Sad &;/ 'Dru dk a&pDjzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr_ wGe;f aqmfa&;bufw@dk rmS tjyK oabm aqmifwt hJ cef;u yg0ifcw hJ ,f? tdE, dN [m jyif;xefwhJ Ekid if }H uD;tawG;tac:t,ltqeJ@ Ekid if }H uD;u ay;tyf vku d w f hJ wm0ef0wW&m;qkw d hJ awG;ac:cHpm;r_ &Syd gw,f? ae±l;u “tdE, dN ukd awG@&jdS cif;” qdw k hJ pmtkyrf mS “tdE, dN [m ‚a&muf&adS ewJh tck tqifah e&muae urBmay:rSm 'kw, d wef;pm; Zmwfaumiftjzpf yg0ifo±kyrf aqmifEidk yf gb;l ? aumif;aumif;o±kyaf qmifEidk w f hJ Ekid if }H uD; wEkid if H vky&f ifvyk &f / =uufaysmuf iSuaf ysmuf aysmuf&ifaysmuf&/ tv,ftvwfwef;pm; tqifah e&mu u|eaf wmfu h dk Ek;d ºuvmatmif rvkyef idk yf gb;l ? u|eaf wmfuvnf; tv,f tvwfwef;pm; tqifah e&mavmufe@J auseyfEidk rf ,fv@kd r,H=k unfyg bl;”vk@d twdtvif; ajymcJzh ;l w,f? olu tdE, dN eJ@ ygupPwefpwmawGudk tar&duef/ qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifp/k w±kwEf idk if w H @dk e@J wwef;wnf; rxm;Ekid b f ;l vm;vk@d awmif ajymvku d af o;w,f? ae±l;&J@ ar#mrf eS ;f csuu f tEN, d ukd tiftm;awmifw h if;}u;DxmG ;wJ/h waygi;f wpnf;wnf;&Sw d /hJ Ekid if H wum vl@tzG@J tpnf;u av;pm;r_c&H +yD; ta&;ygwt hJ cef;u¾uae yg0if&wJh Ekid if }H uD; wEkid if t H jzpf xlaxmifomG ;a&;jzpfw,f? tdE, dN [m awmiftm&SrmS “omvGerf _ wckom &S+d yD;/ csnehf rJ a_ wG rsm;jym;vSw”hJ taetxm;rSm &Sad eayr,fh a'otwGi;f Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_ buf wdr;f apmif;r_awGvnf; tawmftwef &Sad ew,f? 'gayrJh wckv;kH t& +cHKiHak jym&&if tdE, dN [m +idr;f csr;f pGm zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufa&;vrf;a=umif;ukd a&G;cs,cf w hJ ,f? ‚[m wzufrmS rsuaf rSmufurBm}uD;tm; A[k0if±;kd pepfudk tppt&m&m acsmarmatmifjrifa&;udk tpGr;f ukef tm;xkw}f uKd ;yrf;&if; tdE, dN twGuf tusKd ;pD;yGm;rsm; tpGr;f ukejf zpfxeG ;f a&;/ tar&duef eJ@ taemuftyk pf u k dk vH;k 0+zdKzsuyf pfa&;r[kwb f J urBm}uD;tm; A[k0if±;dk jzpfxeG ;f oGm;a&;/ 'Dru dk a&pDjzpfxeG ;f a&;ukd wGe;f aqmfay;&mrSm ta&;ygwhJ wGe;f tm;jzpfvw dk ,f? tjcm;wzuf rSm rdru d bufrvku d v f y_ &f mS ;r_udk pwifcw hJ EhJ idk if eH @J a&S@aqmifcw hJ hJ Ekid if jH zpfru _ dk tm±kpH u dk +f yD; zG@H +zdK;qJEidk if rH sm;ukd tdE, dN &J@ Ekid if jH cm;qufqaH &;rSm ta&;ygwhJ tajccsrj_ yK&ef ae&mtjzpf vnf;aumif;/ zG@H +zdK;qJEidk if rH sm;ukd uk, d pf m;jyK ajym=um;oltjzpfvnf;aumif;/ r#wr_r&Sw d /hJ qDavsmrf r_ &Sw d hJ Ekid if w H umh Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&; tpDtpOfa[mif;ukd jyKjyifajymif;vJypf&ef awmif;qko d mG ;a&;/ “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_rjzpfay:a&;”/ xGe;f opfpEkid if }H uD;awG&@J uk, d pf m;jyKr_ tcef;ukd wav#mufv;kH *±kpu dk af &;wk@d jzpfw,f? w±kwjf ynf[m yk+d y;D pHerlemwifavmufwhJ “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_ rjzpfxeG ;f a&;” xGe;f opf pEkid if }H uD; wEkid if jH zpfw,f? w±kwt f rsKd ;om;rsm;&J@ ,Ofaus;r_[m “rd;k atmufajrjyifu vlom; tm;vH;k oifjh rwfa&;”jzpfwhJ +ird ;f csr;f a&;oifjh rwfa&;udk tav;xm;wJh “+ird ;f csr;f a&;udk jrwfE;dk zG,t f jzpf” &yfcH ajymqdw k ,f? 20 &mpk 80 ckEpS rf sm; aESmif;ykid ;f rSm wHcg;zGihf jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&;ukd usio hf ;kH vku d +f yD;aemuf w±kwjf ynf[m armfpw D ek ;f acwf&@J trScD u dk if;a&;/ vGwv f yfa&;/ Akv d u f s v$r;f rk;d r_ qef@usio f mG ;a&;/ Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_rvkyaf &;/ zG@H +zKd ;qJEidk if rH sm;eJ@

75

21 pmpOf

wav#mufv;kH uH=urRmtwlwuG&adS &;/ a&S@w;dk aemufqw k f jzpfaewJh Ekid if w H umhEidk if aH &;eJ@ Ekid if jH cm;qufqaH &;&J@ wefz;dk w&m;rsm;ukd twlwuG cH,o l mG ;a&;qdw k mawGudk qufcv H u dk f w,f? aemufxyf ay:vGiw f muawmh wde@f a&Smifzifu 20 &mpk qkAd , D ufjynfaxmifp&k @J qk&d , S v f pfpepfypkH t H m; jyKjyifajymif;vJypfa&; tqkjd yKcsu/f “urBmah wmfveS af &; A[kcd surf ” “qd&k , S v f pf rdom;pk”eJ@ “qd&k , S v f pfpepfe@J t&if;&Sipf epf qkw d hJ twku d t f cHtyk pf k 2 ck jzpfay: apwJh awmfveS af &;eJ@ ppfy&JG @J twku d t f cHjzpfr_ Ekid if jH cm;qufqaH &; tawG;tac:wk@d udk qef;ppfo;kH oyf+yD; pGe@f vw $ v f u dk rf y_ gy?J 'gt h jyif +idr;f csr;f a&;/ oifjh rwfa&;/ o[ Zmwpdwf "mwfjzpfwhJ trsKd ;om;,Ofaus;r_&@J yifu, dk t f &nftaoG;/ ukex f w k pf rG ;f tm;pk zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wuf a&;ukd pGpJ +JG r+J rJ qkyu f idk x f m;wJh qd&k , S v f pfpepf/ +ird ;f csr;f wJh qk&d , S v f pfpepft,l0g'/ wkid ;f jynf twGi;f rSm o[ZmwjzpfwhJ vl@tzG@J tpnf; wnfaqmufa&;udk wDxiG zf efw;D r_&&dS dS wifjycJh w,f? jynfyrSm o[ZmwjzpfwhJ urBm}u;D ukd tpGr;f ukev f ;kH yef;wnfaqmufomG ;a&; t,l0g' opfuv dk nf; tav;xm;wifjycJw h ,f? w±kwjf ynf [m +idr;f csr;f pGm w[kex f ;dk wk;d wufa&;/ o[ZmwjzpfwhJ urBmwnfaqmufa&;tvHw@dk udk r,dr;f r,kid f jywfjywfom;om; v$ix hf +l y;D Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_udk }uH}h uHch idk cf idk q f ef@usio f mG ;+yD; Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_ rvkyaf &;rludk &yfcu H m wwd,urBmeJ@ uH=urRmtwlwuG&w dS hJ 20 &mpk qkd &S,v f pfpepf&@J tpOftvm wefz;dk oabmw&m;rsm;ukd pGpJ +JG r+J rJ qkyu f idk o f mG ;r,f? 'gt h jyif rqDavsmw f mukd a&S@aqmif taumif txnfrazmfb;l ? tvH rxrf;bl;? ppfat;rvkyb f ;l ? urBmah wmfveS af &;eJ@ jynfyok@d awmfveS f a&; wefz;dk w&m;awG wify@dk whJ Ekid if jH cm;qufqaH &;eJ@ tawG;tac:t,ltqukd twku d t f cH jyKwmawG rvkyb f ;l ? wcsed w f nf;rSm tjyKoabmygw/hJ wm0efcrH _ &Sw d hJ urBmEh idk if }H uD;tjzpf rdru d , dk rf rd d jyefvnf ae&mowfrw S +f y;D / tar&duefe@J taemufwidk ;f wckv;kH ukd w±kwjf ynf&@J “tusKd ;pD;yGm;eJ@ ywfoufoal wG”tjzpf tajccHtm;jzifh ar#mv f ifch , H w l ,f? olwyg;Ekid if &H @J jynfwiG ;f a&;ukd 0ifa&muf rpGuzf ufa&;udk pGpJ +JG rJ+rJusio hf ;kH oGm;r,f? Ekid if }H uD;u Ekid if iH ,f uav;ukd av;pm;a&;omru }uD;wJt h r_udk i,fatmifvyk af &;/ Ekid if }H uD;u Ekid if u H av; awGudk a&S@aqmifa&;/ Ekid if }H u;D u Ekid if iH ,fav;awGudk ulnaD &;/ csr;f omºu,f0wJEh idk if }H u;D u qif;&JwEhJ idk if iH ,fuav;awGudk ulnaD &;jzpfwhJ Ekid if }H uD; pdw"f mwfopfudk pGpJ +JG rJ+rJ usio hf ;kH oGm;r,f? &Se[ f idk ;f yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;tzG@J twGi;f OZbufupPwef/ wm*su D pPwef/ umZuf pwefpwJEh idk if aH wG&@J tqifah e&m/ tcef;u¾eJ@ tcGit hf a&;awGudk av;pm;oGm;r,f? w±kwef @J tmqD,&H @J (10 + 1) pepftwGi;f tmqD,u H dk tm&Swaygi;f wpnf;wnf; jzpfa&; jzpfpOftwGi;f wpHw k &maom a&S@aqmif/ pGr;f aqmifEidk rf p_ wmawGudk todtrSwjf yK+yD; “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_rjzpfay:a&;Ekid if }H u;D awG” uk, d pf m;jyKwJh w[kex f ;dk wk;d wufvmwJh acwf&@J pdw"f mwfe@J orkid ;f a&pD;a=umif;ukd axmufct H m;ay;oGm;r,f? 'Dvdk “Akv d u f s v$r;f rk;d r_ jzpfay:rvma&;”Ekid if }H u;D awG&@J yHpk o H pf jynfwiG ;f jynfy qufqaH &;eJ@ tmz&du/ tm&S/ vuf wiftar&du Ekid if t H oD;oD;&J@ zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufa&;eJ@ Ek;d =um;+yD; tjyeftvSeq f ufpyf twkid f tazmufjyKr_ v_id ;f *,ufopf[m Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d a&;Ekid if }H u;D awG&@J “Akv d u f s v$r;f rk;d r_jzpfxeG ;f oGm;a&;”twGuf }uD;rm;wJh Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ Ekid if jH cm;qufqaH &;wd@k [m avmuygv

76

21 pmpOf w&m;awG&@J zdtm;jzpfvmygvrd rhf ,f? us,f ajymvSwhJ zG@H +zKd ;qJEidk if aH wG&@J Ekid if w H um tqifh ae&mukd jr‡iw hf ifay;vku d +f yD; “xGe;f opfpurBmEh idk if }H uD;awG”&J@ “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_ jzpfay: rvma&;” vrf;a=umif;ukv d nf; tm;ay;tm;ajr‡muf jyKvku d w f mvnf; jzpfw,f? tpOf tvm Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_Eidk if }H u;D awG[mvnf; rv$rJ a&Smifom 'grrS [kwf wpHw k &m rv$J ra&Smif omjzpfum “Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d r_rjzpfxeG ;f a&;” vrf;a=umif;twkid ;f oGm;a&;udk wGe;f aqmf ay;ygw,f? 'g[m w±kwjf ynfoal wGa&m urBmjh ynfol awGa&m&J@ t&if;cHtusKkd ;pD;yGm;eJ@ uku d n f o D vkd tar&duefa&m/ taemufEidk if t H oD;oD;u jynfoal wG&@J t&if;cHtusKd ;pD;yGm; rsm;eJ@vnf; uku d n f yD gw,f? 'g[m &mpkopfurBmv h o l m;awG&@J o[Zmwjzpfwu hJ rBm}uD; wnfaqmufa&; ar#mv f ifch suaf emufc&H @J t"duwGE;f aqmfay;wJh tiftm;jzpfygw,f? ? ukd;um;? ? 2v w}udrfxkwf ‘rsufarSmufurBmeJ@ qkd&S,fvpf0g'’ *sme,f/ 200* ck/ trSwf 5? &J a bmf a tmif v G i f 2008 'DZifbm 25?

tdE, dN [m jyif;xefwhJ Ekid if }H uD;tawG;tac:t,ltqeJ@ Ekid if }H uD;u ay;tyfvu dk w f hJ wm0ef0wW&m;qkw d hJ awG;ac:cHpm;r_ &Syd gw,f? ae±l;u “tdE, dN ukd awG@&jdS cif;” qdw k hJ pmtkyrf mS “tdE, dN [m ‚a&muf&adS ewJh tck tqifah e&muae urBmay:rSm 'kw, d wef;pm; Zmwfaumiftjzpf yg0ifo±kyrf aqmifEidk yf gb;l ? aumif;aumif;o±kyaf qmifEidk w f hJ Ekid if }H uD; wEkid if H vky&f ifvyk &f / =uufaysmuf iSuaf ysmuf aysmuf&ifaysmuf&/ tv,ftvwfwef;pm; tqifah e&mu u|eaf wmfu h dk Ek;d ºuvmatmif rvkyEf idk yf gb;l ? u|eaf wmfuvnf; tv,ftvwfwef;pm; tqifah e&m avmufe@J auseyfEidk rf ,fv@kd r,H=k unfygb;l ”vk@d twdtvif; ajymcJh zl;w,f?

77

21 pmpOf

Sha ykh Y assin Shaykh Yassin okd r h [kwf

vufweG ;f vSn;f ay:u rD;awmif

+ird ;f csr;f ol

([m;rwfpfawG tpkd;&zGJ@EkdifcJh=u+yD? 2008 ESpfa[mif;ukef+yD? ESpfopful; csd e f r S m tpP a &;vf w yf a wG *gZma'ouk d usL;ausmf 0 if a &muf + yD ; [m;rwf p f a &m t&yf om;awGudkyg &mcsD+yD; ajymifajymifwif;wif; owfjzwfaeyg w,f? w±kwfjynf owif;pm;wcsdK@u wwd,urBmppffqDOD;wnfaew,fvkd@ azmf jywm awG @ &w,f ? EkdifiHwumta&; avhvmvkdolrsm;twGuf [m;rwfpfaemufcHudk rdwfquf ay;vkd&if; jzpfygw,f?) (u) ol@udk 1936 ckEpS rf mS arG;ygw,f? 16 ESpt f &G,rf mS rar#mv f ifw h hJ xdcu dk f '%f&ma=umifh uk, d w f ykid ;f aoum rv_y&f mS ;Ekid af wmhyg? wb0vH;k vlaumif;wOD;vkd rwf wwf&yf+yD; vrf;roGm;Ekid af wmhyg? ol[m 12 t&G,f 1948 ckEpS rf pS +yD; *gZma'o&J@ 'kuQ onfpcef;wckrmS rDcS adk exkid &f ygw,f? 1964 ckEpS rf mS oluidk ±f u dk t*Fvyd pf moifwef; wufa&mufwt hJ cg rGwpf vif nDtpfurdk sm;tzG@J e@J odu|r;f qufo, G rf yd gw,f? 1966 ckEpS rf mS ol tD*sprf mS yxrt}udrf tzrf;cH&ygw,f? tcsed o f yd rf =umbJ vGwv f mygw,f? 1973 ckEpS rf mS ol[m oufom acsmifcsda&; ukokdvfjzpftzGJ@wzGJ@ukd wnfaxmifygw,f? 1983 ckESpfrSm vufeufc, J rf; odak vSmifxm;&Srd /_ *sL;qef@usirf p_ cJG suef @J ol axmif 13 ESpf usygw,f? 1985 ckEpS rf mS tpPa&;vfe@J ygvufpwkid ;f oH@k yef;vJv, S w f t hJ cg olvw G v f mjyefygw,f? 1987

78

21 pmpOf ckEpS rf mS [m;rwfpt f zG@J udk tjcm;wku d af zmfvyk af zmfEpS Of ;D eJ@ olw&m;0if zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? 1989 ckEpS rf mS [m;rwfpf (tpPvrf ckcaH &;v_y&f mS ;r_) tzG@J udk pnf;±H;k zG@J pnf;r_/ tpPa&;ppfom;rsm;ukd jyefay;qGJ owfjzwfrp_ wJh jypf'%fw@dk e@J ol axmifwoufuscyhJ gw,f? 1994 ckEpS rf mS tpPa&;wyfawGom ygvufpwkid ;f odr;f yku d ef ,fajru jyefqw k cf mG oGm;r,fq&dk if/ usL;ausmef ,fxJ tdr&f mwk;d cs@J ru _ dk &yfqidk ;f um zrf;qD;xm;olrsm; v$waf y;r,fq&dk if [m;rwfp[ f m typftcwf&yfa&;ukd taumiftxnfazmfEidk w f ,fv@dk ola=unmcJyh gw,f? 1997 ckEpS rf mS tpPa&;vf-a*sm'f ef tjyeftvSef w&m;cHe@J Edik if aH &; orm;rsm; vJv, S w f t hJ cg olvw G af jrmufvmygw,f? uk, d [ hf muk, d af wmif tEkid Ef idk jf zpfaewJh 'kuw dQ OD;[m axmifwiG ;f &J@ae@&ufawGukd b,fvjdk zwfoef; ausmef if;aervJ? ol@pw d "f mwf owW/d ol@,=kH unfcsuef @J ol@Zv JG @kH vpGe@f vw $ rf u _ dk ygvufpwkid ;f jynfoal wGu pHjyKcJ&h ygw,f? 2001 ckEpS rf mS ygvufpwkid ;f tm%mykid w f @kd u ol@udk uef@owfz@dk tdrw f iG ;f tus,cf sKyfxm;Ekid zf @dk }udK;yrf;&mrS tpjyK+yD; jyif;xefwhJ vlxrk auseyfr/_ qENjyqlyrl }_ uD; ay: aygucf yhJ gw,f? 2002 eJ@ 2003 ckEpS rf mS ol@aetdrf u f dk tpPa&;wk@d u 'H;k usnef @J ypfcwfchJ ygw,f? toufrao vGwaf jrmufcyhJ gw,f? 2004 ckEpS f rwfv 22 &ufae@rmS wwd,t}urd f tpPa&;vf&@J 'H;k usnyf pfcwfre_ @J ol@trdajray:rSm ol toufay;usq;kH cJyh gw,f? Yassin ææ vufweG ;f vSn;f eJ@ wynfo h m;&if;wd@k u xlrulr+yD; oGm;vmaewJh ouf}uD;&G,t f dk tbk;d tk?d bma=umifh ol@&efou l ol@ukd 'Davmufawmif a=umuf/ 'Davmufawmifrek ;f +yD;/ t+idK;}uD; ae&wmvJ? tpPa&;vftwGuaf jym&if ol[m vufweG ;f vSn;f ay:u rD;awmif? ygvuf pwkid ;f jynfow l @dk twGuf ajym&if ol[m a&yifv,fxufu ausmufaqmif? Yassin ukd ruG,v f eG rf u D *gZmrSm w±kwpf ma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&m 3 OD; awG@qckH iG hf &cJyh gw,f? olw@dk 3 OD;[m ADVENTURE OF THE IDEA qkw d t hJ rnfe@J 2005 ckEpS f ESpOf ;D rSm pkaygi;f a&;om; xkwaf 0cJyh gw,f? uk, d w f idk u f , dk u f s vlcsi;f awG@qckH &hJ wJh Ekid if w H umu pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Si/f '\eynm&Si/f ukr% ` t D zG@J tpnf;OuUÏ/ Ekid if aH &;orm; }uD;rsm;eJ@ Ekid if t H }uD;tuJa[mif;rsm;pwJh vlox d if&mS ;yk*Kd~ vfrsm;tyg/ Yassin eJ@ awG@qkH ar;jref;cef;ukv d nf;xnfo h iG ;f azmfjyxm;ygw,f? rwlwv hJ yk if ef;/ e,fy,f/ tawG@t}uHK/ ta=umif;udp/P Ekid if t H rsKd ;om;wk@d &@J (wcgwcg vH;k 0 qef@usib f uf/ xdyw f u dk jf zpf wJ)h rwlwhJ awG;ac:,lqr_awG yg0ifa&;om;xm;wJh twGuw f efz;dk &Sw d hJ pmtkyw f tkyjf zpfygw,f? Yassin [m ygvufpwkid ;f wOD;yg? Yassin &J@ ygvufpwkid ;f +ir d ;f csr;f a&;? Yassin &J@ ta&S@tv,fyi dk ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;? Yassin &J@ tpPa&;vfe@J tm&yfw@dk &@J +idr;f csr;f a&; æ? tJ'+D ird ;f csr;f a&;[m uae@txd aoG;acsmif;xJrmS arsmaeygw,f? ygvufpwkid ;f om;rsm; r[kww f hJ tjyifyu u|eaf wmfw@dk [m ckvdk em;vnf xm;zk@d vnf; vkv d rd Ohf ;D r,fxifygw,f? Yassin ajymwJh “+idr;f csr;f a&;”eJ@ [m;rmhpaf jymwJh “+idr;f csr;f a&;” [m ygvufpwki d ;f wk@d &@J “vGwv f yfa&;”qkw d hJ twGi;f oabmtESpaf wG yg&adS eygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk a,bk,s odem;vnfxm;wJh +ird ;f csr;f a&;rsKd ;r[kwyf gb;l ? olw@dk &@J +ird ;f csr;f a&;[m 'Dxufyrdk kd euf±id_ ;f wJh t"dym` ,fawG ygaumif; ygaeygvrd Ohf ;D r,f? 'g[m “tpPa&;vfw@dk &@J a=ujyKef;ysuo f Ok ;f a&;”

79

21 pmpOf jzpfcsiv f nf; jzpfaeygvrfd rhf ,f? 'ga=umifh tvGeu f dk pdw0f ifpm;aumif;wJ/h ±_yaf xG;cufcw J hJ +idr;f csr;f a&;jzpfygw,f? tpGe;f a&muftzG@J rsm;&J@ ±H;k XmerSmvkyd gy?J Yassin &J@ {nfch ef;rSm csw d q f x JG m;wJh ygvufpwkid ;f ajryH[ k m taemufjcrf;eJ@ *gZma'ouGuu f u G &f @J ajryHrk [kwf ygb;l ? [kd 1920 ckEpS u f tpPa&;vfEidk if rH &Sw d /hJ trnf rygwhJ ajryHu k m;csyf jzpfaeygw,f? Yassin [m ygvufpwki d ;f &J@ trSwo f auFwwckygy?J

Yassin

(c) eJ@ tar;tajz

(ar;) vlwidk ;f typf&yfa&;ukyd J ajymqkad e=uw,f? 'Dae@'t D csed rf mS typfcwf&yfa&;[m ra&SmifvEJG ifkd w f hJ tjcif;t&mvm;?;? (ajz) ygvufpwkid ;f &Sd tzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;[m ygvufpwkid ;f tpd;k & tm%mykid f tzG@J tyg t0if/ vuf&jdS zpfwnfaewJh tajctaet&yf&yfudk aqG;aEG;ae=uw,f? oabmwlnrD _ wck&&Szd @kd twGuyf g? 'gayrJh tpPa&;bufu vky}f uo H wfjzwfre_ @J usL;ausm0f ifa&mufru _ dk toH;k jyK+yD; twm;tqD;awGudk vkyaf qmif zefw;D aew,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk &@J ar#mv f ifch suaf wGukd olw@dk wm;qD;ydwq f @dk ae=uw,f? 'Dae@ 'Dcsed rf mS [m;rwfp&f @J ppfa&;qkid &f mtzG@J tpnf;u ygvufpwkid ;f jynforl sm;eJ@ aqG;aEG;wJh twm;tqD; tydwt f qk@d udk ajz&Si;f aew,f? (ar;) [m;rmhp[ f m tjyif;txefq;kH vnf;jzpf/ yxrqH;k vnf;jzpfwhJ wku d cf u dk rf a_ =umifh *k%o f wif;}uD;cJw h ,f? wu,fv@dk om [m;rwfpt f zG@J [m typfcwf&yfa&;ukd oabmwl vufcv H u dk rf ,fq&kd if b,fvjkd zpfvmrvJ? (ajz) t&ifO;D qH;k ajym&&if typftcwf&yfwm[m ckcrH u _ dk &yfypfvu dk w f mr[kwyf gb;l ? 'D t"dym` ,frsKd ; roufa&mufygb;l ? tcsed u f mvwckrmS ckcaH &;ukd wifjyvku d w f t hJ cg +idr;f csr;f a&;udk qef@usiw f mr[kwyf gb;l ? +idr;f csr;f a&;ukd qef@usiw f m tpPa&;vfyg? ygvufpwkid ;f jynfoal wGudk u|eaf wmfw@dk wifjywJt h cg u|eaf wmfw@dk [m trsKd ;om;w&yfv;kH pnf;vH;k nDnw G +f yD; rdrw d @dk jynfou l dk rdrw d @dk =unf±h a_ pmifah &Smufa&;ukd qd! k e¸ ;f ae wmyg? (ar;) typfcwf&yfa&;[m [m;rmhpef @J ygvufpwkid ;f tm%mtzG@J tpnf;=um;u ta&; udpyP J jzpfw,f? [m;rwfpef @J tpPa&;vf=um;u ta&;udprP [kwb f ;l vk@d cifAsm;xifygovm;? wu,fv@dk tpPa&;vfbufu qufvuf+y;D [m;rwfpt f zG@J t0ifawGudk vku d v f o H wfjzwfaeOD; r,fq&kd if typfcwf&yfa&;[m xda&mufr_ &SEd idk yf grh vm;? (ajz) t&ifO;D qH;k ajymcsiw f mu [m;rwfp&f @J uwdu0wfay;r_reS o f r#[m tpPa&;vf&@J yxreJ@t&ifay;wJh uwdu0wf tajccHay:rSm vkyaf qmifomG ;oifw h m jzpfw,f? wu,fv@dk typftcwf&yfa&;jy\emukd OD;wnfwhJ aqG;aEG;yGrJ mS tpPa&;vf[m [m;rwfpt f wGuf aumif;rGew f hJ vSnahf jymif;r_ukd jzpfapr,fh wk;d wufru _ dk bmwpHw k &mrS rvkyu f idk jf ybJ &Sad e r,fq&dk if u|eaf wmfw@dk [m typftcwf&yfa&;eJ@ ywfoufwhJ t&mrSeo f r#udk arhxm;ypf

80

21 pmpOf

vkdufrSmyJ? ygvufpwkdif;tm%mykdif tzGJ@tpnf;ukday;wJh uwdu0wfawGudkvnf; arhypfvu dk rf mS ygy?J (ar;) ygvufpwkdif;tpdk;&tzGJ@xJukd [m;rwfpfyg0ifyl;aygif;wJh tcGifhtvrf;[m b,favmuf&dS ygovJ? tpk;d &xJ yg0ify;l aygi;f Edik cf &hJ if [m;rwfp[ f m b,ftcef;b,fu¾u yg0ifEidk zf @kd cifAsm;ar#mrf eS ;f xm;ovJ? (ajz) “atmfpvko d abmwlpmcsKyf”ukd [m;rwfp[ f m OD;qH;k qef@usiyf gw,f? [m;rwfp[ f m tJ'pD mcsKy&f @J tpdwt f ykid ;f wcktjzpf/ rjzpfwnfEidk yf gb;l ? tvm;wl ygvufpwkifd ;f tm%mykid f tzG@J tpnf;[m +idr;f csr;f a&;udk qef@usiw f t hJ cgrsKd ;rSm [m;rwfp[ f mvnf; tm%mykid f tzG@J tpnf;&J@ tpdwt f ykid ;f wck rjzpfEidk yf gb;l ? ygvufpwkid ;f [m vGwv f yfa&;&rS/ ygvuf pwkid ;f [m rdrb d mom rdrw d @kd &@J uH=urRmukd qH;k jzwfEidk rf S [m;rwfp[ f m tm%mykid t f zG@J tpnf; xJ yg0ify;l aygi;f Ekid v f rd rhf ,f? (ar;) cifAsm;tjrift& b,fvdk tpk;d &rsKd ;rS pdwu f ;l qENe@J uku d n f rD ,fh ygvufpwkid ;f tpk;d & jzpfrvJ? (ajz) taumif;qH;k tpk;d &[m vGwaf jrmufwhJ ygvufpwkid ;f Ekid if aH y:rSm wnfaxmifxm;wJh tpk;d &yJ? (ar;) ygvufpwkid ;f ta&; avhvmolwcsKd @xu H u|eaf wmf =um;od&ygw,f? wae@wjcm; rsm;jym;wJh ygvufpwkid ;f om;wk@d [m “wEkid if rH ”l ukd vufcv H mae=uw,fv@dk qkyd gw,f? ygvufpwkid ;f &J@ vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf u JG dk pGe@f um/ wef;wlwhJ Ekid if o H m;tcGit hf a&;eJ@ tpPa&;vf Ekid if o H m;tjzpf 0ifa&mufEidk zf @kd qEN&adS e=uw,fv@dk qkw d ,f? 'ge@J ywfouf+y;D cifAsm;&J@ tjrif ukd odyg&ap? (ajz) ygvufpwkid ;f Ekid if [ H m rGwpf vifrsm;/ c&pf,mefrsm;eJ@ *sL;rsm;wk@d &@J twlwuG qufqH rSw D if;aexkid w f hJ Ekid if w H Ekid if jH zpfEidk yf gw,f? 'gayrJh ygvufpwkid ;f Ekid if [ H m ajryHu k m;csyaf y:rS tEkwyf ,ftxkwyf pfrcH&qdk wJt h csut f vufatmufrmS yJ jzpf&ygr,f?

(ar;) tpPa&;&J@ acsmif;ajrmif;owfjzwfa&;ay:vpD[m b,fvt dk ajctaersKd ;rSm [m;rmhpf ukd *,uf±u dk Ef idk rf vJ? (ajz) *,uf±u dk cf wfr_ t}uD;qH;k ukd jzpfapEkid w f m[m u|eaf wmfw@dk u &efou l dk ykid yf idk Ef idk Ef idk f xdxad &mufa&mufrw S af vmufatmif ynmay;&ygr,f? ygvufpwkid ;f jynfou l dk usL;vGew f hJ jypfrw _ idk ;f rSm xdyw f u dk q f ef@usiw f u dk yf JG 0if&ygr,f? (ar;) cifAsm;&J@ &efoyl nmay;a&;oifwef;[m rSe;f csuef @J ESr;f xGuu f u dk yf govm;? (ajz) u|eaf wmfw@dk [m rdru d , dk rf rd d umuG,af e=uw,f? tpPa&;vfw@dk odr;f yku d x f m;wJh e,fajrrSm u|eaf wmfw@dk aexkid =f u&w,f? olw@dk utdraf wGudk +zdKvSJ zsuq f ;D ypfw,f? acsmifajrmif; owfjzwf=uw,f? uk, d u hf , dk u f , dk f ckcu H muG,zf @kd u|eaf wmfw@dk rmS tcGiahf &; &Sw d ,f? todr;f tyku d cf x H m;&wJh ajr}uD;ay:rSm b,forl S ouf&iS af exkid rf oGm;Ekid yf gb;l ? usL;ausmo f rd ;f yku d af &;orm;awG rkcs±;H_ edr&hf rSmyg? ygvufpwkid ;f ukd urBmu tm±Hpk ;l pku d f aeyg

81

21 pmpOf w,f? ygvufpwdik ;f ukv d nf; pmemem;vnfra_ wG &S=d uw,f? wcgwav ygvufpwkid ;f jynfoel @J twl pnf;vH;k nDnw G af e=uw,f? (ar;) wOD;csi;f taocHazmufcrJG [ _ m t"duvufeufjzpfaewke;f yJv@kd cifAsm;ajymcsiaf e ao;vm;? (ajz) 'Dvydk aJ jymcsiyf gw,f? ygvufpwkid ;f jynfoal wGrmS oHcsyu f mum; r&Sb d ;l ? ta0;ypf 'H;k ysrH &Sb d ;l ? a0;vHwhJ c&D;eJ@t&yfrS &efou l dk xda&mufatmif wku d cf u dk cf siv f @dk r&Ekid b f ;l ? 'Dvy_ f &Sm;r_ (wOD;csi;f taocH azmufcrJG )_ [m ygvufpwkid ;f jynfow l @dk &@J cGet f m;t&Sq d ;kH eJ@ aemufq;kH vufeufy?J 'ga=umifh 'Dvdk tm;&Sw d hJ vufeufrsKd ;ukd b,forl S [ef@wm;vk@d &Ekid rf mS r[kwf bl;? (ar;) 'De,fajra'oukd u|eaf wmfa&mufwm &ufwywf&ydS g+yD? 'DumvtawmtwGi;f rSm u|eaf wmf[m vrf;a=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;uae owif;awG &&S=d um;odae&ygw,f? [m;rwfpt f zG@J [m wcsed w f cgwek ;f u tm&mzwfudk qef@usiEf idk zf @dk e@J tm%mcsed cf iG f xde;f n‡Ed idk zf @kd tpPa&;&J@ axmufcrH u _ dk &&Scd w hJ ,fv@dk qkyd g w,f? 'Dtcsurf eS u f efa=umif; cifAsm;xHrS usaemfoufao taxmuftxm;rsm; &&SEd idk rf vm;? (ajz) (ajz) 1987 ckEpS rf mS [m;rwfpt f zG@J udk pwifz@JG pnf;wnfaxmifygw,f? jynfov l x l u k dk ol@&@J yxrqH;k aom vufurf;pm&Guu f dk jzef@a0cJyh gw,f? tpPa&;vfu ol@udk qef@usiw f u dk cf u dk w f hJ tzG@J tpnf;w&yfudk tm;ay;axmufcv H rd rhf ,fv@dk cifAsm;b,fvrkd sm; awG;awmpOf;pm;rd vnf; rodb;l Asm? tvGe@f udk tH=h op&m? 'Dvdk ajymqkrd r_ sKd ;ukd b,fou l rS vufcrH mS r[kwyf gb;l ? (ajz) qD;&D;,m;/ tD*spef @J wkid ;f jynfwcsKd @[m [m;rwfpt f zG@J tpnf;qD ulnaD y;urf;wJh aiG a=u;vrf;a=umif;ukd wif;wif;usyu f syf vkyaf ew,f? 'ge@J ywfouf+y;D zdtm;ay;cHae&w,fv@dk cifAsm; cHpm;awG;xifryd govm;? (ajz) b,ftpk;d &udrk S u|eaf wmfw@dk vufjzef@ aiGrawmif;cJyh gb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@dk udk vkv d m; olreS o f r#e@J u|eaf wmfw@dk yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G zf @dk pdwq f EN&ydS gw,f? 'g[m u|eaf wmfw@dk e@J tjcm;aom vly*k Kd~ vftzG@J tpnf;wk@d &@J &if;ES;D cifrifwhJ qufqaH &;ukd rxdcu dk yf gb;l ? xdcu dk f vdrrhf ,fv@dk vnf; r,lqygb;l ? tJ'q D ufqaH &;[mvnf; u|eaf wmfw@dk twGi;f ykid ;f &J@ ta&;udpaP wGukd rxdcu dk o f if/h *,ufr±ku d o f ifyh gb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@dk &@J qH;k jzwfcsuu f dk tjcm;wOD;OD;u 0ifa&mufpu G zf uf wmrsKd ; u|eaf wmfw@dk rjzpfapcsiyf gb;l ? ygvufpwkid ;f jynfow l @dk [m rdrt d a&;udpu P dk rdrb d mom a&G;cs,q f ;kH jzwf&ygr,f? ZGe/f 2003 ckEpS ?f ygvufpwkid ;f *gZm? jidr;f csrf;ol

82

21 pmpOf

ajymif;vJjcif;Y wnfaqmuf_cif; atmifyifv,f t&mudpw P @dk onf yËdyuQEiS hf wnf&adS eonf? topfEiS t hf a[mif;/ taygi;f ESit hf Ekw/f taumif;ESit hf qk;d / ae@EiS n hf / eD;jcif;ESihf a0;jcif;/ aES;jcif;ESihf jrefjcif;/ tvif;ESit hf arSmif/ tEkid Ef iS t hf ±_;H æ ponfponf? qef@usib f ufw@dk . nDnw G rf /_ tEkyËdavmrtjrifjzifh =unfjh rifEidk =f uv#i/f axmifh ajymif; ae&majymif; =unf±h w _ wfv#if txl;ojzifh b0ESiahf wmfveS af &;c&D; wajzmifw h nf; r&So d nfh tauG@taumuf/ twuftus/ tEkt=urf;vrf;Y u|eaf wmfw@dk twGuf pdr;f vef; aomvGijf yif/ us,af jymaom rd;k aumif;uifudk awG@jrifEidk yf gonf? t&m&monf ajymif;vJaeonf? ajymif;vJjcif;onf rajymif;vJonfh trSef w&m;jzpfonf? ajymif;vJjcif;eJ@twl ajymif;vJjcif;Y u|eaf wmfw@dk wnfaqmufae&ygrnf? u|eaf wmfw@dk .oabmxm;/ &yfwnfr/_ tjrifenf;emonf wGu&f &dS &Sad om“tajz”ESihf quf EG,af eygonf? wavmu pmtkypf ifav;rSm u|eaf wmfjzwfny‡ o f rd ;f ,lxm;aom 20-2-2003 ckEpS f rufqu D dk Ekid if x H w k f “tajz” tywfpOf*sme,fu “±_;H edrhf jcif;qkw d mbmvJ”qko d nfh pmnGe@f av;wyk'u f dk jyefvnfawG@&dS zwfryd gonf? xdpk ma=umif;awGxrJ S u|eaf wmfw@dk awG; awmpOf;pm;p&mrsm; &aumif; &Ekid yf gvrd rhf nf? trsm;oligw@dk EiS hf r#a0cHpm;=unfch siyf gonf? taumif;jrifaom pdw"f mwfonf jy\emawGudk tcGit hf vrf;tjzpf ajymif;vJ=unfjh rif onf/h ajymif;vJypfrnfh pdw"f mwfyJ jzpfygonf? u|eaf wmf 'Dtwkid ;f yJ ,krH w S af eygonf?

83

±_H;edrfhjcif;qkdwm bmvJ

21 pmpOf § ±_;H edrjhf cif;um; u|eaf wmfw@dk onf t±_;H orm;rsm; jzpf=u+y[ D k t"d y`m,f roufa&muf? u|eaf wmfw@dk onf atmifjrifa&;yef;wkid q f o D @dk rav#muf vSr;f Ekid af o;a=umif;uko d m t"dym` ,foufa&mufayonf? § ±H;_ edrjhf cif;um; u|eaf wmfw@dkonf bmwckrS r&&Sv d u dk [ f k t"dym` ,f rouf a&muf? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf oifcef;pmyJ &&Sad vonf[o k m t"dym` ,f oufa&mufayonf? § ±_;H edrjhf cif;um; u|eaf wmfw@dkonf EHt k =uonf[k t"dym` ,froufa&muf? u|eaf wmfw@dk onf ynmA[kow k todtvdrmR rsm;ukd xyfrjH znfq h nf; jr‡iw hf if&OD;rnf jzpfa=umif;uko d m t"dym` ,foufa&mufayonf? § ±_;H edrjhf cif;um; u|eaf wmfw@dk .*k%t f rnfemr avsmu h sjcif;[k t"dym` ,f roufa&muf? u|eaf wmfw@dk onf pdeaf c:r_topfEiS hf &ifqidk af wG&jdS cif; [kom t"dym` ,foufa&mufayonf? § ±H;_ edrjhf cif;um; u|eaf wmfw@dk onf tpGr;f tprJo h nf[k t"dym` ,frouf a&muf? u|eaf wmfw@dk onf vkyef nf;ukid ef nf; pOf;pm;enf;rsm;ukd owd jyKtyfonf[k t"dym` ,f oufa&mufayonf? § ±H;_ edrjhf cif;um; u|eaf wmfw@dk onf nHzh si;f olrsm;jzpf=uonf[k t"dym` ,f roufa&muf? u|eaf wmfw@dk onf jynf0h vHak vmufr_ odyrf &Sad o;a=umif; uko d m t"dym` ,foufa&mufayonf? § ±H;_ edrjhf cif;um; u|eaf wmfw@dk onf aemufqw k af jy;&rnf[k t"dym` ,f roufa&muf? u|eaf wmfw@dk onf ykrd cdk idk +f rJaom oEMÏd mef&&dS efuo dk m t"dym` ,foufa&mufayonf? § ±_;H edrjhf cif;um; u|eaf wmfw@dk onf &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wkid o f @kd ra&mufEidk f awmh[k t"dym` ,f roufa&muf? u|eaf wmfw@dk onf ydrk rdk sm;jym;aom tcsed jf zifh &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wkid o f @dk vSr;f &vdrrhf nf jzpfa=umif;ukd t"dym` ,f oufa&mufayonf? ?

atmifyifv,f

84

21 pmpOf

aewk;d

123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678 12345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890

ta&Sh wk;d a&; _y\em &Jabmf&Sk,Of

2008 ckEpS f =o*kwv f rSm usi;f ywJh yDuif;tkv d yH pfyeJG @J wcsed w f nf;rSmyJ csed u f u dk af y: vmwJh a*sm*f s, D m- ±k&mS ; ppfyt JG +yD;rSm pDpn D n H jH zpfvmwJh aewk;d tzG@J 0ifrsm; wk;d cs@J a&; tpD tpOf[m &ufr=umcifrmS yJ edÏw d o H mG ;ygw,f? bma=umifyh gvrd ?hf aewd;k tzG@J [m tzG@J 0iftm;vH;k oabmwlnrD _ (concensus) &rS bmtvkyu f rdk qkd vkyEf idk w f myg? tzG@J 0ifEidk if w H Ekid if u H oabmrwlb;l / ydwq f @dk vu dk +f yDq&dk if bmpDru H ed ;f }uD;yJ jzpfjzpf a&xJarsmoGm;wmyg? 'DyrJG mS rxifrw S b f J ay:vmwJrh sujf rifuawmh *smr%Du trsKd ;orD;0ef}uD;csKyf tef*svmrmuJvyf gy?J *smr%D&@J Eidk if aH &;orkid ;f rSm tar&duef tvdv k m;qH;k 0ef}u;D csKyt f jzpf owfrw S cf x H m;&ol/ rdru d , dk w f idk v f nf; ta&S@*smr%DrmS arG;zGm;}u;D jyif;cJo h yl yD /D ±k&mS ;tay: vnf; wpHw k &m tjrifr=unfvifov l @dk olrukd odxm;=uwmyg? 'gayrJh olr[m a*sm*f s, D m jy\emt+y;D aemufwywft=umrSmyJ pde@f yw D mpbwfomG ;um/ ±k&mS ;orRwruf''D ufAef @J awG@+y;D jywfjywfom;om; ajymqkcd w hJ muawmh *smr%DtaeeJ@ aewd;k tzG@J 0ifopfrsm;wk;d cs@J a&; (,lu&de;f eJ@ a*sm*f s, D mEkid if rH sm;twGuf &nf&, G )f ukd oabmrwla=umif; qkw d mygy?J *smr%DEidk if H 0ef}uD;csKyfu olrpdwaf epdwx f m;eJ@ qef@usipf mG 'Dvrf;a&G;cs,v f u dk f wm[m xl;jcm;r_awG&ydS gw,f? tar&duef&@J &nf&, G cf suu f dk aumif;aumif;odaewJh rmuJvf [m tar&duef&@J zt d m;ukd &ifqidk zf @dk toifjh yif+yD;rS 'DajcvSr;f ukd vSr;f wmyg? wu,fawmh b,fEidk if aH &;orm;rqd/k rdrEd idk if &H @J trsKd ;om;tusKd ;pD;yGm;ukd OD;xdyx f m;+yD; vufawG@uspmG pOf;pm;vkyaf qmif =uwmygy?J tvG,fqHk;pum;ajym&&if ±k&Sm;&J@obm0"mwfaiG@rsm;tay: tjynfht0 tav;xm;rScD adk e&wJh *smr%Dtzd@k aewk;d xJ ,lu&de;f eJ@ a*sm*f s, D m0ifa&mufvma&;eJ@ rdrd

85

21 pmpOf Ekid if t H usKd ;pD;yGm;ukd rvJEidk rf y_ gy?J 'Dobm0 "mwfaiG@upd w P ckxw J if r[kwyf gb;l ? tar&duef&@J aewk;d wk;d cs@J a&; pdwf ul;pH[m *smr%D&@J tusKd ;pD;yGm;eJ@ bmrSrqdik w f mvnf; ygygw,f? *smr%D&@J pOf;pm;csuf uawmh aewk;d rSma&m/ tar&duefrmS a&m ,lu&de;f eJ@ a*sm*f s, D mukd ppfa&;t& rumuG,Ef idk f ygb;l ? wu,fyJ aewk;d u ppfa&;t& umuG,cf siw f ,fq&dk if *smr%Dtyg wjcm;aewk;d tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHawGtaeeJ@ ppfa&;toHk;p&dwfawG jr‡ifhwif&ygvdrfhr,f? 'gawGudk olwdk@u rvkv d m;yg bl;? Ekid if aH &;t&=unf&h ifvnf; bm&nf&, G cf surf rS &Sb d J ±k&mS ;em;&Guf wHawG; qGww f myJv@kd jrifygw,f? 'gt h jyif ykt d a&;}u;D wmu *smr%D[m (1945-1992) txd ppfat;ppfy&JG @J ppfajr jyifjzpfE;dk Ek;d b0}uD;ukd jzwfoef;cJ&h wmyg? (1992-2008) ckEpS rf mS awmh tJ'aD =umufvef@ r_}uD;eJ@ uif;a0;wJb h 0rSm aevku d &f ygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dt&omukd odomG ;wJh *smr%Dtzd@k aemufxyfppfat;ppfyJG tajctaew&yfxu J dk r0ifawmhz@kd qH;k jzwfvu dk w f myg? 'g[m aewk;d &J@ tem*wfuadk &m tar&duef- *smr%D ESpEf idk if H qufqaH &;tay:rSma&m }u;D rm;pGm *,uf ±ku d af pvku d yf gw,f? 'DtajctaeatmufrmS *smr%D[m aoe*FAsL[m qH;k jzwfcsuu f dk csvu dk &f wmyg? olw@dk &@J 'Dq;kH jzwfcsucf s&yHu k dk em;vnfz@kd uawmh *smr%D&@J yx0DEidk if aH &;jy\emawGuydk g odjrifz@dk vydk gw,f? 1871 ckEpS t f xd *smrefpum;ajymurBm[m twGi;f ykid ;f rnD!w G rf r_ sm;a=umifah &m/ Ekid if jH cm;tiftm;rsm;&J@ pGuzf ufra_ =umifah &m tpdwpf w d t f jrm¸ jrm¸ jzpfae&wmyg? taemuf bufu jyifopf/ ta&S@bufu ±k&mS ;/ tif tm;}u;D Ekid if H 2 ckt=um; nD!w G w f *hJ smr%DEidk if u H dk ppfyaJG wG t}udr}f udrq f ifE+J$ yD;rS 1871 ckEpS rf mS rS wnfaxmifEidk cf yhJ gw,f? *smr%D&@J aoe*FAsL[mjy\emu jyifopfe@J ±&k mS ;u w+ydKifeuf wku d +f yD; +Adwo d # uvnf; ol@qyd u f rf;awGudk ydwq f @kd vu dk &f if 1871 ckEpS f t&ifb0rsKd ; jyefa&mufomG ;Ekid jf cif; ygy?J *smr%D+yKd vaJ &;udk pdw0f ifpm;r_&w dS hJ jyifopf/ ±k&mS ;eJ@ +Aw d o d #w@dk &@J wu dk cf u dk rf u _ dk *smr%Du t+rJp;dk &draf ecJ&h wmyg? 'ga=umifyh J *smrefawG[m ppfrsuEf mS 2 buf rwku d Ef idk rf a_ tmufrmS rdru d }udKwif+yD; jyifopfuadk omfvnf;aumif;/ ±k&mS ;ukad omfvnf;aumif;/ t&ifO;D atmif wku d +f y;D aemuf jrefjrefatmifycJG u H m aemufppfwrsuEf mS ukd tiftm;pkwu dk zf @dk om jzpfygw,f? jrefjrefatmifycJG EH ifdk rf o S m a&wyftm;omwJh +Adwo d #w@dk u ydwq f @dk a&;ukd rvkyEf idk rf mS jzpf ygw,f? 'ga=umifh *smr%D&@J uk, d u hf , dk u f , dk u f muG,af &;[m tqifEh pS q f if&h w dS hJ xk;d ppf omjzpf+y;D tvGe±f y_ af xG;vSygw,f? tE©&m,fvnf;}u;D ygw,f? 'DtjrifawGe@J urBmppf}u;D ESpyf v JG ;kH rSm *smrefu ujycJ+h y;D 2 yGpJ vH;k rSmyJ t±_;H eJ@ &ifqidk f cJh&ygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppfyGJt+yD;rSmawmh ykdtusemygw,f? *smr%D[m oHk;ykdif;uGJ oGm;ygw,f? vGwv f yfw=hJ op}wD;,m;/ taemufwidk ;f Ekid if aH wGord ;f yku d v f u dk w f hJ taemuf *smr%De@J qkAd , D ufawG v$r;f rk;d vku d w f hJ ta&S@*smr%Dq+kd y;D 3 ykid ;f uGo J mG ;wmyg? *smrefawGtzk@d ppfat;wku d yf [ JG m t&ifppfy}JG u;D awGxuf tE©&m,f}u;D ygw,f? &efwapmifapmif jzpfaewJh

86

21 pmpOf taemufEidk if rH sm;eJ@ qkAd , D ufw@dk t=um; wpHw k &mjzpfymG ;vmygu (tEk jrLvufeufrsm; vnf; &Sv d @dk ) *smr%D urBmah jrjyifay:u aysmufomG ;Ekid yf gw,f? taumif;bufu=unf&h ifawmh ppfat;wku d yf [ JG m *smr%D&@J aoe*FAsL[mjy\ em w0ufjzpfwhJ jyifopfe@J *smrefwif;rmr_udk ajz&Si;f vku d Ef idk rf y_ gy?J ppfat;wku d yf eJG @J u|u J ;l a&yg &v'fwckjzpfwhJ Oa&myor*~ay:vmvk@d ygy?J 'g u *smr%De@J jyifopft=um; pD;yGm;a&;t& yl;aygif;r_ukd jzpfapvkduf+yD; ppfa&;t&vnf; aewkd;pmcsKyftzGJ@0if EkdifiHrsm;jzpfoGm;vkd@ *smr%DtwGuf taemufbufrsuEf mS [m +ird ;f csr;f oGm;awmhw,f? ESp&f mpkEpS rf sm;pGmtwGi;f *smr%DtwGuf +cdr;f ajcmufrt _ E©&m,f}uD;wck csKyf+idr;f oGm;wmyg? wcg qdAk , D uf ,le, D H }uD;+ydKuGo J mG ;jyefawmh ta&S@u&efvnf; at;oGm;jyefygw,f? 'gayrJh *smr%Du owd}u;D ygw,f? ±k&mS ;ukd txifrao;yg? *smr%Du, dk w f idk v f nf; yxrurBmppft+y;D rSm jzLumjymumusomG ;ayr,fh 1938 ckEpS rf mS awmh Oa&my&J@ t"dutif tm;}u;D Ekid if w H Ekid if t H jzpf jyefay:cJah o;wmyJ? 'ga=umifh ±k&mS ;&J@ jyefemvefxvmEkid rf t _ ay: olw@dk u t+rJxnfh wGucf sucf w hJ myg? =o*kwv f rSm jzpfymG ;cJw h hJ a*sm*f s, D m/ ±k&mS ;ppfyu JG dk *smr%Du =unfjh rif&mrSm tJ'D tjrifay:u =unfjh rifwmyg? jyifopfe@J ±k&mS ;t=um;rSm *smr%De@J ykv d ef&ydS gw,f? +Adwo d #usawmh 'DEidk if aH wG tjyif t*Fvyd af &vuf=um;&Sad o;w,f? tar&duefusawmh 'gawGtm;vH;k tjyif twW vE©w d o f rk'&N m}u;D yg jcm;aeygao;w,f? ±k&mS ;eJ@ a0;&mrSmaeav/ ±k&mS ;udk us,u f s,f avmif avmif pdeaf c:Ekid af vavygy?J 'gayrJh *smr%DrmS awmh =um;rSm ykv d efwEkid if yH &J v dS @dk / ol@taeeJ@ wjcm;vlawG rku d w f idk ;f vku d rf rku d Ef idk yf gb;l ? ±k&mS ; jyefvnf tiftm;}u;D rm;vmwmukd umqD;zd@k q&dk if abmvfwpfEidk if aH wGudk ±k&mS ;&efu umuG,af y;zk@d vydk gw,f? ykv d efyg tygayg?h aewk;d wyfawGe@J umuG,&f mrSm b,f u wyf&rvJ? *smr%Du 'grvkyEf idk yf g? 'ga=umifh aewk;d wk;d cJs@a&;ukd *smr%Du pdwrf 0ifpm;wmyg? tar&duefu yg;pyfe@J yJ wk;d cs@J ae+y;D vltiftm;udk *smr%Dudk pku d cf idk ;f aewmyg? 'g[m *smreftrsKd ;om;tusKd ;pD;yGm;eJ@ ruku d n f yD gb;l ? 'Dwu G cf surf a_ wGu tef*svmrmuJvu f kd ±k&mS ;orRwxHomG ;+yD; aewk;d wk;d cs@J a&; olrtaeeJ@ oabmrwlb;l qkw d m ajym=um;cJzh @dk jzpfvm&wmygy?J 'gt h jyif ±k&mS ;awGtaeeJ@ t&ifqAdk , D uf,el , D aH [mif;Ekid if aH wGtay: vGwv f w G v f yfvyf oabmxm; vkyaf qmifEidk f a=umif;ukdyg ajymqkdcJhygw,f? rmuJvfay;vkdufwJhowif;pum;uawmh *smr%D[m taemufwidk ;f Ekid if rH sm;&J@&nfreS ;f csuef @J ±k&mS ;&J@tiftm;csed cf iG n f m‡ t=um; =um;n‡yrf cHvdk awmhb;l qkw d mygy?J oabmuawmh *smr%D[m jyifopfe@J pD;yGm;a&;t& yl;wGv J yk f aqmifrmS jzpfovkd ±k&mS ;eJ@vnf; oifw h ifah tmif qufqo H mG ;r,fqw dk mygy?J 'D*smrefawG&@J vky&f yf[m aewd;k &J@ &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wkid u f dk ydwq f @dk vu dk +f y;D taemuf wkid ;f Ekid if rH sm;t=um; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf r_ sm;twGi;f tufa=umif; xoGm;ygawmhw,f?

87

21 pmpOf wu,fawmh 'Dtufa=umif;[m pwifay:aewm =um+yjD zpfayr,fh ±k&mS ;- a*sm*f s, D m ppfyu JG 'DtuGu J dk yk&d iS ;f oGm;apwmom jzpfygw,f? aewk;d rSm ta&S@uw kd ;dk Ekid w f hJ wu,fph pfa&;tiftm; r&Syd gb;l ? *smr%D&@J pdwyf g vufyg yl;aygi;f jcif;r&S&d if ydck ufrmS yg? tar&duefuvnf; o¿meft&om ppftiftm; oH;k Ekid af yr,fh tckid t f rm bmrSygrvmEkid yf gb;l ? 'ga=umifh aewk;d a&S@w;dk a&;wk@d / wk;d cs@J a&;wk@d qkw d m (tmz*efepPwefrmS aewk;d wyfpx JG m;ayr,h)f o}uFet f ajrmufom jzpfaeygw,f? *smr%D&@J orkid ;f u 'Dvrdk sKd ;qH;k jzwfcsuu f dk csrw S af pvku d w f myg? wkid ;f jynf[m pnf;vH;k nD!w G af e+y;D at;csr;f pGmvnf; aecsiaf eyg+y?D ppfat;umvwke;f u b0ukyd jJ zpfjzpf/ urBmppf}uD; 2 cktwGi;f u b0ukyd jJ zpfjzpf/ b,fawmhrS jyefroGm;vkad wmhygb;l ? 'ga=umifyh J aewk;d [m odomxif&mS ;pGmyJ yHyk suyf ef;ysuf jzpfomG ;cJ&h wmyg? 'Dvkdqkdawmh *smref0ef}uD;csKyf tef*svmrmuJvf[m tvGefvufawG@uspGm pOf;pm;Ekid w f hJ Ekid if aH &;orm;wOD;qkw d m ay:vGio f mG ;ygawmhw,f? uk;d um;?

? The Russian Resurgence by

George Freidman.

&J a bmf ± _ , Of

'gayrJh *smr%Du owd}uD;ygw,f? ±k&Sm;ukd txif rao;yg? *smr%D u k d , f w k d i f v nf ; yxrurB m ppf t+yD;rSm jzLumjymumusoGm;ayr,fh 1938 ckESpf rSmawmh Oa&my&J@ t"dutiftm;}uD; EkdifiHwEkdifiH tjzpf jyefay:cJhao;wmyJ? 'ga=umifh ±k&Sm;&J@ jyef emvefxvmEkdifr_tay: olwkd@u t+rJxnfh wGuf csuf c J h w myg?

88

21 pmpOf

obm0 ywf 0 ef ; usif xd e f ; od r f ; a&;

atmifaprk;d ukvor*~tzG@J }uD;utp urBm}uD;yk+d yD; ylaEG;vmwmukd pk;d &drw f }uD; ajymvmqkd vmae=uygw,f? Ekid if aH wmfawmfrsm;rsm;eJ@ ynm&Siaf wmfawmfrsm;rsm;u vlawG&@J rqif rjcifvyk af ewma=umifh obm0ywf0ef;usif ysu, f iG ;f vm+y;D urBm}u;D ylaEG;vmwmjzpfw,f? pufrx _ eG ;f um;wJEh idk if aH wGa=umifh obm00ef;usif npfnrf;wmjzpfw,f? pufrx _ eG ;f um;wJh Ekid if aH wG tcsi;f csi;f uvnf; ol@Eidk if u H igEh idk if x H uf obm00ef;usiu f dk ykn d pfnrf;apw,f ponfjzifh ajymqkad qG;aEG; jiif;cHak e=uygw,f? wcsKd @uvnf; obm00ef;usiu f dk rysu, f iG ;f atmif b,fvx dk ed ;f odr;f rvJq+dk y;D enf; vrf;&Sm=uygw,f? wcsKd @u ysupf ;D oGm;wJh ywf0ef;usiu f dk b,fvjdk yKjyif&rvJq+dk y;D enf;vrf;awG &Smae=uygw,f? 'Dupd [ P m obm0avmu}u;D eJ@ouf&adS vmu(tyif/ wd&p>mef/ vlowW0g) &J@ a*[ pepf jzpfpOf}uD; jzpfygw,f? urBmay:rSm a*[pepf[m t+rJwrf; v_y&f mS ;ajymif;vJaewm jzpfygw,f? a*[pepfwck ysuo f mG ;+yD; topfwck jzpfay:wm[m urBmay:rSm ouf&adS wG pwifjzpfay:vmuwnf;u jzpfygw,f? urBm}u;D &J@ a&/ ajr/ rsuEf mS oGijf yif/ &moDOwkawG[mvnf; urBmh oufwrf;eJ@tr# tqufrjywf v_y&f mS ;ajymif;vJaewm jzpfygw,f? urBmo h ufwrf;[m ESpo f ef;aygi;f 4500 &S+d yv D @dk od&ygw,f? urBmrSm ouf&adS wG pwifjzpfay:wmu vGecf w hJ hJ ESpo f ef; 1000 avmufu vk@d qkw d ,f? wcsKd @u oef; 3000 avmufu pwifr,fv@dk cef@reS ;f =uygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf a*[pepf[m vGecf w hJ hJ tESpo f ef; 1000 ausmu f wnf;u pwifvm+yD; t+rJrjywf ajymif; vJjzpfay:aewmvnf; awG@&ygvrd rhf ,f? tJ'v D dk rjywfjzpfay:ajymif;vJv@dk vnf; uae@vuf&dS

89

21 pmpOf a*[pepfrsKd ;awGudk awG@ae&+yD;/ 'Dvuf&dS a*[pepf[mvnf; qufvufjzpfay: ajymif;vJ aerSmyJ jzpfygw,f? urBm}uD;[m vGecf w hJ t hJ ESpf 1, 000,000 (woef;) up+yD;=unf&h if a&cJacwfe@J ylaEG;wJu h mv wvSnphf jD zpfay:cJw h m 4 }udr&f cdS +hJ yD jzpfw,f? a&cJacwf (glacial period) ukd rd;k rsm;umvvk@d vnf; ac:ygw,f? vGecf w hJ hJ tESpw f oef;u vGecf w hJ t hJ ESpf 550,000 txd umvrSm yxra&cJacwfe@J yxr ylaEG;wJah cwf wvSnphf jD zpfcw hJ ,f? vGecf w hJ hJ ESpf 550,000 u vGecf w hJ hJ ESpf 330,000 xd[m 'kw, d a&cJacwf jzpfcw hJ ,f? vGecf w hJ hJ tESpf 330,000 u vGecf w hJ hJ 280,000 txd[m 'kw, d ylaEG;wJu h mvjzpfw,f? vGecf w hJ hJ ESpf 280,000 uae vGecf w hJ hJ ESpf 125,000 =um; umv[m wwd,a&cJacwfjzpf w,f? vGecf w hJ hJ 125,000 u vGecf w hJ t hJ ESpf 75,000 =um;umv[m wwd, ylaEG;wJh umvjzpfcw hJ ,f? vGecf w hJ hJ tESpf 75,000 u vGecf w hJ hJ tESpf 10,000 txd[m pwkwaÎ &cJacwfumvjzpfcw hJ ,f? vGecf w hJ hJ tESpf 10,000 uae+yD; uae@txd[m pwkwyÎ al EG;wJh umvjzpfygw,f? 'kw, d a&cJacwfu p+yD;=unf&h if 'kw, d a&cJacwf[m 220,000 =umcJw h ,f? wwd,a&cJacwfoufwrf;[m ESpf 155,000 =umcJw h ,f? pwkwaÎ &cJacwfoufwrf;[m 65,000 &Scd w hJ ,f? 'kw, d ylaEG;wJah cwf[m ESpf 50,000 &Scd w hJ ,f? wwd, ylaEG;wJah cwf[m ESpf 50,000 jzpfwm awG@&r,f? 'DEpS u f mvawG[m aemufxyf okawoejyKcsuaf wG@&dS r_topfawG &Sv d m&if tajymif;tvJwcsKd @ &SEd idk yf gw,f? ESpf &m*%ef;txd tajymif; tvJ&&dS if awmif tajccHtajymif;tvJ rjzpfEidk w f ma=umifh tckawG@&x dS m;csuaf wG[m tckid t f rmtcsut f vufawGyv J @dk qkEd idk yf gw,f? 'DawG@&cdS sut f & a&cJacwfawG[m w}udrx f ufw}udrf oufwrf;wkd wkv d mwm awG@&+yD; ylaEG;wJu h mv 2 ck[m oufwrf;twlwyl q J w dk m awG@&ygr,f? 'gayrJh a&cJacwf awG&@J tat;qH;k [m b,favmuftxd at;cJw h ,f? ylaEG;wJu h mv&J@ tyljyif;qH;k tylcsed f [m b,favmuftxd &Scd w hJ ,fqw kd m rodEidk cf yhJ g? tck pwkwyÎ al EG;wJu h mv[m tESpf 10,000 yJ &Sad o;wm jzpfaeao;w,f? 'kw, d eJ@ wwd, ylaEG;umv&J@ oufwrf;[m 50,000 pD &Sw d m awG@&wma=umifh tu,fI pwkwt Î }udrf ylaEG;wJo h ufwrf;[m ESpf 50,000 jzpfr,fv@dk ,lqr,fq&dk if urBm}uD;[m vmr,fh ESpf 40,000 txd yl aEG;aeOD;r,fqw dk m cef@reS ;f vk@d &Ekid yf gw,f? 'Dvdk a&cJacwfjzpfvu dk /f ylaEG;vku d jf zpfpOfrmS ouf&o dS pfyife@J owW0g awG[m wcsKd @ rsKd ;±k;d aysmufu, G o f mG ;+y;D wcsKd @ qifu h jJ zpfpOft& topfjzpfay:wk;d yGm;oGm;wm awG@&w,f? (Homo) [kr dv dk @dk ac:wJh a&S;OD;vlom;vk@d qk&d r,fh owW0gawG[m a&cJacwfrwkid rf D vGecf w hJ hJ tESpf 2 oef;ausmaf vmuf uwnf;u ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? [krd dk trsKd ;aygi;f rsm;pGm &Sw d t hJ euf acwfvl om;jzpfwhJ (Homo sapiene) [krd q dk ufy, D [ H m 'kw, d a&cJacwftvGef 'kw, d ylaEG;wJu h mv vGecf w hJ hJ tESpf 300,000 avmufu p+yD;ay:xGe;f vmygw,f? wcsKd @u [krd dk qufy, D H (acwfvo l m;) [m vGecf w hJ hJ ESpf 100,000 avmufrmS ay:xGe;f vmw,fv@dk ,lqyg w,f? aocsmwmwckuawmh [krd adk wG[m a&cJacwf/ ylaEG;wJah cwfawG jzwfoef;&if; rsKd ;wH;k

90

21 pmpOf oGm;wm/ rsKd ;wk;H qifu h jJ zpfay:wk;d yGm;oGm;wmawGu qufvufjzpfay:wk;d yGm;oGm;wm awG@&ygw,f? pwkwaÎ &cJacwf tukeyf idk ;f umvrSmawmh Homo spien vk@d ac:wJh acwfvo l m; uvG+J yD; wjcm; [krd t dk m;vH;k rsKd ;wH;k aysmufu, G o f mG ;awmhw,f? 'gu=dk unf&h if acwfvo l m;[m a&cJacwfwcke@J ylaEG;wJah cwfwckudk jzwfoef;ausmf v$m; &Sio f efc+hJ yD; pwkwyÎ al EG;wJah cwfxrJ mS qufvuf&iS o f efaewm awG@&ygw,f? acwf vlom;[m obm0ywf0ef;usirf mS obm0tavsmuf vku d af vsmnDaxGjzpfatmif aexkid f &Sio f efwwf±rkH u ol@u, dk o f v l nf; jyKjyifajymif;vJ+y;D obm0ywf0ef;usiu f v dk nf; ajymif;vJ apwJeh nf; awGe@J qufvuf&iS o f efaewJh wckwnf;aom owW0gjzpfaejyefw,f? acwfvo l m;[m tvkyv f yk jf cif;jzifh tvkyt f wGuf ud&, d mwefqmyvmawG wD xGijf cif;jzifh ol&@J ±kyyf idk ;f qkid &f m pdwyf idk ;f qkid &f mukyd g ajymif;vJapcJh w,f? vltzG@J tpnf;twGi;f vltcsi;f csi;f qufqaH &;ukv d nf; ajymif;vJapcJw h ,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm obm00ef;usif ajymif; vJaewmukv d nf; oufa&muf *,uf±u dk cf wfapvku d w f ,f? vlaw pG u dk yf sKd ;wwfvmwma=umifh pku d yf sKd ;zk@d opfyifawG ckwx f iG &f iS ;f vif;&mrSm aoa=uysupf ;D wJt h yife@J ouf&o dS wW0gawG[m obm0tavsmuf aoa=uysupf ;D wJEh e_ ;f xuf rsm;jym;apcJyh gw,f? wzufrmS oD;ESH txGuw f ;dk apcJ+h yD; vlawG[m &SmazGpm;aomuf wJt h qifx h uf yk+d y;D 0vifatmife@J yHrk eS u f satmif pm;aomufEidk v f mw,f? aer_xidk rf _ ajymif; vJvmw,f? ykrd , dk Ofaus;vmw,f? tydt k v#&H v dS mawmh yk*v ~ u d ykid q f idk w f phJ epf jzpfvmw,f? vlwef;pm;uGjJ ym;vmw,f? tkypf ;dk olvw l ef;pm; ay:vm+yD; Ekid if aH &;tm%m/ tpk;d &qkw d m awG ay:vmw,f? ponfponfjzifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f rSmvnf; rjywfajymif;vJ v_y&f mS ;wJh jzpfpOfawG[m qufwu dk q f o dk vdk ay:vmwm uae@txdygy?J vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f v_y&f mS ;ajymif;vJr[ _ m obm00ef;usif ajymif;vJre_ @J pm&if ajymif;vJr_ odyjf refqef+yD; ±_yaf xG;ygw,f? vl@,Ofaus;r_[m tESpf 10,000 avmufrmS pwifcw hJ mjzpfayr,fh vGecf w hJ hJ tESpf 10,000 vlom;eJ@ uae@vo l m;awG[m xkwv f yk af &; t&/ aer_xidk rf t _ &/ ,Ofaus;r_tEkynmt&/ todynm/ twwfynmt& wjcm;pD jzpfuek f +yjD zpfygw,f? odyH` ynm t&Sed t f [keef @J zG@H +zKd ;wd;k wufvmaew,f? 'Dvjdk zpfawmh xkwv f yk af &; qufqrH r_ mS vlwef;pm;uGm[r_/ 'grrS [kwf qif;&Jcsr;f omuGm[r_ ody}f uD;oGm;w,f? vlwef;pm;wku d yf [ JG mvnf; aoG;pkyw f phJ epfwcku aemufaoG;pkyw f phJ epfwckudk ajymif;wJh wku d yf t JG ajctae r[kwaf wmhb/J aoG;pkyw f phJ epfudk zsuo f rd ;f wJw h u dk yf JG 'grrS [kwf t&if;tES;D yk*v ~ u d ykid q f idk rf u _ dk zsuo f rd ;f +yD; aoG;pkyrf r_ &Sad wmhwhJ vl@tzG@J tpnf; 'grrS [kwf vlwef;pm; uGjJ ym;r_ r&Sad wmhwhJ vl@tzG@J tpnf;ukd xlaxmifr,fh OD;wnfcsu&f w dS hJ wku d yf u JG kd a&mufae+yjD zpf w,f? vlwef;pm;wku d yf o JG rkid ;f rSm aemufq;kH wdu k yf JG jzpfae+yDjzpfw,f? 'Dvdk obm0avmu}uD;eJ@ qufpyf+yD; vl@tzG@J tpnf;}uD; v_y&f mS ; ajymif;vJ aewmudk vlawG[modr&_ &dS edS @J v_y&f mS ;ajymif;vJapcJw h m r[kwyf g? tr_rhJ trSwrf yhJ J v_y&f mS ; ajymif;vJapcJw h mjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh vl&@J pl;prf;csipf w d [ f mvnf; apmpGmuwnf;u oaE<wnf cJ+h y;D jzpfygw,f? vl@,Ofaus;r_ puwnf;u jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk pl;prf;csipf w d f qifjcifpOf;pm;wwf

91

21 pmpOf

r_[m aemufrmS vlawG odr&_ &dS edS @J ajymif;vJvy_ &f mS ;zk@d odomwm[m odyyH` nmxGe;f um; vm+yD;aemufrS jzpfygw,f? odyeH` nf;us qk&d , S v f pf0g' ok@d r[kwf rmhupf 0f g' ay:ayguv f mwJh tcgro S m vlawG [m odr&_ &dS edS @J v_y&f mS ;wwfvmwmjzpfw,f? 'gawmif vlwef;pm;uGjJ ym;aewJh vl@tzG@J tpnf; jzpfawmh rmhupf 0f g'ukd wcsKd @yJ vufcw H mjzpf+yD; vlwcsKd @u rmhupf 0f g'ukd tjyif;txef qef@ usiaf e=uwke;f yJjzpfygw,f? rmufp0f g' ay:vmrSyJ obm0avmu}u;D wckv;kH trSew f u,f jzpfysuv f y_ &f mS ;ae wJh w&m;oabmawGudk vlom;awG od&v dS mwmjzpfw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh rmhupf 0f g'[m obm0avmu}u;D ukd trSet f wkid ;f ±_jrif t"dym` ,fziG q hf dk Ekid w f ,f? vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ yuwd v_y&f mS ;r_w&m;oabm tajccHtcsut f vufawGudk t"dym` ,fziG q hf kd &Si;f jyEkid +f yD; vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ tem*wfvm;&mukv d nf; n¸ejf yvku d Ef idk yf gw,f? vl@,Ofaus;r_[m vlwef;pm; yËdyuQ/ vlwef;pm;wku fd yf aJG wGe@J zG@H +zdK;wk;d wuf jzpfay:wk;d yGm;vm+yD; vlwef; pm;wku d yf eJG @J yJ vlawG&@J yk*v ~ u d ykid q f ifdk w f phJ epfudk zsuo f rd ;f oGm;rSm jzpfw,fqw dk m odvmw,f? yk*v ~ u d ykid pf epfudk zsuo f rd ;f wm[m vlwef;pm;uGjJ ym;r_udk yaysmufomG ;aprSmjzpf+y;d vl@,Ofaus;r_[m aemuftqifjh rifw h ckudk ckeu f ;l wk;d yGm;oGm;rSm jzpfw,fqw dk m odvmw,f? tJ'v D @l ,Ofaus; r_rmS yk*v ~ u d ykid q f idk w f m r&So d vkd vlwef;pm;uGjJ ym;wm r&Sad wmh vlwef;pm;zdEydS af &; ud&, d m jzpfwhJ Ekid if aH &;tm%meJ@ Ekid if aH wmftpd;k &qkw d hJ ,E©&m;[mvnf; ysuo f mG ;ygvrd rhf ,fqw dk m odvmygw,f? vDeifuawmh Ekid if aH wmftpk;d & wpwp n‡Kd ;avsmaf jcmufaoG@omG ;r,fv@dk oH;k E_e;f ygw,f? 'Dvo dk jd rif+y;D odr&_ &dS dS v_y&f mS ;vmEkid w f t hJ wGuf awmfveS af &;awGqw dk m ayguf uGv J mw,f? awmfveS af &;&J@ aoe*FAsL[meJ@ enf;y&d,m,fqw dk mawGvnf; ay:ayguv f m wmyJ jzpfygw,f? vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f rSm 'Dvo dk rd &_ &dS dS v_y&f mS ;ovkd vlom;tygt0if ouf&adS vm ueJ@ obm0avmu tjyeftvSeq f ufqaH &;jzpfwhJ a*[pepfrmS vnf; odr&_ &dS edS @J ajymif;vJ v_y&f mS ;zd@k owdjyKvm=uygw,f? tde*f ,fu vlawG&@J obm0avmuukd xkwv f yk af &;twGuf jyKjyif&mu obm0avmu}uD;u vlom;awGudk jyef'%fcwfwwfw,fqw dk m[m a*[ pepfajymif;vJrr_ mS vlom;awG[m odr&_ &dS edS @J ajymif;vJvy_ &f mS ;zk@d ajymwmjzpfygw,f? uae@ vlawG obm0avmu}uD;&J@ jzpfay:ajymif;vJwmawGudk ykrd pdk ;l prf;avh vm+yD; vl@avmu}uD;ukd b,fvdk oufa&mufaprvJqw dk mukd aqG;aEG; jiif;cHak e=uw,f? vl@vy_ &f mS ;r_u obm0avmu}u;D ukd b,fvx dk cd u dk f oufa&mufaprvJqw dk m jiif;cHak e=u ygw,f? 'Dvdk jiif;cHak qG;aEG;&mrSm a*[pepfwck b,fvdk ysu, f iG ;f aew,fqw dk m pl;prf;ovkd 'Dysu, f iG ;f r_udk b,fvx dk ed ;f odr;f =urvJqw kd myJ tav;wif;aqG;aEG;ae=uwm jzpfaeygw,f? wu,fawmh vl@ya,m*a=umifh a*[pepfysu, f iG ;f r_ jrefqefaewmukd b,fvt dk &Sed f av#mh csrvJqw dk mavmufyJ aqG;aEG;ae=uwm jzpfaeao;w,f? 'g[m vlawG&@J odr&_ &dS dS v_y&f mS ; wm&J@ wpdww f a'oyJ jzpfvrd rhf ,f? obm0avmu}u;D rSm urBm}u;D [m ylaEG;vmwJh pwkwaÎ cwfxu J dk 0ifa&mufvm

92

21 pmpOf wm ESpaf ygi;f 10,000 &Sad e+y;D / 'Dyal EG;r_[m qufvufjzpfay:aew,fqw dk mukv d nf; pl;prf;& r,f/ xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&r,f? vl@ya,m*a=umifh obm0avmu}u;D b,fvx dk cd u fdk af jymif; vJaewmudv k nf; xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&ygvrd rhf ,f? 'gawGukd tbufbufu xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&if a*[pepfwckudk rajymif;vJatmif xde;f odr;f xm;vk@d r&bl;qdw k m awG@&rSmyJ jzpfw,f? vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm vl@tzG@J tpnf;topf/ vl@,Ofaus;r_topfwcktwGuf odr&_ &dS dS OD;wnf ajymif;vJovkd a*[pepftopfwck ay:vmEkid w f mawGukd odr&_ &dS dS rSe;f qxm;+y;D vlom;[m a*[pepftopfrmS b,fvq dk ufvuf &Sio f efaexkid o f mG ;&rvJqw dk hJ vrf;n¸e&f @J tajzukd &Sm &if; zefw;D r_awG vkyo f mG ;&rSmyJ jzpfw,f? 'Dae@urBm}uD; ylaEG;vmr_twGuf pk;d &dryf yl efae=uwm/ ywf0ef;usif xde;f odr;f a&; awGvyk af ewmawG tm;vH;k [m a*[pepfysu, f iG ;f r_ aES;auG;atmifvyk af &; aqG;aEG;aeovkd a*[pepfopfrmS b,fv&dk iS o f efaexkid zf @dk jyif qifra_ wG vkyo f mG ;=u&rSmjzpfygw,f? tJ'grS wu,fxad &mufwhJ obm0ywf 0ef;usif xde;f odr;f a&;eJ@ obm0avmu}u;D eJ@ vlom;awG vku d af vsmnDaxG aexkid Ef idk w f hJ tajctaeudk zefw;D Ekid rf mS jzpfygw,f? vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm wu,fwrf; +ird ;f csr;f a&;qdw k m vlwef;pm;uGjJ ym;r_ r&Sad wmhwhJ tcsed rf S &Syd gvrd rhf ,f? vltcsi;f csi;f xdyw f u dk yf ËdyuQawG jzpfaevk@d r+ird ;f rcsr;f jzpfwmjzpfygr,f? vlwef;pm;uGjJ ym;aevk@d vnf; xdyw f u dk yf ËdyuQ jzpfaewmyg? xdyw f u dk yf ËdyuQ r&Sad wmhwhJ tcg rSm +ird ;f csr;f r_[m wu,f&v dS mrSm jzpfygw,f? tJ't D cgrmS vltcsi;f csi;f rSm yËdyuQr&Sad wmh wm r[kwb f J &Sw d yhJ ËdyuQudk yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G w f ehJ nf;eJ@ ajz&Si;f oGm;&if ,Ofaus;r_}u;D rm;wJh pm&dwjW rifrh m;wJ/h vl@tzG@J tpnf;xkwv f yk af &; ykrd jdk rifrh m;/ ydrk akd xGjym;+yD; vlom;w&yfv;kH ukd tusKd ;jyKwJ/h xkwv f yk q f ufqaH &;rsKd ;awG jzpfwnfomG ;rSm jzpfygw,f? ? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ajymif;vJr_[m jrefqefygw,f? obm0avmu}uD;uawmh ol@yifu, fdk af jymif;vJr[ _ m vl@tzG@J tpnf;ajymif;vJre_ @J E_id ;f pm&if aES;auG;ygw,f? vGecf w hJ hJ tESpf 10,000 avmufu urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmwm[m b,favmufrS odomwmr[kwyf g? vGecf w hJ hJ tESpf 10,000 up+y;D uae@txd vlom;awG&@J ajymif;vJw;dk wufru _ awmh tHrh cef; ygy?J txl;ojzifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm pufra_ wmfveS af &;jzpfwt hJ csed /f t&if;&Sipf epfu ya'o &mZfpepfudk tvJx;dk +yD; tm;aumif;armif;oefjzpfwt hJ csed rf mS vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ ajymif;vJr_ [m odyjf refvmygw,f? 'Dvdk vl@tzG@J tpnf;ajymif;vJvmwmeJ@tr# vl@vt dk yfrt _ wGuf xkw, f o l ;kH pGw J m rsm;jym;vmwJh obm0avmu}u;D xdcu dk rf r_ sm;jym;vm+y;D urBm}u;D ylaEG;r_ ukd jrefqefapvmygw,f? 20 &mpk ESpOf ;D ykid ;f rSm ayguu f cJG w hJ hJ qk&d , S v f pfawmfveS af &;a=umifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm t&if;&Sipf epfe@J qk&d , S v f pfpepfqw dk m wnf&v dS mygw,f? 'Dpepf 2 ck&@J yËdyuQa=umifyh J vl@tzG@J tpnf;[m ckeyf sw H ;dk wufvmygw,f? 'gayrJh wu,fh +idr;f csr;f a&; uawmh r&Sad o;yg? xkwv f yk af &;awGvnf; wk;d vmw,f? twwfynm enf;ynmawG wk;d wufvmw,f? odyyH` nm ayguu f rJG j_ zpfvmw,f? obm0ywf0ef;usif ykx d cd u dk v f mw,f? a*[pepfawG wck+yD;wck ajymif;oGm;ygr,f? vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm vlwef;pm;r&Sad wmhbJ wu,f+h idr;f csr;f a&; &So d mG ;&if vl@tzG@J

93

21 pmpOf tpnf; zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufr[ _ m 'Dxufyjdk refqefomG ;rSm jzpfw,f? a*[pepfawGvnf; ydrk dk ajymif;vJomG ;ygvrd rhf ,f? 'ga=umifh a*[pepfrajymif;atmif xde;f xm;vk@d r&yg? vl@tzG@J tpnf;vnf; rajymif;vJomG ;atmif xde;f xm;vk@d r&yg? vl@ya,m*a=umifh a*[pepf ysu, f iG ;f wJEh e_ ;f aES;auG;oGm;atmif xde;f odr;f Ekid o f avmuf xde;f odr;f &if a*[pepf topfwck b,fvadk y: ayguEf idk af jc&Sw d ,fqw dk m pl;prf;um tJ'aD *[pepfopfrmS vlom;[m vku d af vsmnDaxG &Sif oefEidk af tmif b,fvadk exkid &f r,fqw dk hJ jyifqifra_ wG vkyo f mG ;&rSm jzpfygw,f? tJ'gomv#if vl@tzG@J tpnf; jzpfay:wk;d yGm;a&;eJ@ a*[pepfawGe@J vlom;awG vku d af vsmnDaxG&iS o f efEidk af &; jzpfygr,f? ? atmifaprk;d

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm wu,fwrf; +idrf;csrf;a&;qdkwm vl wef ; pm;uG J j ym;r_ r&S d a wmh w J h t csd e f r S &S d y gvd r f h r ,f ? vl tcsif;csif; xdyfwkdufyËdyuQawG jzpfaevkd@ r+idrf;rcsrf; jzpf w mjzpf y gr,f ? vl w ef ; pm;uG J j ym;aevk d @ vnf ; xd y f wkdufyËdyuQ jzpfaewmyg? xdyfwkdufyËdyuQ r&SdawmhwJh tcgrS m +id r f ; csrf ; r_ [ m wu,f & S d v mrS m jzpf y gw,f ? tJ ' D t cgrS m vl t csif ; csif ; rS m yËd y uQ r&S d a wmh w m r[k w f b J &S d w J h y Ëd y uQ u k d yl ; aygif ; aqmif & G u f w J h e nf ; eJ@ ajz&Sif;oGm;&if ,Ofaus;r_}uD;rm;wJh pm&dwW jrifhrm; wJ h / vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; xk w f v k y f a &; yk d r k d j rif h r m;/ yd k r d k axG jym;+yD; vlom;w&yfvHk;ukd tusdK;jyKwJh/ xkwfvkyf quf qH a &;rsd K ;awG jzpf w nf o G m ;rS m jzpf y gw,f ? ?

94

21 pmpOf

vlwef;pm;zsuo f rd ;f a&;wku d yf &JG Jh

ed'gef; rk;d atmifpnf 20 &mpktukeyf idk ;f ESpaf wGjzpfwhJ txl;ojzifh ppfat;umv ukeq f ;kH oGm;wJh tcsed u f p+yD; rmhupf f 0g'[m acwfuek o f mG ;+yDv@dk ajymoHqo dk aH wG xGuv f mw,f? qkAd , D uf,el , D H +yKd uGo J mG ;wJt h cgrmS rmhupf f 0g'[m +yKd uGo J mG ;+yv D @k d ,lqolawGvnf; ay:vmw,f? rmhupf f 0g'[m oabmw&m;tpkwt f jywfq+dk y;D csKd ;zJah jymqko d al wGvnf; ay:vmw,f? orkid ;f ±ky0f g' ed*;kH csKyf+yDv@dk ajymolawGvnf; &Sv d mw,f? vlorkid ;f [m vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDrmS ed*;kH csKyf oGm;+yv D @dk ,lqolawGvnf; ay:vmw,f? vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDomv#if vlom;awG&@J xGuf ayguv f @dk ajymolawGvnf; toHus,af vmifvmw,f? 'Dv, dk q l olawG[m urBm}u;D rSm&Sad ewJh vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm t&if;&Sipf epfomv#if rajymif;rvJ xm0&wnf&v dS rd rhf ,fv@dk em;vnfoal wG jzpfw,f? vlaer_pepf/ vlaer_ypkH /H vl@orkid ;f acwfawG[m rjywf ajymif;vJjzpfay:wk;d yGm;aew,fqw dk mukd em;rvnfoal wG 'grrS [kwf rodcsiaf ,mifaqmifaeolawG jzpfygw,f? ykyo f ;dk aqG;ajr@aewJh t&if;&Sipf epf&@J twGi;f oabmukd rjrifbJ odyyH` nmenf;ynm tultnD eJ@ t&if;&Sipf epf&@J aoG;pkyrf u _ dk qufvuf&iS o f efEidk af tmif vkyx f m;Ekid w f hJ bufuo dk m=unf+h yD; t&if;&Sipf epfom vl@tzG@J tpnf;wk;d wufru _ dk jzpfapw,fv@dk tay:,H&yS +f yD; taygpm;aumufcsucf sxm;olawGom jzpfygw,f? 20 &mpktpykid ;f r[matmufwb dk m qk&d , S v f pfawmfveS af &;}uD; atmifycJG +H yD; uwnf;u urBmay:rSm t&if;&Sipf epftjyif opfviG w f q hJ &dk , S v f pfpepfyg wnf&adS ew,fqw dk hJ trSew f &m;ukd rsuu f , G jf yKae=uolawG jzpfw,f? tkad [mif;oGm;wJph epfwck[m ol@tvkv d dk tomav; ae&mz,fay;vdrrhf ,fv@kd em;vnfwhJ vltvleawG jzpfygw,f? opfviG w f hJ vlrp_ epfwck[m tcuftcJr&S/d tqkwt f wuf/ tauG@taumufr&Sd worwfwnf; zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufomG ;r,fv@dk em;vnfwhJ orkid ;f A[kow k EHck smolawG jzpfygw,f? vl@orkid ;f rSm tdak [mif; wJph epfe@J opfviG w f ;dk wufwphJ epfw@dk[m wku d yf rJG jywfqif=u&if; ESpzf ufv;kH rSm twuftqkwf tauG@taumufawG jzwfoef;=u&w,f? tJ'v D dk jzwfoef;=u&if; aemufq;kH rSm tkad [mif;wJh

95

21 pmpOf

pepf[m a=ujyKef;oGm;+yD; opfviG w f phJ epfu atmifycJG o H mG ;ygw,f? tJ'v D dk atmifycJG v H u dk f wm[m jzpfpOfwck+yD;qH;k oGm;ovkd jzpfpOftopfwckudk qufvufw;dk yGm;oGm;wmjzpfae w,f? urBmay:rSm wu,frh mhupf 0f g'aD wGom 'Dvdk =unfjh rifwwf=uygw,f? 'Dvdk ,H=k unf =uygw,f? 'Dvdk v_y&f mS ;=uygw,f? p=um0VmeJ@tr# obm0avmu}uD;wckv;kH (ouf&o dS ufrahJ vmutygt0if) wk@d [m ±kyjf 'yfawGjzpf+y;D rjywfvy_ &f mS ;ajymif;vJum tJ'v D y_ &f mS ;ajymif;vJ&mrSm tEkyËdavmr enf;t&yJ jzpfw,f? vl@avmu[mvnf; tJ'o D abmtwkid ;f yJ v_y&f mS ;jzpfay: wk;d yGm;ae w,fqw dk m rmhupf u f awG@jrifw,f? azmfxw k w f ifjyEkid cf w hJ ,f? 'g[m obm0avmu}u;D / vl@tzG@J tpnf;wckv;kH &J@ wnf&jdS zpfay:v_y&f mS ;aewJh yuwdtrSew f &m;ukd rmhupf u f azmfxw k f vku d Ef idk w f m jzpfygw,f? vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm yk*v ~ u d ykid q f idk w f phJ epf ay:ayguv f muwnf;u zdEydS af oG;pkyo f l vlwef;pm;eJ@ zdEydS cf aH oG;pkycf H vlwef;pm;ay:ayguv f mw,f? tJ'g[m vlwef; pm;wku d yf jJG zpfay:apwmjzpf+y;D / vl@orkid ;f [m vlwef;pm;wku d yf o JG rkid ;f yJ jzpfomG ;w,f? 'Dvw l ef; pm;wku d yf o JG rkid ;f [m aoG;pkyw f phJ epfawGtm;vH;k ukd zsuo f rd ;f ypfwt hJ csed f wenf;tm;jzifh vl wef;pm;tm;vH;k zsuo f rd ;f +y;D csed rf mS +y;D qH;k oGm;rSmjzpf+y;D / vlwef;pm;rJh vlavmu}u;D &J@orkid ;f ukd vlawG qufa&;oGm;vdrrhf ,f? tJ'g[m rmhupf w f ifjywJh orkid ;f ±ky0f g' wpHv k ;kH &J@ tESpcf sKyfy?J rmhupf &f @J rEkyËd avmr±ky0f g'eJ@ orkid ;f ±ky0f g'tjrifawG[m odyyH` nmxGe;f um;vmwmeJ@tr# rSeu f efa=umif;oufaojy csuaf wG ykrd x dk u G af y:vmaeygw,f? rmhupf 0f g' rwkid cf ifu&Scd w hJ hJ tbd"rRm (urBmt h jrif) eJ@ orkid ;f tjrifawGudk rmhupf u f tajctjrpfuae &Si;f xkwv f u dk Ef idk f +y;D trSew f &m;ukd azmfxw k Ef idk cf yhJ gw,f? uae@ rmhupf 0f g'ukd qef@usiw f u dk cf u dk af eolawG[m rmhupf &f @J tEkyËdavmruk/d ±ky0f g'eJ@ orkid ;f ±ky0f g' trSew f &m;ukd enf;enf;uav;awmif ukid f v_yEf idk pf rG ;f r&S=d uyg? wenf;ajym&if rmhupf w f ifjywJh trSew f &m;awGudk olw@dk b,fvrdk S acs zsuEf idk pf rG ;f / vGeq f efEidk pf rG ;f r&S=d uyg? uae@rmhupf 0f g'ukd ±_wcf sjypfwifaeolawG[m rmhupf f ajymcJw h t hJ qkt d rde@f wpGe;f wpukd qGx J w k +f yD; uae@acwftajctaeeJ@ yHpk cH s pGy=f unfv h u dk f =uw,f? ruku d n f w D mawGudk yH}k u;D cs@J vk&d mqGaJ wG;+y;D uayguw f u d aygucf sm ajymqkd a0zef a&;om;ae=uwmjzpfw,f? rmhufpf0g'ukd tajctjrpfusus a0zefy,fvSefEkdifpGrf;ol wa,mufrS r&Syd g? rmhupf 0f g'rS tEkyËdavmr±ky0f g'eJ@ orkid ;f ±ky0f g’[m tJ'aD vmufcidk rf m =unfvifjywfom;ygw,f? rmhupf 0f g'ukd vrf;n¸et f jzpf qkyu f idk +f y;D vlry_ uwdb0ukd tuJjzwfum vlwef;pm; wku d yf v JG rf;a=umif;ukd csrw S &f wmjzpfygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh Ekid if aH &;vrf;pOfukd csrw S =f u& wmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk vkyw f mrSm yuwdbm0ukd trSew f u,fxif[yfEidk &f if rSeu f efwhJ Ekid if aH &; vrf;pOfe@J enf;emawG/ ay:vpDawG csrw S Ef idk yf gw,f? rSeu f efwhJ }uKd wifwu G cf surf a_ wG vkyEf idk f ygw,f? 'gayrJyh uwdbm0rSm tay:,Htjcif;t&meJ@ twGi;f oabmqk+d y;D t+rw J rf;&Sw d wf wma=umifh vlawG&@J odjrifrr_ mS 'Dupd aP wGudk &mE_e;f jynfx h if[yfEidk zf @kd tawmfcufygw,f? 'ga=umifyh J rmhupf 0f g' v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f rSm tjrifuv JG rJG a_ wG ay:wmygy?J 'Dvdk tjrifuv JG rJG _ awGudk rmhupf w f @dk uk, d w f idk v f nf; }uKH awG@c=hJ u&wmygy?J 'Dvdk tjrifuv JG v JG m&if vufawG@jzwf

96

21 pmpOf oef;+yD; ajz&Si;f =u&jyefygw,f? rmhupf w f @dk tde*f ,fw@dk toufxif&mS ;&Spd Ofu t&if;&Sipf epf/ e,fcs@J pepf&@J oGijf yif [m wrsKd ;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh rmhupf w f @dk u wurBmvH;k eJ@cs+D yD; ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &; 'grS r[kwf qk&d , S v f pfawmfveS af &;ukd vky&f r,fv@dk yJ jrifygw,f? 'gayrJh rmhupf w f @dk tde*f ,fw@dk uG,v f eG +f y;D wJah emuf jzpfay:wk;d yGm;vm wJh t&if;&Sief ,fcs@J pepf&@J ykyo f ;dk aqG;ajrrh e_ @J csnehf @J ru _ dk awG@&o dS mG ;wJh vDeifu e,fcs@J tiftm; oH}uKd ;uGi;f quftaysmq h ;kH ae&mrSm ±ku d cf sKd ;Ekid w f ,f? wkid ;f jynfwckcsi;f rSmvnf; qk&d , S v f pfawmfveS af &; vkyEf ifdk w,f vk@d oH;k oyf+y;D vufawG@vyk f aqmifvu dk yf gw,f? yuwdtajctaeukd vDeif wu,fxif[yfvu fdk Ef idk w f t hJ cgrmS ±k&mS ;Ekid if H rSm r[mqk&d , S v f pfawmfveS af &;ukd atmifjrifpmG qifEEJ$ idk cf yhJ gw,f? ±k&mS ;Ekid if rH mS awmh bk&if aoG;pkyzf Ed ydS t f yk cf sKyfwphJ epfudk tqH;k owfapvku d Ef idk yf gw,f? 'Dvdk atmufwb dk m qk&d , S v f pfawmfveS af &; atmifjrifwt hJ cgrmS Ekid if w H umu tkypf ;dk ol t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm;tpk;d & (txl;ojzifh Oa&myEkid if rH sm;) u vDeif OD;aqmifwhJ qkAd , D uftpd;k & (tvkyo f rm; v,form;tm%m) ukd jzKwcf sz@dk vH;k yef;=uygw,f? ±k&mS ;jynf wGi;f u aoG;pkyo f v l w l ef;pm;uvnf; vH;k yef;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh jynfwiG ;f ppf jzpfvu dk yf gao; w,f? vDeifuvnf; awmfveS af &; atmifo;D atmifEHS xde;f odr;f Ekid zf @dk e@J awmfveS af &;wk;d cs@J Ekid zf @kd ukv d ekd ED idk if aH wGu v,form;vlwef;pm; tzdEydS cf jH ynfoal wG&@J e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &; wku d yf JG awGe@J aygi;f ul;rdatmif vkyEf idk cf yhJ gw,f? 'ga=umifu h rBmrSm t&if;&Sief ,fcs@J pepfe@J qk&d , S v f pfpepfwu dk yf [ JG m odoo d mom }uD; jzpfay:vmw,f? tzdEydS cf jH ynfoal wG trsKd ;om;awG[m rdrw d @kd b0 vGwaf jrmufz@kd twGuq f &dk if t&if;&Sief ,fcs@J pepfudk qef@usi+f yD; qk&d , S v f pfpepfudk axmufc&H r,fqw dk m odvm=uw,f? tJ'g[m urBmay:rSm vlwef;pm;wku d yf t JG oGit f jyif wrsKd ;wzHk ajymif;oGm; wmyJjzpfygw,f? 'Dtjyif vlwef;pm;wku d yf [ JG m vlwef;pm;&Sw d hJ vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm qifEw J$ hJ aemufq;kH wku d yf v JG nf;jzpfygw,f? vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm vlwef;pm;awG uGjJ ym;vm+y;D vlwef;pm; wku d yf JG qifEv J$ mwmrSm aoG;pkyrf p_ epfwckuae aemufaoG;pkyrf p_ epfwckudk ajymif;oGm;apcJh wmom jzpfygw,f? uae@t&if;&Sipf epfe@J qk&d , S v f pfpepfjzpfaewJh vlwef;pm;wku d yf u JG awmh aoG;pkyw f phJ epfzsuo f rd ;f a&;/ vlwef;pm;awGzsuo f rd ;f a&; wku d yf jJG zpfygw,f? urBmv h o l m;w&yf vH;k [m 20 &mpktpykid ;f 'grrS [kwf 1917 ckEpS f ±k&mS ; r[matmufwb dk mawmfveS af &; atmifycJG w H hJ tcsed u f p+y;D 'Dorkid ;f acwf}u;D xJrmS jzwfoef;usiv f nf&wm jzpfomG ;ygw,f? t&if;&Sipf epfu vlwef;pm;uGjJ ym;r_e@J aoG;pkyw f phJ epfudk xde;f odr;f a&;jzpf+y;D qk&d , S v f pfpepf uawmh vlwef;pm;uGjJ ym;r_e@J aoG;pkypf epfudk zsuo f rd ;f a&;jzpfygw,f? 'Dwu dk yf [ JG m ESpu f mv tm;jzifh &mpkEpS ef @J cs+D y;D =umEkid yf gw,f? 'gayrJh &mpkEpS f aygi;f rsm;pGm =ump&mta=umif;r&Syd g? t&if;&Sipf epf[m vuf0g;}u;D tkyt f &if;&Sipf epf/ e,fcs@J pepftxd zG@H +zKd ;oGm;wJh tcg rSm t&if;&Siv f uf0g;}uD;tkyf e,fcs@J ot l csi;f csi;f aps;uGuv f &k mu urBm}uD;ukd jyefvnf cGaJ 0,l=u&r,ft h ajctaeudk a&mufvmw,f? vuf0g;}uD;tkyt f &if;&Sif e,fcs@J pepf[m uyfyg;pepfjzpfw,f? ol aoG;pkypf &me,fy,f/ aoG;pkypf &mae&m r&S&d if ol@touf&iS &f yfwnf

97

21 pmpOf a&; rjzpfEidk af wmhyg? 'ga=umifh urBm}u;D rSm aps;uGuef ,fy,fawG jyefvnf cGaJ 0,l&r,ft h xd vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sif e,fcsJ@orm;tcsif;csif;rSm yËdyuQ onf;oefjyif;xefygw,f? 'DyËdyuQudk ppfyeJG nf;eJ@ ajz&Si;f =uw,f? 'ga=umifh yxrurBmppf}uD;jzpfvmw,f? (1914 1918)? 'Dvdk e,fcs@J t&if;&Sit f csi;f csi;f taota=uwku d =f uwJh tajctaeukd tcGiahf umif; ,l+y;D vDeifO;D aqmifwhJ abmfv&f ADS pfygwD (aemifrmS qkAd , D uf,el , D H uGejf rLepfygw)D u ±k&mS ; r[matmuf wkb d mqk&d , S v f pfawmfveS af &;ukd 1917 rSm atmifjrifpmG qifEEJ$ idk cf yhJ gw,f? t&if;&Sief ,fcs@J orm;awG[m yxrurBmppfyeJG @J olw@dk &@J yËdyuQawGudk ajz&Si;f vku d f +y;D wJah emuf jyefvnfae&mcs tm;arG;=ujyefw,f? ppfEidk f Ekid if aH wGu ppf±;H_ Ekid if aH wG emvefrxl Ekid af tmif tpDtpOfawGcs vkyaf qmif=uygw,f? ppf±;_H Ekid if aH wGuvnf; ra=uyGEJ zJ$ @dk jyif qifra_ wG vky=f uygw,f? wzufrmS topfay:vmwJh qk&d , S v f pfpepfudk ykcufwiG ;f rSmyif vnfrsKd np‡ o f wfz@dk }uKd ;pm;=uygw,f? t&if;&Sief ,fcsJ @orm;awG[m uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;rSm wln=D u+yD; vnfyif;zuf vufwEJG idk =f uayr,fh olw@dk tcsi;f csi;f jzpfwhJ yËdyuQrmS usawmh tjyeftvSef vnfrsKd n‡p=f uygw,f? 'ga=umifh t&if;&Sief ,fcs@J orm;awGrmS zufqpftyk pf ek @J zufqpfr[kww f hJ t&if;&Si'f rD u dk a&pDtyk pf q k +dk yD; 'D2 ck odoo d mom uG+J yJomG ;ygw,f? vDeifpwmvifw@dk acgi;f aqmifwhJ qkAd , D uf,el , D u H eG jf rLepfygw[ D m t&if;&Sif e,fcs@J pepf&@J oabmobm0ukd pepfwus cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmavhvm+yD; e,fcs@J orm;awG&@J yËd yuQudk urBmah wmfveS af &;twGuf toH;k csEidk cf yhJ gw,f? 'Dvv dk yk Ef idk w f m[m vDeifw@dk pwmvif wk@d [m rmhupf &f @J urBmt h jrifudk qkyu f idk f +y;D rmhupf &f @J enf;emawGt& t&if;&Sief ,fcs@J pepfudk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm avhvmoH;k oyfEidk cf v hJ @dk jzpfygw,f? w enf;tm;jzifh rmhupf 0f g'ukd vrf;n¸et f jzpf cH,u l sio hf ;kH Ekid cf v hJ @dk jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh vDeifpwmvifw@dk [m rmhupf 0f g' v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f rSm ay:ayguv f mwJh rSm;,Gi;f wJt h ,ltqukv d nf; ajz&Si;f ypfvu dk Ef idk w f ,f? urBmu h eG jf rLepf tzG@J csKyjf zpfwhJ wwd,tifwmae&Sief ,fuv dk nf; xlaxmifvu dk Ef ikd w f ,f? urBmh ae&mtoD; oD;ukd rmhupf 0f g' jyef@ymG ;oGm;atmif vkyv f u dk Ef idk cf w hJ ,f? e,fcs@J pepfudk qef@usiaf ewJh ukd vdek D ukv d ekd w D ykid ;f Ekid if u H trsKd ;om;vGwv f yfa&;eJ@ vGwaf jrmufa&;wku d yf aJG wGuv dk nf; vrf; n¸et f m;jznfah y;Edik cf w hJ ,f? qk&d , S v f pfvy_ &f mS ;r_ 'grrS [kwf rmhupf 0f g'v_y&f mS ;r_[m *k%f odumQ wufcw hJ ,f? t&Sed jf rifrh m;cJw h ,f? t&if;&Sief ,fcs@J pepfbufrmS awmh olw@dk yËdyuQudk ajyvnfatmif rajz&Si;f Ekid b f J wae@xufwae@ &efapmifvm=uwma=umifh 1939 ckEpS af &mufwt hJ cgrmS 'kw, d urBmppf}u;D jzpfwt hJ xd yËdyuQ[m jyif;xefcw hJ ,f? wu,fawmh t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J orm;acgi;f aqmifwhJ tkypf ek @J zufqpf0if±;dk wef;Ekid if aH wGjzpfwhJ tDwvD/ *smr%D/ *syefqw dk hJ t&if;&Sief ,fcs@J tyk pf k 2 ck wku d w f hJ ppfyyJG jJ zpfw,f? 'D e,fcs@J orm;tcsi;f csi;f jzpfwphJ pfyu JG dk toH;k cs+yD; ukv d edk D Ekid if aH wG&@J trsKd ;om;vGwv f yfa&;eJ@ vGwaf jrmufa&;v_y&f mS ;r_awG[mvnf; t&Sed t f [kef jrifw h ufvmcJw h ,f? *smr%Du qkAd , D uf,el , D u H kd 0ifwu dk v f u dk w f t hJ cgrmS awmh 'kw, d urBmppfy&JG @J e,fcs@J tcsi;f csi;f cif;wJh ppfyv JG uQ%muae zufqpfqef@usiaf &;/ trsKd ;om; vGwv f yfa&;ppfyv JG uQ%mukd ajymif;oGm;ygw,f? wwd,tifwmae&Sief ,fu zufqpfqef@

98

21 pmpOf usiaf &;/ trsKd ;om;vGwv f yfa&;eJ@ vGwaf jrmufa&;v_y&f mS ;r_awG tifwu dk t f m;wku d f vkyf aqmif=uatmif v_H@aqmfwm a&S@aqmifvrf;n¸efwmawG vkyfygw,f? ppfyGJvuQ%m ajymif;vJomG ;+yD; Ekid if t H oD;oD; ae&m,lra_ wG tajymif;tvJawG odyjf refqefwma=umifh wae&mwnf;uae OD;pD;vkyaf qmifz@dk cufcw J ma=umifh uGejf rLepfygwrD sm;[m rdrq d ikd &f m vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm xdxad &mufa&muf acgi;f aqmifra_ y;Ekid zf @dk twGuf wwd, tifwmae&Sif e,fudk uGejf rLepfygwrD sm; oabmwlncD sut f & 1943 arv 15 &ufae@rmS tr_ aqmiftzG@J u w&m;0ifzsuo f rd ;f a=umif; a=unmvku d yf gw,f? urBmu h eG jf rLepfygwaD wG[m tm;aumif; armif;oefay:xGuv f mwJh rmhupf 0f g' urBmtES@H t&Sed =f oZm}uD;}uD;eJ@ ys@H E@HS omG ;wJh oabm jzpfygw,f? wzufrmS t&if;&Sief ,fcs@J pepf[m ppfy'JG %fa=umifh tm;ysun f K‡ ;d a&mfomG ;um ukv d edk t D rsm;tjym;ukd vufvw G q f ;kH ±H;_ oGm;&ygw,f? 'kw, d urBmppft+y;D rSm t&if;&Sief ,fcs@J tyk pf b k ufrmS tar&duef[m acgi;f aqmif r_&vmw,f? t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J orm;uawmh txnf}u;D ysuf jzpfomG ;ygw,f? e,fcs@J tcsi;f csi;f jzpfwhJ yËdyuQuv dk nf; wenf;wzHk ajyavsmah tmif xde;f n‡w d mawG vky=f uygw,f? ta&S@O a&mywckv;kH qk&d , S v f pfEidk if aH wG jzpfvmw,f? 'kw, d urBmppfrmS e,fcs@J zufqpftyk pf u k dk tEkid w f u dk Ef ifdk w f hJ t&if;&Si'f rD u dk a&pDtyk pf ek @J qdk &S,v f pftyk pf w k @kd [m urBmu h v k or*~tzG@J udk xlaxmifvu dk =f uw,f? urBmrSm t&if;&Si'f rD u dk a&pDe@J qkd &S,v f pf'rD u kd a&pDtyk pf k tjyif vGwv f yfcgpEkid if aH wG pkpnf;xlaxmifwhJ bufrvku d t f yk pf q k +dk y;D tiftm;pkawG ay:vmw,f? pepfcsif;rwlwJhEkdifiHawG +idrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJaexkdifa&;qdkwJh +idrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOf wGaJ exkid af &;rl 5 csuu f dk Ekid if cH si;f qufq&H mrSm usio hf ;kH zk@d bufrvku d =f um;aea&;tkypf u k pwifwifjy&mu aemifrmS urBmu h v k or*~}uD;uyg 'Dru l dk twnfjyKusio hf ;kH wm jzpfvm w,f? t&if;&Sit f yk pf u k vnf; t&if;&Sipf epfwnfwchH idk +f rJa&; vH;k yef;ygw,f? qd&k , S v f pf tkypf u k vnf; t&if;&Sipf epfzsuo f rd ;f a&;/ qkd &S,v f pfpepf xlaxmifa&;ukd vH;k yef;ygw,f? oabmw&m;t& Ekid if aH &;t& wku d yf aJG wG jzpfay:vmyg w,f? t&if;&Sief ,fcs@J orm;awGu olwkd@usifhoHk;wJh EkdifiHa&;tm%m[m t&if;&Sif'Drkdua&pDtm%m&Sifpepf r[kwfbJ 'Dru dk a&pDpepf jzpfw,fq+dk y;D ajymw,f? qk&d , S v f pftyk pf u k usio hf ;kH wJh Ekid if aH &;tm%m[m qk&d , S v f pf'rD u dk a&pD tm%m&Sipf epfr[kwb f J tm%m&Sipf epfjzpfw,fq+dk yD; wku d cf u dk yf g w,f? t&if;&Sit f yk pf [ k m 'Dru dk a&pDtyk pf /k qk&d , S v f pftyk pf u k dk tm%m&Sit f yk pf q k +dk y;D t&if; &SiEf idk if aH &;orm;awGu r[kwrf w&m; ajymae=uwm uae@txdy?J tJ'v D dk 0g'a&;&m/ Ekid if aH &;&m/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;e,fy,ftm;vH;k rSm 'Dtyk pf k 2 ck[m t+rq J ef@usizf uf jzpfae=uw,f? ppftyk pf ak wGvnf; zG@J =uw,f? ppfyaJG wG cif;awmhr,fh tajctaexdawmif jzpfvmw,f? tJ'v D dk jzpfaewmukd urBmrSm ppfat;wku fd yf jJG zpfw,fv@dk ac:=uygw,f? wu,fawmh vlwef;pm;wku d yf &JG @J azmfjycsuw f rsKd ;jzpfygw,f? 'DpD pfat; umvrSm buf 2 zufpvH;k rSm t}uD;tus,f tajymif;tvJawG jzpfygw,f? t&if;&Sit f yk pf [ k m tar&duefvuf0g;}u;D tkyf t&if;&Sief ,fcs@J orm;ukd q&mwif vku d jf cif;jzifh t&if;&Sit f yk pf ck si;f jzpfymG ;wJh yËdyuQudk wpHw k &majyavsmah pvku d w f ,f? xkwf

99

21 pmpOf vkyaf &;awGrmS / aps;uGuaf wGrmS / pDrcH ef@crJG a_ wGrmS jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;awG vkyjf cif;jzifh t&if; &Sipf epf&@J xkwv f yk af &;/ aps;uGu/f aoG;pkyrf a_ wGudk qufvufxed ;f odr;f Ekid v f u dk w f ,f? t&if; tES;D vuf0g;}uD;tkyrf _ twkid ;f twmukd yk}d uD;xGm;atmif vkyEf idk cf w hJ ,f? t&if;&Siaf wG[m olw@kd zEd ydS af oG;pkycf &H wJh vlwef;pm;awG touf&iS o f efaeEkid af tmif vkyaf y;wJeh nf;eJ@ olw@dk &@J aoG;pkyrf _ a&&Snw f nfwahH tmif vkyEf idk cf w hJ ,f? 0,fvt dk m; jr‡iw hf ifwehJ nf;ukd oH;k +yD; ol@&@J aoG;pkyrf u _ dk xde;f odr;f vku d Ef ifdk w f ,f? odyeH` nf;ynmawGudk t&if;&Siaf wGu vuf0g;}uD;tkyf xm;vku d Ef idk w f m[mvnf; t&if;&Sipf epfuydk +dk yD; oufq;dk &Snaf pvku d Ef idk yf gw,f? +Adwo d # "eo[m,tzG@J w@dk v/dk Oa&mybHak ps;tzG@J w@kd vdk tzG@J awGvnf; zG@J vmEkid yf gw,f? tckawmh tD;,lv[ dk mawG/ urBmb h %f/ urBmu h ek o f , G af &;tzG@J w@dk v[ dk mawGtxd zG@J pnf;vmEkid w f t hJ xd jzpfvmygw,f? ukv d edk t D oGio f pfudk zefw;D jcif;tm;jzifh e,fcs@J pepfudk quf+yD;xde;f odr;f vku d Ef idk w f ,f? wzufrmS awmh uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;udk tjywfom;qH;k vkyu f idk yf gw,f? 'Dvdk t&if;&Sit f yk pf zk ufu jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;awGvyk +f yD; olw@dk twGi;f yËdyuQudk wpHw k &m xde;f n‡v d mEkid w f t hJ csed rf mS uGejf rLepftyk pf t k wGi;f rSm t&if;&Sipf epfukd tuJjzwfwm rSm uGv J rJG a_ wG ay:ayguv f mw,f? wcsKd @u t&if;&Sipf epf toGiaf jymif;aewmukd =unf+h yD; acwfopft&if;&Sipf epf[m wk;d wufw,fv@dk jrifvmw,f? wcsKd @u rmhupf w f @dk &@J urBmt h &if; &Sipf epftay: cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmoH;k oyfxm;csuaf wG[m vGaJ csmu f ek +f yv D @dk ,lqvm=uw,f? tJ'D vkd ,lqvm=uolawG[m rmhupf 0f g' 'grrS [kwf odyeH` nf;us qk&d , S v f pf0g'/ 'grrS [kwf uGejf rL epf0g'&J@ t&if;cHtjrif/ oabmw&m;awGudk pGe@f y,fvu dk =f uw,f? 'ge@J rmhupf 0f g' v_y&f mS ;r_ xJrmS jyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g' ay:vmw,f? jyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'[m rmhupf 0f g'&J@ urBmt h jrif/ vlwef;pm;wku d yf JG oabm w&m;/ ypPn;f rJh tm%m&Sipf epftajccHrt l m;vH;k ukd pGe@f y,fwhJ uGejf rLepf0g'v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f ay:aygucf w hJ hJ rSm;,Gi;f wJt h ,ltqwrsKd ; jzpfygw,f? uGejf rLepf0g'v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f rSm vuf0aJ oGzaD &;/ vuf,maoGzaD &;/ jyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'ponfjzifh rSm;,Gi;f wJh tawG; tac: t,ltqawG t+raJ y:cJw h ,f? rmhupf w f @dk / tdef *,fw@dk / vDeifw@dk / pwmvifw@dk / armfpD wke;f wk@d [m 'Dvrdk mS ;,Gi;f wJt h ,ltqawGudk wku d yf q JG if&if; wu,ft h rSew f &m;ukd azmfxw k f usio hf ;kH Ekid cf =hJ uwJh uGejf rLepf0g' acgi;f aqmifawG jzpfc=hJ uw,f? 'ga=umifh odyeH` nf;us qk&d , S v f pf0g'/ 'grrS [kwf uGejf rLepf0g'vk@d ajym&if tJ'v D yl *k Kd~ vfawGe@J cGv J @dk r&ovkd jzpfomG ; ygw,f? rmhupf 0f g'[m uGejf rLepf0g'/ odyeH` nf;us qk&d , S v f pf0g'[m rmhupf 0f g' jzpfaewmyg yJ? 'kw, d urBmppfyt JG +y;D ppfat;umvrSm ay:ayguv f mwJh acwfopfjyefvnfjyifqif a&;0g'[m vDeifpwmvifw@dk xlaxmifcw hJ hJ qkAd , D ufueG jf rLepfygwt D wGi;f rSm ay:aygucf hJ ygw,f? pwmvif uG,v f eG +f y;D aemuf c±l;&Su[ f m qkAd , D ufueG jf rLepfygwt D wGi;f rSm 'Dt,l tq tompD;&atmif vkyaf qmifcw hJ ,f? 'Djyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'[m qkAd , D uf,el , D H uGejf rLepfygwu D dk ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;&J@ Ekid if aH &;ygwD b0uae t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm; Ekid if aH &; ygwt D jzpf usqif;oGm;atmif vkyyf pfvu dk cf w hJ ,f? urBmrSm yxrOD;qH;k xlaxmifwhJ qk&d , S f

100

21 pmpOf vpf'rD u dk a&pDEidk if [ H mvnf; t&if;&Si'f rD u dk a&pDEidk if t H jzpf av#musomG ;cJw h ,f? ypPn;f rJh 'Dru dk a&pDtm%m&Sipf epf Ekid if [ H m t&if;&Sif 'Dru dk a&pD tm%m&Sipf epfEidk if t H jzpf av#m usomG ;w,f? tvkyo f rm; v,form;tm%m 'grrS [kwf jynfo@l tm%m[m yk*v ~ u d ypPn;f ykid q f idk w f hJ t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm;&J@ tm%mjzpfomG ;w,f? ypPn;f rJh 'Dru dk a&pD tm%m &Sipf epf 'grrS [kwf qkAd , D uftm%m 'grrS [kwf jynfo@l tm%mt& wnfaqmufxm;wJh qdAk , D uf qk&d , S v f pfjynfaxmifp}k uD;[m t&if;&Sipf epf/ t&if;&Sit f m%m/ t&if;&Si'f rD dk ua&pDpepfatmufrsm tpdwpf w d t f jr¸mjr¸m +ydKuGo J mG ;w,f? urBmah jryHrk mS qkAd , D ufq&dk , S f vpfjynfaxmifpk orRwEkid if }H uD; aysmuf+yD; Ekid if o H pftrsm;tjym; ay:xGuv f mcJw h ,f? qdAk , D uf,el , D u H eG jf rLepfygwrD mS jyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g' ay:ayguv f mwJt h cgrmS urBmu h eG jf rLepf v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f rSm oabmw&m;a&;&m aqG;aEG;jiif;ckrH a_ wG/ a0zefra_ wG/ zGichf swu dk cf u dk rf a_ wG vky&f muae aemufq;kH rSm qkAd , D uftyk pf ek @J w±kwt f yk pf q k +dk yD; uGx J u G f ukejf yefygw,f? 'Dvdk vlo&d iS =f um; ruGcJ ifrmS 81 Ekid if aH =unmcsuv f yk Ef idk w f t hJ xd uGejf rLepf ygwaD wG[m awG@=u aqG;aEG;=u/ tjrifzvS,=f u/ jiif;cH=k uygao;w,f? 'gayrJh 81 Ekid if H a=unmcsux f u G +f yD;aemuf tkypf ak wGuo JG mG ;+yD;wJt h cgrmS awmh urBmEh idk if H toD;oD;u uGejf rLepfygwaD wG[m rdro d ef&mtkypf yk gwaD wGe@J om qufo, G w f m vkyv f m=uawmhw,f? 'Denf;eJ@ urBmu h eG jf rLepfvy_ &f mS ;r_[m }uJuo JG mG ;ygw,f? 'Dwcsu D rBmu h eG jf rLepfvy_ &f mS ;r_[m oabmxm;uG=J u+y;D }uu J o JG mG ;awmh *,uf[m ody}f u;D rm;ygw,f? uGejf rLepfygww D ckcsi;f rSmvnf; oabmw&m;a&;&m t}u;D tus,f uGv J JG r_awG jzpfuek yf gw,f? 'Dvo dk abmw&m;a&;&m uGv J rJG a_ wGudk ajz&Si;f &mrSm qDavsmf rSeu f ef wJeh nf;emawGe@J rukid w f , G Ef idk w f t hJ wGuf xdcu dk ef pfemr_awG tvGe}f u;D rm;ygw,f? ygww D ck csi;f rSmvnf; xdcu dk ef pfemcJyh gw,f? qk&d , S v f pf Ekid if t H csi;f csi;f ppfcif;wJt h xdvnf; jy\em ±_yaf xG;oGm;ukeyf gw,f? tm%mvuf&dS uGejf rLepfygww D csKd @u uGejf rLepf0g' +ydKuGo J mG ;+yD; rmhupf 0f g' usq;kH oGm;+yv D @dk t"dym` ,fziG =hf uwmjzpfygw,f? wu,fawmh rmhupf 0f g'[m urBm tES@H tjym;ukd ys@H E@HS omG ;wmjzpfygw,f? tm%m&uGejf rLepfygwaD wG tm%mvuf vGwo f mG ; &r_/ qk&d , S v f pfEidk if aH wG t&if;&SiEf idk if t H jzpf ajymif;vJomG ;r_qw dk b hJ ufu =unf&h ifawmh rmhupf 0f g' v_y&f mS ;r_[m tcku d t f wef@ aemufqw k v f u dk &f wmjzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &;awG rayguu f aJG wmhyg? 'gayrJh rmhupf 0f g'uawmh qufvufjzpfay:wk;d yGm;ygw,f? ppfat;vGeu f mv[m ra&&m raocsmwJh umvwckjzpfvmygw,f? tar&duef e,fcs@J orm;[m t&if;&Sit f yk pf rk mS Akv d jf zpfvmygw,f? wOD;wnf;aom tiftm;vGef Akv d f jzpfvmygw,f? Ekid if aH &;/ ppfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ twwfynm buftoD;oD;rSm +yKd ipf &H mS ;wJh wOD; wnf;aom tiftm;vGeEf idk if H jzpfvmygw,f? ayguu f x JG u G v f mwJh odyyH` nmtoD;tyGiahf wG ukd vuf0g;}uD;tkyx f m;vku d Ef idk yf gw,f? 21 &mpkudk tar&duef&mpkjzpfatmif vkycf siaf eyg w,f? urBmrSm 0if±;dk wckwnf;pepfjzpfatmif vH;k yef;aeygw,f? urBmph nf;pepfopf[m tar &duef&@J pdww f idk ;f us pnf;pepfjzpfapcsiv f mygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dvdk 0if±;dk wck wnf;pepfudk vufrcH bJ 0if±;dk trsm;pepfe@J urBmph nf;pepfopfudk yHak zmfcsiw f t hJ iftm;pkawGuvnf; trsm;tjym; ` 101

21 pmpOf

jzpfygw,f? ppfat;vGeu f mv[m 0if±;dk wckpepfe@J 0if±;dk trsm;tjym;pepf&@J vGeq f yJG u JG m v}uD;yJ jzpfomG ;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh ra&&mraocsmwJu h mv jzpfaewmygy?J urBmph nf; pepfopf wckray:ao;bJ urBmph epfa[mif;uvnf; z±kzd &JjzpfvmwJh tajctae jzpfae ygw,f? ppfat;+yD;qHk;oGm;+yD; urBmrSm t&if;&Sifpepfomv#if vlom;awGtwGuf taumif;qH;k pepfjzpfw,fv@dk aºu;a=umfqrJ mS yJ urBmrSm qif;&Jcsr;f om uGm[r_}uD;u +cdr;f ajcmufrw _ ck jzpfvmygw,f? urBmrSm tcsr;f omqH;k Ekid if [ H m t&if;&Sipf epfEidk if aH wGyJ jzpfae+y;D qif;&JwEhJ idk if t H rsm;pk}u;D uvnf; t&if;&Sipf epfEidk if aH wGyJ jzpfaeygw,f? vltenf; wumhtenf;pkvufxrJ mS t&if;tES;D awG pkyo kH mG ;+y;D vltrsm;wumhtrsm;pk}u;D [m t&if;rJh awG jzpfvmygw,f? t&if;&Sipf ;D yGm;a&;wckv;kH rSm rwnfr+ird jf zpfvmw,f? jy\em aomif; ajcmufaxmifwufaew,f? 'gayrJh vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sit f yk pf t k csi;f csi;f wpHw k &m xde;f n‡w d m vkyv f mEkid w f ma=umifh jy\em tawmfrsm;rsm; ajz&Si;f Ekid af o;jyefygw,f? 'gayrJh t&if;&Sipf epfrmS olb,fvrdk S rajz&Si;f Ekid w f hJ xkwv f yk af &; vl@tzG@J tpnf;vuQ%maqmif+y;D ukev f yk q f ufqaH &;rSm yk*v ~ u d ykid q f idk w f phJ epfu &S+d rJ&adS ew,f? 'Dupd u P dk t&if;&Sipf epfrmS aysmufuif;atmifuo k Ekid w f hJ aq;r&Syd g? oufomEkid w f hJ aq;+rD;wkad wGawmh &Syd gw,f? or0g,rwk@d tvkyv f ufrahJ xmufyahH =u;wk@d vlrz_ v l kH a&;wk@d ponfph onfh aq;+r;D wkad wGawmh &Syd gvrd rhf ,f? yk*v ~ u d ykid q f idk w f ahJ &m*g/ aoG;pkyw f phJ epfa&m*g[m t&if;&Sipf epftwGuf arG;&myg a&m*gawGjzpf+yD; aowGi;f udw k eG ;f yk@d r,fh a&m*gawGvnf;jzpfygw,f? t&if;&Sipf epfrmS 'Dvdk ra&&m raocsmr_awG jzpfaeygw,f? uae@urBm}uD;ukd v$r;f +cHKaewm t&if;&Sipf epf jzpf+rJ jzpfaeygao;w,f? 'ga=umifh urBmay:rSm ay:ayguaf ewJh jy\emt&yf&yf&@J Zmpfjrpf[m t&if;&Sipf epfu vmwmcsn;f yJjzpfygw,f? t&if;&Sipf epf rwnfr+idrjf zpfav urBm}uD;rSm raocsmra&&mr_awG jzpfavygy?J rmhupf 0f g'v_y&f mS ;r_ aemufqw k v f u dk &f awmh awmfveS af &; awG ayguu f zJG @dk tcku d t f wef@rmS rjzpfEidk af wmhyg? t=urf;zufvyk }f uHowfjzwfa&;awG rk;d aumif;vmygw,f? t=urf;zufowf jzwfa&;awG/ awmfveS af &;qef@usiw f hJ v_y&f mS ;r_awGudk arG;xkww f m t&if;&Sipf epfu, dk w f idk yf J jzpfygw,f? twdtusajym&&if t&if;&Sit f yk pf &k @J wOD;wnf;aomAdkvfjzpfwJh tar&duefyJjzpfw,f? uae@ urBmrSm awmfvSefa&;qef@ usifa&;vkyfwJh tiftm;pkawG (uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;vkyfwJh tiftm;pkawG/ t=urf; zufvyk }f uHowfjzwfa&;vkyw f hJ tiftm;pktm;vH;k [m tar&duefe,fcs@J orm;u wenf; r[kww f enf;eJ@ arG;xkwv f u dk w f mcsn;f yJ? wcsKd @vnf; olarG;wJah rsmuf ol@jyefajcmufwm (tar&duefe,fcsJ@orm;) jyefcHae&wm jzpfygw,f? t,fvfukduf'gwkd@ wmvDbefwkd@ qkw d mawG[m tJ'v D dk trsKd ;tpm;awG jzpfygw,f? tckawmh tar&duef[m uk, d af rG;wJh arsmuf uk, d u hf jdk yefajcmufwmukd ESrd ef if;zk@d t=urf;zufwu dk cf u dk rf _ ESrd ef if;a&;qdw k hJ r[m AsL[m}u;D cs+y;D vkyaf ew,f? tJ'rD [mAsL[matmufrmS ta&S@tv,fyidk ;f a'ou a&eHudk vnf; vuf0g;}u;D tkyrf ,f/ urBmu h ek o f , G af &;ukv d nf; vuf0g;}u;D tkyzf @kd vkyrf ,f/ wurBm vH;k ukv d nf; Adv k u f sp;dk rk;d zd@k vkyaf ew,f? tJ'g[m urBm}u;D raocsmra&&mwJ/h rwnf+ird w f hJ

102

21 pmpOf tajctaeawG jzpfay:aewJh ta=umif;&if;yJ? vuf&dS qk&d , S v f pfxal xmifwhJ Ekid if [ H m urBmrSm vufcsKd ;a&wGuv f @dk &ygw,f? 'DEidk if aH wG[m t&if;&Sipf epfEidk if b H 0awGwek ;f u qif;&JwEhJ idk if aH wGcsn;f yJ? tJ'v D dk qif;&JwhJ Ekid if /H acwfaemufuswhJ Ekid if aH wG[m qk&d , S v f pfpepfudk xlaxmif&wmjzpfawmh b,fvrdk S ESpt f enf;i,ftwGi;f qk&d , S v f pfpepf yDjyifatmif rvkyEf idk af o;bJ t&if;&Sit f pdwt f ykid ;f jy\emawGudk ajz&Si;f ae&qJy&J w dS ,f? 'ga=umifh w±kwjf ynfq&dk if 1949 ckEpS u f wnf;u vGwaf jrmuf+yD; w±kwjf ynfopfudk xlaxmifayr,fh uae@txd qk&d , S v f pfpepf&@J y%mr tqifyh J &Sad o;w,fv@dk ajymaeqJyjJ zpfygw,f? qkv d w dk mu vlwidk ;f [m vkyEf idk o f avmuf vky/f vkyo f avmuf,q l w dk t hJ ajctaeukd r&&Sad o;bl;? qkv d w dk mu aoG;pkyw f hJ tpdwt f ykid ;f awG &Sad eao;w,fqw dk mjzpfygw,f? AD,uferf/ avm/ ajrmufu;kd &D;,m;/ usL;bm;wk@d vdk Ekid if aH wGu qif;&J wGi;f eufaewJh =um;xJu tar&duefe,fcs@J orm;&J@ usL;ausmaf pmfum;r_/ ydwq f @dk wm;qD;r_awGe@J eyrf;vH;k ae&awmh tckryS J emvefxzl @dk tm;ysKd ;&wJt h ajctaerSmyJ &Sad o;w,f? 'Dvb dk ufu =unf&h if qk&d , S v f pfpepfzufrmS vnf; renf;vSwhJ tcuftcJ}u;D awG &Sad eygw,f? 'kw, d urBmppft+yD; qk&d , S v f pfvy_ &f mS ;r_ t&Sed jf rif+h yD; qk&d , S v f pfEidk if aH wG trsm;tjym;ay:xGuv f m+y;D tm&Se@J Oa&my urBmeD}u;D ay:xGe;f vmwmeJ@ E_id ;f ,SOv f u dk &f if qk&d , S v f pfpepf[m aemufqw k o f mG ;wm trSeyf jJ zpfygw,f? 'ga=umifq h &dk , S f vpfpepf usq;kH oGm;+yD; rmhupf 0f g'+ydKuGo J mG ;+yD; acwfuek o f mG ;+yDv@dk rajymEkid yf g? urBmay:rSm rmhupf 0f g' ra&muf&w dS ahJ e&m&,fv@dk ody&f mS ;yg;oGm;yg+y?D urBmay:rSm wkid ;f jynfwidk ;f vkv d dk uGejf rLepfygwaD wG &Sad eyg+yD? ygwrD zG@J pnf;bJ rmhupf 0f g' avhvmaewJh tpktzGJ@awG/ vlyk*~dKvfawGvnf; urBmtESH@tjym;rSm &Sdaeyg+yD? uGefjrLepfygwDawG[m tcsKd @[m tm%m&ygwaD wG/ wcsKd @Oya'wGi;f wdu k yf 0JG ifaewJyh gwaD wG/ wcsKd @ Oya'y wku d f yG0J ifae&wJh ygwaD wG/ wcsKd @ajratmufygwt D jzpfe@J wku d yf 0JG ifae&wJh ygwaD wG ponfjzifh rwlwv hJ @l tzG@J tpnf;/ rwlwhJ Ekid if aH wG tajctaet& uGjJ ym;pGm v_y&f mS ;ae=u&ygw,f? qkAd , D uf,el , D H +ydKuGo J mG ;+yD;wJah emuf qkAd , D ufueG jf rLepfygw[ D m t&if;&Siyf gwt D jzpf av#musysupf ;D oGm;cJah wmh ±k&mS ;uGejf rLepfygwrD mS tm%mvuf&u dS tm%mvufrjhJ zpf oGm;wJh tawG@ t}uKH oifcef;pmopfwckawmif xyfw;dk vmygw,f? rmhupf 0f g' v_y&f mS ;r_rmS tm%mvufru hJ ae tm%m&&Sad tmif vkyw f t hJ awG@t}uHKyJ&&dS mu tm%mvuf&u dS tm%mvufrjhJ zpfwhJ tawG@t}uHKwckyg xyf&vmw,fv@dk vnf; jrifcsiyf gw,f? tJ'gu awmh tajccHral wGudk qkyu f idk +f y;D t&if;&Sipf epfudk rmhupf f wk@d cjJG crf;pdwjf zmoH;k oyfovkd vkyf wwf&if awmfveS af &;atmifjrif+yD; tm%m&ygwjD zpfvmw,f? rmhupf 0f g' tajccHral wGudk pGe@f vw $ v f u dk &f awmh t&if;&Sipf epfatmufjyefa&mufomG ;+yD; tm%m&ygw[ D m tm%m vufryhJ gwb D 0 a&mufw,f? awmfveS af &;awGvnf; xdcu dk ef pfemw,fqydk gy?J 2000 ckEpS f eDaygEidk if H cwWrENL+rKd @rmS urBmEh idk if t H oD;oD;u uGejf rLepfygwaD wG awG@qkH aqG;aEG;=u +y;D uGejf rLepfygwt D csi;f csi;f tawG@t}uKH awG/ tjrifawGzvS,w f m vkycf yhJ gw,f? wu,fn h aD emifygwD pdw"f mwfe@J awG@q=kH uygw,f? ppfat;umvu uGejf rLepfvy_ &f mS ;r_

103

21 pmpOf twGi;f rSm uG+J y=J u/ tykwcf s=uwJh tajctaeukd tqH;k owfvu dk w f o hJ abmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk uGejf rLepfvy_ &f mS ;r_twGi;f rSm oabmxm;uGJ vGrJ a_ wGudk rqDravsm/f rrSeu f efwehJ nf;awGe@J ajz&Si;f =uwmukd tqH;k owfvu dk Ef idk w f m[m rmhupf 0f g' v_y&f mS ;r_udk wqifw h ufvrS ;f ap vku d w f mjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk uGejf rLepfygwt D csi;f csi;f nDaemifqufqaH &;awG rSew f ef;jzpf atmif jyefvyk Ef idk w f m[m rmhupf 0f g'v_y&f mS ;r_/ uGejf rLepf0g'v_y&f mS ;r_udk jyefvnfvef;qef; wufºuapygw,f? uGejf rLepfygww D idk ;f [m rdr&d @J csKd @,iG ;f csuf tm;enf;csuu f dk rdrb d mom wm0ef,l a0zefo;kH oyf+y;D a&S@udk csw D ufwm vkyEf idk v f mygw,f? 'Dvdk uGejf rLepfvy_ &f mS ;r_rmS jyefvnf vef;qef;wufºuvmwma=umifh uGejf rLepfygwaD wG[m rdro d ufqidk &f m vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm vlwef;pm;zsuo f rd ;f a&;wku d yf u JG dk wufºupGmvkyaf qmif=uygvrd rhf ,f? rdrq d idk &f m vl@tzG@J tpnf;u vlwef;pm;yËdyuQawGudk xdxrd rd d cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm+y;D Ekid if aH &;rSm jynfo@l tm %m (tvkyo f rm; v,form;tm%m 'grrS [kwf ypPn;f rJt h m%m) ukd xlaxmif+y;D vlwef; pm; zsuo f rd ;f a&;vrf;a=umif;ay:atmif vky=f uygvrd rhf ,f? tJ'D tm%matmufrmS aoG;pkyf wJph epfudk wpwp zsuo f rd ;f oGm;+y;D aemufq;kH rSm yk*v ~ u d ykid q f idk w f phJ epfudk zsuo f rd ;f oGm;vdrhf r,f? 'Dvdk vky&f mrSm vG,u f al csmarG@rmS r[kwyf gb;l ? t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm;/ aoG;pkyf vlwef;pm;awG&@J taota=u ckcw H eG ;f vSerf u _ dk wzufrmS &ifqidk &f if;/ wzufrmS t&if;&Sif pepf&@J jzpfay:wk;d yGm;r_w&m;ukd tywfwukwf pl;prf;cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm&if; awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_ 'grrS [kwf rmhupf 0f g'v_y&f mS ;r_udk vky&f rSm jzpfz@dk vydk gw,f? rmhupf w f @dk &@J urBmt h jrif enf;em awGudk pGpJ +JG r+J rq J yk u f idk +f y;D tem*wftay: ,H=k unfrt _ jzpfe@J uk, d u f sKd ;pGe@f vkyaf qmif=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? t&if;&Sipf epf ra&&mraocsmjzpfvm+yD; rmhupf 0f g' v_y&f mS ;r_ jyefvnf vef; qef;vm&if awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG jyefvnfjrifw h ufvmygvrd rhf ,f? ArmjynfrmS Armjynfv@l tzG@J tpnf;vuQ%mt& 1300 jynfta&;awmfyu kH wifjyvku d w f hJ vGwv f yfa&;/ 'Dru dk a&pDa&;/ qk&d , S v f pfvrf;a=umif;ukd taumiftxnf azmf&mrSm 'Dru dk a&pDa&;wku d yf [ JG m 1948 ckEpS u f p&if ESpaf ygi;f 60 &So d mG ;yg+yD? 'Dru dk a&pD atmifyyJG ef;wkid f ra&mufao;yg? jynfov l x l u k Ekid if aH &;tm%mr&ao;yg? wu,fawmh 'Dwu dk yf [ JG m Armjynfv@l tzG@J tpnf;vuQ%mt& vlwef;pm;wku d yf w JG rsKd ;jzpf+y;D vlwef;pm; tm;vH;k zsuo f rd ;f r,fh aemufq;kH ydww f u dk yf &JG @J tpjyKcsuo f mv#if jzpfygw,f? ?

rk;d atmifpnf 12345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789 12345678901234567890123456789

104

21 pmpOf &JabmfpdefxGef; vufeufukdifwkdufyGJtwGif; w[kefwkd;}uD;xGm;vmaewJh

tdE, dN jynfueG jf rLepfygwD (armfpw D ek ;f 0g') (Tpmwrf;rSm w±kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kdbmomjyefeJ@ wnf;jzwfa&; Xmeu wm0ef , l pD r H c ef @ cG J + yD ; / ‚XmeeJ @ urB m h q k d & S , f v pf 0 g' ok a woeXme/ w±kwfjynf EkdifiHwum uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_ orkdif;ynm&Sifrsm;toif;wkd@u ur uxjyKum 2 v w}udrfxkwfa0wJh “rsufarSmufurBmeJ@ qkd&S,fvpf0g' *sme,frS jzpfygw,f? olwkd@ 'grsdK; xnfhavhr&Sdyg? 'Dwcg azmfjyvmwmawG@vkd@ xkwfEkwf bmomjyef v k d u f y gw,f ? ) 20 &mpk 20 pkEpS rf sm;twGi;f tdE, dN jynfueG jf rLepfvy_ &f mS ;r_[m tauG@taumuf twuf tqif;rsm;ukd ausmjf zwf+yD; jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufvmcJw h ,f? a&S@pOfaemufqufqo dk vkd uGejf rL epfygwD 4 ck xlaxmifvu dk yf gw,f? 'Dae@txd &ifaygiw f ef; twlwuG wnf&+dS yD; toD;oD; wku d yf 0JG ifvsu&f w dS ,f? +Adwo d #e,fcs@J orm;&J@ ukv d edk t D yk pf ;dk r_udk qef@usiaf &;twGuf 1920 ckrmS tdE, dN jynfueG jf rLepfygwD (CPI) ukd xlaxmifc=hJ uw,f? trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; twGuf a&&Snw f u dk yf 0JG ifc=hJ u&w,f? 1964 ckEpS rf mS Ekifd if w H um uGejf rLepfvy_ &f mS ;r_twGi;f u vrf;pOfEpS &f yfwu dk yf &JG @J *,uf±u dk cf wfc&H +yD; ygww D iG ;f rSm wcsKd @val wGu (CPI) [m rmhupf f 0g'ukd ausmckid ;f oGm;+y/D jyefjyifa&;0g'ok@d ajymif;oGm;+yv D @dk ,lqum ygwrD x S u G o f mG ;=uw,f? olw@dk u oD;jcm;ygww D &yfjzpfwhJ tdE, dN jynfueG jf rLepfygwD (rmhupf 0f g') CPI (M) ukd xlaxmif vku d =f uw,f? 1969 ckEpS af &mufawmh ‚ygwt D wGi;f xyfr+H y;D wcsKd @u ygw[ D m vDeif0g'eJ@ armfpw D ek ;f 0g'ukd ausmckid ;f oGm;+yv D @dk ,lq=ujyefw,f? 'ga=umifh tdE, dN jynf uGejf rLepfygwD (rmhupf /f vDeif0g') CPI (ML) ukd xlaxmif=ujyefw,f? ‚ygwt D wGi;f rSm armfpw D ek ;f 0g'&J@=oZm[m =umav}u;D av jzpfvm+y;D tdE, dN jynfrmS armfpw D ek ;f 0g'*k% d ;f tkypf ak wG wzGzJ JG

105

21 pmpOf ay:vmw,f? q,ftcsKd @xad wmif &Scd w hJ ,f? ‚wk@d teuf 2004 pufwifbmrSm tdE, dN jynfueG jf rLepfygwD (armfpw D ek ;f 0g') CPI (Mao) ukd xlaxmifvu dk w f hJ armfpw D ek ;f 0g'*k% d ;f tkypf [ k m tdE, dN jynfu armfpw D ek ;f 0g' *k% d ;f tkypf ak wGxrJ mS awmh ol[m t}uD;qH;k tkypf k jzpfw,f? ‚ygwu D dk xlaxmifvu dk +f y;D aemuf tiftm; tvsit f jref }u;D xGm;cJw h ,f? 'DygwD [m eDaygvu f eG jf rLepfygwD (armfpw D ek ;f 0g') eJ@ wufwufºuºuyl;aygi;f +yD; ajymufusm; v_yf &Sm;r_udk us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ aqmif&u G v f su&f w dS ,f? tckwavm olw@dk [m e0rt}udrf ajrmuf jynfv;kH qkid &f m uGe*f &ufudk ac:qku d si;f ycJw h ,f? tdEjdN ynfwiG ;f jynfy jynforl sm;&J@ *±kpu dk af pmif=h unfrh u _ dk rsm;pGm&&Sad eygw,f? 'Dpmwrf;rSm CPI (Mao) wk;d wufajymif;vJrj_ zpfpOfrsm;eJ@ ‚&J@ tajccHoabm w&m;/ vkyif ef;pOfe@J ay:vpD&yfccH su/f pnf;±H;k a&;tajctaeeJ@ vufawG@taumiftxnf azmfaqmif&u G rf r_ sm;ukd tusO;f csKyf wifjyoGm;r,f? 1? CPI (Mao) jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufvmr_ tdE, dN jynfueG jf rLepfygwD (rmhupf /f vDeif0g') *k% d ;f [m 1967 ckEpS af vmufu pwif +yD; 'g*sv D ifc±kid ef @J ‚eJ e,ferd w d cf si;f xdpyfaewJh a'oawGrmS v,form;vufeufuidk f ykeu f efru _ dk pwifvu dk w f ,f? 'gudk a,bk,stm;jzifh emqmbm&D v_y&f mS ; r_v@dk ac:wGiw f ,f? 1969 {+yDrmS CPI (ML) ukd oD;jcm;xlaxmif+yD;aemuf 70 pkEpS rf sm; tapmykid ;f avmufrmS ‚ygwt D wGi;f ‘armfpw D ek ;f 0g' uGejf rLepfrsm;&J@ pifwm’qdw k m jzpfwnfvmw,f? tJ'D aemuf ‘tdE, dN uGejf rLepfrsm;. awmfveS af &;pifwm (armfpw D ek ;f 0g')’qdw k m xGuaf y:vm jyefw,f? 2003 ckEpS rf mS tJ't D zG@J tpnf;ESpcf k yl;aygi;f +yD; ‘tdE, dN jynfarmfpw D ek ;f 0g' v_yf &Sm;r_pifwm’ukd xlaxmifvu dk yf gw,f? 'gt h jyif ‘awmiftm&Sarmfpw D ek ;f 0g'Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm; xde;f n‡ad &;aumfrwD’rSm yg0ifchJ w,f? 2004 pufwifbm 21 &ufrmS tiftm;taumif;qH;k armfpw D ek ;f 0g'tzG@J tpnf;ESpcf jk zpfwhJ ‘tdE, dN jynf armfpw D ek ;f 0g'v_y&f mS ;r_pifwm’eJ@ tdE, dN jynfueG jf rLepfygwD ¡(rmhupf /f vDeif0g') (jynfo@l ppfy)JG ¢ tzG@J w@dk yl;aygi;f vku d +f yD; ‘tdE, dN jynfueG jf rLepfygwD (armfpw D ek ;f 0g') CPI (Mao) ukd xlaxmifygw,f? 'DEpS zf @JG [m emqmbm&D v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f u tiftm; t}uD;qH;k tzG@J rsm; jzpfw,f? olw@dk EpS zf @JG [m wu,fawmh 20 &mpk 80 ckEpS rf sm;uwnf;u pwifxad wG@prf;oyfquf qHae=uyg+y?D 'Dvedk nf;eJ@ yl;aygi;f a&;uddk jyifqifc=hJ uwmyg? 'gayrJh acgi;f aqmiftqift h oD;oD;t=um; uGjJ ym;r_awG &Sad ejcif;a=umifh yl;aygi;f a&;jzpfpOf[m twm;tqD;awGe@J }uHKae&ygw,f? ‚wk@d &@J yl;aygi;f r_jzpfpOfudk t=urf;tm;jzifh 3 qifch EJG idk w f ,f? yxrtqifh - prf;oyfru _ mv? 1980 ck/ {+yDv - tdE, dN jynfueG jf rLepfygwD ¡(rmhupf /f vDeif0g') (jynfo@l ppfy)JG ¢ xl axmif+y;D prSm “tdE, dN jynf tpGe;f a&mufvuf0*J % dk ;f tzG@J tpnf;awG yl;aygi;f +y;D e,fcs@J orm;eJ@ tjyeftvSecf sw d q f ufxm;wJh vufa0cHt&if;&Sif vlwef;pm;eJ@ ajr&Si}f u;D vlwef;pm;&J@tyk pf ;dk r_ wGe;f vSeyf pfa&;ukd twlwuG vH;k yef;tm;xkwf =uzk@d ”eJ@ “ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;&J@ wckwnf;aomacgi;f aqmifra_ tmufrmS qk&d , S v f pfpepfe@J

106

21 pmpOf uGejf rLepfpepf vufawG@taumiftxnfazmfa&;ukd &nfreS ;f csut f jzpfxm;wJh Ekid if aH wmf opf tpk;d &xlaxmifa&;”pOf;pm;csuu f dk wifjycJw h ,f? 'Dwifjycsu[ f m ‘tdE, dN jynf armfpD wke;f 0g' v_y&f mS ;r_pifwm’&J@ oabmwlaxmufcrH u _ dk &&Syd gw,f? 1981 ckrmS ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf yxrqH;k t}urd f aqG;aEG;r_udk pwifw,f? 'DaqG;aEG;yGu J mvtwGi;f ESpb f uftjrifq h ;kH acgi;f aqmifrsm;t=um; tzG@J tpnf;ESpcf k yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G o f mG ;a&;tajccHudk us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ &&Syd gw,f? ESpzf ufpvH;k rSm wlnw D &hJ nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wkid f &Sad ew,fv@dk ,lq=uw,f? 'gayrJh ESpzf ufv;kH u yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G o f mG ;a&;tpDtpOf[m r&ifrh n S ahf o;wJt h avsmuf aoe*F AsL[meJ@ enf;y&d,m,ft& uGv J rJG a_ wG wjznf;jznf; ykrd sm;vmw,f? wOD;csi;f tcsi;f yGm;r_ awGuvnf; ESpb f ufyËdyuQawGudk yked uf±id_ ;f vmapw,f? 'D=um;xJ ESpb f ufacgi;f aqmifawG uG,v f eG f oGm;jyefwt hJ wGuf yl;aygi;f a&;jzpfpOf[m wjznf;jznf; &yfqidk ;f oGm;ygw,f? 'kw, d tqifh - wk@H qidk ;f aewJu h mv? 90 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f 0ifa&mufvmwJt h cg ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;ukd wqifw h ufa&; pOf;pm;csuf xyfraH y:vmw,f? 1992 rSm pwif aqG;aEG;jyefw,f? 1993 pufwifbmrSm Madhya jynfe,fe@J bD [mjynfe,fpwJh wjcm;a'oawGrmS emqmbm&Dvy_ &f mS ;r_udk yl;aygi;f tm;jznfv h yk af qmifomG ;zk@d ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf qH;k jzwfcw hJ ,f? 'gt h jyif tdE, dN jynfv;kH qkid &f m jynfoal wG&@J ckcq H ef@usiaf &;tzG@J tpnf;wck xlaxmifomG ;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ usi;f ycJw h ,f? tJ'aD qG;aEG;yGu J ya'o&mZfpepfqef@usiaf &;/ e,fcs@J pepfqef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_udk wGe;f aqmfEidk cf w hJ ,f? 'DwcsD waygi;f wpnf; wnf;jzpfa&; jzpfpOf[m qufwu dk f 3 ESp=f umygw,f? 'gayrJah emufq;kH rSm Ekid if w H umv_y&f mS ;r_ jy\em wcsKd @tay: oabmuGv J rJG r_ sm; jzpfymG ;cJ+h y;D ,m,D&yfqidk ;f oGm;jyefw,f? 1998 ckEpS rf mS tdE, dN jynfueG jf rLepfygwD ¡(rmhupf /f vDeif0g')(jynfo@l ppfy)JG ¢ ¡CPI (ML) (jynfo@l ppfy)JG ¢[m wjcm; ygww D ckjzpfwhJ tdE, dN jynfueG jf rLepfygwD (nDnw G af om rmhupf /f vDeif0g') CPI (UML) eJ@ yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G v f u dk v f @dk ESpb f ufqufqaH &; wqifw h ufq;dk 0g;oGm;ygw,f? vufeufuidk f tcsi;f yGmk ;r_txd tqufrjywf jzpfymG ;cJv h @dk emqmbm&Dvy_ &f mS ;r_twGi;f yg0ifoel @J axmufcH ol trsm;tjym; aoqH;k oGm;&ygw,f? emqmbm&Dvy_ &f mS ;r_twGuf tvGe}f u;D rm;wJh qH;k ±H;_ r_ jzpfc&hJ w,f? tJ'u D mvukd armfpw D ek ;f 0g'aD wGtwGuf ‘rnf;arSmifaewJu h mv’vk@d awmif ac:ygw,f? wwd,tqifh- tvsiftjrefwkd;yGm;vmwJhumv? xdawG@qufqHr_awGrsm; vmjcif;eJ@ em;vnfra_ wG euf±id_ ;f vmwmeJ@tr# yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;tpDtpOfudk xyfrH wifjy=uw,f? ¡CPI (ML) (jynfo@l ppfy)JG ¢u ESpb f ufuv JG rJG r_ sm;ukd aqG;aEG;r_tm;jzifo h m ajz&Si;f oif+h y;D / vufeufuidk t f iftm;jzifh rajz&Si;f oifb h ;l vk@d rdru d , dk u f , dk af 0zefa&;ukd OD;pGm vkyv f u dk yf gw,f? 2000 ckEpS rf mS ‘tdE, dN jynfarmfpw D ek ;f 0g'v_y&f mS ;r_pifwm’u vufO;D r_,l um wzufowftypftcwf&yfprJ _ qH;k jzwfcsuu f dk taumiftxnfazmfvu dk w f ,f? ¡CPI (ML) (jynfo. l ppfy)JG ¢ uvnf; xked nf;wl wH@k jyefaqmif&u G v f u dk w f ,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm ‘tdEdN ,jynfarmfpw D ek ;f 0g'v_y&f mS ;r_pifwm’&J@ jyefvnfqef;ppfcsuef @J jynfwiG ;f jynfy awmfveS af &; tiftm;r_rsm;ukd arwWm&yfccH suf xkwjf yefcw hJ t hJ avsmuf ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf aqG;aEG;a&;[m

107

21 pmpOf 2001 =o*kwv f rSm jyefvnftouf0ifvmjyefw,f? yxrt }urd af qG;aEG;yG+J y;D oGm;wJah emuf ESpb f ufpvH;k u rdrw d @dk &@J trSm;rsm;ukd jynfe,ftpk;d &qef@usiw f u dk cf u dk af &;tajccHay:rSm wqifw h ufy;l aygi;f aqmif&u G af &; vkyaf qmifomG ;&ef qH;k jzwfcsucf svu dk w f ,f? 2001 ck/ 'kw, d ESp0f ufrS 2002 pufwifbmvok@d a&mufwt hJ cg bD,mjynfe,fe@J Jharkhand jynfe,fw@dk rm S ESpzf ufy;l aygi;f a&;ukd aqmif&u G yf gw,f? 2002 pufwifbmrSm ESpb f ufy;l aygi;f +y;D tpk;d &qef@usio f mG ;a&;ukd wifjyxkwjf yefvu dk w f ,f? tpk;d &&J@ armfpw D ek ;f 0g'Drsm;ukd qef@usifwkdufckdufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_pDrHudef;rsm;a=umifh ESpfbufroifhrjrwfjzpf aer_rsm;ukd wqifw h uf yaysmufomG ;apovkd qufqrH _ ykrd edk ;D uyfomG ;apygw,f? tJ'aD emuf ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf w&m;0ify;l aygi;f oGm;a&;twGuf jyifqifra_ wGudk vkyaf qmifEidk af pcJw h ,f? 2003 azazmf0g&D tpnf;ta0;rSm tckdiftrmusus yl;aygif;a&;pDrHudef;ukd a&;qGJ=uw,f? ‘rnf;arSmifaeaomumv’u rdrw d @dk &@J jyKrlvyk af qmifcsurf sm;ukd jyefvnfqef;ppfjcif;eJ@ ppfaq;oH;k oyfjcif;wk@d udk aqmif&u G w f ,f? b,fvo dk abmuGv J rJG r_ sKd ;jzpfjzpf rdrw d @dk vlwef; pm;wku d af zmfwu dk zf ufrsm;tcsi;f csi;f tcsi;f yGm;r_rjzpfymG ;Ekid af &; qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;csrw S +f yD; aemuf rmhupf 0f g'/ vDeif0g'/ armfpw D ek ;f 0g'/ ygw&D @J vyk if ef;pOf/ jynfwiG ;f jynfyjyKrl aqmif &Guaf &;eJ@ywfoufwhJ Ekid if aH &;qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;eJ@ ygw&D @J zpJG nf;yHpk nf;rsO;f Oya'/ qH;k jzwfcsuf 5 &yfw@dk udk a&;qGt J wnfjyKum/ aemifrmS w&m;0if yl;aygi;f a&;twGuf tajccHtw k jf rpfudk csrw S v f u dk yf gw,f? wESp=f um+yD;aemuf ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf tjrifq h ;kH ud, dk pf m;vS,t f zG@J e@J t"duA[kad umf rwDw@dk xyfraH wG@q+kH y;D w&m;0ify;l aygi;f a&;ukd aqmif&u G yf gw,f? tpnf;ta0;rSm txufyg aqG;aEG;yGu J twnfjyKxm;wJh ta&;}uD;pmwrf; 5 apmifudk vufcv H u dk +f yD; a'o bmom pum; 10 rsKd ;eJ@bmomjyefum a'otoD;oD;ukd jzef@caJG y;yk@d vu dk w f ,f? us,u f s,jf yef@ jyef@vnf; aqG;aEG;apw,f? aemufq;kH rSm tpnf;ta0;u ESpyf gwyD ;l aygi;f +yD; ,m,DA[kd aumfrwDtzG@J udk a=unmygw,f? tJ'u D p+yD; tdE, dN jynfueG jf rLepf ygwD (armfpw D ek ;f 0g') CPI (Mao) ukd w&m;0ifxal xmifvu dk yf gw,f? 2? CPI (Mao) &J@ tajccHoabmw&m;eJ@ ay:vpDrsm; ‚ygw&D @J vrf;n¸et f awG;tac:/ Ekid if aH &;&nfreS ;f csu/f awmfveS af &;vrf;a=umif; pwJh tajccHoabmw&m;eJ@ ygw&D @J tckid t f rmay:vpDawGe@J ywfoufv@dk 200& Zefe0g&v D u usi;f ywJh e0rt}udraf jrmufueG *f &ufu twnfjyKcJw h hJ “rmhupf /f vDeif/ armfpw D ek ;f 0g' }u;D jrwfwt hJ vHawmfudk jrifrh m;rm;v$ix hf =l u” “ygwv D yk if ef;pOf” “ygwzD @JG pnf;yHpk nf;rsO;f Oy a'” “tdE, dN jynf awmfveS af &;&J@ aoe*FAsL[meJ@enf;y&d,m,f”eJ@ “rsuaf rSmufjynfwiG ;f jynfytajctaeeJ@ ywfoufwhJ qH;k jzwfcsu”f pmwrf; 5 apmife@J trsKd ;rsKd ;aom tckid t f rm qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;twGi;f tao;pdwaf 0zefo;kH oyfaqG;aEG;jyxm;ygw,f? u? CPI (Mao) &J @ vrf ; n¸ e f t awG ; tac:/ Ek d i f i H a &; &nf r S e f ; csuf e J @ awmf v S e f a &;vrf ; a=umif ; ? ?‚ygw&D @J zG@J pnf;yHpk nf;rsO;f Oya'rSm CPI (Mao)

108

21 pmpOf [m rmhufpf/ vDeif/ armfpDwkef;0g' wkd@ukd rdrdwkd@&J@ vrf;n¸eftawG;tac:tjzpf qH;k jzwfjyÏmef;xm;w,f? &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wkid u f awmh 'Dru dk a&pDawmfveS af &;jzifh e,fcs@J pepf/ ya'o&mZfpepfeJ@ AsL±kdu&uf vufa0cH t&if;&Sifpepfwkd@ukd wkdufckduf+zdKzsufypf+yD;/ 'Drkdua&pDopfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;ukd xlaxmifum aemufqHk;rSm qkd&S,f vpfpepfeJ@ uGejf rLepfpepfudk taumiftxnf azmf oGm;a&;jzpfw,fv@dk qH;k jzwfazmfjyxm;w,f? armf p D w k e f ; 0g'[m Ek d i f i H w um ypP n f ; rJ h v l w ef ; pm; awmf v S e f a &; oabmw&m; jzpfwnfvmr_jzpfpOftwGi;f rmhupf /f vDeif0g'+yD;aemuf urBmah wmfveS af &; wwd,tqifh 0ifa&mufomG ;r_&@J txGuyf pPn;f jzpfw,f? rmhupf /f vDeif0g' zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufr&_ @J ykrd jdk rifrh m;wJh tqifo h pf&@J rSww f idk jf zpfw,f? rsuaf rSmufurBm&J@ rmhupf /f vDeif0g'jzpfw,fv@kd olw@dk u ±_jrifw,f? ‚ygwDu rmhufpf/ vDeif0g'/ armfpDwkef;0g'[m rsufarSmufEkdifiHwum ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;wkd@ qkyfudkifxm;&efvkdtyfwJh tus,ftjyef@ t"dy`m,faqmifwJh/ +yD;jynfph w kH hJ tawG;tac:pepfjzpfw,fv@dk cH,w l ,f? ygw&D @J avmavmq,fq,f &nfreS ;f csurf mS tdE, dN wGipf wifqifEaJ$ ewJh 'Drdk ua&pD opfawmfveS af &;ukd vufawG@taumiftxnfazmf/ +yD;ajrmufatmifjrifa&; jzpfw,f? 'DawmfveS af &;&J@wm0efu ukv d edk 0D g'vufopf&@J tkypf ;dk r_atmufu ukv d edk w D ykid ;f / ya'o&mZf wykid ;f vl@tzG@J tpnf;ukd wGe;f vSeyf pfa&;jzpfw,f? 'DawmfveS af &;[m ajr,mawmfveS af &; wku d yf t JG ajccHtw k jf rpfay:rSm aus;vufe@J jynfov l x l pk pfrsuEf mS rsm;ukd xlaxmif&r,f qkw d m[m rsuaf rSmufygwv D yk if ef;&J@ tcsut f csm jzpfw,f? jynfo@l ppfyu JG dk wk;d cs@J +y;D ppfrsuf ESmwkid ;f rSm wku d yf q JG ifEo J$ mG ;&r,f? ajymufusm;ppfyrJG sm;ukd E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;tm;jzifh a&S@wef; a&mufwahJ 'oawGrmS zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufap&r,f? ajymufusm;ppfudk v_y&f mS ;ppftqifo h @dk jri‡ w hf if oGm;&r,f? vufeufuidk f wku d yf u JG dk wjcm;jynfe,frsm;ok@d vnf; tpGr;f ukew f ;dk cs@J omG ;&r,f? c? rsufarSmufawmfvSefa&;tajctaeeJ@ usifhoHk;&r,fh enf;y&d,m,f “rsuaf rSmufjynfwiG ;f jynfytajctaeeJ@ywfoufwq hJ ;kH jzwfcsu”f rSm rsuaf rSmuf urBm}uD;[m 'kw, d urBmppfaemufyidk ;f rSm b,fwek ;f urSr&Sb d ;l wJh A±kwo f u k Q rwnfr+idrf tajctaersdK;twGif; usa&mufaew,f? e,fcsJ@orm;&J@ xkd;ppftiftm;[m wpwp jyif;xefvmaew,f? tdE, dN jynf[m ukv d edk w D ykid ;f ya'o&mZfwykid ;f vl@tzG@J tpnf;tjzpf &S+d r&J adS ewke;f yJ? 'Dvdk yuwdtajctaeatmufrmS CPI (Mao) u jynfwiG ;f rSm OD;pGm jynfo@l ppfyq JG ifEo J$ mG ;a&;ukd wGe;f aqmfawmif;qkad ew,f? txl;ojzifh us,af jymvSwhJ jynfol vlx}k u;D tm; aus;vufrmS ajr,mawmfveS af &;eJ@ ajymufusm;ppfyq JG ifEo J$ mG ;a&;ukd pwif pnf;±H;k &r,f? jynfo@l wyfrawmfe@J teDa&mifawmfveS af &;tajccHa'orsm;ukd xlaxmif& r,f? aemufq;kH rSm tdE, dN jynftm; ukv d edk w D ykid ;f / ya'o&mZfwykid ;f vl@tzG@J tpnf;rS trScD dk uif;wJh 'Dru dk a&pDv@l tzG@J tpnf;tjzpf ajymif;vJypf&r,f? tJ'aD emuf tdE, dN jynf uGejf rLepf ygwD CPI eJ@ tdE, dN jynfueG jf rLepfygwD (rmhupf )f CPI (M) &J@ axmufcrH &_ &Sx d m;wJh ygvrD ef v$waf wmfu ayguzf mG ;vmwJh A[kt d pk;d &ukd jywfjywfom;om; qef@usio f mG ;&r,f? eDaygvf jynfueG jf rLepfygwD (armfpw D ek ;f 0g') CPN (Mao) eJ@ eD;eD;uyfuyfqufqaH &;ukd xlaxmif+y;D /

109

21 pmpOf awmiftm&SEidk if rH sm;&Sd armfpw D ek ;f 0g' Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm;&J@ xde;f n‡ad &;aumfrwDrmS wufwuf ºuºuyg0ifomG ;&r,f? yD±;l / zdvpfyidk /f wl&uDe@J wjcm;a'ou awmfveS af &;awGudk axmufcH oGm;&r,fv@kd azmfjyxm;w,f? &J@ pnf;±Hk;a&;taqmufttHk CPI(Mao) ukd 2004 atmufwb dk m 14 &ufrmS w&m;0if xlaxmifvu dk +f y;D aemuf rlv CPI (ML) (jynfo@l ppfy)JG &J@ A[kad umfrwDOuUÏ *semAmwDudk topfxal xmifvu dk w f hJ CPI(Mao) &J@ twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf a&G;cs,v f u dk =f uw,f? 2007 Zefe0g&rD mS jynfv;kH qkid &f m e0rt}udraf jrmuf uGe*f &ufudk v#Kd @0u S u f si;f ycJ&h m tJ'u D eG *f &ufuvnf; *semAmwDuydk J ygwt D axGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf xyfraH &G;cs,v f u dk yf gw,f? ygww D iG ;f pnf;±H;k zG@J pnf;r_e@J ywfouf+y;D CPI (Mao) u jynfyok@d tckid t f rm xkwf azmfajym=um;jcif; r&Sad yr,fh owif;pmuae xkwjf yefa=unmcJw h m &Syd gw,f? CPI (Mao) [m ryl;aygi;f rDu ygwED pS &f yf&@J pnf;±H;k zG@J pnf;r_ypkH t H wkid ;f acgi;f aqmifru _ dk usio hf ;kH aqmif &Gu+f rJ aqmif&u G v f su&f adS yr,fv h nf; txufrS atmuftqift h xd A[kad umfrwDtyg t0if a'otzG@J tpnf;/ jynfe,faumfrwD/ Xmeqkid &f maumfrwDe@J tpktzG@J i,faumfrwDw@dk udk odyo f nf;uspv f pfpmG jyKrlaqmif&u G af &;rltwkid ;f pnf;±H;k zG@J pnf;r_wpHv k ;kH ukd tajccHtm;jzifh zG@J pnf;+yD;oGm;yg+yD? 'g[m CPI (Mao) &J@ wyfz@JG =uHch idk }f uD;xGm;a&;twGuf aumif;rGew f hJ pnf;±H;k a&;tajccHtw k jf rpfudk taxmuftuljzpfapygw,f? CPI (ML) (jynfo@l ppfy)JG eJ@ ‘tdE, dN jynfarmfpw D ek ;f 0g'v_y&f mS ;r_pifwm’ &J@vuf atmufrmS toD;oD;&Sad ewJh jynfo@l ajymufusm;wyfz@JG rsm;eJ@ jynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&;ajymuf usm;wyfz@JG w@dk udk yl;aygi;f vku d +f yD; CPI (Mao) &J@ vufatmufcH ‘jynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&; ajymufusm;wyfrawmf’vd@k trnfay;zG@J pnf;vku d w f ,f? tpk;d &buf&@J xkwaf zmfajym=um; csut f &qk&d if 'DwyfrawmfrmS vufeufuidk t f iftm; 6500 - 7000 &Sw d ,fv@dk qkw d ,f? aoewfe@J tajrmufppk ak ygi;f 5500 ausm&f w dS ,f? trsm;pkrmS AK ±kid zf ,fe@J AK atmfwdk rufwpf±idk zf ,frsm;/ umbkid rf sm;/ ajcmufv;kH yl;aoewfrsm;eJ@ vufypfA;kH / ajrjr‡KyfA;kH pwmawG jzpfw,f? enf;ynmwyfz@JG wckvnf; xlaxmifxm;+yD; tJ'w D yfz@JG u 12 vH;k yl;ypPwedk @J ‚&J@ usnq f efuv dk nf; jyKvkyEf idk af eyg+y?D 'gt h jyif aoewftrsKd ;rsKd ;ukv d nf; jyKjyifEidk af eyg+y?D tpk;d &tzG@J tpnf;rsm;u CPI (Mao) [m xlaxmif+yD;aemuf ppfa&;tiftm; t}uD;tus,f wk;d yGm;vmvk@d jynfe,ftpk;d &tzG@J rsm;ukd t}uD;tus,+f cdr;f ajcmufvmEkid w f ,fv@dk qkad e =uyg+yD? 3?

CPI (Mao)

4? CPI (Mao) xlaxmif+yD;aemuf t"duv_yf&Sm;r_t0ef;t0kdif; ‚ygwD xlaxmif+yD;aemuf 2 ESpw f mtwGi;f tdE, dN &J@ jynfe,f 28 ckteuf 13 jynfe,f/ a'o 150 txd wrk[w k cf si;f us,jf yefcw hJ ,f? Andhra Pradesh jynfe,f/ Chhattisgarh jynfe,f/ Bihar jynfe,f/ Orissa jynfe,f/ West Bengal jynfe,f/ Karnataka jynfe,f/ Jharkhand jynfe,fpwmawGjzpfw,f? ,cktcg a'o 170 ausmf

110

21 pmpOf [m tajccHtm;jzifh armfpw D ek ;f 0g'aD wG&@J =oZmcHa'oawGjzpfaeyg+yD? tJ'D =oZmcHe,fy,f awGteuf ajrmufbuf eDaygvjf ynfe,fpyfrS awmifbuf Andhra Pradesh jynfawmifyidk ;f awmifwef;a'otxd/ 'Dwa=um[m tiftm;t}u;D qH;k jzpf+y;D ysm;yef;cwfr# v_y&f mS ;aeo vkjd zpfv@dk ‘teDa&mifp}u’HF vk@d awmif ac:aeyg+y?D CPI (Mao) [m tJ'aD 'oukd awmfveS af &; nGe@f aygi;f a'owck jzpfatmif }udK;pm;wnfaqmufae+yD;/ armfpw D ek ;f 0g'tzG@J tpnf;rsm;&J@ =oZmeJ@ tiftm;wqifw h ufw;dk cs@J a&;ukd }uKd ;pm;aew,f? aemufq;kH rSm tJ'aD 'oukd rdrw d @dk &J@tiftm;tvHk;t&if;jzifh jrm;OD;o¿mefxkd;0if+yD; tdENd,&J@ta&;}uD;a'otjzpf taumiftxnfazmfwmeJ@wcsed w f nf;rSm r[mrdwrf sm;jzpfwhJ Oyrm eDaygvjf ynfueG jf rLepf ygwD (armfpw D ek ;f 0g')/ blwefjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (armfpw D ek ;f 0g')eJ@ wjcm;awmiftm&SrS armfpw D ek ;f 0g'tzG@J tpnf;rsm;&J@ &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wkid u f dk taumiftxnfazmfa&; }udK;yrf; aeygw,f? yl;aygi;f +y;D wJah emuf CPI (Mao) [m yHpk t H rsKd ;rsKd ;aom ajymufusm;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; ukd us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ qifEv J$ su&f ydS gw,f? yl;aygi;f +y;D wJah emuf yxrESpt f wGi;f rSmyJ jynfo@l vGwfajrmufa&;ajymufusm;wyfrawmf&J@ vifeufukdifv_yf&Sm;r_[m wjynfvHk;&Sda'o tajrmuftjrm;ok@d jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufomG ;w,f? yxrOD;qH;k ajrmufyidk ;f jynfe,f&@J c±lid f wcktwGi;f rSm csKH ckd wku d yf q JG ifE&J$ m ykvyd f 19 a,mufudk acsre_ ;f Ekid cf w hJ ,f? 2005 Zefe0g&rD mS bD[mjynfe,f/ Jharkhand jynfe,fw@dk rmS v$waf wmfa&G;aumufyu JG mvtwGi;f tEN, d tpk;d &wyfrawmfudk tvpftiku d , f w l u dk cf u dk +f yD; a&G;aumufyu JG dk oydwaf rSmufygw,f? 2005 {+yDe@J ZeG v f wk@d rmS CPI (Mao) [m ykrkd }dk uD;rm;wJh enf;AsL[mt& jyefveS f xk;d ppfwu dk yf pJG Ofrsm;ukd qifEcJ$ w hJ ,f? Karataka jynfe,f&@J wku d yf w JG yGrJ mS A[kyd v k yd t f zG@J &@J t&Hwyfe@J txl;wyfz@JG 0if 38 a,mufao/ 100 eD;yg; t}uD;tus,f '%f &m&oGm;w,f? tdE, dN tpk;d &[m A[kyd v k yd t f &efwyfpwJh vufa&G;pOfwyfrsm;ukd pkpnf;wku d cf u dk cf ahJ yr,fh tusKd ;qufuawmh 'geaJ jymif;jyefjzpfomG ;+yD; t±_;H }uD;±_;H oGm;&w,f? tJ'aD emuf eDaygvf e,fpyfudk csO;f uyfum ajrmufb[ D m jynfe,f/ Madhuban c±kid rf mS orkid ;f wGiaf vmufwhJ tvpftidu fk 0f ifwu dk w f hJ wku d yf w JG yGJ qifEcJ$ w hJ ,f? CPI (Mao) &J@ tzG@J 0if 150 avmufu ykvyd Xf me/ b%f/ a'otpk;d &±H;k wk@d udk tvpf0ifwu dk cf w hJ myg? 'Dwu dk yf aJG wG[m a'owckv;kH omru wjynfv;kH ukd wkev f y_ af jcmufjcm;oGm;apw,f? tJ'aD emuf Karnataka jynfe,frmS txl;wyftajrmuftjrm;ukd pkpnf;xm;csed f rSm ‚wk@d udk jynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&;ajymufusm;wyfrsm;u csKH ckw d u dk cf u dk v f u dk &f m tdE, dN tpk;d &wyfz@JG 0if 8 a,muf t}u;D tus,f '%f&m&oGm;ygw,f? 'g[m taemufyidk ;f awmif wef;a'oawGrmS yxrqH;k t}udrf tvpftidu k w f u dk cf u dk v f u dk jf cif;jzpfw,f? 2007ckEpS x f aJ &mufvm+y;D aemuf jynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&;ajymufusm;wyfrawmf [m v_y&f mS ;r_e,fy,ft0ef;t0kid ;f ukd wqifw h ufw;dk cs@J vu dk ±f rkH u tvpftidu k , f l wku d cf u dk f a&; ypfrw S af wGudk a'otoD;oD;rS acgi;f aqmifrsm;ok@d csrw S af y;vku d f w,f? 2007 rwfv 4 &ufrmS armf0g'aD jymufusm;awG[m Jharkhand jynfe,f&@J ygvrD efvw $ af wmftrwfrsm;ukd

111

21 pmpOf wku d cf u dk v f u dk &f m xdreS af oqH;k ukew f ,f? 5 &ufae@rmS Maharashtra a'o vrf;r}u;D azmuf vkyaf &;pDru H ed ;f ukd vma&mufppfaq;wJh a'ov$waf wmfacgi;f aqmifudk wku d cf u dk o f wfjzwf ypfvu dk w f ,f? ‚v 15 &ufae@uvnf; Edi_ ;f ,SOjf cif;t& tiftm;awmifw h if;wJh Chhattis garsh jynfe,f/ CPI (Mao) &J@ wyftiftm; 300 ausmu f jynfe,fvufeufuidk yf v k yd f 15 a,muftygt0if 40 ausmu f dk wku d cf u dk af csre_ ;f ypfvu dk w f ,f? csKyfvu dk &f if CPI (Mao) [m 2004 rSm xlaxmif+yD;wJah emuf tqufrjywf wk;d wufvmaew,f? awmiftm&S wjcm;Ekid if aH wGu armf0g'ED idk if aH &;ygwrD sm;eJ@ us,u f s,f jyef@jyef@yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdw,f? ,cktcg tdENd,jynfuGefjrLepfygwDrsm;[m 2 *k% d ;f uGv J su&f w dS ,f? CPI eJ@ CPI (M) wk@d rmS ygw0D if 5 ode;f eJ@ 8 ode;f pD toD;oD;&Sw d ,f? v$waf wmftwGi;f Oya'wGi;f wku d yf eJG nf;vrf;jzifh Ekid if aH &;tm%m&&S+d yD; qk&d , S v f pfpepfudk wpwp ul;ajymif;oGm;a&;ukd &yfcw H ,f? 'DygwD 2 ygwu D v$waf wmftwGi;f trwfae&m 48 ae&m &&Sad e+yD;/ CPI (M) u taemufb*Fvm;jynfe,f/ Kerala jynfe,fe@J Tripura jynfe,fw@dk rmS Ekid if aH &;tm%m&&Sad ewm ESpaf ygi;f 30 &Sad eyg+yD? CPI &J@ axmufcu H n l rD _ rsm;vnf; &ygw,f? 'gt h jyif CPI (ML) eJ@ CPI (Mao) wk@d rmS vnf; ygw0D if aomif;*%ef; txufrmS toD;oD; &Sad ew,f? t=urf;zufawmfveS af &;udk &yfc+H y;D aus;vufajymufusm;ppf rSwqifh +rdK@rsm;uk0d idk ;f / aemufq;kH tm%modr;f a&;vrf;pOfudk usio hf ;kH aeygw,f? 'DygwrD mS aomif;tcsKd @&w dS hJ vufeufuidk w f yf&w dS ,f? wjynfv;kH rSm a'o 150 ausmrf mS vufeufuidk f v_y&f mS ;vsu&f w dS ,f? {&d,mtm;jzifh wjynfv;kH &J@ av;yHw k yHck ef@&w dS ,f? vlO;D a&tm;jzifh oef; 170 ausm[ f m ‚wk@d &@J =oZmatmufrmS &Sad e+y?D 'DueG jf rLepfygwD *k% d ;f 2 *k% d ;f [m b,fol u rSe+f y;D b,fou l rSm;ovJqw dk muawmh tem*wfvufawG@u tajzay;ygvrd rhf ,f? ? ukd;um;? ? rsufarSmufurBmESifh qkd&S,fvpf0g' *sme,f (w±kwfbmom) 200& - trSwf (6) &JabmfpdefxGef;

armfpDwkef;0g'[m EkdifiHwum ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; awmfvSefa&; oabmw&m; jzpfwnfvmr_jzpfpOftwGif; rmhufpf/ vDeif0g'+yD;aemuf urBmhawmfvSefa&; wwd,tqifh 0ifa&mufoGm;r_&J@ txGufypPnf;jzpfw,f? rmhufpf/ vDeif0g' zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufr&_ @J ykrd jdk rifrh m;wJh tqifo h pf&@J rSww f idk jf zpfw,f? rsuaf rSmufurBm&J@ rmhupf /f vDeif0g'jzpfw,fv@kd olw@dk u ±_jrifw,f? ‚ygwu D rmhupf /f vDeif0g'/ armf p D w k e f ; 0g'[m rsuf a rS m uf E k d i f i H w um ypP n f ; rJ h v l w ef ; pm;wk d @ qkyfudkifxm;&efvkdtyfwJh tus,ftjyef@ t"dy`m,faqmifwJh/ +yD;jynfhpHkwJh tawG;tac:pepfjzpfw,fvkd@ cH,lw,f? 112

21 pmpOf

ay:jyLvm tar&dueforkdif; qef ; ppf c su suf armif o ef ; jra&$ ed ' gef ; kH [ JG m tar&dueforkid ;f eJ@ ywfouf Charls A. Beard eJ@ Marry Ritter Beard wk@d pw wJh pmtkyf trsm;tjym; a&;cJhw,f? olwkd@ukd ‘wkd;wufwJh ’ orkdif;q&mrsm;tjzpf n¸ e f ; qk d a omf v nf ; ‘ay:jyLvm’ ork d i f ; q&m;rsm;tjzpf o m rmh u f p f 0 g'D ork d i f ; q&mrsm;u owfrSwfw,f? Charls Beard u tar&dueforkdif;ukd tar&duef t&if ; &S i f p epf jzpf a y:wk d ; yG m ;r_ u k d r¾d K if j yK+yD ; oH k ; oyf w J h yxrqH k ; ork d i f ; q&m jzpfw,f? olwkd@[m 19 &mpkukefykdif;eJ@ 20 &mpktapmykdif;rSm aysmufuG,foGm;+yD jzpfwJh acwfa[mif;vlvwfwef;pm; tao;pm;xkwfvkyfolrsm;&J@ ukd,fpm;vS,f tjzpf Ekd;xum ay:jyLvm tar&dueforkdif;ukd pdwf0ifpm;vm=uw,f? olwkd@&J@ a&;om;csufrsm;ukd Daniel Gaido u ±kyf0g' ±_a'gifhrS a0zefoHk;oyfonfhpmwrf;ukd vkd&if;wkd&Sif; aumufE_wfwifjyygw,f? Gaido [m tpPa&;EkdifiH [kdifzmwuUokdvfrS uxdu wOD; jzpfw,f? &nf!¸ef; Daniel Gaido’s The Populist Interprepation of American History. Science & Society Voul. 65, no3. Fall 2001,

ay:jyLvmork d i f ; ES i f h ork d i f ; a&;±k y f 0 g' 1932 u *|ecf sed b f mvdeu f wk;d wufwt hJ pOftvm tar&dueforkid ;f [m “t&if; &Siif ,frsm;u t&if;&Si}f uD;rsm;ukd qef@usijf cif;jzpf+yD; vuf0g;}uD;tkyx f &yfprf sm;udk csKd ;zsuf um aps;uGuw f iG ;f taumifi,frsm;twGuf tcGit hf vrf;rsm; azmfaqmifay;jcif;” vk@d qdk w,f? rSwo f m;zk@d aumif;wJt h csuu f acwfa[mif;vlvwfwef;pm;&J@ tcpm; aus;u|erf jzpf vkw d hJ acgi;f rmr_udk xufjrufrt _ jzpf rSw, f jl cif; jzpfw,f? 1935 rSm Beard u ,ckvdk a&;cJw h ,f? “oabmw&m;t& tar&dum;rSm vlwef;pm;w&yfyJ &Sw d ,f? "e&Siaf ygupf yJ (trsm;pk[m aus;vufaemufc&H )dS ypPn;f rJeh @J

113

21 pmpOf txufvm$ vlux kH aH wGu vlwef;pm;tjzpf jzpfwnfrvmbl;”? ay:jyLvmorkid ;f q&mawG (olw@dk u, dk o f w l @dk wk;d wuforl sm;vk@d ac:w,f)[m tJ'D ausmaxmufaemufct H jrife@J orkid ;f ukd oH;k oyfc=hJ uw,f? olw@dk t"du tm;uk;d jyKwhJ tcsuf u pufra_ wmfveS af &;u ajr,mykid q f idk rf u _ dk &Si;f vif;ypfwhJ (v,fyidk &f iS u f av;rsm;&J@ ajr,mukd ajr&Sief @J t&if;&Sirf sm;u odr;f ,ljcif;) t*Fvefe@J rwlb/J tar&duefjynfaxmifprk mS 20 &mpk tpykid ;f txd t&if;pkyrkH _ }uD;}uD;rm;rm; jzpfay:cJjh cif;[m tao;pm;ykid q f idk o f rl sm; (txl; ojzifh aus;vufrmS ) wk;d yGm;vmvk@d jzpfw,fv@kd qkw d ,f? txifu& orkid ;f q&mwkid ;f [m aus;vuf"e&Siaf ygupf rsm;buf wdr;f !¸ww f t hJ jrife@J tar&duef vlrt _ aqmufttHu k dk oH;k oyfc=hJ uw,f? tar&duef awmfveS af &;acwf (1776 vGwv f yfa&; a=unmwJah cwf) [m *EÎ0if pDymG ;a&;tac:t& v,f,mpku d yf sKd ;a&;0daoo&Sw d hJ ‘v,form;ykid q f idk rf p_ epf’jzpfw,f? tao;pm;ykid q f idk rf j_ zpf+y;D v,f&iS u f , dk w f idk f t&if;tES;D pku d x f w k +f y;D uk, d v hf ,f uk, d rhf o d m;pke@J uk, d w f idk v f yk w f hJ v,f&iS v f nf;jzpf -t&if;&Siv f nf;jzpf/ v,form;vnf;jzpf - tvkyo f rm; vnf;jzpfwphJ epf jzpfw,fv@dk qkw d ,f? 'Dtcsurf eS u f efa=umif; atmufygtcsurf sm;eJ@ axmufjyw,f? touf 21 txuf vlvw G f tar&duefa,mufsm;xuf0uf[m 1796 rSm v,fajr ykid q f idk rf _ r&Sb d ;l ? 1800 rS 1850 t=um; ykid q f idk rf t _ csKd ;tpm;[m 0 . 50 &mckid Ef e_ ;f rS 0 . 47 &mckid Ef e_ ;f ok@d usomG ;aomfvnf; 1870 rSm vljzL 0 . 43 &mckid Ef e_ ;f eJ@ vlrJ š vljzL 0 . 39 &mckid Ef e_ ;f jzpfvmw,f (Soltow) ? qG'D if 29 &mckid Ef e_ ;f / 'de;f rwf 24 &mckid Ef e_ ;f / t*Fvef 10 &mckid Ef e_ ;f eJ@ paumhwvef 3 &mckid Ef e_ ;f eJ@ E_id ;f ,SOv f #if v,fajrykid q f idk rf t _ csKd ;tpm;[m tar&duef&@J a&S@wef;a&mufwhJ atmifjrifry_ J (Soltow) ? "e&Siaf ygupf ajrykid &f iS Ef idk if H tar&dum;rSm 1880 txd vkyo f m;tiftm; 75 &mckid Ef e_ ;f [m aus;vufv,f,majrrSm tajcjyK+y;D 1890 txd vkyo f m;tiftm; xuf0uf ausm[ f m pku d yf sKd ;a&;vkyif ef;rSm tajcjyKw,f (Lebergott) ? zuf'&,foef;acgipf m&ift& 1860 rSm v,fajruGuaf ygi;f 2 oef;rS 1900 rSm 5 . 7 oef;&Sv d mw,f? ESpf 40 twGi;f ,cif 1607 rS 1860 umv&Scd w hJ hJ v,fajr&J@ 2 qavmuf wk;d cs@J cw hJ ,f (Carstensen) ? aemuf tESpf 20 avmuftxd v,fajrrsm; qufvuf wk;d wke;f yJ? 1910 rSm 6 . 37 oef;/ 1920 rSm 6 . 45 oef; jzpfvmw,f (U. S Department of Commerce, 1975)

1900 rSm tar&dum;[m a&S@wef;a&muf pufrt _ iftm;}uD; Ekid if jH zpfvmaomf vnf; vlO;D a& trsm;pk tajccs aexkid rf [ _ m wae&mrSm vl 2500 xufrykb d ;l (Foner) UK &Sd pku d yf sKd ;a&;orm; OD;a&[m 1840 rSm 1 . 51 oef;/ 1910 rSm 1 . 55 oef; yJ&w dS ,f?odyf ruGmbl;? pku d yf sKd ;a&;vkyo f m; OD;a&[m +Adwo d #vyk o f m;tiftm;&J@ 36 &mckid Ef e_ ;f (1801) rS 11 &mckid Ef e_ ;f (1891) ok@d usqif;oGm;aomfvnf; US rSm ‚umv (1801 rS 1891) twGi;f 3 . 57 oef; rS 11 . 68 oef; (330 &mckid Ef e_ ;f ) wk;d vmw,f (Lebergott; Thomas)?

114

21 pmpOf txufyg ude;f *%ef;rsm;ukd axmufjy+y;D ay:jyLvmorkid ;f q&mrsm;u 1891 rSm tar&duef pufre_ @J p;D yGm;a&;[m Oa&myEkid if rH sm;ESihf wef;wljzpfvmcJ+h yD; aoG;pkyo f el @J aoG;pkycf /H blZmG eJ@ ypPnf;rJhtjzpf vlwef;pm;ododomom uGJvmcJhaomfvnf; "e&SifaygufpeJ@ v,f orm;uav;rsm; (txl;ojzifh v,form;uav;rsm;) ta&twGu[ f m Oa&myxuf ykrd kd rsm;jym;w,fv@dk ed*;kH csKyf=uwm[m tH=h op&mawmh r[kwyf gb;l ? 'Dae&mrSm ay:jyLvm0g'aD wG[m u|eyf idk &f iS af wG acgi;f aqmifwhJ tvky=f urf;orm; rsm;&J@ v_y&f mS ; r_rsm; (twwfynmeJ@ Ekid if aH &;vGwv f yfciG /hf pmwwfajrmufciG phf onfh a,bk,s v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;) ukd acwfa[mif;vlwef;pm;rsm;&J@ uk, d yf idk Ef idk if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;eJ@ qufpyf a&mar$um ajr,myHpk cH u G x f u J "e&Siaf ygupf rsm;tjzpf ta&twGuw f ;dk yGm;atmif jyKvkyf xm;=uw,f? tJ'v D w l ef;pm; (ajr,myHpk cH u G x f u J acwfa[mif;vlvwfwef;pm;) ukd uk, d f pm;jyKwJh xif&mS ;wJh pma&;q&mu (Mark Twain (1835 - 1910) ygy?J ol@ta&;tom; rsm;[m tar&duef,Ofaus;r_udk rsm;pGm =oZmoufa&mufw,f? ay:jyLvm0g'DawG tvkdt&/ "e&Sifaygufp EkdifiHa&;pD;yGm;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_[m taemuftv,fyidk ;f eJ@ awmifyidk ;f v,form;uav;rsm;tay: tajccHw,f? +rKd @aevlvwf wef;pm;eJ@ &,f'u D ,ftvkyo f rm;tv$mukd olw@dk aemufudk yk@d xm;w,f? aemufyidk ;f rSm aus; vufaeolrsm;&J@ ta&;ygr_ avsmv h m+yD;/ a'o zGm; +rdK@ae"e&Siaf ygupf rsm;&J@ tqifah e&m jrifv h mw,fv@dkqw dk ,f? ‚wk@d u tar&duefawmfveS af &; (1776) rS tar&duef jynfwiG ;f ppf (1861 - 65) aemufyidk ;f umvtxd jzpfay:cJw h hJ t"du Ekid if aH &;yËdyuQrsm;ukd t&if;&Sief @J ajr,morm;wk@d &@J twku d t f cHjzpfrt _ jzpf yHak zmfw,f? wcgw&H ‘yk*Kd~ vfa&;’eJ@ ‘jzpf&yfreS f t=um;’ yËdyuQtjzpf azmfjyw,f? Oa&my ygwpD ekH @J uGjJ ym;pGm tar&duef 2 ygwD wnf&&dS jcif; ta=umif;rSm pku d yf sKd ;a&;eJ@ t&if;&Sipf epft=um; twku d t f cHjzpfra_ =umifv h @dk qdw k ,f? 'Dt,l tq&J@ Zpfjrpf[m tar&duef 'Dru dk &uf *suzf mqif - *suq f ifw@kd rS qif;oufvmjcif;jzpf+y;D wk;d wuforl sm;vk@d qkw d hJ ay:jyLvmv_y&f mS ;r_ (ay:jyLvmygwD 'grrS [kwf jynfo@l ygwq D w dk m 1891-94 twGi;f ay:aygucf w hJ hJ "e&Siaf ygupf v,form;ygww D &yfjzpfw,f?) u tarG qufcx H m;jcif; jzpfw,f? olw@dk u *suzf mqif &Si;f jywJh tar&duef 2 ygwpD epfudk oHo,r&Sd vufcw H ,f? tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k @J zcifawGxrJ mS *suzf mqif[m t}uD;jrwfq;kH vk@d qkw d ,f? ay:jyLvm0g'aD wGu uk, d yf idk v f ,fvyk v f ,form; pD;yGm;a&;jzpfwhJ ±k;d ±k;d ukepf nf xkwv f yk af &;[m tcpm;vkyt f m;tay: tajcjyKwhJ t&if;&Siu f ek pf nfxw k v f yk af &; }u;D xGm; apwJh ,kwadW =umif;eJ@ orkid ;f a=umif;t& a&S;OD;vkt d yfcsuv f @dk jrifw,f? tJ't D ar&duef t&if;&Sipf epfuyJ "e&Siaf ygupf v,f,m pku d yf sKd ;a&;tar&dum;ukd tief;r& 0g;rsKd }u;D xGm; vmwJh t&if;&Sipf epfjzpfaejyefw,f? tckvdk ay:jyLvm 0g'aD wG&@J a&S@aemufrnDwhJ a&;om; csurf sm;[m acwfopfaumfy&dk w d t f &if;&Sipf epfu orkid ;f jrifuiG ;f u z,f&mS ;vku d +f yD;jzpfwhJ acwfa[mif;vlvwfwef;pm;tay: wyfrufzufw, G af ejcif;yJjzpfw,f?

115

21 pmpOf vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJ Beard jrifwhJ tar&duef vlwef;pm;wku d yf [ JG m atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfw,f? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk trsKd ;om;tpk;d &[m t"duygw}D u;D 2 &yftay: tajcjyK w,f? trnfawG ajymif;oGm;aomfvnf; ygwD 2 &yf&@J zG@J wnfre_ @J taetxm;[m tenf; tyg;om ajymif;w,f? wcku [rfrv D w f ef/ 0wfpwm;/ vifueG ;f / rufuif;av/ uk;d vf;&pfe@J [l;Am;wk@d yg0ifwhJ Fedrealist - Whig - Republican ygwD jzpfw,f? (1789 tar&duef&@J yxrqH;k orRw a*sm0h g&iS w f ef vufxuf/ yxrqH;k b¾ma&;0ef}uD;jzpfol [rfrv D w f efe@J D dk OD;aqmif zG@J pnf; 'kw, d ajrmuf tar&dueforRw jzpfvmol *|et f 'rfw@dk u Federal ygwu cJw h ,f?) aemufyidk ;f Republican ygwv D @dk trnfajymif;w,f? pufre_ @J b¾mukd A[kjd yKw,f? 1860 rSm v,form;rsm; aygi;f pyfyg0ifc+hJ yD; ,ckwidk f ajrmufyidk ;f jynfe,frsm;wGif trmcH xm;&Sad omfvnf; t"du pD;yGm;a&;r¾dKif[m ESpaf ygi;f 150 avmuf rajymif;vJb;l ? 'kw, d ygwD u Republican - Democratic Organization (wwd,ajrmuf tar&dueforRweJ@ tar&duefvGwfvyfa&; a=unmpmwrf;a&;om;ol Thomas Jefferson OD;aqmifI Republican ygwu D dk zG@J pnf;w,f? aemufyidk ;f Democrat ygwv D @dk trnfajymif;w,f) jzpf+y;D *suzf mqif/ *suq f if/ b±kid , f efe@J z&ef@uvif ±kpbJvw f @dk uruxjyKw,f? pku d yf sKd ;a&; A[kjd yKpD;yGm;a&;udk tajccHw,f? ukeo f nfawG +rdK@jyynmwwfawG tajrmuftjrm;ukd a&S;uwnf;u vufcaH ygi;f pnf;cJw h ,f? ygwD 2 &yf uGjJ ym;jcif;[m pufro _ rm;tm;vH;k uwzuf ajr,morm;tm;vH;k u wzufv@dk t"dym` ,fra&mufb;l ? tar&duefEidk if aH &;udk pufre_ @J v,f,mpku d yf sKd ;a&;u a&S;OD; v$r;f rk;d cJah omfvnf; wckv;kH t& pnf;±H;k xm;wJh vkyt f m;awGvnf; yg0ifw,f? ygwD 2 &yf&@J &efvrdk u _ dk pD;yGm;a&;uGv J rJG t _ ay:rSm awG@Eidk w f ,f? &DywfbvDuefygwu D tar&duef pufr_ vkyif ef;rsm;tay: uk, d u f sKd ;pD;yGm;umuG,af &; twm;tqD;rsm;/ A[kpd pk nf;wJh b%fpepf/ a&$tajccHaiGa=u;/ yk@d uek af y:taxmuftyHh tm;aumif;wJh a&wyf/ twGi;f ydik ;f jyKjyifajymif; vJr/_ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fre_ @J oufomwJt h jrwfceG w f @dk udk axmufcw H ,f? 'Dru dk &ufwpfygwu D 19 &mpk wav#mufv;kH qef@usib f ufu &yfw,f? ¹cif;csu&f rdS mS jzpfaomfvnf; 20 &mpk tpykid ;f txd tajymif;tvJ tenf;tyg;om&Sw d ,f vk@d qw dk ,f? ay:jyLvmorkid ;f q&mrsm;tvkt d & tar&duefawmfveS af &; (1776) u ul;oef; a&mif;0,fa&; pufre_ @J tajccsaexkid rf _ yifv,fa&a=umif;oGm;vmr_ ydwyf if[ef@wm; r_rsm;ukd z,f&Sm;vkduf±Hkru ukdvkdeDvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd atmufajcvlwef;pm;rsm;tay: +Adwdo#tifykdif,m&J@ EkdifiHa&;ydwfyifr_awGudkvnf; z,f&Sm;vkdufw,f? ‚aemufykdif; ay:ayguv f mwJh ay:jyLvm jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;[m tar&duefv@l tzG@J tpnf;tay: }u;D rm;wJh =oZmoufa&mufw,f? om;OD;tarGcpH epf/ tarGcyH pPn;f rxkc&JG pepf/ a&$@ajymif; aexkid rf _ tcGet f c pwmawGudk zsuo f rd ;f jcif;/ bk&ifah jr tykid pf m;ajr opPmcHajr ponfw@dk udk odr;f ,ljcif;/ Ekid if &H yfjcm;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr_ uef@owfcsurf sm; z,f&mS ;jcif; Appalachian a'o}uD;ukd pku d yf sKd ;a&; ukv d edk t D jzpf wk;d cs@J ciG jhf yKjcif; pojzifh jzpfw,f?

116

21 pmpOf 'D a jymif ; vJ r _ a wG [ m tar&d u ef v l r _ b 0wG i f ; 'D r k d u a&pD vuQ % maqmif w ,f ? ajr,morm;xk}uD; (ay:jyLvm0g'aD wGu u|eyf idk &f iS af wGuv kd nf; 'DxrJ mS xnfw h ,f) ukd Oya'jyKciG hf tm%mxde;f csKycf iG hf &apw,f? ‚wk@d u t&if;&Sif qef@usiaf &;Oya'rsm; (Oyrm - aiGpuULxkwaf 0r_/ qkid ;f iHOh ya'eJ@ zuf'&,f aºu;+rDav#myf pfrp_ onf) ukd jyÏmef;w,f? vGwv f yfa&;&vmonft h cg t&if;&Siaf wGu ajr,morm;awG&@J vkyaf qmifcsuf awGudk zsuo f rd ;f ypfw,f? zuf'&,f zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyyf kH Oya' (1787) a&;qG&J mrSm blZmG awGu &efolawmfajr,m0g'DawG&J@ Oya'jyKcGifhtm%mESifh v$wfawmfwGif; trsm;pkjzpfr_ukd xde;f csKyfEidk af &;twGuf ac:qkad vh&w dS hJ tjyeftvSex f ed ;f csKyfr_ (checks and balances) pepfudk usio hf ;kH w,f? (orRwESihf qD;edwt f rwfrsm;ukd oG,0f u dk af &G;cs,w f phJ epf/ orRwu a&G;cs,+f yD; qD;edw&f @J axmufcrH e_ @J vGwv f yfwhJ w&m;ol}uD; cef@xm;r_ ponf)? csKyfvu dk &f if ay:jyLvm0g'aD wGu tar&duefawmfveS af &;eJ@ zuf'&,f aygi;f pk acwfumv (1776) ukd =unfjh rif&mrSm tar&duef"e&Siaf ygupf awGu +Adwo d #p;dk rk;d r_udk z,f&mS ;+yD; tar&dueftxufvm$ vlwef;pm;&J@ awmifw h if;ckid rf mwJh A[kt d pk;d & ay:ayguf vmwJh atmifyt JG jrifjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh u|eyf idk &f iS af wGe@J uk, d v f ,fu, dk v f yk f v,form; uav;rsm;ukd a&maxG;xm;wm[m ±kyyf suq f if;ysuEf idk w f ,f? zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHrl cs&mrSm u|eyf idk &f iS af wG&@J tcef;ukd rsupf v d #o H mG ;yH&k w,f? zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyw kH u dk yf JG (1787) ukd zuf'&,f0g'aD wGe@J zuf'&,fqef@usiaf &;0g'D awG&@J wku d yf t JG jzpfvnf; =unfjh rifw,f? pD;yGm;a&;0g'aD wGe@J ay:jyLvm0g'aD wG&@J wku d yf JG tjzpfvnf; =unfjh rifw,f? wu,fv@dk u|eyf idk &f iS af wGu zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyekH @J zuf'&,ftpk;d & opfudk axmufcw H ,fq&kd if zuf'&,f qef@usiaf &;orm;awG (u|eyf idk &f iS af wG cGx J u G v f o dk al wG) eJ@ *sufzmqiforRwEkdifiH0g'DawG (ajr,morm; ay:jyLvm0g'DawG) =um; &Snfvsm;wJh qufo, G rf &_ w dS ,fv@dk ajymwm[m tvGv J t JG acsmaf csmf jzpfaeygw,f? wu,fu tar&duefz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfy[ kH m t&if;&Siaf wGe@J u|eyf idk &f iS af wG aphpyf xm;wJh zG@J pnf; tkycf sKyfyjkH zpfw,f? zuf'&,faygi;f pk (confederation) acwfumvtwGi;f wk;d yGm;vmwJh tvky=f urf;orm;xk}u;D tay: txufvm$ vlwef;pm;&J@ wk@H jyefr_ tusKd ;quf tjzpf ay:xGuv f mjcif;jzpfw,f? +rdK@aetwwfynmonfrsm; e,fpeG ef ,fzsm; v,form; uav;rsm;pwJh tvky=f urf;orm;tv$mwk@d u ol@ta=umif;eJ@ol axmufcrH a_ =umifv h nf; jzpfw,f? Oa&mytiftm;}uD;Ekid if rH sm;eJ@t+ydKif jynfaxmifpk ckid rf mawmifw h if;zk@d vkt d yf csuaf =umifv h nf;jzpfw,f? 'Dn! D w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk[m u|eyf idk &f iS af wGbuf ajymif;+yD; t wku d t f cHtjzpf ul;ajymif;oGm;wJh 0g&iS w f eftpk;d &vufxuf (1788 - 96) rSm +yKd uo JG mG ;w,f? acwf+ydKif orkid ;f ynm&Sit f rsm;pku 'Dtjrifudk auseyfvufc=H uw,f? tar&duef vlwef;pm;wku d yf u JG dk avhvm&mrSm zuf'&,fz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyyf kH (1787)/ [,fvrf ifwef pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f eJ@ tar&duef t&if;&Sipf epfjzpfay:wk;d yGm;r_w@dk &@J qufpyfru _ dk &SmazGz@kd vw dk ,f? 1787 zuf'&,fz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfy[ kH m xl;jcm;wk;d wufr&_ adS =umif; oHo,yGm;p&m

117

21 pmpOf rvkdyg? wpnf;wvHk;wnf;aom trsdL;om;aps;uGufukd zefwD;Ekdif+yd; taemufwkdif; udv k edk u D |ejf yKr_udk wGe;f tm;ay;Ekid jf cif;a=umifh t&if;&Sipf epf zG@H +zdK;ap±Hrk u +rdK@jytwwf ynmonfrsm; uk, d yf idk v f ,fvyk t f vkyo f rm;rsm;&J@ axmufcrH u _ v dk nf; &&Sw d ,f? [rfrv D w f ef (yxrqH;k b¾ma&;0ef}uD;) pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f [m t&if;&Siaf wGu ajr,mvlwef;pm;tay: tqH;k owf atmifycJG jH cif;jzpfw,fv@dk Beard u qkw d ,f? zuf'&,f aºu;+rD &efyakH iGxal xmifjcif;eJ@ Ekid if aH wmfaºu;+ru D dk trnfcv H ufcjH cif; ponfa=umifh t&if; tES;D tajrmuftjrm;[m blZmG awGvufxJ v$aJ jymif;a&muf&v dS mw,fv@dk qw dk ,f? [rfrv D f wef&@J &nf&, G cf suu f a'ocHt&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm; zG@H +zKd ;wd;k wufa&;twGuf wGe;f aqmfay;wm xif&mS ;ygw,f? Oa&myrSm trsm;jynfol aºu;+r[ D m t&if;&Sipf epf zG@H +zKd ;a&;twGuf ta&; ygw,f? tu,fI Ekid if aH wmfxrH S aiGacs;ol (+rDpm;) rsm;[m a'ocH t&if;&Sirf sm;jzpf&if rmhufpf&J@pum;t& “jynfwGif;aºu;+rD[m a&S;OD;t&if;pkaqmif;r_&J@ ta&;ygqHk; wGef; tm;w&yf”jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh jynfwiG ;f aºu;+r[ D m tar&duefrmS Oa&myeJ@rwlb;l ? ta=umif; u tar&duefrmS jynfwiG ;f aºu;+rDe@J Ekid if aH wmftcGef (jynfo@l ppfwyfz@JG / bk&ifh taqmif ta,mif tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ Ekid if aH wmf bk&m;ausmif;ponf) r&Sv d @dk jzpfw,f? *suzf mqif vkyif ef;pOf (wwd,ajrmuforRw 1801 - 1809) [m [rfrv D w f efe@J ajymif;jyefyv J @dk Beard uqkw d ,f? jynfo@l aºu;+rD r&Sad &;/ tjrwfceG ef rd ahf &;/ tcGeu f ef@owfa&;/ A[kb d %frxm;a&;/ aiGazmif;yGrx _ ed ;f csKyfa&;/ aºu;ydol u,fq,fa&; ponfjzifjh zpfw,f? 'gt h jyif ajr,mwk;d cs@J a&; ay:vpD&v'ftjzpf vl0pD , D memeJ@ zavmf&'D gudk 0,f,jl cif; (eykv d D ,HppfyrJG sm;twGi;f 1803 wGif rlv tar&duefjynfaxmifpk 13 jynfe,favmuf&adS om ajrukd jyifopfxrH S 0,f,jl cif;) wuUqufe,fw;dk cs@J jcif;eJ@ ruUqu D pdk pfyw JG @dk jzpfw,f? taemuf ykid ;f pku d yf sKd ;a&; jynfe,fopfrsm; tar&duefjynfaxmifpt k wGi;f 0ifa&mufvmjcif;a=umifh &DywfbvpfuifygwD tiftm;awmifv h m+yD; zuf'&,f0g'aD wG&@J twku d t f cHjyKr_ wpwp aysmufu, G o f mG ;w,fv@dk qkw d ,f? Beard u qufvuf &Si;f jy&mrSm ukeo f , G af &; ydwq f @dk re_ @J 1812 ppfyJG (0gwmvl; ppfy)JG a=umifh tar&duefpufrz_ @HG +zKd ;a&; wGe;f tm;jzpfapum jynfo@l aºu;+rw D ;dk yGm;vmw,f? &Dywfbvpfuifygww D iG ;f t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm; tiftm;}u;D xGm;vmum [rfrv D w f ef pDru H ed ;f twkdif; (tcGefwkd;aumuf/ 'kwd, b%fxlaxmif/ twGif;ykdif;jyKjyif) 0kdif;vkyfaqmif vm=uw,fv@dk qkw d ,f? Beard azmfjywJh t&if;&SiE f iS hf ajr,m0g'aD wG&@J twku d t f cHjzpfrq _ &dk mrSm olajym csiw f hJ taumiftxnfrhJ ‘ajr,m0g'’D qkw d m u|eyf idk &f iS af wG acgi;f aqmifra_ tmuf&dS uk, d f ykid v f ,fvyk v f ,form; trsm;pkyg 0ifwhJ tvky=f urf;orm;rsm;ukd qkv d w kd mjzpfw,f? Beard &J@ u|eyf idk &f iS af wGudk "e&Siaf ygupf v,form;tjzpf toGiaf jymif;vkrd u _ dk *suq f ifacwf (owW rajrmuf tar&dueforRw 1829 - 3&) rSmvnf; awG@&w,f? Beard u *suq f if&@J taoG; ta&mifpkH nGe@f aygi;f wyfz@JG wiG f u|eyf idk &f iS af wG/ "e&Siaf ygupf jyKjyifa&; orm;awG +y;D aq;&Sm aeolawGe@J ±k;d ajzmifw h t hJ vkyo f rm; acgi;f aqmifawG yg0ifw,f? ‚wk@d udk qGaJ qmif pnf;±H;k

118

21 pmpOf xm;wJh vlvwfwef;pm;pDru H ed ;f [m ‘v,form; - avbmygw&D @J atmify’JG jzpfw,f (*suzf m qif &Dywfyvpfuefygww D iG ;f blZmG awG&@J vr$ ;f rk;d r_udk u|eyf idk &f iS af wG acgi;f aqmifwhJ tvkyf =urf;orm;rsm;&J@ wk@H jyefrr_ [kw)f vk@d qw dk ,f? *suq f if[m “ajruarG;wJo h m; taumif;qH;k orRwtjzpf 'Dru dk a&pDopftwGuf vkyaf qmifoæ l ol[m v,form;wa,muf/ u|eyf idk &f iS f wa,muf/ 'gayrJh oHo,jzpfp&mrvkad tmif v,form;jzpf+rJjzpfaevd@k ygy”J vk@d Beard u qkw d ,f? *suq f ifacwfrmS vljzLawG rJay;wJph epf/ orRwa&G;cs,af &;tzG@J udk wku d ±f u dk rf aJ y; a&G;jc,fwphJ epf/ orRwavmif;trnfwifoiG ;f wJh nDvmcHpepfe@J tjcm;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; vkycf ahJ omfvnf; u|ef ykid &f iS rf sm; wk;d rsm;vmr_e@J ajrmufyidk ;f t&if;&Sirf sm; }uD;xGm;vmr_udk t[ef@twm;rjyKcJyh g? 'gt h jyif rppPyjD rpftaemufjcrf; a'ocHwidk ;f &if;om; rsKd ;EG,pf rk sm;ukd okwo f ifra_ wG vkycf yhJ gw,f? aoG;pkyo f l vlwef;pm;ESp&f yfu tiftm;}u;D xGm;vmwJh tvkyf =urf;orm;xk}uD;ukd aoG;pkyzf @dk ususee jyifqifxm;r_rsKd ; b,fordik ;f rSmrS r&Syd g? wk;d wufwt hJ ykid ;f aum azmufjyefwt hJ ykid ;f yg a&maxG;aewJh t}udKt&if;&Sif vl wef;pm;acgi;f aqmifwhJ tvky=f urf;orm;nGe@f aygi;f tzG@J rsKd ;[m Oa&myorkid ;f rSmvnf; &Scd hJ ygw,f? Oyrm - u'ufv@dk ac:wJh ±k&mS ;vpfb&,fygw[ D m ajr&Si}f u;D rsm;ukd tjrKawxm;zG@J pnf;w,f? olw@dk [m taemufOa&my vpfb&,f0g'ukd wku d ±f u dk rf t l jzpfxm;&Sjd cif;ukd qef@ usiw f ,f? bma=umifv h q J adk wmh olw@dk [m tar&duefu|eyf idk &f iS af wGvydk J ypPn;f rJrh sm;eJ@ wku d f ±ku d yf ËdyuQ&v dS m=uvk@d jzpfw,f? t*Fvyd w f &dk aD wG/ y&yf&mS ; *seu f mawG pufrv _ yk if ef; tp ykid ;f rSm olw@dk &@J vkyo f m;tiftm;pke@J cspcf if&if;ES;D wJh avxk&cdS o hJ vkyd /J v,form;awG +idrf oufaeao;or# vpfb&,f0g'tay: ,pfr;l aeOD;rSmjzpfygw,f? tvm;wlpmG u|epf epf zsuf odr;f a&;eJ@ u|eyf ek u f efrr_ sm; +ird o f ufaeao;or# awmifyidk ;f u|eyf idk &f iS rf sm;[m taemufyidk ;f uk, d yf idk v f ,fvyk v f ,form;rsm; ajrmufyidk ;f +rKd @jytvkyo f rm;rsm;eJ@ rdwzf @JG aerSm jzpfyg w,f? ay:jyLvmorkid ;f q&mrsm;[m tpOftvm tar&dueforkid ;f ukd twwfEidk q f ;kH &Si;f jyaomfvnf; ratmifjrifyg? jynfwiG ;f ppf (1861 - 65) jzpfymG ;&jcif;[m Beard tqkt d & ajrmufyidk ;f blZmG rsm; pD;yGm;a&;}u;D xGm;vmjcif;eJ@ oef;acgipf m&if;t& vlO;D a&wk;d yGm; vmjcif; a=umifv h @dk qkw d ,f? ‚wk@d u “jynfwiG ;f ppf jzpfymG ;&jcif;[m u|eyf idk &f iS af wGu olw@dk yidk f ouf&v dS o l m;rsm; (u|erf sm;) ukd pGe@f vw $ &f ef jiif;qefjcif;a=umifh jyL&Duef awmfveS af &; (t*F vef) eJ@ jyifopfawmfveS af &;uJo h @dk vlra_ wmfveS af &; jzpfymG ;jcif;jzpfw,f”qkw d hJ wcsKd @ orkid ;f q&mrsm;&J@tjrifudk ypfy,fw,f? u|epf epf[m jynfwiG ;f ppf&@J tajccH ta=umif;&if; r[kwf bl;? bma=umifv h nf;qk&d if b,fEidk if aH &;ygwaD wGurS u|epf epf zsuo f rd ;f zd@k rawmif;qdk bl;vk@d qkw d ,f? 'g[m tvGe&f ,fp&maumif;wJh qifajcay;r_jzpfw,f? jyifopf blZmG awmfveS af &; (bk&ifpepfzsuo f rd ;f jcif; ajr,mjyKjyifa&;vky)f eJ@ atmufwb dk m qk&d , S f vpfawmfveS af &; (yk*v ~ u d ykid q f idk rf p_ epf zsuo f rd ;f ) tpykid ;f rSm vltenf;pkupwifc+hJ y;D (}u;D xGm;vmw,f) qkd wm b,forkid ;f ynm&Siu f rS rjiif;qk=d uygb;l ? Beard &J@ u|epf epftay: oH;k oyfz@kd ysuu f u G f &jcif;[m t&m&mukd t&if;&Sirf sm;eJ@ "e&Siaf ygupf (v,form;) rsm;&J@

119

21 pmpOf wku d yf t JG jzpf oH;k oyfaevd@k yJ jzpfw,f? Beard u “jynfwiG ;f ppf eD;uyfvmcsed rf mS &Dywfyvpf uefawG[m zuf'&,f0g'aD wG&@J [rfrv Dd w f efacwf taetxm;twkid ;f tajccHjy\em tm;vH;k eD;yg;tay: wlnrD &_ w dS ,f”vd@k qw dk ,f? Beard u jynfwi G ;f ppftwGi;f tar&duefbZl mG awG&@J wu,f&h nfreS ;f csu[ f m [rfrv D w f efprD u H ed ;f ukd jyeftvSqif yGx J w k zf @dk yjJ zpfw,fv@dk qdw k ,f? tu,fI awmifyidk ;f pku d yf sKd ;a&;orm;rsm;[m tcGet f aumufav#mrh ,f/ &ufa&mr,f/ “axmufyrhH j_ yKr,fq&dk if olw@dk &@J armufºum;wJh tcsKyftjcmukd tapmfum;cH&zG,f r&Sb d ;l ”vk@d qw dk ,f? ol@,w k edW @J ol [kwaf eygw,f? 'gayrJh Beard [m acwfumv vGaJ csmaf ew,f? ukex f w k pf rG ;f tm;pk jzpfay:wk;d yGm;vmr_a=umifh 1860 tar&duefv@l tzG@J tpnf; twGi;f vlwef; pm;zG@J wnfr_ vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; ajymif;vJomG ;+yjD zpfw,f? awmifyidk ;f urf;ajc aq;&Gu}f uD;eJ@ qefpu dk f u|eyf idk &f iS rf sm;ae&mrSm taemufawmifyidk ;f 0g*rG ;f eJ@o=um;pku d f u|eyf idk &f iS rf sm;u ae&m,lomG ;+yDjzpfw,f? ajrmufyidk ;f ukeo f nf blZmG a[mif;rsm;ae&mrSm pufrb _ Zl mG opfrsm; 0ifa&mufae+yD jzpfw,f? ‚wk@d [m wl;ajrmif; &xm;vrf;rsm;rSwqifh taemufajrmuf v,form;rsm;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;qufo, G rf _ &Sw d ,f? taemufyidk ;f v,form; rsm;[m u|eyf idk &f iS af cgi;f aqmifrr_ sm;atmufrmS v,fajrwk;d cs@J a&;jzpfpOf +y;D qH;k oGm;+y;D vGwf vyftrd , f mxlaxmifr_ twGi;f ykid ;f jyKjyifajymif;vJrw _ @dk udk Oya't& w&m;0ifatmif }uKd ;yrf; aew,f? aemufq;kH taeeJ@ }uD;xGm;vmwJh tcpm;tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; (trsm;pk[m jynfyrS0ifvm) [m awmfveS af &;umv (vGwv f yfa&;umv) twwfynmonfrsm; ae&m rSm tpm;xk;d ay:ayguv f mw,f? 19 &mpktv,frmS tcpm;tvkyo f rm; ta&;twGu[ f m u|et f a&twGux f uf ausmv f eG o f mG ;+yjD zpfw,f? (tcpm;tvkyo f rm;[m pkpak ygi;f vkyo f m; tiftm;pkrsm;&J@ 1800 rSm 10 &mckid Ef e_ ;f rS 1860 rSm 40 &mckid Ef e_ ;f jzpfvm)? ygwaD wG&@J ae&m,lrt _ opf[m vlrt _ iftm;pkrsm;&J@ topfay:xGe;f vmwJh vuQ%mrsm;&J@ xif[yf csujf zpfw,f? awmifyidk ;f jynfe,frsm;wGif u|epf epfzsuo f rd ;f a&;eJ@ ajr,mjyKjyif ajymif;vJ a&;wk@d [m jy\emopfrsm;tjzpf t"duae&m a&mufvmw,f? jynfwGif;ppfeJ@ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;acwfumvukd ±kyf0g'tjrift& ,ckvkd =unfjh rifEidk w f ,f? &DywfbvpfuifygwD blZmG vkyif ef;pOf (uk, d u f sKd ;pD;yGm;umuG,af &;taumufceG /f jynfoal ºu; +rD&efyakH iG/ v,fajrrsm;t"rRord ;f / aumfyadk &;&Si;f rsm;ok@d axmufy/hH vSnv hf nf aiGcsKH@jcif;ponf) [m taemufykdif;eJ@ awmifykdif;jynfe,frsm;&Sd aus;vufvlwef;pm; (v,form;uav;rsm;) eJ@ tvky=f urf;orm;ukd ypfy,fvu dk jf cif;jzpfw,f? vlvwfwef;pm; rsm;[m blZmG awGudk qef@usi&f mrSm awmifyidk ;f ay:jyLvm 'Dru dk a&pDe@J tvkyo f rm;vlwef; pm;ukd tajccHr[mrdwf rzG@J Eidk &f if u|eyf idk &f iS af [mif; (vuf,m tvGet f u|rH sm;) eJ@ aygi;f zk@d yJ &Sw d ,f? ,SO+f ydKifvw l ef;pm; 2 &yft=um; tiftm;xde;f n‡&d mrSm vlvwfwef;pm; ("e&Sif aygupf ) tzd@k wzufr[kwf wzufe@J aygi;f &r,f? 'gayrJh b,fbufuyJ Ekid Ef idk f ±_;H ±_;H vlvwf wef;pm;rsm;tzk@d rdrEd idk if aH &;ukd pGe@f vw $ +f yD; vufeufcsz@dk y&J ydS gw,f?

120

21 pmpOf 'Dvjdk yefvnfwnfaqmufa&;umvrSm *|eq f if (17 OD;ajrmuf tar&duef orRw 1865 69) eJ@ 'Dru dk &ufwpfygw[ D m u|eyf idk &f iS af [mif;rsm;&J@ awmif;qkcd surf sm;eJ@ ywfouf vk@d vlvwfwef;pm;rsm;eJ@ tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; wpdww f ykid ;f &J@ axmufcrH &_ w,f? awmif ykid ;f rSm vljzLqif;&Jom;rsm;eJ@ ajr,mvlvwfwwef;pm;tay: pku d yf sKd ;a&;orm;rsm;u tcGef taumuf/ &xm;vrf;axmufyahH &;/ vlrsKd ;a&;0g'eJ@ t=urf;zufrr_ sm;jzifh tEkid , f w l ,f? aus;vuf"e&Siaf ygupf v,form; tjyeftvSef ulnD a&;tzG@J rsm; (The Granges) [m ajr,mjyKjyifa&;eJ@ wefjyefawmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;ukd vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGiahf y;jcif;ukd aygif;pyf+yD; *|efqifjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;pDrHudef;ukd axmufcHvkdufw,f? pkdufysdK;a&; orm;rsm;&J@ wefjyefawmfveS af &;t+yD; tESpf 20 t=umrSm aus;vuf"e&Siaf ygupf rsm; acgif;aqmifwJh jynfol@ygwD[m ol@&J@ t}uD;qHk;EkdifiHa&;pGrf;aqmifcsufv_yf&Sm;r_tjzpf awmifyidk ;f rSm tckid t f rm ajcukw&f xm;wJh 'Dru dk &uforRwavmif; b±dik , f rfudk yHak tm axmufcv H u dk yf gw,f? 'g[m orkid ;f &J@ yHrk eS rf [kww f hJ tjcif;t&mw&yfygy?J 1873 aemufyidk ;f ajrmufyidk ;f eJ@ taemufyidk ;f jynfe,frsm;wGif Ekid if aH &;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrr_ sm;vky+f y;D oumv tvkyo f rm;rsm;ukd zdEydS u f |ejf yKzd@k awmifyidk ;f vuf0g;}uD;tkyf azmufjyefa&;orm; rsm;eJ@ vufwv JG m=uygw,f? e,f c sJ @ pepf e,fcsJ@pepfeJ@ ywfoufvkd@ Beard [m olukd;um;avh&SdwJh Hobson vkdyJ "e&Siaf ygupf tjrifuae a0zef+y;D pm;oH;k r_av#mch sa&; oabmw&m;ukd wifjyw,f? (John A. Hobson &J@ e,fcs@J pepfusr;f eJ@ Rudolf Hilferding &J@ b¾mt&if;usr;f [m vDeif&@J “e,fcs@J pepf t&if;&Sipf epf&@J tjrifq h ;kH tqif”h usr;f twGuf r=umc% uk;d um;jyK&wJh usr;f awGjzpfw,f)? Beard [m yxrurBmppfwiG f tar&duefyg0if ywfoufrt _ ay: axmufcH cJah omfvnf; ppf}uD;u Oa&myukd eif;acszsuq f ;D ypfvu dk w f mukd jrifawG@vu dk &f wJt h wGuf 'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f tar&duef&@J yg0ifru _ dk qef@usicf w hJ ,f? 1920 ckEpS rf sm;rSm pydef tar&duef ppfudk “,Ofaus;r_ trnfwyfxm;wJh e,fcs@J c±l;qdwpf pfy”JG vk@d ac:cJyh gw,f? Beard u (Hobson vky d )J tar&duef e,fcs@J pepf[m tar&dueft&if;tES;D rsm;ukd wify@dk jcif;jzpfw,f? ok@d jzifh tar&dueft&if;&Sirf sm;u tar&dueftpk;d &ukd ‚wk@d u, dk pf m; usL;ausmpf u G zf ufz@dk zdtm;ay;jcif;jzpfw,fv@dk qkw d ,f? pufrv _ @l tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f ‘xkwf vkyaf &; ykv d #rH ’_ a=umifh jzpfay:vmwJh emruse;f jzpfru _ dk ukpm;&mrSm t&if;tES;D wify@dk r[ _ m wckwnf;aomenf;em qko d nfudk qef@usiw f ,f? t&if;pkyrkH t _ ay: tcGew f ;dk jri‡ ahf umufc+H y;D ‚aiGjzifh tar&duef jynfo@l vyk if ef;rsm;jzpfaom ta0;ajy;vrf;rrsm; td;k tdrf ausmif; jywku d f pm=unfw h u dk f ponfawGrmS wk;d cs@J o;kH pGjJ cif;jzifh jynfo@l 0,fvt dk m;ukd wk;d jri‡ o hf ifw h ,f vk@d wifjyw,f? Beard &J@ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; tpDtpOf[m pdwu f ;l ,Ofry_ J jzpfw,f? tpGe;f xGuf tjrwfe@J ykv d #u H ek pf nfrsm;ukd ukv d ekd eD ,frsm;ok@d wify@dk jcif;jzifo h mv#if jynfwiG ;f tvkyf vufrhJ wk;d yGm;r_e@J qif;&JraJG wGru _ dk ajz&Si;f Ekid w f mjzpfwt hJ wGuf vlwef;pm;uGm[r_udk rzsuf odr;f Ekid f v#if e,fcs@J pepfudk zsuo f rd ;f zk@d rjzpfEidk yf g?

121

21 pmpOf tvm;wl Hobson eJ@ Beard wk@d u odyeH` @J enf;ynmzG@H +zdK;r_u Ekid if rH sm;twGi;f tvkycf aJG 0r_udk jzpfapw,f? pufrE_ idk if rH sm;wGif }uD;rm;wJh pD;yGm;a&; trSt D cku d if;r_jzpfap w,f? oGi;f uke/f pufrx _ w k v f yk af &;eJ@ uke=f urf;wk@d udk wjcm;Ekid if rH sm;xH rScD &kd r_avsmyh g;apw,f vk@d qkw d ,f? 'ge@J qef@usipf mG yJ enf;ynmzG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufre_ @J ukepf nfxw k v f yk af &; }u;D xGm;r_u EkdifiHrsm;t=um; tjyeftvSef trSDo[JjyKr_ ykdrkdwkd;yGm;vmw,f? “urBmr_jyKjcif;” (globalization) (e,fcs@J pepfqw dk m&J@ oG,0f u dk t f "dym` ,foufa&mufwhJ avmavmq,f acwfpm;aewJh pum;vH;k ) u Hoboson eJ@ Beard wk@d ylyef=uovkd tm;}uD;wJEh idk if u H tm;enf;wJh Ekid if t H ay:ppfa&; usL;ausmpf u G zf ufrr_ u _ dk rwm;qD;Ekid yf g? t&if;&Sif ukepf nfxw k f vkyaf &;w&yfv;kH ukd zsuo f rd ;f +y;D urBmeJ@t0ef; }uKd ;a=umif;qDavsmw f hJ pD;yGm;a&;pepfe@J tpm; xk;d zk@d vkt d yfygw,f? Beard tvGefjznfhpGufcsuf Beard tvGef orki d ;f q&mrsm;&J@ 20 &mpk tar&duefvw l ef;pm;wku d yf u JG m;csyf rsm;teuf ‘vuf0o J pf’ orkid ;f q&m Staughton Lynd &J@ oH;k oyfcsut f csKd @udk jznfph u G f d & -tar&duefawmfveS af &;[m blZmG awmfveS af &; azmfjyvku d yf gw,f? Lynd tvkt jzpfw,f? okd@aomf taemuf Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;wGif blZGm 'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&; acwfumvtwGif; v,fajrtm;vHk;ukd odrf;cJhaomfvnf; tar&duefawmfvSefa&;eJ@ jynfwiG ;f ppfumvtwGi;f wpHw k &m twkid ;f twm}u;D rm;wJh v,fajrrsm;uko d m jynfoyl idk f odr;f w,f? tar&duefawmfveS af &;eJ@ jyifopf awmfveS af &;t=um; wlncD suaf wG&w dS ,f? jyif o pf a wmf v S e f a &;u tar&d u ef awmf v S e f a &; xuf 10 qavmuf } uD ; +yD ; ykid q f idk yf pPn;f odr;f ,lru _ 12 qavmufrsm; w,f? vlwaxmifrmS jynfyok@d xGuaf jy;ol jyifopfrmS 5 a,muf/ tar&duefrmS 25 a,muf (Loyalist rsm;) jzpfw,f? tar&duefawmfveS af &;u odr;f yku d w f hJ ajr,myrm%[m wEkid if v H ;kH yrm%&J@ 4 &mckid Ef e_ ;f aygipf wmvif 5 oef;zd;k avmuf &S+d yD;/ tar&duef vlrt _ aqmufttHu k dk 'Dru dk a&pDenf;usap+yD; ya'o&mZfajr&Sipf epfudk zsuo f rd ;f vku d w f ,f? Oyrm- a&$@ajymif; tcGet f c? ok@d &mwGif wckv;kH t&qkad omf ukv d kd eDjyKrj_ zpfpOfjzpfwhJ (18 &mpk jyifopfwiG rf &Sw d )hJ Appalachians eJ@ rppPyjD zpft=um; a'o}uD;wGi;f ajr,mwk;d cs@J rj_ zpfpOf[m tar&duef vlrt _ aqmufttHt k wGi;f }uD;rm;wJo h ufa&mufrj_ zpfapw,f? ok@d yifjzpfaomfjim;vnf; jynfwiG ;f ppf&@J awmfveS w f v hJ uQ%m[m t}uKd t&if;&Sipf epf yk*v ~ u d ykid q f idk rf t _ wGuf tpcsD csujf zpfcw hJ ,f? avsmaf =u;ray;bJ u|epf epfzsuo f rd ;f jcif;u ykid q f idk rf w _ efz;dk tm;jzifh a':vm 3 bDvszH ;kd avmuf &S+d yD; 1859 0g*rG ;f pku d f awmifyidk ;f jynfe,frsm;ykid q f idk rf a_ ygi;f &J@ 44 &mckid f E_e;f avmuf&w dS ,f? txufyg vlrj_ zpfay:r_rsm;a=umifh aus;vuf"e&Siaf ygupf rsm; tajccHt& aysmuf uG,o f mG ;w,f? tcpm;tvkyo f rm;rsm; w[kex f ;dk wk;d yGm;vmr_ vlrrJ sm;ykeu f efxºur_ vlrsKdk ; pkrsm;aygi;f pyfyg0ifrr_ sm;a=umifh taoG;ta&mifpkH tar&duefjzpfvmw,f? ?

armifoef;jra&$ 122

21 pmpOf

zl u l , m;rm;&J @ ork d i f ; ed * H k ; csKyf o G m ; +yq D w kd hJ oabmw&m;ukd u¾ 3 ckcI JG a0zef pdppfoHk;oyf=unfhjcif;

&Jabmfodef;0if;

ppfat;acwf tqH;k owfomG ;awmh t&if;&Sipf epfe@J qk&d , S v f pfpepfw@dk &@J uH=urRmukd b,fvdk tuJjzwf=urvJqw dk m[m ta&S@taemuf oabmw&m;e,fy,frmS tus,t f jyef@*±kpu dk f ae=uwJh vufawG@jy\em jzpfvmw,f? 'DaemufcaH tmufrmS z&efppfzu l , l m;rm;u ‘orkid ;f ed*;kH ’qkw d mukd ypfvw $ v f u dk w f ,f? olu vlom;vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufr_ orkid ;f ukd “vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDpepftm; OD;wnfcsut f jzpfxm;wJh vlom;awG&@J us,f ajymvSwJhorkdif;”om jzpfw,fvkd@ =unfhjrifw,f? vpfb&,f 'Drkdua&pD qkdwm[m “vlom;awG&@J tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm; jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr&_ @J *dwq f ;kH ” eJ@ “vlom;awG&@J aemufqHk; tkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpH” jzpfw,f? tJ'Daemuf orkdif;&J@ tajccHtusqHk;jzpfwhJ rle@J pepfawG[m aemufxyf wk;d wufrr_ &Sad wmhb;l wJ?h zlu, l m;rm;&J@ 'Doabmw&m;[m tESpf om&t&uku d rSm;aewm}uD;yJ? ol@&@J oabmw&m;tajccHawGuvnf; oHo,0ifp&m awGyg? 'ga=umifh zlu, l m;rm;&J@ ‘orkid ;f ed*;kH ’qkw d mukd rmhupf 0f g' &yfwnfcsuef @J tjrifay: uae a0zefomG ;r,f? 'Dvq dk &dk if rmhupf 0f g'eJ@ qk&d , S v f pf0g'tay: ,H=k unfcsuf &Szd @dk awmh vkyd gvrd rhf ,f?

123

21 pmpOf 1? rmhufpf[m “orkdif;ed*Hk;oabmw&m;orm;”vm; “orkid ;f ed*;kH oabmw&m;”ukd oabmw&m;a&;bufuae ajymqk&d iS ;f vif;jy Ekid af &;twGuf zlu, l m;rm;[m taxmuftxm;awGudk orkid ;f xJrmS &SmazGcw hJ ,f? [D*,fe@J rmhupf w f @dk udk &nfreS ;f csuw f o l al wGtjzpf rSw, f cl +hJ y;D ol@u, dk o f v l nf; ‚yk*Kd~ vEf pS Of ;D eJ@ twlwl yJv@dk rSw, f v l u dk +f y;D olw@dk tm;vH;k [m orkid ;f ed*;kH ukd a&S@aqmifwifjyolrsm;tjzpf rSw, f v l u dk f awmhw,f? zlu, l m;rm;u “[D*,fe@J rmhupf w f @dk [mvnf; vlom;vl@ tzG@J tpnf;&J@ jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr[ _ m *dwq f ;kH &Sw d ,fv@dk ,H=k unfczhJ ;l w,f? vlom;awG[m rdrw d @dk &@J teuf±id_ ;f qH;k / t&if;cHtusq;kH jzpfwhJ vl@tzG@J tpnf;yHo k ¿mefw&yfudk taumiftxnfazmfr_ jynfph o kH mG ;/ auseyfomG ;+yD;&if aemufxyf ±_yaf xG;r_r&Sad wmhb;l ? 'DtawG;tac: ynm&Si}f uD;ESpOf ;D u ‘orkid ;f ed*;kH ’tqifh &Sv d rd rhf ,fv@dk 'ga=umifh tckid t f rm ajymqkcd w hJ ,f? [D*,fu ‘ed*;kH ’qkw d m ukd vGwv f yfwhJ Ekid if aH wmfo¿mefwcktjzpf ae&mwkid ;f wm owfrw S x f m;+y;D / rmhupf u f awmh uGejf rLepf0g' vl@tzG@J tpnf;tjzpf owf rSwcf w hJ ,f”(zlu, l m;rm; orkid ;f ed*;kH w±kwb f mom ed'ge;f ESm 2-3) vk@d qkw d ,f? 'Dvedk @J zlu, l m;rm;[m rdru d , dk rf rd d [D*,f/ rmhupf w f @dk e@J wlnw D t hJ yk pf k wckwnf;vk@d wGux f m;vku d yf &kH ygw,f? yuwdbm0usus ajym&&if zlu, l m;rm;ajymaewJh “orkid ;f ed*;kH ” qkw d m[m wu,fusawmh [D*,fe@J om oufqidk yf gw,f? [D*,f=unfw h muawmh orkid ;f [m yuwd (tºuif;rJ)h pdw"f mwf&@J jyifyajymif;vJcsuo f m jzpfw,f? yuwdpw d "f mwfudk rdr&d @J enf;em tjzpf taumiftxnf azmfvu dk jf cif;jzpfw,f? pdw"f mwf&@J tESpo f m&rSm vGwv f yfrj_ zpf+y;D / vGwv f yfr[ _ m urBmo h rkid ;f u &&Sad tmif }udK;pm;aewJh aemufq;kH &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wkid f jzpfw,f? olu “urBm}uD;wckv;kH u aemufq;kH &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wkid t f jzpf u|eaf wmfw@dk tm;vH;k aqmif&u G af ewm[m ‘pdw"f mwf’bufrmS ‚&J@ vGwv f yfre_ @J ywfoufwhJ vGwv f yf r_&@J awG;ac:,lqr_jzpfw,f? wu,fh jzpf&yfuvnf; 'Dvv dk w G v f yfru _ dk usio hf ;kH azmfaqmifwhJ vufawG@jzpfw,f”([D*,f orkid ;f tbd"rRm w±kwb f mom ESm 20) vk@d qydk gw,f? tJ'u D ae urBmo h rkid ;f qkw d m[m vlom;awG&@J vGwv f yfru _ dk a&S;±SLjcif; jzpfw,f? tJ'&D nfreS ;f csuf yef;wkid o f @dk jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufomG ;r_jzpfpOf jzpfw,f? wae@ae@rmS urBmo h rkid ;f &J@ 'D&nfreS ;f csuf yef;wkid o f @dk taumiftxnfazmf a&muf&o dS mG ; ygvrd rfh ,f? orkid ;f &J@jzpfpOf[m ydwq f @dk ae+yD qk&d if orkid ;f [m tJ'u D ae ed*;kH ok@d 0ifa&mufomG ;+yD”vk@d olu wxpfcsajymxm;cJw h ,f? [D*,fu “urBmo h rkid ;f [m *smreftifyidk , f mrSm tqH;k owfomG ;+yD/ 'DrmS yuwdbm0 uswrhJ u l awmh u|eaf wmfw@dk orkid ;f &J@ aemufq;kH tqifu h dk a&mufomG ;&ifawmh u|eaf wmf wk@d &@J urBm/ u|eaf wmfw@dk &@J acwfudk a&mufomG ;+yD”([D*,f orkid ;f tbd"rRm w±kwb f mom ESm 454) vk@d yJ wqifw h uf axmufjyxm;ygw,f? 'Dtcsed rf mS urBmo h rkid ;f &J@ &nfreS ;f csuf yef;wkid u f dk vufawG@taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u G v f @dk +yD;oGm;+yD? vlom;awG&@J vkt d if qENvnf; jynfo h mG ;+yD? orkid ;f [m vGwv f yfwhJ awG;ac:,lqr_atmufrmS ed*;kH ok@d a&muf oGm;+yD? zlu, l m;rm;[m [D*,fudk orkid ;f ed*;kH oabmw&m;orm;taeeJ@ a&;om;cJw h m rrSm;ygb;l ? ol@&@J trSm;u rmhupf &f @J orkid ;f tjrifudk [D*,f&@J orkid ;f tjrife@J twlwv l @dk oabm

124

21 pmpOf xm;vku d +f y;D olw@dk EpS Of ;D t=um;u tESpo f m&t& rwlwhJ orkid ;f tjrifumG jcm;csuu f dk acszsuf ypfvu dk rf y_ gy?J rmhupf u f dk [D*,fe@J wxyfwnf; orkid ;f ed*;kH oabmw&m;ukd ajym=um;oltjzpf =unfjh rifjcif;wk@d ygy?J rmhupf &f @J orkid ;f tjrifudk tao;pdwaf vhvm=unf&h if rmhupf [ f m vlom; awG&@J orkid ;f rSm vrf;qH;k wae&m wnf&adS ew,fv@dk r,lqcJb h ;l ? uGejf rLepf0g'vl@tzG@J tpnf; taumiftxnfay:vmjcif;[m vlom;orkid ;f &J@ ed*;kH vk@d vnf; r,lqcJyh gb;l ? 1? rmhupf u f vlom;orkid ;f [m edr&hf mrS jrif&h mok@d tqufrjywf jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr_ jzpfpOfwckjzpf+y;D ed*;kH qkw d m r&Sb d ;l vk@d om ,lqxm;cJw h ,f? rmhupf &f @J orkid ;f tjrif[m [D*,f&@J pdw0f g'orkid ;f tjrifudk a0zefwt hJ ajccHay:rSm zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufvmwmyg? ol[m [D*,f&@J orkid ;f tjriftwGi;f rS “uk&mewÎd aq;r&Sad wmhwhJ twGi;f ykid ;f yËdyuQrsm; yg0ifaer_”ukd eufeuf±id_ ;f ±_id ;f xk;d xGi;f &SmazGojd rifcw hJ ,f? qdv k w dk mu wzufrmS tEkyËdavmr &yfwnfcsuu f dk pGpJ JG +r+J rq J yk u f idk +f y;D vlom;orkid ;f [m jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufrj_ zpfpOfwckv@dk ,lqcJjh cif;ygy?J “'DjzpfpOf[m ‚&J@ tESpo f m&t& ajym&&if ac:qkad vh&w dS hJ tºuif;rJt h rSew f &m;ukd rawG@&EdS idk b f J ‚&J@ ^m%fynm txGwt f xdyo f @dk ra&muf&EdS idk af y”vk@d ,lqcJw h ,f? tjcm;wzufrmS vnf; orkid ;f jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufrr_ mS ed*;kH &Sw d ,fv@kd ,lq+y;D tºuif;rJt h rSew f &m;tm;vH;k vufawG@ taumif txnfay:vmwJt h cgrmS orkid ;f [m ‚&J@e*d ;kH ok@d qku d af &mufomG ; av+yv D @dk rSw, f cl yhJ gw,f? [D*,f&@J orkid ;f tjriftwGi;f u 'DyËdyuQ[m tEkyËdavmreJ@ pdw0f g'orkid ;f tjrift=um;u yËdyuQjzpfw,f? ol@&@J 'Dpw d 0f g'orkid ;f tjrifa=umifh aemufq;kH rSm ol@&@J tEkyËdavmrawG ukad wmif wuUd uaA'abmiftwGi;f rSm epfjrKyfomG ;apcJw h ,f? rmhupf [ f m [D*,f&@J orkid ;f tjriftwGi;f u tEkyËdavmrta=umif;&if;awGudk qufcv H u dk +f yD; ‚txJ u pdw0f g'eJ@ wuUu d aA' tr_u d o f ±ku d af wGudk pGe@f ypfvu dk yf gw,f? orkid ;f qkw d m[m vlawG&@J vufawG@ uswhJ v_y&f mS ;r_awG&@J &Sn=f umus,jf yef@pmG aqmif &Gucf rhJ o _ m jzpfw,f? vlawGom &Sad er,f qk&d if orkid ;f [m ac:qkad vh&w dS hJ ar#mrf eS ;f csut f ajctaewckudk ed*;kH ok@d xm0&a&muf oGm;vdrrhf ,f r[kwyf gb;l ? rmhupf &f @J 'DtawG;tac:eJ@ ywfouf+yD; tde*f ,fu tESpo f m& jynf0h pGm a0azefaqG;aEG;xm;cJzh ;l ygw,f? olu wu,fv@dk om vlom;orkid ;f rSm ed*;kH om &Sad ew,fq&dk if 'g[m obm0&J@ t"dym` ,ft& ajymqkjd cif;omjzpfw,fv@dk qkyd gw,f? qdv k dk wmu p=um0Vm}u;D uk, d w f idk f csKy+f ird ;f jcif;ok@d a&mufomG ;&if vlom;awG[mvnf; wygwnf; csKyf+ird ;f oGm;ygvrd rhf ,f? vlom;awG &J@orkid ;f [mvnf; ed*;kH ok@d a&mufomG ;awmhw,f? 'gayrJh orkid ;f tEkyËdavmr axmifu h =unf&h if ‚[m b,fvt dk qH;k owfe*d ;kH rS rwnf&ydS gb;l wJ?h orkid ;f [m edr&hf mrS jrif&h mtqifo h @dk tqufrjywf jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufaejcif;om jzpfw,f? orkid ;f ukd odjrifem;vnfxm;r_e@J twlwyl gy/J vlom;&J@ +yD;jynfph w kH hJ ar#mrf eS ;f csut f ajctae wcktwGi;f rSm b,fawmhrS aemufq;kH tqH;k owf &Sv d rd rhf ,fr[kwyf gb;l ? +y;D jynfph w kH hJ vl@tzG@J tpnf;/ +y;D jynfph w kH hJ ‘Ekid if aH wmf’ qdw k mawG[m pdwu f ;l ,Ofrt _ wGi;f rSmom &SEd idk w f t hJ &mawG jzpfw,f? ajymif; jyeftm;jzifh tpDtpOfvu dk f ajymif;vJtpm;xk;d wJh orkid ;f tajctae tm;vH;k om vlom;vl@tzG@J tpnf;ukd tqifeh rd &hf mrS tqifjh rif&h mok@d rukeq f ;kH Ekid w f hJ jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufrj_ zpfpOftwGi;f u ,m,Dtqifrh #om jzpfygw,f? tqifw h idk ;f [mvnf; rvGrJ aoG jzpf

125

21 pmpOf ay:vmrSmjzpfw,f? ‚ukd jzpfay:apwJh tJ'aD cwfe@J tJ't D a=umif;tcsuaf wGt&ajym&&if tm;vH;k rSm ‚wnf&adS pwJh ta=umif;jycsuaf wG &Syd gw,f? 'gayrJh ‚ uk, d w f idk &f @J twGi;f ykid ;f rSm jznf;jznf;csi;f jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufvmwJh opfviG w f /hJ ykjd rifw h hJ ta=umif;tcsuaf wGt& ajym&&if ‚[m acwfrrDawmhw/hJ rwnf&adS wmhwhJ ta=umif;jycsurf sm;tjzpfo@dk ajymif;vJ oGm;awmhw,f? ‚[m ykrd jdk rifrh m;wJh tqift h m; rjzpfrae z,fay;vku d &f awmhw,f? tJ'D ykrd jdk rifrh m;wJh tqif[ h mvnf; ,k, d iG ;f qkwf ,kwf ysuo f Ok ;f oGm;&ygvrd rfh ,f? vlom;orkid ;f [m xm0&tm;jzifh ta[mif;awG ysuo f Ok ;f +yD; topfawGay:xGe;f vmwJh jzpfpOftwGi;f u b,fawmhrS tqH;k owfe*d ;kH ok@d ra&mufEidk w f hJ jzpfpOfygy?J 2? uGejf rLepfv@l tzG@J tpnf;ukd taumiftxnfazmfaqmifr[ _ m vlom;orkid ;f &J@ ed*;kH oabmraqmif±rkH u wu,fv h o l m;orkid ;f ukd pwifvu dk rf y_ gy?J uGejf rLepfvt l zG@J tpnf; [m “vlom;orkid ;f &J@ ed*;kH ”vk@d ajymr,fq&dk ifvnf; 'g[m vlawGtaeeJ@ obm0eJ@qufqrH e_ @J vltzG@J tpnf;quf qHrt _ wGi;f u|ejf yKcH&wJh orkid ;f &J@e*d ;kH om jzpfw,f? vlvcl si;f qufqrH _ twGi;f u &ufpuf=urf;=uKww f hJ twku d t f cHjzpfra_ wGudk tajccH=ueftiftjzpf trSww f q H yd f ±ku d Ef ydS x f m;wJh “vlom;vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ orkid ;f rwkid rf aD cwf ed*;kH om jzpfvrd rhf ,f? uGejf rLepf vltzG@J tpnf;rSm vlawG[m wd&p>mefavmurS aemufq;kH vGwaf jrmufEidk rf ,f? wd&p>mefawG toufwnf+raJ &; ta=umif;tcsurf S ppfreS w f hJ vl&@J toufwnf+raJ &; ta=umif;tcsuo f @dk 0ifa&mufomG ;±Hrk u obm0avmu&J@ wu,ft h &Sio f cif jzpfvm+yD; vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ t&Sio f cife@J rdru d , dk rf rd &d @J t&Sio f cif jzpfvmr,f? vl[m orkid ;f &J@ypfrw S f r[kwaf wmhbJ orkid ;f &J@r¾dKif jzpfvmw,f/ vlom;vl@tzG@J tpnf;[m orkid ;f ukd tod&&dS zdS efw;D wJh acwfopf umvok@d tJ't D csed u f pwifa&muf &So d mG ; w,fv@dk vnf; ajym&ygawmhr,f? wenf;tm;jzifh “vlawG[m yxrqH;k t}udrf obm0avmu&J@ tod&+dS yD;/ wu,fph pfreS w f hJ t&Sio f cif jzpfvmw,f æ æ 'Dtcsed u f pwif+yD; vlawG[m vH;k 0tod&&dS dS rdr&d @J orkid ;f ukd rdrb d mom zefw;D =uawmhw,f”vk@d rmhupf u f =unfjh rifygw,f? tar&duefrS rsuaf rSmuf rmhupf 0f g' okawoD *srd ;f pfqeG ;f u zlu, l m;rm;&J@tjrifudk &nfp;l +y;D a0zefchJ ygw,f? “rmhupf af jymwmu orkid ;f ed*;kH csKyo f mG ;wm r[kwb f J orkid ;f rwkid rf aD cwf ed*;kH csKyo f mG ;wm? tJ'aD cwfumvtwGi;f a&mufomG ;wJt h cg vlom;[m rdr&d @J prG ;f tm;jzifh rdr&d @J u=H urRmukd xde;f csKyfxm;Ekid +f yD; tJ'D umvrSm orkid ;f [m pkaygi;f taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&wJh yHpk w H rsKd ;jzpfomG ;w,f? ‚u obm0/ csKd @wrhJ _ 'grrS [kwf aps;uGu/f aiGa=u; 'Dvdk vlcsi;f rwl olcsi;f rr#whJ uH,0kH g' ta=umif;t&mawGudk aemufxyf rckcH tnHch aH wmhrmS r[kwyf gb;l ”vk@d &Si;f jycJw h ,f? 'DrmS rmhufpfu uGefjrLepf0g'vl@tzG@J tpnf; vufawG@taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufr_[m vlom;orkid ;f &J@ aemufq;kH ed*;kH oabm raqmifygb;l ? uGejf rLepf0g' vl@tzG@J tpnf;[mvnf; +ird o f uf&yfwahH ewJh tqH;k owfr[kwb f J vlom;orkid ;f &J@ ykrkd jdk rifrh m;wJt h qifo h pfwqif&h @J tp ueOD;jzpfw,f? vlom;orkid ;f [m 'Dyrdk jdk rifrh m;wJh tqifw h qifrh mS qufvuf+y;D a&S@udk jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufomG ;ygvrd Ohf ;D r,fqw dk m &Si;f jycJw h mukd awG@Eidk w f ,f? taemufwidk ;f ynm&Siw f csKd @ ajymcJw h muawmh rmhupf f u tJ'rD mS “c&D;qH;k (*dwq f ;kH ) qkw d m[m 'kid ;f erpfynm jzpfw,f?

126

21 pmpOf orkdif;&J@ tjrifhqHk;ae&mwckokd@ a&mufEkdifr_wnf&Sdaeayr,fh 'DtjrifhqHk;ae&m[m t&Sed t f [kerf ysuf qufvufwnf&adS ewJh jzpfpOfwckom jzpfw,f”vk@d &Si;f jycJw h ,fv@dk twdtvif; axmufjycJw h ,f? zlu;l ,m;rm;wifjywJh uGejf rLepf0g' vl@tzG@J tpnf;ok@d a&muf &So d mG ;jcif;[m vlom;orkid ;f ed*;kH ok@d qdu k af &mufomG ;+yDqw dk hJ tjrif[m rmhupf &f @J orkid ;f a&; tjrifudk rSm;,Gi;f pGm zwf±r_ jd cif;ESihf wvGw J acsmf t"dym` ,f aumuf,rl jd cif;omjzpfw,fqw dk m awG@jrifEidk yf gw,f? zlu;l ,m;rm;[m rmhupf u f dk “orkid ;f ed*;kH oabmw&m;orm;” wa,muf tjzpf bma=umifh jc,fre_ ;f aewmvJ? tay:,Hu=unf&h if ol[m rmhupf &f @J oabmw&m;a&; t&Sed f =oZmukd tm;uk;d tm;xm;jyK+yD; ol@&@J orkid ;f ed*;kH oabmw&m;ukd taxmuftuljyKa&; twGuf aqGpOfrsKd ;quf oabmw&m;tjzpf usm;uefv[ dk efwyl gw,f? 'gayrJh wu,fh vufawG@u ol@rmS 'dxufeuf±id_ ;f wJh &nf&, G cf suf &Syd gw,f? qdv k w dk mu rmhupf &f @J orkid ;f ±kyf 0g'tjrife@J orkid ;f tEkyËdavmrwk@d udk ausmv f eG af tmif vkyaf &;twGuf ol[m rmhupf &f @J orkid ;f tjrifudk ±_yaf xG;atmifvyk jf cif;tm;jzifh [D*,fpw d 0f g' orkid ;f tjrife@J wuUu d aA'ok@d jyefvnfa&muf&SdoGm;a&;jzpf+yD; ol@&J@orkdif;ed*Hk; oabmw&m;twGuf oabmw&m; taxmuftxm;&Smzk@d }upH nfjcif;jzpfygw,f? 'Dtcsu[ f m atmufrmS bl;ay:ovkad y:vm+y;D ydrk adk y:vGiv f myg vdrrhf ,f? 2? orkdif;jzpfxGef;wkd;wufr_&J@ wGef;tm;u bmvJ zlu;l ,m;rm;&J@ ajym=um;csuef @J ywfoufwhJ taemufwidk ;f vpfb&,f 'Dru dk a&pD [m vlom;orkid ;f &J@e*d ;kH jzpfw,fqw dk hJ oabmw&m;a&;t& &Si;f jycsuu f dk pOf;pm;=unfh =uygpkd@? 'ga=umifh OD;pGmtm;jzifh orkdif;jzpfxGef;wkd;wufr_[m OD;wnfcsuf&Sdyghrvm; qkw d jhJ y\emukd &Si;f vif;pGm ajz=um;&ygr,f? wu,fv@dk orkid ;f jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr[ _ m OD;wnfcsurf &Sb d ;l qd&k if orkid ;f jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufa&;[m tuef@towfr&Sw d hJ xyfjyefwvJvJ vnfywfrt _ wGi;f rSm &SEd idk w f ma=umifh orkid ;f [m b,fawmhrS “ed*;kH ”qkw d mqDudk rqku d f a&mufEidk yf gb;l ? orkid ;f jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufrr_ mS OD;wnfcsu&f w dS ,fqw dk mukd tod trSwjf yKjcif; [m “orkid ;f ed*;kH oabmw&m;”&J@ a&S;OD;vkt d yfwhJ avm*spw f ck jzpfw,f? zlu;l ,m;rm;[m orkid ;f jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufrr_ mS OD;wnfcsu&f w dS ,fv@dk &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; rSw, f x l m;olyg? orkid ;f &J@ OD;wnfcsuef @J qufE, G v f su&f w dS hJ wjcm; ykrd edk uf±id_ ;f wJh tqifq h ifah jymif;vJvmr_ jy\em awG[m orkdif;jzpfxGef;wkd;wufr_wGef;tm;&J@ obm0jzpfpOfjy\emjzpfw,f? b,f ta=umif;&if;rsKd ;awGu orkid ;f ukd tqufrjywf tqifeh rd &hf mrS tqifjh rif&h mok@d jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufa&;ukd wGe;f aqmfyg ovJ? aemufq;kH rSm ac:qkad vh&w dS hJ orkid ;f ed*;kH ukd a&mufygrh vm;? zlu;l ,m;rmu orkid ;f jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr[ _ m OD;wnfcsu&f w dS ma=umifh ta=umif; &if;awG[m orkid ;f twGi;f rSm wnf&adS e+y;D “orkid ;f ukd OD;wnfcsu&f &dS dS zefw;D wnfaqmufaewJh ‘orkid ;f obm0jzpfpOf’&Sw d ,f”qkw d mukd todtrSwjf yKygw,f? olu 'Dvdk orkid ;f obm0 jzpfpOf[m OD;wnfcsuEf pS rf sKd ;eJ@ azmfjyvsu&f w dS ,fv@kd ,lqxm;w,f? (1) odyeH` @J enf;ynm

127

21 pmpOf

jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr_ (2) vl@o bm0&J@ obm0jzpfpOfw@dk jzpfw,f? 1? odyeH` @J enf;ynm jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr[ _ m orkid ;f jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufru _ dk OD;wnfcsuf &Sad pygw,f? orkid ;f &J@jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufru _ dk tqifeh rd &hf mrS tqifjh rif&h mok@d jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr_ w&yf ay:xGuv f map+y;D a&S@tvm;tvmukd }uKd wif rcef@reS ;f ygb;l ? zlu;l ,m;rm;u obm0 ody[ H` m orkid ;f jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufru _ dk OD;wnfcsu&f v dS mapw,f? tus,t f jyef@ jzpfvmap w,fv@dk qdyk gw,f? odyyH` nm wk;d wufvmjcif;tm;jzifh vlom;[m obm0eJ@qidk w f hJ A[kow k tod tjrifawGudk &&Sd pkaqmif;okrd ;DS cJ=h uw,f? 'g[m orkid ;f ukd OD;wnfcsuf &Sd vmapjcif;&J@ uGi;f qufjzpfw,f? odyyH` nm todtjrifawG zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufvmr_[m tqH;k tpr&Sd vnfywf aewmrsKd ;r[kwo f vkd w&m;Oya'oawG r&Sw d mrsKd ;vnf; r[kww f ma=umifh ‚[m tpOf t+rJqo dk vkd &S+d yD;om; todtjrif A[kow k tajccHay:rSm rdrb d mom tqufrjywf pkykH vm+yD; tqifeh rd &fh mrS jrif&h mok@d jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufwhJ tajctae ay:vmw,f? 'ga=umifh obm0 odyyH` nm jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr[ _ m urBmay: rSm OD;wnfcsut f &Sq d ;kH eJ@ tqufrjywfr_ t&SdqHk;t&mjzpfw,f? “u|efawmfwkd@ vlom;vl@tzG@J tpnf;tm;vHk;&J@ jyKrlaqmif&Guf csurf sm;ukd tao;pdwf ppfaq;=unf±h y_ gu todtjrifA[kow k awG pkyv kH mr_omru OD;wnf csu&f w dS o hJ rkid ;f [m acwfrw D hJ obm0odyyH` nm jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr&_ @J wckwnf;aom orkid ;f jzpfw,fqw dk mukd trsm;u &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; todtrSwjf yKxm;wm jzpfw,f? (zlu;l ,m;rm; orkid ef *d ;kH w±kwb f mom ESm 81) obm0odyyH` nm&J@ }udKwifrcef@reS ;f Ekid w f hJ =ueftif vuQ%m[m orkid ;f jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufrO_ ;D wnfcsuu f dk xkwaf zmfwifjya&;twGuf tiftm;&Sw d hJ “orkid ;f obm0 jzpfpOf”ukd taxmuftuljyKygw,f? ‚&J@ t}u;D rm;qH;k tusKd ;oufa&muf r_uawmh jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr_ rwlwt hJ qifrh mS &Sad ewJh Ekid if aH wmfawGudk vuQ%mwlnw D hJ tqifq h ifah jymif;vJr_ ay:rSm wnf&adS p+y;D wlnw D t hJ ajctaeok@d qku d af &mufomG ;apjcif;ygy?J obm0odyyH` nm[m yHpk EH pS rf sKd ;jzifh orkid ;f tay: =oZmoufa&mufr&_ adS p+y;D tajc taeukd wlno D mG ;apw,f? yxrtrsKd ;tpm;yHpk rH mS ppfa&;? zlu;l ,m;rm;u ppfy&JG @J jzpfEidk f r_awGu “vl@tzG@J tpnf; qifjcifww kH &m;jzpfxeG ;f r_e@J rwlwhJ ,Ofaus;r_t=um;rSm wnD w!Gww f nf;jzpfwhJ vl@tzG@J tpnf; taqmufttHak wG&@J }uD;jrwfwt hJ iftm;pkawGudk xl axmifxm;w,f”? ppfyJG u vlawGudk a&S@wef;a&mufwhJ odyeH` @J enf;ynmawG&@J ta&;ygru _ dk od&adS pw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm ppfy&JG @J ab;tEW&m,fawGe@J }uHKawG@ae&wJh Ekid if aH wG[m ‚&J@ vl@tzG@J tpnf;pepfe@J tpk;d &&J@ pDrt H yk cf sKyfry_ pkH aH wG/ taqmufttHk jyKjyifajymif;vJra_ wGudk tusyu f idk af qmif&u G af pw,f? 'ga=umifh wwfprG ;f or# jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufvma&;eJ@ odyeH` @J enf;ynm toH;k csa&;udk taxmuftult&qH;k jzpfwhJ vrf;pOftwkid ;f ‚wk@d &@J vl@tzG@J tpnf;pepf jyefvnfwnfaqmuf+yD; aemufq;kH rSm Ekid if t H m;vH;k &J@ vl@tzG@J tpnf; tajccH taqmufttHk eJ@ Ekid if aH &;pepfw@dk udk acwfraD &;OD;wnfcsuf jzifh jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufa&;qDo@dk a&S;±_apygw,f? “ppfy[ JG m tvGex f ufjrufwhJ enf;emw&yftaeeJ@ vl@tzG@J tpnf; acwfrD a&;&J@ vkt d yfra_ wGudk a&mifjyef[yf±rkH u acwfraD &;&J@ atmifjrifcsuef @J jiif;y,fcsuaf wGudk tppfaq;cHEidk q f ;kH pHcsed pf ! H e¸ ;f jzpfw,f? (zlu;l ,m;rm; orkid ;f ed*;kH w±kwb f mom ESm 83)

128

21 pmpOf 'kw, d trsKd ;tpm; yHpk rH mS pD;yGm;a&;/ odyeH` nf;ynm wk;d wufr&_ @J wku d ±f u dk t f usKd ;qufuawmh pD;yGm; a&;jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufru _ dk wGe;f aqmfay;w,f? vl@tzG@J tpnf; xkwv f yk af &;&J@ pufrv _ yk f ief; jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufvma&;ukd wGe;f aqmfay;w,f? vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ OpPm"eukd tquf rjywf wk;d yGm;apw,f? vlawG&@J twkid ;f rod rsm;jym;vSwhJ vkt d ifqENawGudk jynf@0apw,f? 'DjzpfpOftwGi;f rSm odyeH` @J enf;ynm[m pD;yGm;a&;jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr_ OD;wnfcsuu f dk xde;f n‡±d kH omru pD;yGm;a&;jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufre_ @J qDavsmw f hJ tvkyw f m0efcaJG 0r_e@J vlra_ &;tzG@J tpnf; rsm; jzpfay:vmap+yD; “pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ vku d af vsmnDaxG&w dS hJ vlra_ &;tzG@J tpnf;yHpk jH zifh tpOf tvmjzpfwhJ vlra_ &; tzG@J tpnf;yHpk rH sm;ukd tpm;xk;d r_ &Sv d mapygw,f? 'Dvedk @J odyeH` @J enf; ynm[m 'Dp;D yGm;a&;qkw d hJ =um;cHuiG ;f qufrw S qifh orkid ;f Zmpfjrpf/ ,Ofaus;r_tpOftvmeJ@ Ekid if aH &;pepfrwlwhJ Ekid if aH wGtm;vH;k ukd “vuQ%mwlnw D hJ acwfraD &;vrf;a=umif;ay:ok@d rkcsqu dk af &mufomG ;apyg w,f? “pD;yGm;a&;wk;d wufvmr_u vl@tzG@J tpnf;tm;vH;k twGuf ‚wk@d [m rlvu b,f vkv d @l tzG@J tpnf; taqmufttHyk J jzpfaeae wpHw k &mwlnw D hJ vlrj_ yKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk jzpfay:vmapygw,f”? (zlu, l m;rm; orkid ;f ed*;kH w±kwb f mom ESm 86-87) zlu;l ,m;rm;u rsuaf rSmufurBm}u;D rSm pD;yGm;a&; acwfraD &;wnfaqmufru _ dk aqmif&u G af ewJh Ekid if t H m;vH;k [m odyeH` @J enf; ynm&J@ wGe;f aqmfra_ tmufrmS ‚wk@d &@J vlra_ &; tzG@J tpnf;yHpk rH sm;[m wln+D yD;&if; wlnv D m=uvdrrhf ,fqw dk mukad wmh todtrSwjf yK&ay vdrrhf ,fv@dk }uKd wiferd w d zf wfcw hJ ,f? zlu, l m;rm;[m obm0odyyH` nmu orkid ;f jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufa&;&J@ OD;wnfcsuef @J tajctaewlnrD u _ dk &Si;f vif;ajymqkad &;rSm taxmuftuljyKw,fqw dk mukd todtrSwf jyKayr,fv h nf; vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDpepf[m vlom;orkid ;f ed*;kH qkw d mukd bma=umifh &Si;f vif; ajymqkzd @dk rwwfEikd jf zpfae&wm vJ? olu “acwfro D bm0odyyH` nmukd uk, d pf m;jyKwJo h rkid ;f obm0jzpfpOf[m tvGe}f uD;rm;wJt h wkid ;f twmt& orkid ;f jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr&_ @J =ueftif vuQ%mrsm;eJ@ acwfrv D @l tzG@J tpnf;&J@ tvm;tvmeJ@ tjcif;t&mawGudk &Si;f jyay;Ekid af y r,fh ‚u 'Dru dk a&pDqw dk hJ tjcif;t&mawGuakd wmh vHv k kH avmufavmuf &Si;f rjyEkid yf gb;l ? æ æ acwfro D bm0odyu H` u|eaf wmfw@dk udk vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDqw dk hJ 'D‘orRmusr;f pmxJu okcbHk’okd@ a&S@aqmif ac:oGm;ayr,fh okcbHk&J@txJtxd ykd@ray;cJhygbl;? ‚txJu ta=umif;&if;awG[m a&S@wef; a&mufwhJ pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm;jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wuf+y;D Ekid if aH &;vGwf vyfru _ rkcsaqmif=uOf;vmr,fh oabmw&m;a&; taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd abm*aA'xJ rSm &Smvk@d rawG@ygb;l ”? (zlu, l m;rm; orkid ;f ed*;kH w±kwb f mom ed'ge;f ESm 5-6) obm0odyH` ynmeJ@ pD;yGm;a&;&J@ aemufu, G rf mS ykrd edk uf±id_ ;f +yD; tqifq h ifah om wGe;f tm;obm0jzpfpOf &Sad o;w,f? 'Dvdk obm0jzpfpOf[m odyyH` nmeJ@ pD;yGm;a&;jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufa&;uko d mru vlom;orkid ;f wckv;kH vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDo@dk OD;wnfz@HG+zKd ;wk;d wufomG ;a&;ukv d nf; wGe;f aqmf ay;ygw,f? 'Dvdk obm0jzpfpOfudk olu vl@obm0jzpfpOfv@dk qkyd gw,f? 'ga=umifh vl@o bm0twGi;f rSm vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDpepf w&m;0ifr&_ @J twGi;f ykid ;f taxmuftxm;ukd &SmazGoifw h ,f? orkid ;f ed*;kH eJ@ vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pD t=um;u rkcs

129

21 pmpOf qufE, G af er_udk &SmazGoifyh gw,f? 2? vl@obm0twGi;f wnf&adS er_udk “todtrSwjf yKr_ &&Sad &;twGuf wku d yf 0JG ifr”_ &J@ vdt k ifqEN[m orkid ;f zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufa&;&J@ aemufq;kH obm0 jzpfpOf jzpfw,f? zlu, l m;rm;u [D*,f&@J tjrifudk qufq+H y;D olu “todtrSwjf yKr_ &&Sad &;twGuf wku d yf 0JG ifr”_ [m Ekid if aH &; tbd"rRmenf;wl &Snv f sm;wJh orkid ;f a=umif;&Sw d hJ a,bk,stjrifwrsKd ;jzpfw,f? ‚[m bmrqkd rajz&Si;f Ekid w f mrsKd ; r&S±d rkH u [kw d ek ;f uae,cktxd vGwv f yfrt _ cGit hf a&;&&Sad &; wku d yf t JG m;vH;k &J@ tajccHtw k jf rpfudk jzpfwnfapw,fv@kd ,lqw,f? todtrSwjf yKr_&&Sd xm;wJh vkt d ifqEN[m pD;yGm;a&;eJ@rqkid w f hJ vdt k ifqENwrsKd ;ygy?J 'gayrJh ol[m vl@obm0 twGi;f “yxrqH;k ae&m” &S+d yD;/ vl@obm0twGi;f “arG;&myg tjzpfq;kH / tajccHtusq;kH awmifw h ar#mrf eS ;f csu”f jzpfw,f? “vl@obm0twGi;f tpOft+rw J nf&adS ewJh tpdwt f ykid ;f ” jzpfw,f? todtrSwjf yKr&_ &Sx d m;wJh vkt d ifqEN[m orkid ;f zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufa&;twGuf vl@obm 0 wlnrD _ oDt&dk t D ajccHtw k jf rpfudk taxmuftul jyKEkid ±f rkH u “vGwv f yfwhJ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ vGwv f yfwhJ Ekid if aH &;t=um;u vkt d yfaewJh uGi;f qufwck”ukv d nf; jznfph u G af y;ygw,f? zlu, l m;rm;[m [D*,f&@J pdw0f g'orkid ;f tjrifudk qufco H yl g? olu “a&S;OD;vlom;” [m yifu, dk o f bm0tm;jzifh obm0avmu&J@ tpdwt f ykid ;f w&yfjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh ol[m wd&p>mefe@J uGjJ ym;atmif pGr;f aqmifEidk w f ma=umifh obm0&J@vt dk yfcsuaf wGudk jznfq h nf;Ekid cf hJ wJt h jyif pdw"f mwfa&;&mt& vkt d yfcsuw f rsKd ;ukv d nf; jznfq h nf;Ekid cf w hJ ,f? qkv d w dk mu wjcm;olawGu todtrSwjf yKxm;wJh vkt d ifqEN&&Sad &;/ olw@dk &@J *% k o f u d mQ ukd vlawGu t odtrSwjf yKa&;ukd ar#mv f ifah wmifw h =uw,fv@dk ,lqw,f? wjcm;ol&@J todtrSwjf yKr_ &&S+d y;D rSom ol[m rdru d , dk rf rd d &dypf m;rda=umif; azmfjyEkid v f @dk ol[m rdru d , dk rf rd d wOD;wa,muf jzpfw,fqw dk mukd &dypf m;rdvmw,f? a&S;OD;vl[m olwyg;&J@todtrSwjf yKr_udk ar#mv f ifh awmifw h aewm r[kwaf yr,fh “vlwa,muftaeeJ@ wyg;ol&@J todtrSwjf yKr_ &&Sad &; twGuf ar#mv f ifah wmifw h cJw h t hJ jyif 'Dvdk todtrSwjf yKr_ &&Sad &;twGuf rdrt d ouf pGe@f v$w&f rSmukad wmif 0efrav;cJyh gb;l ? a&S;OD;vl@tzG@J tpnf;[m vlawG&@J “ppfreS w f hJ *k%u f suf oa&twGu”f toufpeG @f wu dk cf u dk cf &hJ wJh orkid ;f &J@ wpdww f a'o jzpfw,f? 'Dvedk @J vl@tzG@J tpnf;[m 2 ykid ;f uGo J mG ;awmhw,f? wzufu t&Sio f ciftwGuf toufudk rdu k ±f ;l &J pGe@f v$wv f w kd ,f? tjcm;wzufu t&Sio f ciftwGuf toufrpGe@f vw kd hJ aus;u|eaf wG? aus; u|eaf wG[m tp ueOD;wke;f u toufaorSmukd a=umufwt hJ avsmuf aus;u|eb f 0ukd ausmjf zwfcahJ yr,fh aus;u|e&f @J pw d "f mwf[m tJ'v D jdk zpfcw hJ mukd arhaysmufv@dk r&yg? olw@dk [m rdru d , dk rf rd d vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf tvkyv f yk u f idk jf cif;tm;jzifh vrf;cif;ay;cJ+h yD; olw@dk [m rdru d , dk rf rd d xde;f ausmif;/ rdr&d @J pw d q f ENt& obm0avmu}uD;ukd jyKjyifomG ;&r,f? rdrd ukd,frdrd vGwfajrmufa&;ukd jzpfEkdifor# rdrdbmom Ekd;=um;r_&Sd&Sd taumiftxnf azmfaqmif=u&w,f? vGwv f yfrt _ ay: jyif;xefwhJ vkv d m;awmifw h r_awGudk azmfjy&r,f? 'ga=umifh orkid ;f ukd wu,fweG ;f aqmfay;aewm[m t&Sio f cifawG r[kwb f ;l ? aus; u|eaf wG eJ@ aus;u|eaf wG&@J tvkyv f yk u f idk af er_awGom jzpfw,f? “aus;u|eaf wG&@J 'Dvdk todtrSwf

130

21 pmpOf jyKcH&wJh +rJ+rH}uHch idk w f hJ vkt d ifqEN[m t&Sio f cifawGudk ab;roD&efrc auseyfEpS o f rd +hf yD; wk;d wufr&_ mS azGa&;r[kwb f /J rdru d , dk rf rd d todtrSwjf yK+y;D / orkid ;f tm; a&S@o@dk csw D ufomG ;a&; ukd wGe;f aqmfwhJ rD;&xm; pufacgi;f jzpfvma&;ygy”J ? (zlu, l m;rm; orkid ;f ed*;kH w±kwb f mom ESm 226) rsuaf rSmuf vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDpepf[m vltm;vH;k &J@ vkt d ifqENawGudk a,bk,s tm;jzifh jynf0h apEkid w f ,fv@dk bma=umifah jym&wmvJ? zlu, l m;rm;u “rsuaf rSmuf vpfb &,f'rD u dk a&pDpepf[m vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ &ykid cf iG ahf wGudk ay;cJ±h rkH u tumtuG,f ay;w,f? 'g[m ‚eJ@ywfoufv@dk vltm;vH;k tus,t f jyef@todtrSwjf yKxm;wJh tcsuyf gy”J (zlul ,m;rm; orkid ;f ed*;kH w±kwb f mom ESm 230) vk@d qw dk ,f? ‚u todtrSwjf yK xm;wmu awmh vlrsKd ;/ vdief @J vrl a_ &; tqifah e&muGmjcm;r_&@J taumiftxnf rJw h hJ vlom;tjzpfudk ausmv f eG o f mG ;apr_wrsKd ; jzpfw,f? ol[m pepf&@J todtrSwjf yKr_ &&Sx d m;wm/ ol@&@J tcGihf ta&;awGudk tumtuG,af y;xm;r_ &&Sx d m;wm[m vlwa,mufjzpfaevk@d a=umifo h m jzpfw,fv@dk vnf; ajymqkEd idk w f ,f? vGwv f yfra_ wmifw h jcif;[m vl@obm0twGi;f u arG;&myg ta&;}u;D qH;k awmifw h r_jzpfw,f? vGwv f yfru _ dk awmifw h jcif;[m arG;uwnf;u&Sw d hJ tjyif; xefq;kH yifu, dk o f wWjd zpfw,f? “vl@obm0t& &Sad ewJh vl&@J yifu, dk t f &nftcsi;f jzpfw,f”? Ekid if aH &;pepfwcku vl@obm0twGi;f 'Dvadk wmifw h r_awGudk t&if;cHtm;jzifh jynf0h apEkid f wJt h csed rf mS orkid ;f [m ed*;kH ok@d a&mufomG ;awmhw,f? “vlom;orkid ;f &J@jy\em[m wpHw k ck aom t"dym` ,ft& ajymqk±d j_ rifa&;om;Edik w f muawmh t&Sio f cife@J aus;u|ef ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf tjyeftvSef wef;wl&&Sd todtrSwjf yKxm;wJh vdt k ifqENudk &SmazGwhJ enf;emwrsKd ;jzpfw,f qkw d mygy?J orkid ;f qkw d m[m wu,fawmh 'D&nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wkid u f dk vufawG@taumif txnfazmfaqmifwhJ vl@tzG@J tpnf;pepfwck&@J atmifyeJG @J e*d ;kH jzpfw,f”? (zlu, l m;rm; orkid ;f ed*;kH w±kwb f mom ESm 122) zlu, l m;rm;u orkid ;f ed*;kH eJ@ ywfoufv@dk ajymqk&d iS ;f vif;csuu f dk acwfro D bm0 odyyH` nm jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufre_ @J “todtrSwjf yKr&_ &Sad &;twGuf wku d yf 0JG ifr”_ ay:rSm xlaxmif xm;&r,fv@dk ,lqxm;yH&k w,f? 'DweG ;f tm; pepf}u;D ESpcf k ok@d r[kwf ausm±k;d r¾dKifEpS cf k t euf wckcak vsmeh nf;ae&if orkid ;f ed*;kH ukd jc,fre_ ;f &mrSm r+yD;ajrmufrjynfph akH wmhygb;l ? 'g ayrJh 'DweG ;f tm; obm0jzpfpOfEpS cf t k euf odyeH` nf;ynmeJ@ pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;tcsuaf wG [m vl@obm0tmomqENawGe@J tjyeftvSef qufpyfr&_ w dS hJ “todtrSwjf yKa&;twGuf wku d yf rJG ”_ jzpfw,f? vl&@J qENt&awmifw h r_e@J tjyeftvSef qufpyfaewmjzpfw,f? a&S@u tcsu[ f m orkid ;f rSm OD;wnfcsu&f w dS ,fqw dk mukd &Si;f jyEkid +f y;D / aemufutcsuu f vpfb&,f 'Dru dk a&pDpepf[m bma=umifh vlom;orkid ;f &J@e*d ;kH jzpfw,fqw dk mukd &Si;f vif;jyEkid w f ,f? zlu;l ,m;rm;[m tJ'ED pS cf &k @J tqifah e&mukd wwef;wnf;rxm;±Hrk u ol[m aemuftcsuu f dk orkid ;f jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr&_ @J tcef;u¾rSm odoo d mom tav;xm;a=umif; awG@Eidk yf gw,f? ol@&@J 'Dtjrif&@J wu,ft h ESpo f m&[m abm*aA'ukd orkid ;f eJ@ Ekid if aH &;jy \emtm; &Si;f vif;jywJh pGr;f tm;tjzpf jiif;y,fvu dk w f mtjyif rmhupf &f @J orkid ;f ±ky0f g'tjrif

131

21 pmpOf &J@ odyH` enf;usvuQ%mukd jiif;y,fvu dk w f mjzpfw,f? olu rmhupf &f @J orkid ;f eJ@ ywfoufwhJ a&;om;azmfjyr_awGe@J cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmr_awG[m abm*aA'&J@tay:rSm xlaxmifxm;wmjzpfv@dk wzufowfus+yD; rjynfph b kH ;l vk@d &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm ajymcJzh ;l w,f? olu “abm*aA’ tajccHtw k jf rpfay:rSm xlaxmifxm;wJh rmhupf 0f g'om ‘acwfrw D o hJ abmw&m;’ok@d r[kwf wjcm;orkid ;f qkid &f m oabmw&m;awG Oyrm 0dnmOftwGi;f &Sd pdw"f mwfyidk ;f eJ@ todtrSwf jyKr_&&Sad &;twGuf wku d yf 0JG ifr[ _ mvnf; orkid ;f &J@ t"du wGe;f tm;tjzpf &Si;f rjyEkid &f if +yD; jynfph w kH hJ orkid ;f oabmw&m;wpHt k jzpf vufct H wnfjyKv@dk rjzpfb;l ”(zlu, l m;rm; orkid ;f ed*;kH w±kwb f mom ESm 233) vd@k qdw k ,f? 'Dvedk @J zlu, l m;rm;[m orkid ;f jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr&_ @J obm0jzpfpOfjy\emtay:rSm rmhupf &f @J orkid ;f ±ky0f g'tjrifudk “ausmv f eG o f mG ;”+y;D [D*,f&@J pdw0f g' orkid ;f tjrifo@dk jyefvnfa&muf&o dS mG ;apvku d w f ,f? 'g[m orkid ;f qkid f &mtbd"rRmukd aemufjyefqw k o f mG ;r_w&yf jzpfw,f? zlu, l m;rm;[m orkid ;f jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr&_ @J aemufq;kH tqH;k owfudk vl@obm0twGi;f “todtrSwjf yKr_twGuf wku d yf 0JG ifjcif;”&J@ ar#mf vifch suf jzpfwt hJ wGuf vlawG&@J tawG;tac:&nf&, G cf sut f jzpf 'DtawG;tac:&nf&, G cf su&f @J aemuf cH yuwdbm0t a=umif;t&mawGudk ppfaq;r_r&Sad wmh orkid ;f wk;d wufa&;ukd wGe;f aqmfwhJ 'Dvdk yuwdbm0ta=umif;t&mawG wu,fyJ jzpfomG ; awmhw,f? rmhupf u f wu,fawmh vlawG&@J tawG;tac:&nf&, G cf suaf emufrmS xkwv f yk af &;yHo k ¿mefay:u vlry_ ËdyuQ v_y&f mS ;r_ta=umif;rsm;ukd awG@&+dS yD; tJ'u D wqifh orkid ;f ukd teufziG q hf rdk [ _ m odyeH` nf;us tqifo h @dk wufvrS ;f oGm;awmhw,f? 3? taemufwkdif; vpfb&,f'Drkdua&pD[m orkdif;&J@ ed*Hk;vm; orkid ;f ed*;kH qkw d m[m t&if;&Sipf epf&@J vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDpepftwGuf zlu, l m; rm;&J@orkid ;f ed*;kH oabmw&m;qkw d m&J@ tajcjyK&mjzpfovkd ol@ oabmw&m;wckv;kH &J@ aemufq;kH &nfreS ;f csujf zpfw,f? olu “u|ef awmfqv dk w dk hJ orkid ;f qdw k mu &mpkEpS t f csKd @twGi;f vlom;awG[m vpfb&,f 'Dru dk a&pDpepfe@J t&if;&Sipf epfudk }ueftifvuQ%mtjzpf xm;wJh acwfrw D hJ orkid ;f jzpfpOfo@kd OD;wnfcw hJ mjzpfw,f? 'DjzpfpOf[m rsm;+y;D &if;rsm;vmaewJh a'o awGudk acwfrv D @l tzG@J tpnf;ok@d yk@d ay;cJw h ,f? vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDe@J t&if;&Sipf epfrt S y vlom;vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm tjcm;tqifo h @dk wk;d wufajymif;vJwjhJ zpfpOf r&SEd idk v f @kd 'g[m orkid ;f ed*;kH jzpfw,f”(jynfy oabmw&m; jzpfay: v_y&f mS ;r_tajctae 2002 trSwf 3) vd@k qkw d ,f? 20 &mpk *0 ckEpS rf sm; aESmif;ykid ;f twGi;f urBmay:rSm jzpfay:cJw h hJ wpDwwef;}u;D aom ta&;}u;D Ekid if aH &;tjzpftysuaf wG[m ta&S@e@J taemuft=um; ppfat;wku d yf JG tqH;k owf r_udk azmfjy±Ho k mru ykt d a&;}u;D wmu orkid ;f uk, d w f idk f tqH;k owfro _ @kd a&muf&o dS mG ;jcif;&J@ trSwv f uQ%mjzpfw,fv@kd zlu, l m;rm;u =unfjh rifw,f? qk&d , S v f pfpepf[m qkAd , D ufjynfaxmifpek @J ta&S@Oa&myEkid if aH wGrmS ±_;H edro hf mG ; wmeJ@tr# vGwv f yfre_ @J 'Dru dk a&pDw@dk [m nDwn l rD #r&Sb d ;l qkw d m orkid ;f u oufaojyvku d +f y?D taemufwidk ;f vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDuom vlom;awG twGuf taumif;qH;k a&G;cs,pf &m

132

21 pmpOf jzpfomG ;cJ+h yDv@dk =unfjh rifcw hJ ,f? zlu, l m;rm;&J@ 'D}u;D us,w f hJ orkid ;f ed*;kH oabmw&m;qkw d m}u;D [m tay:,Htm; jzif=h unf&h if wpHw k &m qDavsmo f vkv d x dk if&ayr,fh tao;pdwf cGjJ crf;=unfv kh u dk &f if oabm w&m;a&;t& rjynfph rkH e_ @J ,kad yguaf wG &Sad ewJh rdrb d mom jyÏmef;twnfjyKxm;wJh orkid ;f aumufcsuw f ckjzpfw,f? 'D oabmw&m;rSm ay:vGiv f w S hJ jynfph rkH r_ &Sw d hJ tcsuf 3 csuf avmuf&+dS yD; tJ'gawGuawmh atmufygtwkid ;f ygy?J 1? qk&d , S v f pfpepf[m csKyf+idr;f oGm;wm r[kwb f ;l ? csKyf+idr;f oGm;vdrrhf ,fvnf; r[kwb f ;l ? rsuaf rSmuf urBmq h &dk , S v f pfvy_ &f mS ;r_tay: tuJjzwfcsurf mS zlu, l m;rm;[m +yD;pvG,o f ;kH oyfcsuo f @dk wdr;f apmif;r_&w dS ,f? ol@&@J “orkid ;f ed*;kH oabmw&m;”u AH;k ayg vatm pk+yKH xu G v f mwmuawmh Ekid if w H umqk&d , S v f pf0g'v_y&f mS ;r_ 'Da&edro hf @kd OD;wnfaewJh aemufcaH tmufrmS qd&k , S v f pfpepftwGuf {,ifusL;aw;oDqzkd @dk a&S;OD;vkt d yfcsut f & taemuf wkid ;f t&if;&Sipf epfudk aumif;cs;D axmremjyKwhJ pmtkyt f jzpf a&;xkwv f u dk w f myg? ol[m qkAd , D ufe@J ta&S@Oa&myEkid if aH wGrmS qd&k , S v f pfpepf qH;k ±_;H oGm;r_udk pDru H ed ;f pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ vlra_ &;yHpk [ H m vlom;awGu aemufxyf xyfraH &G;cs,f p&mr[kwaf wmhb;l qdw k hJ oabmeJ@ vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDpepfuo dk m vlom;vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGuf wckwnf;aom a&G;cs,pf &m ypfrw S v f @dk ,lqaew,f? qd&k , S v f pfpepfo@dk 'Dae@ OD;wnfcsw D ufaer_[m ±_;H edro fh mG ;±Hrk u tem*wfrmS vnf; “jyefvnf v$r;f rk;d vmEkid zf , G rf &S”d ygb;l ? olu “qd&k , S v f pfpepfu !¸ejf y wmu tpd;k &u xde;f csKyw f hJ pD;yGm;a&;&J@ t"du tpdwt f ykid ;f eJ@ OpPm"eawGudk xyfrcH aJG 0a&;eJ@ vlra_ &;wef;wla&;jzpfymG ;apwJh Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;pepfom jzpfc&hJ if 'Dvpdk epfudk aemufrsKd ;quf awGvufxufrmS xyfrv H r$ ;f rk;d vmEkid rf _ jzpfeidk zf , G &f m r&So d avmufe;D eD;ygyv J @dk u|eaf wmf qkyfqkyfukdifukdif ajymEdkifygw,fxifw,f”(zlul,m;rm;- qkd&S,fvpfpepfjyefvnf v$r;f rk;d vmEkid Of ;D rSmvm;/ w±kwb f mom rsuaf rSmufurBmeJ@q&dk , S v f pf0g'*sme,f/ 2002 trSwf 6) vk@d olu qdx k m;jyefygw,f? wu,fawmh zlu;l ,m;rm;[m wpHw k ckaom qk&d , S f vpfpepf&@J yHpk t H & qH;k ±_;kH oGm;r_udk qk&d , S v f pfpepfyifu, dk &f @J qH;k ±_;kH oGm;r_tjzpf um;cs@J vu dk +f y;D qd&k , S v f pfpepf ,m,Dta&;edrrfh u _ dk qk&d , S v f pfpepf&@J ±H;_ edro hf mG ;r_tjzpf um;cs@J ypfvu dk w f ,f? qd&k , S v f pfpepf&@J yHpk q H w dk m wrsKd ;wnf;r[kwb f J trsKd ;rsKd ;tzHzk kH &Sw d ,f? qd&k , S v f pfpepfe@J ywfoufwhJ vlom;awG&@J pl;prf;avhvmr_awG[m tqH;k owfroGm;ao;bl;? pl;prf;avh vmae qJjzpfw,f? qkAd , D ufe@J ta&S@Oa&my taoG;ta&mifajymif;oGm;r_[m qkAd , D ufypkH H qk&d , S f vpfpepf&@J usq;kH r_om jzpfw,f? wjcm;yHpk jH zpfwhJ qk&d , S v f pfpepf[m a&&Snq f ufvuf wnf &S+d rJ wnf&o dS mG ;vdrOhf ;D r,f? w±kwjf ynf qk&d , S v f pfpepfwnfaqmufrt _ wGi;f rSm {&mr touf &Sio f efprG ;f eJ@ cGet f m;AvawG ay:xGuaf er_u 'Dtcsuu f dk tckid t f rm oufaojyvsu&f dS w,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm orkid ;f &J@jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr[ _ m b,fwek ;f urS yef;}uw J hJ zJpuf&may:rSm av#muf&wmrsKd ; r&Scd zhJ ;l bl;? tm;vH;k [m tauG@taumufawG twGi;f rSm jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wuf vmcJ&h wmcsn;f yJ? qkAd , D ufe@J ta&S@Oa&my qk&d , S v f pfpepf&@J ,m,D±;H_ edrrhf [ _ m orkid ;f jzpf xGe;f wk;d wufr&_ @J yuwdbm0w&m;awGudk ajymif;vJrypfEidk o f vkd t&if;&Sipf epftwGi;f &Sd rajz

133

21 pmpOf &Si;f Ekid w f hJ yËdyuQawGom wnf&adS er,fq&dk if qk&d , S v f pfpepfu t&if;&Sipf epfudk tpm;xk;d wJh vlom;awG&J orkid ;f jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr&_ @J rkcstvm;tvmawGuv dk nf; ajymif;vJrypfEidk yf gb;l ? zlu, l m;rm;&J@trSm;[m orkid ;f jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr&_ @J xl;jcm;wJt h jcif;t&mw&yfukd orkid ;f jzpf xGe;f wk;d wufr&_ @J a,bk,stjcif;t&mtjzpfo@dk a&S@wef;wifay;vku d jf cif; jzpfw,f? ‚&J@ wu,ft h ESpo f m&[m taemufwidk ;f t&if;&Sipf epf&@J us,jf yef@whJ urBmv h uQ%maqmifre_ @J wckwnf;aom vuQ%maqmifrw _ @dk ukd ol@&@J orkid ;f ed*;kH oabmw&m; &SmazGa&;twGuf oabmw&m;taxmuftxm;tjzpf taxmuftuljyK &Si;f vif;wifjycJw h ,f? 2? qk&d , S v f pf'rD u dk a&pD[m tESpo f m&tm;jzifh t&if;&Si'f rD u dk a&pDxuf jrifyh g w,f? zlu, l m;rm;u t&if;&Sipf epf&@J vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDpepfudk vlom;orkid ;f &J@ ed*;kH vd@k xifrw S cf w hJ ,f? ta&;}u;D wJh qifajcqifvufuawmh t&if; &Sipf epf&@J atmufrmS vltm;vH;k &J@ “vkt d ifqENawG&&S”d +y;D / tm;vH;k [m auseyfru _ dk &&Sad pygw,f? 'ga=umifh t&if;&Sipf epf&@J vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDpepf[m vlom;orkid ;f rSm tjrifq h ;kH tqifjh zpfwhJ 'Dru dk a&pDypkH jH zpfw,fv@dk ,lqw,f? 'gayrJh zl ul,m;rm;[m t&if;&Sipf epf vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDpepf&@J tESpo f m&ukd odrxm;ygb;l ? ‚&J@ olawmfaumif;a,mif aqmifxm;r_e@J tuef@towf&adS er_awGudk odrxm;ygb;l ? t&if;&Sipf epfatmufrmS vGwv f yfre_ @J 'Dru dk a&pD[m vltenf;pk&@J vGwv f yfr_ eJ@ 'Dru dk a&pDomjzpfw,f? "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;[m ‚&J@tyk pf ;dk r_udk xde;f odr;f umuG,af &; twGuf vltenf;pk&@J wzufowftusKd ;pD;yGm;ukd vl@tzG@J tpnf;wckv;kH &J@ tusKd ;pD;yGm;tjzpf yH}k u;D cs@J cw hJ ,f? vltenf;pkom cHpm;ae&wJh vGwv f yfciG ehf @J 'Dru dk a&pDudk vltm;vH;k &J@ vGwf vyfciG ehf @J 'Dru dk a&pDtjzpf ajymqkad ejcif;omjzpfw,f? rmhupf u f t&if;&Sipf epfEidk if aH wGrmS 'Dvdk “taumiftxnfrw hJ hJ pdwu f ;l ,OfqefwhJ yl;aygi;f r_”twGi;f rSm “wOD;csi;f &J@ vGwv f yfr_ qkw d m tJ'v D dk tkypf ;dk olvw l ef;pm; t0ef;t0kid ;f twGi;f u jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufvmwJh wOD;csi;f twGuo f m ajym&&if wnf&adS ewmyg? 'ga=umifh olw@kd &@J wOD;csi;f vGwv f yfry_ gy?J olw@kd qkw d m[m 'Dvw l ef;pm;w&yf&@J wOD;csi;f awG jzpfaevk@d ygy”J (rmhupf f tde*f ,f !Ge@f aygi;f usr;f w±kwb f mom twGJ 3 ESm 48) vk@d xufxufjrufjruf axmufjya0zefcw hJ ,f? xked nf;wl t&if;&Sipf epf'rD u dk a&pD[m vlenf;pk&@J tcGit hf a&;omjzpfw,f? us, k af jymvSwhJ atmufajc u jynfov l x l rk mS rJay;wJt h csed rf mS ac:qkad vh&w dS hJ vGwv f yfciG ehf @J 'Dru dk a&pDudk cHpm;cGihf &SdEkdifwmyg? 'ghtjyif vGwfvyfcGifheJ@ 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;awG[m olwkd@tzdk@ajym&&if taumiftxnfrhJ pdwu f ;l ,Ofrj_ zpf+rJ jzpfaew,f? 'ga=umifh olw@dk “&&Sw d hJ todtrSwf jyK xm;wJh vkt d if qEN”[m wu,fauseyfr_ &&S=d uwmawmh r[kwyf gb;l ? 'ge@J ajymif;jyef qk&d , S f vpf'rD u dk a&pDuawmh vlom;awG&@J 'Dru dk a&pDjzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufro _ rkid ;f rSm tjrifq h ;kH trsKd ; tpm; 'Dru dk a&pD jzpfw,f? 'Dru dk a&pDjzpfpOftwGi;f rSm vlenf; pk&@J 'Dru dk a&pDudk vlrsm;pk&@J 'Dru dk a&pDe@J tpm;xk;d a&;ukd vufawG@taumif txnfazmfvu dk +f y;D / 'Dru dk a&pDudk wu,fh a,bk,svuQ%meJ@ us,jf yef@wv hJ uQ%mwk@d &Sv d mapw,f? vufiif;rSmawmh qd&k , S v f pf 'Drkdua&pDrSm vHk;0+yD; jynfhpHkr_eJ@ jzpfxGef;wkd;wufr_ r&Sdao;ygbl;? 'gayrJh ‚[m 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if aH &;&J@wu,ft h ESpo f m&ukd a&mifjyef[yf+y;D 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if aH &; jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wuf

134

21 pmpOf r_&@J OD;wnfcsuu f dk uk, d pf m;jyKygw,f? tESpo f m&t& t&if;&Sipf epf 'Dru dk a&pD Ekid if aH &;xuf jrifw h hJ 'Dru dk a&pDypkH w H rsKd ;jzpfw,f? t&if;&Sipf epf&@J vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDpepf[m qk&d , S v f pf 'Dru dk a&pDpepf jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufa&;u rkcsausmjf zwf&r,fh tqifw h qifo h m jzpfw,f? vlom; vl@tzG@J tpnf;pepf&@J tqH;k owf taqmufttHk rjzpfEidk yf gb;l ? 3? taemufwidk ;f vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pD pepf&@J rdru d , dk w f idk rf mS wnf&adS ewJh jy\em awGukd oifw h ifavsmufywfpmG &Si;f vif;jyzk@d zlu, l m;rm;[m cGet f m;r&Syd gb;l ? Oyrm qkyd gp@kd ? taemufwidk ;f vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDpepf[m wu,fyJ zlu, l m;rm;ajymovkd vlom;orkid ;f &J@ tqH;k owfvm;? 'Dvq dk &kd if ‚[m +y;D jynfph w kH hJ pepfypkH w H ck jzpfoifw h ,f? qkv d w dk mu twGi;f ykid ;f yËdyuQawGryg0ifwhJ 'Dru dk a&pDypkH H jzpfoifw h ,f? 'gayrJh taemufwidk ;f 'Dru dk a&pDpepf&@J vufawG@tajctaeud=k unh&f if ‚[m vlom;vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ tjypftemtqmuif;wJh pepf r[kwo f vkd vltm;vH;k &J@ vkt d yfcsuaf wGudk tjynft h pHk jznfq h nf;ay;wJph epfvnf; r[kwb f ;l ? 'ge@J qef@usipf mG yJ ‚twGi;f ykid ;f rSm rdrb d mom ajz&Si;f zd@k enf;emr&Sw d hJ tvGerf sm; jym;vSwhJ yËdyuQawG wnf&adS eao;w,f? 'gawGudk zlu, l m;rm;uvnf; 0efrcHbJ bl;uG,af e w,f? ol[m “vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDEidk if aH wG[m rsuaf rSmufumvrSm jy\em trsm;tjym; &J@ 'kuaQ y;r_/ tusyq f u dk af pr_awG }uKH awG@ae&qJjzpf+y;D / t"duuawmh tvkyv f ufrjhJ y\em/ ywf0ef;usin f pfnrf;r_jy\em/ rl;,pfaq;0g;eJ@ &mZ0wfru _ sL;vGerf _ jy\em pwmawG ygy”J (zlu, l m;rm; orkid ;f ed*;kH w±kwb f mom ESm 326)vk@d qkyd gw,f? 'gayrJh 'Djy\emawGe@J yËdyuQawG wnf&adS er_[m ol@aumufcsuaf wG&@J rSeu f efwu d sru _ dk *,uf ±ku d af pvdrrhf ,f qkw d hJ ,lqcsuaf wGudk olu jiif;y,fypfcw hJ ,f? rdr&d @J tjrifawGudk ckid rf mapa&;twGuf ol[m pl;prf;avhvm okawoejyKwhJ enf;emt& ol@usr;f ukd tm; }uKd ;rmefwuf a&;om;jyKpck w hJ ,f? tjzpfreS af y:u oufaoxljya&;±_a'gihf uae ol@oabmw&m;tm; ppfaq;a&;udk ol[m jiif;y,fcw hJ ,f? urBmt h wkid ;f twmeJ@cs+D yD; 'Dru dk a&pD&ifqidk af e&wJh pdeaf c:r_awGudk tjzpf rSefay:u oufaoxljya&;/ pl;prf;avhvmokawoejyKa&; rvHkavmufwma=umifh 'D tjzpfreS af y:u oufaoxljya&;[m wav#mufv;kH r&Si;f vif;±Ho k mru a&S@aqmifvrf;jy r_awGrmS vGrJ mS ;r_awGudk tvGejf zpfay:Ekid af pw,f”? 'ga=umifh “u|eaf wmfw@dk [m orkid ;f ukd cGp;D xm;wJh pHwrsKd ;eJ@ 'Dru dk a&pDv@l tzG@J tpnf;ukd csed q f wkid ;f wmoGm;&ef vkt d yfygw,f” (zlul,m;rm; orkdif;ed*Hk; w±kwfbm om ESm 326)? 'DvkdeJ@ ol[m rwdusra&&mwJh pl;prf;avhvm okawoejyKwJeh nf;emawGe@J rsuaf rSmuft&if;&Sipf epf vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm wnf&adS ewJh trsKd ;rsKd ;aom jy\emawGe@J yËdyuQawGudk a&SmifuiG ;f oGm;awmhw,f? x&Dwm u zlu, l m;rm;&J@ 'Dvt dk aumuf^m%fe@J a0zefrr_ sKd ;&J@ wu,ft h ESpo f m&[m orkid ;f eJ@ vufawG@t=um;/ orkid ;f &J@ vufawG@tawG@}uKH eJ@ vufawG@rhJ }uKd wifojd rifjcif; &nfreS ;f csuf t=um;/ vufawG@toH;k csa&;0g'ukd usio hf ;kH aqmif&u G w f hJ ,lcsi&f m,l/ y,fcsi&f my,fwhJ ol@&@J tjrifawGtwGuf tusKd ;&Sw d hJ t&mawGuo dk m a&G;xkwcf w hJ ,fv@dk &Si;f vif;ajymqkcd w hJ ,f? oabmw&m;&J@ t}u;D rm;qH;k ouf&pdS rG ;f tm;[m ‚u&Si;f vif;ajymqkEd idk w f hJ vufawG@ay: rSm wnfyg w,f? ‚[m vufawG@twGi;f rSm ay:xGuaf ewJh trsKd ;rsKd ;aom jy\emawG

135

21 pmpOf udk &Si;f vif;zGiq hf w dk ifjyEkid jf cif;r&Sw d t hJ csed rf mS 'Doabmw&m;rsKd ;&J@ ,H=k unfEidk rf _ twkid ;f twm ukd oHo,jzpfxu dk yf gw,f? zlu, l m;rm;&J@ orkid ;f ed*;kH oabmw&m;twGi;f wnf&adS ewJh 'Dvdk oabmw&m;eJ@ vufawG@t=um;u tcsi;f yGm;r_awG&@J orkid ;f tjrifawG[m vufawG@ urBm twGi;f rSm t&mra&mufwhJ qENpu JG sw/hJ rwdusra&&mwJh pdwu f ;l ,Ofvyk }f uHzefw;D xm;r_ wrsKd ;om jzpfygw,f? zlu;l ,m;rm;&J@ orkid ;f ed*;kH oabmw&m;&J@ wu,ft h ESpo f m&[m usew f hJ Ekid if aH &; pepfawGudk pepfwrsKd ;eJ@ tpm;xk;d a&;jzpfw,f? usew f hJ t,l0g'a&;&mawGudk t,l0g'a&; &mwcke@J tpm;xk;d a&;jzpfw,f? taemufwidk ;f vpfb&,f'rD u dk a&pDpepfudk wurBmvH;k vuQ%maqmifwphJ epftjzpf ajymif;zk@d }upH nfwhJ avmh*spjf zpfw,f? taemufwidk ;f t&if;&Sif pepf&@J us,jf yef@whJ vuQ%maqmifru _ dk w&m;Oya'eJ@ qDavsmw f hJ oabmw&m; tajccH tkwjf rpfudk taxmuftuljyKay;vku d w f m jzpfw,fqw dk mukd awG@Eidk yf gw,f? ?

ukd;um;?

? rsufarSmufurBmeJ@qkd&S,fvpf0g' 2006 trSwf 3

&J a bmf o d e f ; 0if ; 28-12-2008? t&if;&Sipf epf'rD u dk a&pD[m vlenf;pk&@J tcGit hf a&;omjzpfw,f? us, k af jym vSwhJ atmufajcu jynfov l x l rk mS rJay;wJt h csed rf mS ac:qkad vh&w dS hJ vGwf vyfciG ehf @J 'Dru dk a&pDudk cHpm;cGihf &SEd idk w f myg? 'gt h jyif vGwv f yfciG ehf @J 'Dru dk a& pDtcGit hf a&;awG[m olw@dk tzd@k ajym&&if taumiftxnfrhJ pdwu f ;l ,Ofr_ jzpf+rJ jzpfaew,f? 'ga=umifh olw@dk “&&Sw d hJ todtrSwf jyK xm;wJh vkt d if qEN”[m wu,fauseyfr_ &&S=d uwmawmh r[kwyf gb;l ? 'ge@J ajymif;jyef qk&d , S f vpf'rD u dk a&pDuawmh vlom;awG&@J 'Dru dk a&pDjzpf xGe;f wk;d wufr_ orkdif;rSm tjrifhqHk;trsdK;tpm; 'Drkdua&pD jzpfw,f? 'Drkdua&pDjzpfpOf twGi;f rSm vlenf; pk&@J 'Dru dk a&pDudk vlrsm;pk&@J 'Dru dk a&pDe@J tpm;xk;d a&;ukd vufawG@taumiftxnfazmfvu dk +f yD;/ 'Dru dk a&pDudk wu,fh a,bk,s vuQ%meJ@ us,jf yef@wv hJ uQ%mwk@d &Sv d mapw,f?

136