2009 Ctuw Research Final Embargoed

March 2009

At the Brink:

Trends in America’s Uninsured A STATE-BY-STATE ANALYSIS

Prepared for the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation by researchers at the State Health Access Data Assistance Center, University of Minnesota — Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau (1995-2008) and the Medicare Expenditure Panel Survey, conducted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (1996-2006).

Embargoed until March 25, 2009 — 12:01 AM (ET)

This report is being released in conjunction with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s (RWJF) Cover the Uninsured Week (March 22 – March 28) 2009. Now in its seventh year, the campaign has become the largest nonpartisan mobilization in history seeking solutions for the 45.7 million Americans who are uninsured. Thousands of people will participate in hundreds of Cover the Uninsured Week community service and education events being held across the nation. As part of the Week in 2009, the Foundation commissioned the State Health Access Data Assistance Center (SHADAC), located at the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, to develop a comprehensive, stateby-state analysis on trends in health insurance coverage, premiums, and offer rates. The Foundation focuses on the pressing health and health care issues facing our country. As the nation’s largest philanthropy devoted exclusively to improving the health and health care of all Americans, the Foundation works with a diverse group of organizations and individuals to identify solutions and achieve comprehensive, meaningful and timely change. For more than 35 years, the Foundation has brought experience, commitment, and a rigorous, balanced approach to the problems that affect the health and health care of those it serves. When it comes to helping Americans lead healthier lives and get the care they need, the Foundation expects to make a difference in your lifetime. For more information, visit www.rwjf.org. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation P.O. Box 2316 Route 1 and College Road East Princeton, NJ 08543-2316 Phone: (888) 631-9989

SHADAC helps states monitor rates of health insurance coverage and understand factors associated with uninsurance. SHADAC provides targeted policy analysis and technical assistance to states that are conducting their own health insurance surveys and/or using data from national surveys. Information is available at www.shadac.org. University of Minnesota State Health Access Data Assistance Center 2221 University Avenue, Suite 345 Minneapolis, MN 55414 Phone: (612) 624-4802

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Embargoed until March 25, 2009 — 12:01 AM (ET)

Table A. Number and Percent of Uninsured Non-Elderly (0-64 years) by State, 2006/07 and 1994/95/96  

2006/07 Average  

United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

1994/95/96 Average

Number Percent 45,712,096 607,559 114,983 1,220,821 483,465 6,593,156 804,396 322,346 99,543 59,040 3,683,924 1,644,031 100,415 216,623 1,713,206 722,377 290,178 335,413 597,950 841,627 118,156 760,429 489,480 1,073,871 448,809 564,343 744,027 151,818 222,775 463,382 142,425 1,319,125 436,466 2,555,592 1,530,326 67,983 1,223,843 640,859 641,977 1,182,688 100,423 693,995 85,129 840,548 5,741,038 387,219 66,038 1,051,356 732,315 248,318 463,737 72,566

17.5% 15.4% 18.5% 21.8% 19.8% 20.4% 18.4% 10.7% 13.3% 11.6% 24.3% 19.2% 9.2% 16.7% 15.2% 13.0% 11.4% 14.2% 16.4% 23.0% 10.5% 15.4% 8.9% 12.4% 9.9% 22.0% 14.8% 18.6% 14.3% 20.7% 12.4% 17.6% 25.6% 15.4% 19.4% 12.6% 12.3% 21.0% 19.6% 11.3% 10.9% 18.5% 12.8% 16.1% 27.4% 16.3% 12.3% 15.6% 12.8% 15.9% 9.6% 16.1%

SE

Number Percent

0.13% 37,060,086 1.04% 655,599 0.94% 74,774 1.12% 859,617 1.05% 407,428 0.41% 6,219,874 0.81% 472,770 0.62% 272,607 0.82% 94,333 0.80% 90,481 0.66% 2,332,493 0.80% 1,154,585 0.64% 93,281 1.05% 151,306 0.61% 1,205,012 0.79% 626,563 0.67% 275,783 0.82% 306,494 0.93% 541,236 1.38% 778,598 0.66% 141,020 0.74% 656,279 0.69% 626,016 0.59% 894,798 0.60% 372,495 1.29% 458,102 0.81% 622,780 1.16% 117,010 0.89% 148,617 1.04% 250,137 0.69% 104,714 0.82% 954,182 1.33% 414,888 0.53% 2,570,339 0.84% 867,821 0.90% 50,283 0.58% 1,144,317 1.07% 595,899 1.08% 384,930 0.56% 1,099,157 0.75% 104,645 1.00% 508,818 0.84% 70,684 0.90% 602,385 0.59% 4,285,248 1.07% 210,886 0.80% 56,776 0.75% 767,416 0.76% 626,493 0.95% 262,174 0.63% 400,618 1.00% 71,223

16.0% 17.4% 12.7% 22.8% 18.9% 21.8% 13.6% 9.8% 15.2% 17.5% 19.5% 17.8% 9.3% 14.9% 11.5% 12.3% 11.2% 13.8% 16.0% 20.0% 13.5% 14.6% 11.8% 10.6% 9.1% 19.7% 14.0% 15.8% 10.1% 18.4% 10.5% 13.8% 26.5% 16.1% 14.4% 9.1% 11.7% 21.3% 13.6% 10.7% 12.9% 15.4% 11.1% 12.4% 25.1% 11.9% 10.7% 13.2% 13.1% 17.3% 8.7% 16.1%

 

Difference

SE

Percent Change in Rate

Absolute Change in Number

0.13% 1.02% 1.01% 1.12% 1.15% 0.44% 0.93% 1.00% 1.11% 1.20% 0.58% 0.95% 0.91% 0.98% 0.47% 0.94% 0.97% 0.97% 1.04% 1.13% 1.10% 1.01% 0.59% 0.50% 0.80% 1.15% 1.00% 1.04% 0.82% 1.21% 0.98% 0.63% 1.15% 0.46% 0.70% 0.86% 0.53% 1.14% 1.01% 0.50% 1.03% 1.14% 0.88% 1.20% 0.60% 0.97% 0.95% 0.85% 0.94% 1.01% 0.71% 1.04%

9.3% -11.8% 45.4% -4.7% 4.9% -6.6% 35.2% 8.7% -12.8% -33.8% 24.8% 7.8% -0.7% 12.2% 31.8% 5.4% 2.0% 3.0% 2.5% 15.1% -21.7% 5.5% -24.6% 16.7% 8.1% 11.6% 5.4% 17.7% 41.2% 12.5% 17.7% 27.4% -3.4% -4.3% 34.5% 38.3% 5.7% -1.5% 44.3% 5.4% -15.1% 20.1% 14.7% 30.6% 9.2% 37.5% 15.2% 17.8% -1.7% -8.2% 11.1% 0.0%

8,652,010 -48,041 40,209 361,203 76,037 373,282 331,625 49,738 5,210 -31,441 1,351,431 489,446 7,134 65,317 508,194 95,814 14,395 28,919 56,714 63,029 -22,864 104,150 -136,537 179,073 76,313 106,241 121,246 34,808 74,158 213,244 37,710 364,943 21,577 -14,747 662,505 17,699 79,526 44,960 257,047 83,531 -4,222 185,177 14,444 238,162 1,455,790 176,333 9,262 283,940 105,822 -13,856 63,119 1,343

Absolute Change in Rate 1.5% -2.0% 5.8% -1.1% 0.9% -1.4% 4.8% 0.9% -2.0% -5.9% 4.8% 1.4% -0.1% 1.8% 3.7% 0.7% 0.2% 0.4% 0.4% 3.0% -2.9% 0.8% -2.9% 1.8% 0.7% 2.3% 0.8% 2.8% 4.2% 2.3% 1.9% 3.8% -0.9% -0.7% 5.0% 3.5% 0.7% -0.3% 6.0% 0.6% -2.0% 3.1% 1.6% 3.8% 2.3% 4.5% 1.6% 2.4% -0.2% -1.4% 1.0% 0.0%

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Significant difference between periods is indicated by: *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01, ****p<.001 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2008, 2007, 1997, 1996, 1995. SE= Standard Error Note 1: The addition of an insurance verification question to the CPS in 2000 results in more people reporting that they have health insurance coverage compared to earlier years. In order to make the data comparable over time, data from the early period were imputed to simulate the impact of having a verification question. Note 2: Multi-year averages were used from the CPS in order to make the state estimates more precise. This standard practice is recommended by the U.S. Census Bureau when making state comparisons (U.S. Census Bureau, 2007).

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Embargoed until March 25, 2009 — 12:01 AM (ET)

Table B. Number and Percent of Uninsured Adult Men (19-64 years) by State, 2006/07 and 1994/95  

2006/07 Average  

United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

1994/95 Average

Number Percent 20,000,411 264,004 50,426 504,005 224,992 3,033,028 360,060 146,940 41,714 29,863 1,553,806 700,524 44,025 87,607 784,716 323,646 135,045 147,849 249,040 352,214 60,787 338,385 247,168 494,198 197,367 218,575 299,706 65,154 101,282 197,044 69,167 573,152 174,620 1,214,516 659,536 31,568 535,193 267,841 304,099 540,367 48,170 293,851 37,307 417,213 2,218,982 147,715 29,336 464,303 351,465 114,778 221,511 32,570

22.1% 19.9% 23.1% 26.0% 27.2% 26.9% 22.6% 13.9% 16.3% 16.0% 29.1% 24.0% 11.3% 20.3% 20.1% 16.8% 14.9% 18.1% 19.9% 29.2% 14.8% 20.0% 12.9% 16.6% 12.1% 26.0% 17.3% 22.1% 18.4% 25.0% 16.5% 22.1% 30.7% 21.1% 23.8% 16.7% 15.7% 25.9% 25.7% 14.5% 14.7% 22.9% 16.1% 23.5% 32.2% 19.6% 15.0% 19.5% 17.3% 20.2% 13.1% 20.1%

SE

Number Percent

0.19% 14,842,393 1.90% 244,982 1.37% 28,655 1.46% 330,128 1.66% 142,148 0.62% 2,578,697 1.12% 205,734 1.01% 112,698 1.26% 39,643 1.33% 38,861 0.96% 951,770 1.26% 440,426 0.97% 40,416 1.48% 67,985 0.94% 485,249 1.19% 241,212 1.08% 97,042 1.27% 137,373 1.37% 196,848 2.13% 277,016 1.06% 60,627 1.19% 279,527 1.24% 282,961 0.97% 367,815 0.85% 173,978 1.85% 157,063 1.19% 245,395 1.65% 51,334 1.24% 56,252 1.53% 110,157 1.14% 46,716 1.22% 416,675 1.83% 140,389 0.83% 1,064,254 1.26% 371,126 1.31% 21,442 0.94% 438,839 1.56% 216,001 1.72% 174,921 0.85% 449,589 1.22% 40,834 1.48% 198,319 1.34% 30,755 1.45% 229,562 0.81% 1,574,883 1.46% 81,519 1.17% 24,361 1.15% 312,309 1.26% 274,952 1.50% 107,426 1.05% 159,718 1.48% 25,810

19.2% 20.0% 14.6% 26.4% 19.7% 26.8% 16.7% 12.3% 18.5% 22.7% 24.0% 21.0% 11.4% 19.4% 14.3% 14.4% 12.0% 17.7% 17.4% 22.1% 16.4% 17.9% 15.2% 13.4% 12.5% 22.2% 16.0% 20.2% 11.8% 22.0% 13.4% 17.6% 29.3% 20.2% 17.4% 11.9% 13.7% 23.7% 18.1% 12.9% 13.9% 18.1% 14.7% 14.3% 28.5% 15.2% 13.9% 15.4% 16.2% 20.5% 10.4% 17.3%

 

Difference

SE

Percent Change in Rate

Absolute Change in Number

0.21% 1.70% 1.46% 1.70% 1.63% 0.70% 1.54% 1.63% 1.80% 2.38% 0.95% 1.57% 1.45% 1.54% 0.81% 1.62% 1.36% 1.63% 1.56% 1.89% 1.76% 1.99% 0.94% 0.87% 1.42% 2.00% 1.67% 1.60% 1.32% 1.73% 1.51% 0.98% 1.70% 0.76% 1.18% 1.36% 0.83% 1.65% 1.64% 0.80% 1.66% 1.90% 1.40% 1.51% 0.97% 1.47% 1.57% 1.36% 1.50% 1.64% 1.21% 1.51%

15.2% -0.3% 58.2% -1.4% 38.1% 0.1% 35.7% 12.9% -11.7% -29.3% 21.1% 14.5% -0.7% 4.7% 40.2% 16.2% 23.7% 2.5% 14.2% 31.9% -9.7% 11.4% -14.9% 24.3% -3.6% 17.1% 8.2% 9.4% 56.1% 13.5% 23.7% 25.7% 4.9% 4.1% 37.3% 39.7% 14.9% 9.6% 42.3% 12.0% 5.7% 26.4% 9.6% 64.0% 13.2% 28.8% 7.8% 27.1% 6.8% -1.5% 25.8% 16.0%

5,158,018 19,021 21,770 173,877 82,844 454,331 154,326 34,241 2,071 -8,998 602,036 260,097 3,609 19,622 299,467 82,433 38,003 10,475 52,192 75,198 160 58,858 -35,793 126,382 23,389 61,511 54,311 13,820 45,030 86,886 22,451 156,477 34,231 150,262 288,410 10,125 96,353 51,840 129,177 90,777 7,336 95,532 6,552 187,650 644,099 66,196 4,974 151,994 76,512 7,352 61,792 6,759

Absolute Change in Rate  2.9% -0.1% 8.5% -0.4% 7.5% 0.0% 6.0% 1.6% -2.2% -6.7% 5.1% 3.0% -0.1% 0.9% 5.8% 2.3% 2.9% 0.4% 2.5% 7.1% -1.6% 2.0% -2.3% 3.2% -0.4% 3.8% 1.3% 1.9% 6.6% 3.0% 3.2% 4.5% 1.4% 0.8% 6.5% 4.7% 2.0% 2.3% 7.6% 1.6% 0.8% 4.8% 1.4% 9.2% 3.8% 4.4% 1.1% 4.2% 1.1% -0.3% 2.7% 2.8%

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Significant difference between periods is indicated by: *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01, ****p<.001 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2008, 2007, 1996, 1995. SE= Standard Error Note 1: The addition of an insurance verification question to the CPS in 2000 results in more people reporting that they have health insurance coverage compared to earlier years. In order to make the data comparable over time, data from the early period were imputed to simulate the impact of having a verification question. Note 2: Multi-year averages were used from the CPS in order to make the state estimates more precise. This standard practice is recommended by the U.S. Census Bureau when making state comparisons (U.S. Census Bureau, 2007).

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Embargoed until March 25, 2009 — 12:01 AM (ET)

Table C. Number and Percent of Uninsured Adult Women (19-64 years) by State, 2006/07 and 1994/95  

2006/07 Average  

United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

1994/95 Average

Number Percent 16,554,606 252,681 43,055 434,811 195,822 2,327,911 270,357 120,794 35,883 20,090 1,287,113 617,449 38,409 76,257 648,922 285,150 113,773 130,054 248,945 323,072 40,599 269,970 164,057 428,708 155,594 211,988 298,171 54,797 72,514 150,717 50,590 452,187 172,182 916,278 560,117 22,110 468,613 243,599 220,450 418,727 35,504 255,508 29,721 297,149 1,995,881 126,350 25,007 379,270 264,894 105,451 169,554 27,813

17.9% 17.6% 20.3% 22.8% 22.5% 21.0% 17.8% 11.1% 13.1% 9.8% 23.6% 20.2% 9.9% 17.6% 16.3% 14.7% 12.7% 16.0% 18.9% 24.8% 9.9% 15.1% 8.1% 13.9% 9.8% 23.6% 16.5% 19.0% 13.6% 19.8% 12.2% 16.8% 28.9% 15.1% 20.0% 11.5% 13.2% 23.1% 18.8% 10.9% 10.5% 18.8% 12.9% 15.8% 28.2% 16.6% 12.2% 15.6% 13.0% 18.5% 9.8% 17.9%

SE

Number Percent

0.15% 12,369,338 1.32% 219,328 1.24% 25,001 1.36% 262,993 1.42% 149,095 0.49% 1,939,266 0.97% 139,051 0.82% 86,399 1.01% 33,853 0.89% 28,789 0.74% 811,437 0.95% 421,824 0.80% 33,106 1.32% 41,063 0.78% 418,465 1.06% 206,240 0.92% 80,783 1.12% 97,201 1.20% 206,064 1.66% 281,250 0.81% 46,553 0.84% 214,522 0.82% 216,260 0.80% 307,557 0.73% 116,396 1.53% 164,766 1.07% 234,806 1.53% 36,510 1.02% 48,583 1.19% 67,784 0.86% 33,532 0.93% 321,851 1.61% 130,508 0.62% 895,960 1.02% 308,784 1.05% 16,188 0.73% 413,732 1.35% 196,088 1.28% 105,912 0.66% 353,401 0.87% 38,406 1.19% 151,747 1.02% 20,274 1.14% 192,972 0.69% 1,393,010 1.27% 64,317 1.01% 21,815 0.87% 282,516 0.90% 216,835 1.31% 112,396 0.79% 138,872 1.31% 25,274

15.5% 17.1% 13.3% 21.2% 19.8% 20.6% 11.9% 8.6% 14.8% 14.4% 19.0% 18.3% 9.3% 12.8% 11.4% 11.7% 9.8% 13.6% 17.5% 20.9% 12.4% 13.8% 11.4% 10.7% 8.6% 19.5% 14.6% 14.9% 10.1% 15.3% 9.8% 13.2% 25.9% 15.8% 13.9% 8.9% 12.3% 19.7% 10.9% 9.7% 14.2% 13.4% 10.4% 11.0% 24.6% 12.4% 11.7% 13.6% 13.0% 19.6% 8.8% 17.3%

 

Difference

SE

Percent Change in Rate

Absolute Change in Number

0.17% 1.44% 1.31% 1.45% 1.49% 0.58% 1.19% 1.26% 1.55% 1.44% 0.78% 1.32% 1.26% 1.26% 0.66% 1.34% 1.19% 1.37% 1.49% 1.59% 1.47% 1.39% 0.77% 0.69% 1.07% 1.59% 1.45% 1.34% 1.16% 1.44% 1.32% 0.77% 1.50% 0.61% 0.88% 1.14% 0.72% 1.42% 1.21% 0.63% 1.63% 1.43% 1.13% 1.25% 0.78% 1.30% 1.42% 1.24% 1.32% 1.48% 0.99% 1.48%

15.6% 2.7% 52.4% 7.6% 13.7% 2.0% 49.2% 29.5% -11.6% -32.3% 23.9% 10.2% 5.9% 37.0% 43.2% 24.9% 29.8% 17.8% 7.7% 18.9% -20.2% 9.7% -28.9% 29.7% 14.2% 20.6% 12.8% 27.8% 35.2% 29.9% 24.9% 26.7% 11.4% -4.2% 44.2% 29.3% 7.0% 17.1% 72.4% 11.9% -26.0% 40.4% 25.0% 43.3% 14.5% 33.4% 4.4% 14.9% -0.7% -5.9% 10.8% 3.5%

4,185,268 33,353 18,054 171,818 46,727 388,644 131,306 34,394 2,029 -8,699 475,676 195,624 5,303 35,194 230,457 78,910 32,989 32,852 42,881 41,822 -5,954 55,448 -52,203 121,151 39,198 47,221 63,364 18,287 23,931 82,933 17,058 130,335 41,674 20,318 251,333 5,921 54,881 47,511 114,538 65,325 -2,902 103,761 9,447 104,177 602,871 62,033 3,192 96,754 48,058 -6,945 30,682 2,538

Absolute Change in Rate  2.4% 0.5% 7.0% 1.6% 2.7% 0.4% 5.9% 2.5% -1.7% -4.7% 4.5% 1.9% 0.6% 4.7% 4.9% 2.9% 2.9% 2.4% 1.3% 3.9% -2.5% 1.3% -3.3% 3.2% 1.2% 4.0% 1.9% 4.1% 3.5% 4.6% 2.4% 3.5% 3.0% -0.7% 6.1% 2.6% 0.9% 3.4% 7.9% 1.2% -3.7% 5.4% 2.6% 4.8% 3.6% 4.1% 0.5% 2.0% -0.1% -1.2% 1.0% 0.6%

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Significant difference between periods is indicated by: *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01, ****p<.001 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2008, 2007, 1996, 1995. SE= Standard Error Note 1: The addition of an insurance verification question to the CPS in 2000 results in more people reporting that they have health insurance coverage compared to earlier years. In order to make the data comparable over time, data from the early period were imputed to simulate the impact of having a verification question. Note 2: Multi-year averages were used from the CPS in order to make the state estimates more precise. This standard practice is recommended by the U.S. Census Bureau when making state comparisons (U.S. Census Bureau, 2007).

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Embargoed until March 25, 2009 — 12:01 AM (ET)

Table D. Number and Percent of Uninsured Workers (19-64 years) by State, 2006/07 and 1994/95  

2006/07 Average

1994/95 Average

Number Percent United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

26,891,247 349,315 77,123 682,793 320,981 3,926,718 504,143 209,027 56,239 35,555 2,172,433 981,472 58,198 135,420 1,008,685 450,984 193,851 228,436 347,588 492,736 88,631 452,862 297,727 648,222 285,819 275,440 452,058 96,918 138,382 249,457 97,383 741,270 250,903 1,528,304 888,128 44,300 730,331 364,847 397,298 671,716 64,152 417,767 54,628 499,529 3,060,713 202,276 44,956 625,054 488,284 154,830 297,391 49,988

18.4% 17.0% 21.2% 23.2% 23.8% 22.4% 19.2% 11.8% 13.1% 11.3% 25.2% 20.5% 9.0% 18.9% 16.0% 14.6% 12.4% 16.6% 18.1% 26.8% 12.8% 15.8% 9.4% 13.6% 10.2% 21.4% 15.8% 19.5% 14.7% 19.8% 13.5% 17.4% 28.1% 16.8% 20.1% 12.9% 12.9% 22.6% 21.0% 11.0% 11.8% 20.1% 13.3% 17.6% 28.0% 16.0% 13.1% 15.8% 14.7% 19.2% 10.1% 18.3%

SE

Number Percent

0.10% 20,719,000 1.00% 353,092 0.79% 44,969 0.89% 460,350 0.94% 226,156 0.34% 3,325,133 0.62% 291,026 0.55% 146,011 0.63% 56,894 0.63% 48,074 0.52% 1,384,278 0.67% 640,664 0.50% 53,773 0.86% 96,386 0.50% 683,894 0.67% 355,196 0.56% 155,422 0.71% 191,850 0.80% 280,021 1.30% 419,885 0.57% 94,757 0.61% 382,244 0.56% 368,776 0.51% 499,915 0.45% 249,882 1.02% 244,977 0.68% 378,406 0.93% 73,574 0.66% 89,539 0.82% 139,436 0.56% 67,812 0.63% 547,431 1.04% 198,230 0.44% 1,356,916 0.68% 536,066 0.66% 31,365 0.48% 665,565 0.90% 306,532 0.90% 227,912 0.43% 607,904 0.62% 61,294 0.82% 255,915 0.68% 44,609 0.75% 344,327 0.46% 2,227,502 0.80% 116,746 0.66% 40,106 0.60% 468,089 0.66% 432,793 0.90% 148,365 0.52% 256,504 0.84% 42,433

16.1% 17.8% 13.6% 22.6% 19.2% 22.2% 13.9% 9.2% 14.9% 16.4% 21.1% 18.3% 9.0% 16.5% 11.6% 12.1% 10.6% 15.0% 15.7% 21.1% 15.2% 14.6% 11.9% 10.9% 10.1% 20.2% 14.1% 17.1% 10.4% 17.7% 11.2% 14.0% 25.9% 16.4% 14.7% 9.6% 12.3% 20.1% 13.8% 10.6% 13.3% 14.6% 12.2% 12.7% 24.2% 13.0% 12.6% 13.5% 15.2% 18.7% 9.3% 16.4%

 

Difference

SE

Percent Change in Rate

Absolute Change in Number

0.2% 1.4% 1.2% 1.4% 1.4% 0.6% 1.2% 1.2% 1.4% 1.5% 0.8% 1.2% 1.1% 1.2% 0.6% 1.2% 1.1% 1.3% 1.4% 1.5% 1.4% 1.3% 0.7% 0.6% 1.0% 1.6% 1.2% 1.3% 1.0% 1.3% 1.2% 0.7% 1.4% 0.6% 0.8% 1.0% 0.7% 1.3% 1.2% 0.6% 1.3% 1.4% 1.0% 1.2% 0.8% 1.2% 1.3% 1.1% 1.2% 1.4% 0.9% 1.3%

14.2% -4.7% 56.4% 2.8% 24.1% 0.8% 38.2% 28.4% -12.1% -31.2% 19.3% 12.3% 0.2% 14.4% 37.5% 20.9% 17.0% 10.7% 15.1% 26.7% -15.4% 8.4% -20.6% 25.0% 1.1% 6.0% 12.1% 13.7% 40.9% 12.1% 20.2% 24.8% 8.5% 2.8% 37.0% 34.2% 4.4% 12.0% 51.6% 4.5% -11.0% 37.7% 9.0% 38.4% 15.4% 23.4% 4.6% 17.6% -3.4% 2.6% 8.8% 11.5%

6,172,247 -3,778 32,153 222,442 94,825 601,584 213,117 63,016 -655 -12,519 788,155 340,808 4,425 39,033 324,790 95,788 38,428 36,586 67,567 72,851 -6,126 70,618 -71,049 148,307 35,937 30,463 73,652 23,343 48,843 110,021 29,571 193,838 52,673 171,387 352,062 12,935 64,766 58,314 169,385 63,811 2,858 161,851 10,019 155,202 833,211 85,529 4,850 156,965 55,490 6,465 40,887 7,554

Absolute Change in Rate  2.3% -0.8% 7.7% 0.6% 4.6% 0.2% 5.3% 2.6% -1.8% -5.1% 4.1% 2.2% 0.0% 2.4% 4.4% 2.5% 1.8% 1.6% 2.4% 5.6% -2.3% 1.2% -2.5% 2.7% 0.1% 1.2% 1.7% 2.3% 4.3% 2.1% 2.3% 3.5% 2.2% 0.5% 5.4% 3.3% 0.5% 2.4% 7.1% 0.5% -1.5% 5.5% 1.1% 4.9% 3.7% 3.0% 0.6% 2.4% -0.5% 0.5% 0.8% 1.9%

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Significant difference between periods is indicated by: *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01, ****p<.001 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2008, 2007, 1996, 1995. SE= Standard Error Note 1: The addition of an insurance verification question to the CPS in 2000 results in more people reporting that they have health insurance coverage compared to earlier years. In order to make the data comparable over time, data from the early period were imputed to simulate the impact of having a verification question. Note 2: Multi-year averages were used from the CPS in order to make the state estimates more precise. This standard practice is recommended by the U.S. Census Bureau when making state comparisons (U.S. Census Bureau, 2007). Note 3: “Worker” is defined as having had any employment in the previous year.

pa g e 5

Embargoed until March 25, 2009 — 12:01 AM (ET)

Table E. Number and Percent of Uninsured Children (0-18 years) by State, 2006/07 and 1994/95/96  

2006/07 Average  

United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

1994/95/96 Average

Number Percent 9,157,079 90,875 21,502 282,004 62,651 1,232,218 173,980 54,612 21,947 9,088 843,007 326,059 17,981 52,759 279,568 113,581 41,361 57,511 99,965 166,342 16,771 152,075 78,255 150,965 95,849 133,781 146,150 31,868 48,980 115,621 22,669 293,787 89,665 424,798 310,673 14,306 220,038 129,420 117,429 223,595 16,750 144,636 18,102 126,187 1,526,175 113,154 11,695 207,785 115,957 28,089 72,674 12,184

11.7% 7.7% 11.2% 16.0% 8.5% 12.3% 13.8% 6.3% 10.0% 7.6% 19.5% 12.5% 5.8% 12.2% 8.3% 6.7% 5.5% 7.7% 9.4% 14.5% 5.6% 10.4% 5.0% 5.9% 7.2% 16.2% 9.8% 13.8% 10.4% 16.8% 7.1% 13.3% 16.6% 9.0% 13.3% 9.1% 7.5% 13.3% 12.8% 7.7% 6.7% 13.0% 8.8% 8.1% 21.8% 13.2% 8.5% 10.7% 7.1% 6.6% 5.2% 9.2%

SE

Number Percent

0.18% 10,016,749 1.24% 169,551 1.17% 25,230 1.56% 301,871 1.17% 129,121 0.53% 1,664,362 1.12% 141,915 0.80% 83,962 1.15% 20,793 1.23% 20,396 1.05% 580,345 1.09% 290,788 0.96% 18,291 1.41% 42,708 0.80% 302,309 1.00% 158,377 0.72% 91,965 1.06% 72,900 1.32% 147,246 1.90% 233,355 0.83% 39,211 0.99% 143,448 0.87% 134,878 0.67% 207,246 0.90% 92,354 1.87% 139,367 1.12% 148,315 1.81% 32,631 1.26% 43,230 1.49% 76,529 0.84% 25,163 1.20% 248,919 1.85% 141,585 0.72% 636,736 1.16% 223,281 1.34% 15,157 0.73% 292,682 1.45% 196,366 1.46% 116,645 0.82% 263,551 0.97% 21,090 1.40% 168,200 1.08% 19,218 1.07% 209,184 0.87% 1,331,032 1.42% 68,161 1.24% 9,891 0.99% 166,149 0.87% 155,950 1.04% 39,036 0.75% 97,397 1.24% 18,665

13.4% 13.8% 11.5% 22.2% 17.9% 17.5% 13.1% 9.4% 11.3% 14.4% 15.9% 14.0% 6.2% 12.3% 8.9% 9.9% 10.8% 9.7% 13.7% 18.3% 13.2% 10.4% 8.6% 7.5% 6.8% 17.2% 10.8% 13.0% 8.6% 18.1% 8.5% 12.1% 23.7% 12.6% 12.7% 8.3% 9.1% 21.1% 13.4% 8.3% 8.8% 16.1% 8.8% 13.5% 22.6% 9.6% 5.8% 10.1% 10.4% 9.6% 6.4% 12.8%

 

Difference

SE

Percent Change in Rate

Absolute Change in Number

0.2% 1.5% 1.5% 1.7% 1.7% 0.6% 1.5% 1.5% 1.7% 2.1% 0.9% 1.3% 1.3% 1.4% 0.7% 1.4% 1.6% 1.4% 1.5% 1.7% 1.9% 1.4% 0.9% 0.7% 1.2% 1.7% 1.6% 1.6% 1.2% 2.1% 1.5% 1.0% 1.7% 0.7% 1.1% 1.3% 0.8% 1.9% 1.6% 0.8% 1.4% 1.8% 1.2% 2.2% 0.9% 1.2% 1.1% 1.3% 1.4% 1.3% 1.1% 1.5%

-13.1% -44.4% -2.7% -28.0% -52.7% -29.8% 5.1% -33.3% -11.8% -46.9% 22.5% -10.2% -5.8% -0.8% -6.4% -31.7% -49.1% -19.9% -31.9% -20.6% -57.8% 0.6% -41.9% -21.9% 6.2% -5.9% -9.6% 6.3% 20.7% -7.4% -16.0% 10.1% -30.0% -29.0% 4.9% 10.1% -18.3% -36.9% -4.2% -8.2% -24.3% -19.3% 0.0% -39.6% -3.4% 37.9% 46.4% 6.3% -31.1% -31.1% -18.5% -28.1%

-859,670 -78,676 -3,728 -19,867 -66,470 -432,144 32,065 -29,350 1,153 -11,308 262,662 35,271 -311 10,050 -22,741 -44,796 -50,604 -15,389 -47,281 -67,013 -22,440 8,627 -56,623 -56,281 3,494 -5,586 -2,166 -763 5,750 39,091 -2,494 44,868 -51,921 -211,938 87,392 -851 -72,645 -66,947 783 -39,956 -4,341 -23,564 -1,117 -82,998 195,143 44,992 1,804 41,636 -39,993 -10,947 -24,723 -6,482

Absolute Change in Rate  -1.8% -6.1% -0.3% -6.2% -9.4% -5.2% 0.7% -3.1% -1.3% -6.8% 3.6% -1.4% -0.4% -0.1% -0.6% -3.1% -5.3% -1.9% -4.4% -3.8% -7.6% 0.1% -3.6% -1.6% 0.4% -1.0% -1.0% 0.8% 1.8% -1.3% -1.4% 1.2% -7.1% -3.7% 0.6% 0.8% -1.7% -7.8% -0.6% -0.7% -2.1% -3.1% 0.0% -5.3% -0.8% 3.6% 2.7% 0.6% -3.2% -3.0% -1.2% -3.6%

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Significant difference between periods is indicated by: *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01, ****p<.001 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2008, 2007, 1997, 1996, 1995. SE= Standard Error Note 1: The addition of an insurance verification question to the CPS in 2000 results in more people reporting that they have health insurance coverage compared to earlier years. In order to make the data comparable over time, data from the early period were imputed to simulate the impact of having a verification question. Note 2: Multi-year averages were used from the CPS in order to make the state estimates more precise. This standard practice is recommended by the U.S. Census Bureau when making state comparisons (U.S. Census Bureau, 2007).

pa g e 6

Embargoed until March 25, 2009 — 12:01 AM (ET)

Table F. Number and Percent of Privately Insured Non-Elderly (0-64 years) by State, 2006/07 and 1994/95/96  

2006/07 Average  

United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Number Percent 176,054,810 2,696,831 398,927 3,340,740 1,465,838 20,357,841 3,116,963 2,276,577 541,353 337,901 9,545,230 5,560,631 816,529 915,691 8,085,651 4,108,340 1,920,795 1,707,342 2,358,473 2,149,194 773,858 3,631,182 4,094,699 6,229,578 3,536,108 1,471,134 3,506,938 537,220 1,152,706 1,580,027 912,435 5,490,369 934,038 10,821,056 5,096,380 413,081 7,150,991 1,872,413 2,216,273 7,920,301 652,110 2,410,887 495,866 3,385,027 12,160,274 1,751,281 370,767 4,751,198 4,042,999 973,910 3,694,511 324,357

67.3% 68.2% 64.0% 59.5% 60.1% 62.9% 71.3% 75.5% 72.2% 66.1% 63.1% 64.8% 75.2% 70.5% 71.8% 73.9% 75.3% 72.1% 64.7% 58.8% 69.0% 73.6% 74.5% 72.1% 77.7% 57.4% 69.7% 66.0% 74.1% 70.6% 79.3% 73.2% 54.8% 65.4% 64.4% 76.7% 72.1% 61.2% 67.7% 75.5% 71.0% 64.2% 74.2% 65.0% 58.0% 73.4% 69.0% 70.3% 70.8% 62.3% 76.7% 72.0%

1994/95/96 Average SE

Number Percent

0.2% 170,923,875 1.5% 2,752,135 1.3% 467,997 1.4% 2,547,253 1.5% 1,514,656 0.5% 18,454,416 1.0% 2,808,788 0.9% 2,292,047 1.2% 488,903 1.3% 320,991 0.8% 8,244,802 1.0% 4,699,485 1.1% 823,995 1.4% 778,356 0.8% 8,193,915 1.2% 4,128,624 1.0% 2,063,095 1.2% 1,771,841 1.3% 2,409,639 1.8% 2,478,731 1.1% 820,677 1.0% 3,532,180 1.1% 4,216,627 0.9% 6,682,526 0.9% 3,400,084 1.7% 1,590,537 1.2% 3,448,168 1.5% 562,555 1.2% 1,215,845 1.2% 1,059,343 0.9% 833,317 1.0% 5,367,318 1.6% 924,868 0.8% 11,092,625 1.1% 4,669,806 1.2% 468,119 0.9% 7,684,468 1.4% 1,992,945 1.3% 2,121,923 0.8% 8,167,437 1.2% 633,552 1.3% 2,440,184 1.2% 508,848 1.3% 3,496,367 0.7% 11,174,622 1.3% 1,491,238 1.2% 418,178 1.0% 4,648,154 1.1% 3,777,498 1.4% 1,019,662 1.1% 3,882,774 1.3% 341,761

73.4% 73.6% 77.9% 65.2% 69.0% 64.3% 80.4% 81.5% 77.8% 64.1% 69.1% 71.8% 81.6% 75.7% 78.2% 82.0% 82.7% 79.6% 71.1% 64.3% 78.3% 78.6% 79.0% 79.5% 82.1% 66.5% 77.1% 74.1% 83.2% 76.5% 83.4% 77.9% 58.1% 69.3% 75.9% 85.0% 78.4% 70.3% 75.1% 79.7% 79.2% 73.5% 81.4% 71.8% 65.0% 83.6% 79.1% 80.2% 76.9% 68.2% 83.8% 77.9%

 

Difference

SE

Percent Change in Rate

Absolute Change in Number

0.2% 1.4% 1.3% 1.4% 1.4% 0.6% 1.1% 1.4% 1.4% 1.7% 0.7% 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% 0.7% 1.3% 1.2% 1.3% 1.5% 1.6% 1.4% 1.4% 0.8% 0.7% 1.2% 1.5% 1.4% 1.4% 1.1% 1.4% 1.3% 0.8% 1.4% 0.6% 0.9% 1.1% 0.8% 1.4% 1.4% 0.7% 1.4% 1.5% 1.2% 1.5% 0.7% 1.2% 1.5% 1.1% 1.2% 1.4% 1.1% 1.3%

-8.3% -7.3% -17.8% -8.8% -13.0% -2.2% -11.3% -7.3% -7.2% 3.1% -8.7% -9.8% -7.8% -6.9% -8.3% -9.9% -9.1% -9.4% -9.0% -8.5% -11.8% -6.4% -5.7% -9.4% -5.3% -13.8% -9.6% -11.0% -10.9% -7.7% -4.9% -6.0% -5.7% -5.6% -15.2% -9.7% -8.0% -13.0% -9.8% -5.3% -10.3% -12.7% -8.9% -9.6% -10.7% -12.2% -12.8% -12.3% -8.0% -8.6% -8.5% -7.5%

5,130,934 -55,305 -69,070 793,486 -48,818 1,903,425 308,175 -15,470 52,450 16,910 1,300,428 861,145 -7,466 137,335 -108,264 -20,284 -142,300 -64,499 -51,166 -329,537 -46,819 99,002 -121,928 -452,948 136,024 -119,404 58,770 -25,335 -63,140 520,684 79,118 123,051 9,170 -271,569 426,573 -55,039 -533,477 -120,533 94,350 -247,136 18,558 -29,297 -12,982 -111,340 985,652 260,043 -47,411 103,044 265,501 -45,753 -188,264 -17,404

Absolute Change in Rate -6.1% -5.4% -13.9% -5.8% -9.0% -1.4% -9.1% -5.9% -5.6% 2.0% -6.0% -7.1% -6.4% -5.2% -6.5% -8.2% -7.5% -7.5% -6.4% -5.5% -9.3% -5.0% -4.5% -7.4% -4.3% -9.2% -7.4% -8.1% -9.1% -5.9% -4.1% -4.7% -3.3% -3.9% -11.5% -8.3% -6.3% -9.1% -7.3% -4.3% -8.2% -9.3% -7.2% -6.9% -6.9% -10.2% -10.1% -9.9% -6.2% -5.9% -7.1% -5.8%

**** *** **** *** **** * **** **** *** **** **** **** ** **** **** **** **** *** ** **** *** *** **** *** **** **** **** **** *** *** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** *** **** **

Significant difference between periods is indicated by: *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01, ****p<.001 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2008, 2007, 1997, 1996, 1995. SE= Standard Error Note 1: The addition of an insurance verification question to the CPS in 2000 results in more people reporting that they have health insurance coverage compared to earlier years. In order to make the data comparable over time, data from the early period were imputed to simulate the impact of having a verification question. Note 2: Private coverage is defined as reporting private coverage only. Individuals who report both public and private coverage were considered as having public insurance coverage. Note 3: Multi-year averages were used from the CPS in order to make the state estimates more precise. This standard practice is recommended by the U.S. Census Bureau when making state comparisons (U.S. Census Bureau, 2007).

pa g e 7

Embargoed until March 25, 2009 — 12:01 AM (ET)

Table G. Number and Percent of Privately Insured Children (0-18 years) by State, 2006/07 and 1994/95/96  

2006/07 Average  

United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

1994/95/96 Average

Number Percent 48,638,714 759,410 119,274 959,876 366,090 5,765,845 876,401 629,524 148,135 58,776 2,510,523 1,490,867 205,135 281,227 2,296,903 1,176,776 530,880 489,439 642,359 614,726 196,025 1,029,857 1,123,405 1,748,140 993,667 389,908 929,555 137,704 330,573 477,639 245,970 1,565,674 253,116 2,884,897 1,335,033 110,313 1,964,041 532,957 598,648 2,047,348 167,079 646,860 139,452 929,137 3,549,567 606,588 82,933 1,276,109 1,098,916 234,670 998,691 92,091

62.0% 64.0% 61.9% 54.2% 49.3% 57.5% 69.5% 72.1% 67.3% 49.3% 58.0% 57.2% 66.8% 64.8% 68.3% 69.8% 70.8% 65.9% 60.1% 53.4% 65.1% 70.7% 72.5% 67.8% 74.9% 47.3% 62.3% 59.6% 70.1% 69.2% 77.5% 70.9% 47.1% 60.8% 57.0% 70.5% 66.6% 54.8% 65.4% 70.2% 66.3% 58.3% 67.4% 59.8% 50.8% 70.3% 60.4% 65.8% 67.6% 55.5% 71.7% 69.5%

SE

Number Percent

0.28% 51,227,053 2.41% 862,403 1.95% 163,324 2.21% 797,898 2.33% 467,937 0.82% 5,545,646 1.55% 841,843 1.52% 677,690 1.94% 134,731 2.69% 68,138 1.32% 2,331,468 1.66% 1,409,738 2.04% 235,248 2.09% 255,787 1.38% 2,472,862 1.88% 1,268,628 1.66% 683,924 1.98% 593,969 2.09% 700,746 2.68% 712,797 1.79% 222,545 1.62% 1,046,788 1.89% 1,205,854 1.55% 2,086,350 1.49% 1,083,180 2.60% 481,394 1.95% 988,002 2.57% 177,186 1.97% 407,251 1.89% 308,467 1.45% 240,823 1.59% 1,571,677 2.50% 302,171 1.23% 3,248,537 1.76% 1,230,979 2.01% 153,006 1.50% 2,403,104 2.24% 602,272 2.17% 611,707 1.44% 2,410,307 1.91% 183,098 2.23% 696,141 1.97% 175,510 2.27% 999,294 1.06% 3,468,866 2.00% 595,175 2.07% 128,122 1.64% 1,284,365 1.70% 1,100,791 2.33% 255,994 1.83% 1,222,106 2.07% 111,212

68.7% 70.1% 75.9% 59.3% 65.6% 58.2% 78.0% 76.1% 73.8% 48.3% 63.7% 67.7% 79.0% 73.7% 72.7% 79.5% 80.4% 78.9% 65.4% 55.6% 74.9% 75.5% 77.2% 75.6% 79.5% 59.4% 72.3% 71.2% 81.1% 73.3% 80.5% 75.7% 50.4% 64.3% 70.4% 83.0% 74.9% 64.8% 69.9% 76.4% 77.7% 66.5% 79.3% 64.8% 59.0% 83.6% 75.8% 77.9% 73.6% 63.5% 81.1% 76.2%

Difference SE

Percent Change in Rate

Absolute Change in Number

0.28% 2.25% 2.05% 2.12% 2.28% 0.90% 1.89% 2.37% 2.49% 3.20% 1.30% 2.25% 2.30% 2.08% 1.30% 2.09% 2.11% 2.03% 2.36% 2.46% 2.40% 2.43% 1.47% 1.30% 2.06% 2.41% 2.45% 2.26% 1.79% 2.41% 2.21% 1.32% 1.99% 1.00% 1.61% 1.94% 1.32% 2.26% 2.27% 1.27% 2.27% 2.52% 1.91% 2.62% 1.09% 1.70% 2.37% 1.98% 2.07% 2.38% 1.95% 1.97%

-9.8% -8.8% -18.5% -8.6% -24.9% -1.2% -10.9% -5.3% -8.8% 2.2% -9.1% -15.5% -15.4% -12.1% -6.0% -12.2% -11.9% -16.5% -8.1% -3.9% -13.1% -6.3% -6.1% -10.3% -5.9% -20.3% -13.8% -16.3% -13.6% -5.6% -3.7% -6.4% -6.6% -5.5% -19.0% -15.1% -11.1% -15.5% -6.5% -8.2% -14.6% -12.3% -15.0% -7.7% -13.9% -15.9% -20.4% -15.6% -8.1% -12.6% -11.6% -8.8%

-2,588,339 -102,993 -44,050 161,978 -101,847 220,199 34,558 -48,166 13,404 -9,363 179,055 81,129 -30,114 25,440 -175,960 -91,853 -153,045 -104,530 -58,387 -98,071 -26,520 -16,931 -82,449 -338,210 -89,513 -91,486 -58,448 -39,483 -76,678 169,171 5,147 -6,004 -49,055 -363,641 104,054 -42,693 -439,063 -69,316 -13,060 -362,959 -16,019 -49,282 -36,059 -70,158 80,700 11,413 -45,189 -8,256 -1,875 -21,324 -223,415 -19,122

Absolute Change in Rate  -6.7% -6.1% -14.0% -5.1% -16.3% -0.7% -8.5% -4.0% -6.5% 1.1% -5.8% -10.5% -12.2% -8.9% -4.4% -9.7% -9.5% -13.0% -5.3% -2.2% -9.8% -4.8% -4.7% -7.8% -4.7% -12.1% -9.9% -11.6% -11.0% -4.1% -3.0% -4.8% -3.3% -3.5% -13.4% -12.5% -8.3% -10.0% -4.5% -6.2% -11.4% -8.2% -11.9% -5.0% -8.2% -13.3% -15.5% -12.1% -6.0% -8.0% -9.4% -6.7%

**** * **** * **** **** ** *** **** **** *** ** **** **** **** * *** ** **** * **** ** *** ****

** ** **** **** **** *** *** **** ** **** **** **** **** **** ** ** **** **

Significant difference between periods is indicated by: *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01, ****p<.001 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2008, 2007, 1997, 1996, 1995. SE= Standard Error Note 1: The addition of an insurance verification question to the CPS in 2000 results in more people reporting that they have health insurance coverage compared to earlier years. In order to make the data comparable over time, data from the early period were imputed to simulate the impact of having a verification question. Note 2: Private coverage is defined as reporting private coverage only. Individuals who report both public and private coverage were considered as having public insurance coverage. Note 3: Multi-year averages were used from the CPS in order to make the state estimates more precise. This standard practice is recommended by the U.S. Census Bureau when making state comparisons (U.S. Census Bureau, 2007).

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Table H. Average Employer and Employee Single Premium Contribution per Enrolled Employee at Private-Sector Establishments that Offer Health Insurance by State, 2006 and 1996 (2006 Dollars)  

2006

1996

Percent Change (1996-2006)

 

Employer

Employee

Total

Employer

Employee

Total

Employer

United States Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Hawaii Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin State Alaska District of Columbia Rhode Island State Delaware Idaho New Hampshire Wyoming State Montana Vermont State North Dakota South Dakota

$3,330 3,052 3,477 2,868 3,378 3,307 3,540 3,076 3,011 3,183 3,423 3,156 3,132 3,068 3,100 3,183 3,591 3,032 3,437 3,764 3,171 2,977 3,255 3,017 3,032 3,569 3,311 3,640 3,323 3,273 3,317 3,575 3,396 3,203 3,002 3,405 3,023 3,110 3,433 3,524 3,356

$788 891 803 699 658 717 862 860 862 366 822 833 784 765 691 755 1,072 898 1,011 682 810 727 703 873 551 902 726 965 704 781 650 547 881 810 745 728 826 981 623 825 885 2006 714 699 862 2006 735 565 1,004 655 2006 598 738 2006 675 718

$4,118 3,943 4,280 3,567 4,036 4,024 4,402 3,936 3,873 3,549 4,245 3,989 3,916 3,833 3,791 3,938 4,663 3,930 4,448 4,446 3,981 3,704 3,958 3,890 3,583 4,471 4,037 4,605 4,027 4,054 3,967 4,122 4,277 4,013 3,747 4,133 3,849 4,091 4,056 4,349 4,241

$2,120 1,777 1,905 1,836 2,146 2,004 2,714 1,948 2,134 2,309 2,252 2,069 1,913 2,015 1,889 2,062 2,223 1,913 2,290 2,205 2,049 2,048 2,055 1,854 2,285 2,687 1,583 2,404 1,995 1,989 1,920 2,120 2,164 1,607 1,890 2,091 2,148 2,065 2,162 2,156 2,267

$2,560 2,378 2,303 2,265 2,529 2,454 3,292 2,543 2,557 2,576 2,689 2,575 2,457 2,396 2,345 2,449 2,664 2,416 2,993 2,471 2,471 2,480 2,374 2,387 2,594 3,025 2,250 2,891 2,431 2,346 2,225 2,401 2,569 1,959 2,463 2,530 2,565 2,666 2,423 2,575 2,739

57.1% 71.7% 82.5% 56.2% 57.4% 65.0% 30.4% 57.9% 41.1% 37.9% 52.0% 52.6% 63.7% 52.3% 64.1% 54.3% 61.5% 58.5% 50.1% 70.7% 54.7% 45.4% 58.4% 62.7% 32.7% 32.8% 109.2% 51.4% 66.5% 64.6% 72.8% 68.6% 56.9% 99.3% 58.8% 62.9% 40.7% 50.6% 58.8% 63.4% 48.1%

4,539 4,540 4,595

2,909 2,665 2,378

3,213 3,084 2,831

31.5% 44.1% 57.0%

4,712 3,573 4,622 4,605

2,361 2,091 2,513 2,443

2,767 2,440 2,914 2,878

68.4% 43.8% 44.0% 61.7%

4,144 4,322

2,450 2,377

2,899 2,927

44.7% 50.8%

3,787 3,938

2,261 2,447

$439 601 397 429 383 450 578 595 423 267 437 506 544 382 456 387 441 502 703 266 421 432 320 533 310 338 667 487 436 357 306 281 405 352 573 439 416 601 261 419 473 1997 304 418 453 1998 406 349 401 435 1999 449 551 2000 424 554

2,684 3,001

37.7% 31.6%

3,825 3,841 3,733 3,977 3,008 3,618 3,950 3,546 3,584 3,112 3,220

Employee ****

Total

79.3% **** 60.9% 48.2% **** 65.8% **** 102.3% **** 85.9% **** 62.9% **** 57.5% **** 71.8% **** 59.6% **** 59.4% **** 64.0% **** 49.1% *** 33.7% **** 44.6% *** 54.8% **** 103.9% **** 51.5% **** 36.9% 37.8% **** 88.2% **** 57.8% **** 64.5% **** 54.9% **** 44.2% **** 59.4% **** 100.5% **** 60.0% **** 51.5% *** 61.7% **** 95.2% **** 60.8% **** 143.2% **** 75.1% **** 78.7% **** 62.7% **** 43.8% **** 48.6% **** 156.4% **** 79.9% **** 92.2% **** 61.1% **** 68.4% ** 49.4% **** 119.7% **** 66.7% **** 63.7% **** 62.9% *** 77.9% **** 38.1% **** 166.9% **** 47.8% **** 8.9% 79.4% **** 98.2% **** 59.3% **** 61.6% **** 65.7% **** 118.6% **** 72.8% **** 112.6% **** 78.3% **** 94.4% **** 71.6% **** 117.7% **** 66.5% **** 130.1% **** 104.8% **** 30.0% 52.1% **** 65.7% **** 63.4% **** 98.4% **** 50.1% **** 63.1% **** 53.4% **** 138.8% *** 67.4% **** 97.0% ** 68.9% **** 87.2% **** 54.8% Change (1997-2006) *** 134.9% **** 41.3% **** 67.1% **** 47.2% **** 90.1% **** 62.3% Change (1998-2006) **** 81.2% *** 70.3% **** 62.0% *** 46.4% **** 150.5% **** 58.6% **** 50.5% *** 60.0% Change (1999-2006) **** 33.2% * 42.9% **** 34.0% 47.6% Change (2000-2006) **** 59.3% **** 41.1% **** 29.7% * 31.2%

**** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** ****

Significant difference between periods is indicated by: *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01, ****p<.001 Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Average total single premium (in dollars) and employee contribution per enrolled employee at private-sector establishments that offer health insurance by State (Table II.C.1, Table II.C.2): United States 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2006. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Insurance Component Tables. Downloaded from http://www.meps. ahrq.gov/mepsweb/data_stats/quick_tables.jsp (February 27, 2009) Note 1: When 1996 state estimates are not available more recent years are used: Alaska, District of Columbia, Rhode Island, 1997; Delaware, Idaho, New Hampshire, Wyoming, 1998; Montana, Vermont, 1999; North Dakota, South Dakota, 2000. Note 2: Dollars are adjusted to 2006 dollars using the CPI-U, available at ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/cpi/cpiai.txt.

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Table I. Average Employer and Employee Family Premium Contribution per Enrolled Employee at Private-Sector Establishments that Offer Health Insurance by State, 2006 and 1996 (2006 Dollars) 2006 United States Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Hawaii Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin State Alaska District of Columbia Rhode Island State Delaware Idaho New Hampshire Wyoming State Montana Vermont State North Dakota South Dakota

1996

Percent Change (2006-1996)

Employer

Employee

Total

Employer

Employee

Total

Employer

$8,491 7,613 8,282 6,745 8,420 8,344 9,469 7,446 7,884 6,946 9,038 8,769 7,899 8,125 7,395 7,767 8,703 8,282 9,162 9,041 8,296 6,741 8,628 7,736 7,602 9,252 8,318 9,455 8,079 8,479 7,511 8,319 9,007 7,957 7,232 8,666 8,358 7,897 8,537 8,856 9,232

$2,890 2,958 3,267 3,183 3,073 2,851 2,947 3,600 2,909 2,480 2,743 2,685 2,651 2,923 2,469 3,029 3,660 2,990 3,128 2,411 3,099 3,028 2,543 3,041 2,144 2,981 2,961 2,620 2,871 2,488 3,081 3,294 2,787 2,999 2,764 3,024 2,617 3,600 2,886 2,426 2,426 2006 2,870 2,543 2,368 2006 2,522 2,168 3,318 2,284 2006 2,759 2,619 2006 3,056 2,552

$11,381 10,571 11,549 9,928 11,493 11,195 12,416 11,046 10,793 9,426 11,781 11,454 10,550 11,048 9,864 10,796 12,363 11,272 12,290 11,452 11,395 9,769 11,171 10,777 9,746 12,233 11,279 12,075 10,950 10,967 10,592 11,613 11,794 10,956 9,996 11,690 10,975 11,497 11,423 11,282 11,658

$4,727 3,555 4,537 3,947 4,600 4,105 5,836 3,832 4,366 5,217 5,467 4,915 4,158 4,506 4,450 4,384 4,659 4,623 5,818 5,255 4,993 3,712 4,623 4,054 4,153 5,745 3,564 5,319 4,189 4,784 4,247 3,874 4,907 3,860 4,086 4,407 4,804 4,590 4,453 5,087 5,254

$6,365 5,943 5,917 5,341 6,279 6,061 7,332 6,259 6,153 6,834 6,923 6,351 5,863 6,215 6,097 6,248 6,661 6,383 7,712 6,106 6,514 5,591 6,058 6,013 5,723 7,511 5,503 6,829 5,944 5,831 5,976 5,720 6,472 5,472 6,114 6,295 6,314 6,480 5,724 6,496 6,558

79.6% 114.1% 82.5% 70.9% 83.0% 103.3% 62.3% 94.3% 80.6% 33.1% 65.3% 78.4% 90.0% 80.3% 66.2% 77.2% 86.8% 79.1% 57.5% 72.0% 66.1% 81.6% 86.6% 90.8% 83.1% 61.1% 133.4% 77.7% 92.9% 77.2% 76.9% 114.7% 83.6% 106.1% 77.0% 96.6% 74.0% 72.1% 91.7% 74.1% 75.7%

12,198 12,262 11,934

5,877 5,242 5,281

7,569 7,599 6,787

59% 85% 81%

12,601 10,775 12,686 12,087

5,833 4,571 5,224 6,041

7,390 6,357 7,650 7,420

73% 88% 79% 62%

11,068 11,631

5,051 6,088

6,856 7,694

65% 48%

10,060 9,875

5,128 5,746

$1,638 2,387 1,380 1,394 1,679 1,956 1,496 2,427 1,787 1,618 1,456 1,437 1,705 1,709 1,647 1,864 2,002 1,760 1,894 851 1,521 1,879 1,435 1,959 1,570 1,767 1,939 1,510 1,755 1,047 1,729 1,846 1,565 1,613 2,028 1,888 1,510 1,890 1,271 1,410 1,304 1997 1,692 2,358 1,506 1998 1,557 1,786 2,425 1,379 1999 1,805 1,606 2000 2,042 2,168

7,170 7,914

37% 27%

9,328 9,719 9,566 10,079 8,607 9,368 9,803 8,309 9,012 7,004 7,323

Employee ****

Total

76.4% **** 78.8% 23.9% ** 77.9% **** 136.7% **** 95.2% **** 128.3% **** 85.9% **** 83.0% **** 83.0% **** 45.8% **** 84.7% **** 97.0% **** 69.3% **** 48.3% **** 76.5% **** 62.8% **** 75.4% **** 53.3% **** 37.9% **** 88.4% **** 70.2% **** 86.9% **** 80.3% **** 55.5% **** 79.9% **** 71.0% **** 77.8% **** 49.9% **** 61.8% **** 62.5% *** 72.8% **** 82.8% **** 85.6% **** 69.9% **** 76.6% **** 65.2% **** 59.4% **** 183.4% **** 87.6% **** 103.7% **** 74.9% **** 61.2% **** 74.7% **** 77.2% **** 84.4% **** 55.2% **** 79.2% **** 36.5% ** 70.3% **** 68.7% *** 62.9% **** 52.7% **** 105.0% **** 73.5% **** 76.8% **** 63.6% **** 84.2% **** 137.6% **** 88.1% *** 78.1% ** 77.2% **** 78.4% **** 103.0% **** 78.1% *** 82.2% **** 86.0% **** 100.2% **** 36.3% *** 63.5% **** 60.2% **** 85.7% **** 73.3% **** 73.8% **** 90.5% **** 77.4% **** 127.1% **** 99.6% **** 72.1% *** 73.7% **** 86.0% **** 77.8% Change (2006-1997) **** 70% **** 61% **** 8% 61% **** 57% ** 76% Change (2006-1998) **** 62% **** 71% **** 21% 69% **** 37% *** 66% **** 66% *** 63% Change (2006-1999) **** 53% **** 61% **** 63% **** 51% Change (2006-2000) **** 50% **** 40% *** 18% 25%

**** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** ****

Significant difference between periods is indicated by: *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01, ****p<.001 Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Average total family premium (in dollars) and employee contribution per enrolled employee at private-sector establishments that offer health insurance by State (Table II.C.1, Table II.C.2): United States 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2006. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Insurance Component Tables. Downloaded from http://www.meps. ahrq.gov/mepsweb/data_stats/quick_tables.jsp (February 27, 2009) Note 1: When 1996 state estimates are not available more recent years are used: Alaska, District of Columbia, Rhode Island, 1997; Delaware, Idaho, New Hampshire, Wyoming, 1998; Montana, Vermont, 1999; North Dakota, South Dakota, 2000. Note 2: In 2000 MEPS changed its definition of “family premium” and removed “employee-plus-one” plans from this definition in 2001. The result is a slight increase in the overall average of “family premiums” beginning in 2001. Note 3: Dollars are adjusted to 2006 dollars using the CPI-U, available at ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/cpi/cpiai.txt.

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Table J. Median Income for Full-Time Workers (18-64 years) by State, 2006/07 and 1994/95 (2006 Dollars)  

2006/07 Average

1994/95 Average

 

Median Income

SE

Median Income

SE

Percent Change in Median Income

United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

$37,460 33,015 40,419 35,002 31,383 39,446 40,419 46,322 36,489 44,027 34,515 37,446 35,002 35,002 39,446 35,988 34,515 35,974 34,015 34,515 34,515 42,157 47,335 39,446 39,446 30,557 35,002 32,278 34,515 35,988 41,391 44,877 34,515 39,446 32,529 30,557 35,488 33,015 37,717 37,946 40,419 31,793 31,543 33,057 34,515 35,988 35,002 40,419 40,419 33,185 37,474 34,515

$151 988 1,050 899 651 470 789 953 1,008 1,176 283 602 681 682 621 990 468 770 660 1,254 723 822 898 481 871 642 731 935 704 615 889 974 881 267 774 971 784 593 894 689 849 842 839 960 533 1,143 946 645 1,003 1,059 831 951

$34,199 31,101 44,288 31,616 27,492 38,224 36,239 42,965 34,861 37,660 31,831 32,858 34,218 30,855 37,789 32,178 32,196 32,178 32,450 31,400 33,207 38,885 40,245 39,069 34,585 28,153 31,838 28,512 28,756 34,879 36,864 41,723 29,513 39,234 30,775 28,833 36,509 31,093 35,541 35,541 38,922 30,855 29,018 32,858 31,788 32,858 33,980 33,981 37,073 31,953 33,736 31,516

$198 911 1,057 692 603 463 838 1,136 708 968 392 486 812 576 544 651 754 599 822 763 885 897 541 537 678 822 571 647 617 722 887 610 688 510 500 615 494 786 954 510 1,167 687 558 721 430 673 696 636 933 693 485 679

9.5% 6.2% -8.7% 10.7% 14.2% 3.2% 11.5% 7.8% 4.7% 16.9% 8.4% 14.0% 2.3% 13.4% 4.4% 11.8% 7.2% 11.8% 4.8% 9.9% 3.9% 8.4% 17.6% 1.0% 14.1% 8.5% 9.9% 13.2% 20.0% 3.2% 12.3% 7.6% 16.9% 0.5% 5.7% 6.0% -2.8% 6.2% 6.1% 6.8% 3.8% 3.0% 8.7% 0.6% 8.6% 9.5% 3.0% 18.9% 9.0% 3.9% 11.1% 9.5%

Significant difference between periods is indicated by: *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01, ****p<.001 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2008, 2007,1996, 1995. SE= Standard Error Note: Income is equal to the amount of earned income reported for longest job held last year. Note 2: Income is adjusted to 2006 dollars using the CPI-U, available at ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/cpi/cpiai.txt. Note 3: “Worker” is defined as having had any employment in the previous year.

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Absolute Change in Median Income $3,261 1,915 (3,869) 3,385 3,892 1,223 4,180 3,357 1,628 6,367 2,685 4,589 784 4,147 1,657 3,810 2,319 3,796 1,566 3,116 1,309 3,272 7,090 378 4,861 2,404 3,164 3,766 5,760 1,109 4,527 3,154 5,002 212 1,754 1,724 (1,022) 1,923 2,176 2,406 1,497 939 2,525 199 2,727 3,130 1,022 6,438 3,345 1,232 3,738 2,999

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* * ***

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Methods and Resources In this report, we use data from ongoing federal surveys of individuals and employers to examine trends in health insurance coverage, premiums and offer rates across all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Data on employersponsored health insurance premiums and offer rates, over the years 1996-2006, are from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey-Insurance Component (MEPS-IC). These data, collected and distributed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), provide national and state-level detail not available from other data sources. We use data from 1995-2008 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS) – representing calendar years 1994-2007 – to measure changes in health insurance coverage at the national and state levels over time for nonelderly population (under 65 years). MEPS-IC The MEPS-IC is a valuable data source for ongoing monitoring of employer-sponsored health coverage at both the state and national levels. National estimates are available for all years. Prior to 2003, extra sampling to produce representative estimates for states was only provided to smaller states on a rotating basis. Therefore, this report presents the change from 1996-2006 for 40 states, and changes based on later years for the remaining smaller states. Since the role of employers offering health insurance coverage is the foundation of the U.S. health care system, the trends in offer and take-up rates will be critical to monitor at the state level over time. The key findings highlighted in the press releases are not dissimilar to the Kaiser Family Foundation/HRET employer health benefits annual survey findings over the same period for the nation as a whole; however, the MEPS-IC data provide much richer detail at the state level on employer premiums and offer rates over time. In 2000 MEPS changed its definition of “family premium” and removed “employeeplus-one” plans from this definition in 2001. The result is a slight increase in the overall average of “family premiums” beginning in 2001. CPS The CPS is a monthly survey conducted by the US Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics to provide data on labor force participation and unemployment. As the official source of government statistics on employment status and income, data on health insurance coverage is collected through the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC), which was initially added to the CPS in March of each year and was expanded to February through April beginning in 2001. The CPS ASEC is both nationally and state representative and has included approximately 78,000 households per year since 2000 (U.S. Census Bureau 2002; Davern et al. 2003). The reference period for health insurance coverage in the ASEC is the previous calendar year, so the 2008 CPS data ask questions about coverage during calendar year 2007. The ASEC data were collected through a combination of telephone and in-person interviews using computer-assisted instruments (U.S. Census Bureau 2002). The 1995, 1996, 1997, 2007, and 2008 ASEC data are used in these analyses, and estimates are reported as two or three-year averages to ensure there is enough sample size to make stable state estimates. All rates cited in this report are based on weighted estimates. The complex survey design is corrected for using StataSE version 10 software. The sample for our health insurance tables is limited to individuals under 65 years old. The sample for our income tables is limited to individuals between the years of 19 and 64, who were recorded as being full-time workers. All reported differences are significant at p<0.01. The addition of an insurance verification question to the CPS in 2000 results in more people reporting that they have health insurance coverage compared to earlier years. In order to make the data comparable over time, data from the early period were imputed to simulate the impact of having a verification question. CPS respondents are allowed to identify multiple sources of insurance coverage. In these analyses, an individual was defined as privately covered if they reported private coverage only. Individuals that reported both private and public coverage were considered to have public coverage. References Davern, M., T.J. Beebe, L.A. Blewett, and K.T. Call, 2003. “Recent Changes to the Current Population Survey: Sample Expansion, Health Insurance Verification, and State Health Insurance Coverage Estimates.” Public Opinion Quarterly 67 (4): 603-626. U.S. Census Bureau, 2002. “Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology.” Technical Paper #63RV. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. Census Bureau, 2007. “Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2006.” Current Population Reports no. P60-233. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.

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