20081224-literacy And Livelihood-bangla

mv¶iZv I RxweKvwfwËK wk¶v : GKwU Av‡jvPbvcÎ Iwj †gvnv¤§` Avãyj−vn ‡PŠayix \ Rv‡n` Avng` GdAvBwfwWwe, Lvw`gbMi, wm‡jU \ wW‡m¤^i 2008 kZvsk| mvZ eQ‡ii Av‡Mi ïgvwii ci mv¶iZvi Avi †Kv‡bv nvjbvMv` miKvwi cwimsL¨vb cvIqv hvq bv| me©‡kl MYmv¶iZv Awfhvb cwiPvwjZ ÔGWy‡Kkb IqvP 2002Õ mv¶iZv-RwicwU Av¯’v‡hvM¨ I †hŠw³K e‡j wewfbœ gn‡j MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv †c‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b †`Lv hv‡”Q, †`‡k 11 eQi I Z`yaŸ© Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ †gvUgvU mv¶iZvi nvi 41.4 kZvsk| †`‡ki cÖvq A‡a©K Rb‡Mvôx A-mv¶i Ges GK-`kgvsk cÖvK-mv¶iÑ Rwi‡ci djvdj ej‡QÑ GB Z_¨ Rwic †_‡K hw` bv-I Rvbv †hZ, †`‡ki wk¶v-cwiw¯’wZi m‡½ cwiwPZ e¨w³e‡M©i c‡¶ AvuP Kiv Am¤¢e wQj bv| gvÎ GKcÂgvsk gvbyl D”PZi ¯—‡ii mv¶i, hviv Zv‡`i `¶Zv e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb RxebKzkjZvi wewfbœ ch©v‡q, kZKiv wnmv‡e GB †mŠfvM¨en Ask gvÎ 20 fvM|

gvby‡li mf¨Zv wVK hLb †_‡K ïi“, Zvi wk¶vi m~PbvKvjI ZLb †_‡KB e‡j a‡i †bqv hvq| Ges msMwVZ I mye¨ew¯’Z bv-n‡jI, GK ai‡bi AbvbyôvwbK wkLbe¨e¯’vI †m-ch©v‡q Dcw¯’Z wQj| ZviB avivevwnKZvq wk¶ve¨e¯’v weKwkZ I weewZ©Z n‡q AvR‡Ki GB eZ©gvb iƒc wb‡q‡Q|

mv¶iZv wk¶vi G‡Kev‡i †Mvovi K_vwU n‡jv mv¶iZv, ejvB evûj¨| mv¶iZv n‡”Q †mB `¶Zvi bvg, †h-`¶Zv bv _vK‡j AvR‡Ki e¨w³ Zvi Aviva¨ I i¶vKePZzj¨ ˆbcyY¨-cvi½gZv AR©‡bi c‡_ †Rvi K`‡g G‡Mv‡Z cvi‡e bv| GKUv mgq wQj cviZ, hLb wkLbcÖevn wQj cÖavbZ kÖ“wZ I ¯§„wZwbf©i; Ges ZLb cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ bq eis †Mv‡Îi cwZ‡K ZrKv‡j-PwjZ wPýe¨e¯’vi m‡½ cwiwPZ _vK‡jB PjZ, †h‡nZz †MvÎcwZB wQj ZLb wm×vš— I wb‡`©k`vZv| Ges †h‡nZz e¨w³gvbyl Zvi mgy`q AwfÁZv I Ávb a‡i ivL‡Q A¶‡ii †fZ‡i Z_v A¶i-gva¨‡g, AZGe mv¶iZv-`¶Zv bv _vK‡j AvR Avi P‡j bv| AvR‡Ki c„w_ex, ej‡Z †M‡j, A¶‡ii †fZ‡i cy‡i ivLv c„w_ex| Gi A›`‡i XyK‡Z n‡j A¶‡ii AvMj †Lvjv PvB| AvMj †Lvjvi PvwewUi bvg mv¶iZv| †h-e¨w³ mv¶iZv-`¶Zv myPvi“ iß Ki‡Qb, Zv‡K ejv n‡”Q mv¶i| wZwbB mv¶i, whwb GB c„w_ex‡Z Zvi cÖwZ c`‡¶‡c cvb A¶‡ii m½ I mn‡hvM| mviv c„w_exi 80 †KvwUi †ewk gvbyl Ges, AvuZ‡K IVvi g‡Zv Z_¨ n‡jI m‡›`nvZxZ mZ¨, evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq 60 kZvsk 11 eQi I Z`yaŸ© eq‡mi Rb‡Mvôx GL‡bv GB m½ I mn‡hvM †_‡K ewÂZ|

mv¶iZv wK †Kej wKQz A¶‡ii m‡½ cwiwPZ nIqv? †gv‡UI Zv bq| co‡Z Rvbv, wjL‡Z Rvbv, ¸Y-fvM Ki‡Z Rvbvi cvkvcvwk mgvb ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q bvMwiK I Ab¨vb¨ me-ai‡bi AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv, A‡b¨i AwfgZ mwnòz g‡b wePviwe‡k−lY Kivi wk¶v, cwi‡ek-cÖwZ‡ekMZ m‡PZbZv, †h†Kv‡bv Ae¯’v I Ae¯’v‡b wb‡R‡K Awf‡hvwRZ Kivi gvbwmKZv AR©b BZ¨vw` mv¶iZvi m‡½ hy³ n‡q‡Q| AvRKvj mv¶iZvi cvVµ‡g RxebwfwËK I RxweKvevÜe welqvkq Aš—f~©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kv_vI †Kv_vI| 1996 mv‡j BD‡b‡¯‹v-cÖKvwkZ Ôjvwb©s : w` †UªRvi DBw`bÕ cÖwZ‡e`‡b mv¶iZv Z_v wk¶vi PviwU ¯—¤¢^ wn‡m‡e †`Lv n‡q‡Q h_vµ‡g: Áv‡bi Rb¨ wkLb, Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wkLb, AvZ¥weKv‡ki Rb¨ wkLb I GK‡Î emev‡mi Rb¨ wkLb| bZzb kZvãx‡Z cÖwZwU gvby‡li mvg‡b Rxebfi wkL‡bi cÖwµqvKvVv‡gv Db¥y³ †i‡L cybtcybt- cwiewZ©Z-cwiw¯’wZ‡Z `¶Zv bevqb I m¶gZv nvjbvMv`Ki‡Yi Ici †Rviv‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q †`ji cÖgyL cÖYxZ IB cÖwZ‡e`bwU‡Z| mv¶iZv‡K cvV/covi m‡½ hy³ K‡i eªvwRwjqvb wk¶vwe` cvI‡jv †d«Bwi Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Qb Zuvi `k©b-Mfxi e³e¨ : Ômv¶iZv n‡”Q GKUv cÖwµqvi Askwe‡kl, †h-cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g gvbyl Zvi wb‡Ri Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nq Ges G-Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b wKQz Ki‡Z †k‡L| ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK I gvbweK AwaKvi AR©‡bi avc n‡”Q co‡Z, wjL‡Z I MYbv Ki‡Z †kLv| Gfv‡e mv¶i gvbyl Zvi RMZ‡K emev‡mi Rb¨ Av‡iv fv‡jv RvqMvq iƒcvš—‡i f~wgKv cvj‡b m¶gZv AR©b K‡i| hw`I mv¶iZv myL I cÖvPy‡h©i m~PbvKvix me©‡ivMni Jla bv-I n‡Z cv‡i, Z_vwc GUv mgv‡Ri e›Ube¨e¯’vq cwieZ©‡bi m~Pbv Ki‡Z cv‡i|Õ mv¶iZv ïay GKUv `¶Zv bq, j¶Yxq †h †d«Bix G‡K GKUv cÖwµqv wn‡m‡e †`‡Lb, †hwU‡K wZwb ej‡Qb ÔKbwk‡q›UvB‡RkbÕ ev Ô†PZb-DÏxcbÕ Ges ejv evûj¨, †PZbvq DÏxcbv RvMv‡bvi cÖwµqvwU ivZvivwZ I

Dc‡ii Aby‡”Q‡` †ek AvjsKvwiKfv‡e ejv n‡jv †h, A¶‡ii Abb¨ m½ I mnvqZv jvf Kivi Ab¨ bvg mv¶iZv; Zv m‡Ë¡I Gi GKwU cÖv‡qvwMK I cwigvc‡hvM¨ msÁv Ges Zrmsµvš— AviI LvwbKUv †evSvcov e¶¨gvb cÖe‡Üi Rb¨ `iKvwi †eva n‡”Q| mv¶iZvi msÁv wbi“cY Ki‡Z wM‡q evsjv‡`k-cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z mvgÄm¨c~Y© I cwigvc¨ GKwU msÁv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q me©‡kl GWy‡Kkb IqvP 2002 M‡elYvcÖwZ‡e`‡b Ges ejv n‡”Q, mv¶iZv n‡jv : ÔcwiwPZ welq I †cÖ¶vc‡Ui mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z welqe¯‘ co‡Z I wjL‡Z cvivi `¶Zv I MvwYwZK `¶Zv AR©b Ges mgv‡R Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Z ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b GB `¶Zv¸‡jv e¨envi Ki‡Z cviv|Õ GKB M‡elYvq wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q mv¶iZvi PviwU ¯—i : A-mv¶i, cÖvK-mv¶i, cÖviw¤¢K ¯—‡i mv¶i Ges D”PZi ¯—‡i mv¶i| D‡j−L¨, 2001 mv‡j m¤úbœ RvZxq Av`gïgvixi mv¶iZv-msµvš— djvdj Abyhvqx †`‡k eq¯‹ mv¶iZv-nvi 57.5, †hLv‡b cyi“l 53.9 I bvix 40.8| Gi Av‡Mi ïgvixi m~Îvbyhvqx GB nvi wQj 63%| BGdG †M−vevj gwbUwis wi‡cvU© 2007 Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki mv¶iZv-nvi 43 1

mn‡R mvwaZ nevi bq| †Kej wKQz kã ev evK¨ covi `¶Zv AR©b bq, c„w_ex‡K co‡Z cvivUvB n‡”Q †d«Bwi-cÖ¯—vweZ †PZb-DÏxc‡bi Afxó|

evRvi-Dc‡hvMx `¶Zv¸‡jv AR©‡bi Rb¨ †h-mg¯— cÖwk¶YcÖwZôv‡b †h‡Z nq, †m¸‡jv †`‡ki me©Î myjf bq| wk¶ve¨q enb Ki‡Z bv †c‡i Ges cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK cwiw¯’wZi Pv‡c c‡o Acwic° †hvM¨Zv wb‡q Kv‡R †hvM w`‡”Q hviv, Zviv bv cvi‡Q †`‡ki A_©bxwZi PvKv mPj ivL‡Z, bv cvi‡Q wb‡R‡`i Rxebgvb Dbœqb Ki‡Z| cÖvq 15 †KvwU gvby‡li GB †`‡k Kg©¶g I m„Rbkxj 4 †KvwU 40 jvL hye‡kªYxi e¨vcKvskB Dbœq‡bi g~javivq Kvh©Kifv‡e Aš—f~©³ n‡Z cvi‡Q bv| †`‡ki `vwi`ª¨-cwiw¯’wZ Z_v `vwi`ª¨-we‡jvcb wb‡q bvbvwea fvebvwPš—v I D‡`¨vM mxwgZ mv‡a¨ msMwVZ n‡jI hye-`vwi`ª¨ cwiw¯’wZi Ici Avjv`vfv‡e bRi †`Iqvi `iKvi i‡q‡Q| G‡¶‡Î wk¶v‡K RxweKvevÜe Kiv e¨ZxZ weKí †bB| Avgv‡`i †`‡k wewfbœ ch©v‡qi cov‡kvbv †kl K‡i mevB cÖPwjZ I cÖ_vMZ wKQz Kg©ms¯’v‡bi w`‡K ZvwK‡q _v‡K, Avgv‡`i wkLbe¨e¯’v wk¶v_x©‡`i ¯^wbf©i n‡Z †kLvq bv| hviv UªvwWkbvj GWy‡Kk‡bi m‡½ hy³, Zv‡`i we‡kl †Kv‡bv Kg©`¶Zvi wk¶v bv _vKvq mn‡R †KD ¯^-D‡`¨vMx n‡Z cv‡i bv| RxweKvwfwËK wk¶ve¨e¯’v Pvjy _vK‡j dg©vj Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Ici †_‡K Pvc Kgv‡bv hv‡e, Aciw`‡K M‡o DV‡e cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK c„w_exi m‡½ cvj−v w`‡Z m¶g GKwU ¯^wbf©i I m„R‡bv‡`¨vMx mgvR|

Òwk¶vM‡elK d÷v‡ii g‡Z mv¶iZv I †gŠwjK MvwYwZK `¶Zvmg~n e„wËg~jK/†fv‡Kkbvj Áv‡bi me‡P‡q Kvh©Ki Abyl½| mv¶iZv gvbweK `¶Zvi Ggb GKwU eywbqv` ˆZwi K‡i hvi d‡j AviI mywbw`©ó I m~² `¶Zv AR©b m¤¢e n‡q I‡V| GQvovI mv¶iZvcÖvß e¨w³eM© AwZ mn‡RB Zv‡`i `¶Zvi cwigvR©b I cwiea©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Ae¨vnZ I Rxebfi wk¶v cÖ_vMZ mv¶iZv I MwYZ wk¶v †_‡K LvwbKUv wfbœ, wKš‘ m¤úwK©Z| wewfbœ ch©v‡q DˇivËi Avqe„w× I Rxeb-weKvk msµvš— m¤cÖmvwiZ my‡hvM m„wó‡Z G-Kvh©µg AZ¨vek¨Kxq cÖKi‡Y cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| mKj bvMwiK, hviv c~Y©v½ mv¶i ev cÖvK-mv¶i ev cÖvwš—K mv¶i, Zv‡`i AwR©Z `¶Zv µgvMZ hy‡Mvc‡hvwMZv nviv‡”Q| GiKg Ae¯’vq wbcwZZ nIqv †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Dcvq Avgv‡`i bZzb Ávb, `¶Zv, be be cÖhyw³ Ges bZzb g‡bvbKkv AvqË Kivi m¶gZvi g‡a¨ wbwnZ| AcÖvwZôvwbK cÖKi‡Yi Rxebfi wk¶v cÖwµqvi GB be be `¶Zv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g Zviv Zv‡`i Afxó j‡¶¨ †cŠuQy‡Z cv‡ib|Ó

RxweKvwfwËK wk¶v

†`‡ki mKj gvbyl‡K mybvMwiK K‡i M‡o †Zvjv wk¶vi Ab¨Zg j¶¨| me¸‡jv gvbweK ¸Yvejx, g~j¨‡eva avib I jvjb, BwZnvm‡PZbv, wb‡Ri †`k I we‡k¦i ms¯‹…wZ m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv m‡e©vcwi weÁvb I hyw³‡ev‡ai exR ecb K‡i †`Iqv wk¶vi Av`k© nIqv DwPZ| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wk¶ve¨e¯’v ewY©Z Av`‡k©i Av‡jv‡KB cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q m‡›`n †bB| hw`I ev¯—evqb I e¨e¯’vcbvMZ wePz¨wZi Kvi‡Y wk¶vi gvb wbwðZ Kiv hv‡”Q bv e‡U| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wk¶vi Av`j Ggb nIqv DwPZ, hv‡Z GKUv wbw`©ó mgqmxgv ch©š— †gŠwjK I eywbqvw` wk¶v jv‡fi ci GKRb wk¶v_x©‡K cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ I DcvR©‡bi m‡½ hy³ n‡Z †eM †c‡Z bv-nq| aiv hvK, gva¨wgK wk¶v mgvc‡bi ci †KD Avqg~jK KvR Ki‡Z PvB‡j †m †hb Zvi `iKvwi `¶Zv AR©b I cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v bvMv‡ji g‡a¨B †c‡q hvq|

†`‡ki we`¨gvb Av_©-ivRbxwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv I Aw¯’iZvi g‡a¨I wd-eQi nvRvi nvRvi †Q‡j‡g‡q wewfbœ ¯—i, †gqv` I ai‡bi cÖvwZôvwbK cov‡kvbvi ce© DËxY© n‡q †ewi‡q Avm‡Q, G‡m `uvov‡”Q Rxe‡bi wekvj †Lvjv PZ¡‡i, LyuR‡Q †hvM¨Zvbyhvqx hvi hvi Kv‡Ri RvqMv I my‡hvM| cv‡”Q KqRb? bv-cvIqvi †cQ‡b A‡bK KviY, mwe¯—v‡i me¸‡jv KviY D‡j−L bv-Ki‡jI Rv‡bb I †ev‡Sb mK‡jB| ïay D‡j−L-Avek¨K †h, Kg©cÖv_©xi Zzjbvq GKw`‡K †hgb Kg©ms¯’v‡bi i‡q‡Q AcÖZzjZv, †Zgwb Ggb A‡bK KvR i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jvi Rb¨ †hvM¨ I `¶ cÖv_©xi Afve cÖKU| d‡j `¶ Kg©x‡`i Afv‡e †`kxq wkí-D‡`¨vM¸‡jv e¨vnZ n‡”Q, Avevi jä `¶Zv hy‡Mvc‡hvMx bv-_vKvi Kvi‡Y Drcv`bA_©bxwZi m‡½ hy³ n‡Z cvi‡Q bv †`‡ki eomsL¨K Rb‡Mvôx| †jLvcov-Rvbv gvbyl †eKv‡ii ZvwjKvq hy³ n‡”Q †ivR| Avevi cÖwZ eQi cÖv_wgK wk¶vPµ †_‡K wQU‡K-cov AmsL¨ wkï hy³ n‡”Q eo‡`i-Dc‡hvMx kª‡gi m‡½ bMY¨ cvwikªwg‡Ki wewbg‡q| 2002 mv‡ji cwimsL¨vb Abyhvqx wkïkª‡g wb‡qvwRZ 5-14 eQi eqmx wkïi msL¨v evsjv‡`‡k 6.6 wgwjqb| g~j‡mªv‡Zi wk¶vaviv †_‡K G‡Kev‡iB ev`cov wkïi msL¨v GL‡bv Avkvbyiƒc wbqš¿‡Y Avbv hvqwb| GB wecyj msL¨vi Rb‡MvôxwU Rwo‡q co‡Q bvbvwea Ab_©‰bwZKAmvgvwRK Kvh©Kjv‡ci m‡½, wkKvi n‡”Q AcivRbxwZi, Ges GBfv‡e †f‡¯— hv‡”Q evievi Dbœqb-D‡`¨vM¸‡jv|

mv¶iZvwPÎ : wm‡jU wefvM †`‡ki 6wU wefv‡Mi mv¶iZvwP‡Îi w`‡K ZvKv‡j wm‡jU wefv‡Mi wcwQ‡q-_vKv Ae¯’vb †Pv‡L c‡o| MÖvgxY wm‡jU wefv‡M emevmiZ 11 eQi I Z`yaŸ© eqmx Rb‡Mvôxi mv¶iZv-nvi 33.6 kZKiv wnmv‡e, †hLv‡b m‡e©v”P nvi cvIqv hv‡”Q MÖvgxY ewikvj wefv‡M 44.7%| wm‡jU A‡j bvix-mv¶iZvi nvi cyi“‡li A‡a©K cÖvq, cyi“l †hLv‡b 41.3%, bvixi mv¶iZv-nvi †mLv‡b 26.3%|

2

GB e¨e¯’vq GKUv MÖnY‡hvM¨ mv¶iZv-`¶Zvi Rb¨ GKRb wk¶v_x© cÖv_wgK wk¶vP‡µi c‡i Aš—Zt Av‡iv K‡qK eQi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q PP©vi ci Zvi `¶Zv cÖ‡qvM-Dc‡hvMx nq| GB wPÎwU cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯—evq‡bi `ye©jZv I wk¶vi gvb wb‡q cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Q| myZivs RxweKvwfwËK wk¶vi Rb¨ me©v‡MÖ `iKvi cÖv_wgK wk¶vi gvb Dbœqb Ges GKB m‡½ cÖvZ-ˆkkeKvjxb hZœ I weKv‡ki Kvh©µg e„w× Kiv|

GjvKv I wj½‡f‡` (11 eQi I Z`yaŸ© eqmx) mv¶iZv nvi wj½ GjvKv bvix cyi“l Dfq MÖvgxY XvKv wefvM 30.9 39.8 35.2 MÖvgxY PÆMÖvg wefvM 29.8 35.7 32.3 MÖvgxY ivRkvnx wefvM 29.8 44.4 37.2 MÖvgxY Lyjbv wefvM 36.6 54.7 45.8 MÖvgxY ewikvj wefvM 44.2 51.6 47.7 MÖvgxY wm‡jU wefvM 26.3 41.3 33.6 gnvbMix GjvKv 62.1 77.2 69.5 †cŠimfv GjvKv 53.1 65.8 59.0

mv¶iZv I RxweKvq‡bi m¤úK© `vwi`ª¨ GKwU enygvwÎK welq hvi mv‡_ ¯^v¯’¨, Avq I wk¶vi my‡hvM Ges AvZ¥gh©v`vi wewfbœ welqvewj RwoZ| wbi¶iZvi mv‡_ `vwi`ª¨, wecbœZv Ges mvgvwRK wew”QbœZvi ms‡hvM i‡q‡Q| AZx‡Z ïaygvÎ Ômv¶iZvi Rb¨ mv¶iZvÕ RvZxq Kg©mP~ xi cÖvavb¨ wQj hv RbM‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq mv¶iZv-†Kw›`ªK Pvwn`v wbiƒc‡b e¨_© nq| H Kg©m~Px¸‡jv mv¶iZvi mvgvwRK Ges ivR‰bwZK w`K m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z e¨_© nq|

m~Î : GWy¨‡Kkb IqvP RvZxq mv¶iZv Rwic (2002)

AÂj‡f‡` 5 eQi †gqv`x cÖv_wgK wk¶vPµ mgvc‡bi nviI †Zgwb RvZxq wP‡Îi Zzjbvq wm‡j‡U nZvkve¨ÄK| cybive„wËi D”Pnvi _vKvi Kvi‡Y 5 eQ‡ii wk¶vPµ 5 eQ‡iB mgvcb Ki‡Z cvi‡Q wm‡jU GjvKvq gvÎ 30.3%, †hLv‡b 60.6% wk¶v_x©i †kl ch©š— cÖv_wgK wk¶v mgvcb Ki‡Z m‡e©v”P 8 eQi mgq †j‡M hvq Ges evwK 40.4% ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB g~javiv cÖv_wgK wk¶v †_‡K S‡i-cov wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ nq| GKBfv‡e †`Lv hvq, cÖv_wgK wk¶vq wbU fwZ©nvi wm‡j‡U 75.7%, †hLv‡b m‡e©v”P nvi cvIqv hv‡”Q Lyjbvq 90.9%| GLb †`Lv hvK, cÖvBgvwi ¯‹j z mgvcb K‡i gva¨wgK ¯‹‡z j KZRb hv‡”Q : gva¨wgK †kªYx‡Z mvwe©K fwZ©nvi wm‡j‡U 43.1%, Gi g‡a¨ Aek¨ †evaMg¨ Kvi‡YB †g‡q‡`i nvi Zzjbvg~jK wKQz †ewk| cÖm½Z D‡j−L Kiv hvq, Ab¨ GKwU Rwi‡c †`Lv wM‡q‡Q, evsjv‡`‡ki †fZi wm‡jU A‡jB me‡P †ewk Abv‡jvwKZ Lvbv we`¨gvb| Abv‡jvwKZ Lvbv ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡”Q †h-Lvbvq mKj m`m¨B Ab¶i/wbi¶i| Abv‡jvwKZ Lvbvi kZKiv nvi me©vwaK wm‡j‡U 9.7, me©wbgœ Lyjbvq 2.5|

RxweKvq‡bi mv‡_ mv¶iZvi m¤úK© AZ¨š— wbweo| wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, mv¶iZv RbM‡Yi ¶gZvq‡bi †gv¶g nvwZqvi hv `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b f~wgKv iv‡L| mv¶iZv n‡”Q Ggb GKwU `¶Zv hv †kvwlZ ev cÖZvwiZ nIqvi SzuwK Kgvq| mv¶iZv Kg©m~Px‡Z AskMÖnYKvixiv mvaviYZ Zv‡`i †Q‡j-†g‡q‡`i ¯‹z‡j cvVvq, ¯^v¯’¨-wb‡`©wkKv †g‡b P‡j, Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ MÖnY K‡i Ges A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û D‡`¨vM I D™¢vebvi ¯^v¶i iv‡L| Z‡_¨ RbM‡Yi Aeva cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb; we‡kl K‡i ¯^v¯’¨, wk¶v Ges evRvi A_©bxwZ welqK Z‡_¨ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi hv ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb Ges RxweKv‡K cÖwZwbqZ cÖfvweZ K‡i| GKwU mgx¶vq †`Lv wM‡q‡Q †h, c„w_ex‡Z 1.2 wewjqb `wi`ª †jv‡Ki evm; c¶vš—‡i 1.2 wewjqb gvbyl wjL‡Z Ges co‡Z Rv‡b bv| A-mv¶i Rb‡MvôxB Zvn‡j wK `vwi‡`ª¨i wkKvi? me©‡¶‡Î bv n‡jI, †ewkifvM †¶‡ÎB A-mv¶i RbMY Pig `vwi‡`ª¨i KlvNv‡Z RR©wiZ nq| mv¶iZvi e¨vcKZi PP©v, Z‡_¨ cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv Ges e¨vcKZi †hvMv‡hvM-`¶Zv `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b Kvh©Ki f~wgKv iv‡L|

mv¶iZv, Z_¨ Ges †hvMv‡hv‡Mi m¤úK© Z‡_¨ cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv

mv¶iZv

cÖv_wgK wk¶v †_‡KB g~jZ evsjv‡`‡ki mv¶iZv AwR©Z n‡”Q, Ges Zv-B nIqv DwPZ| †`‡ki g~javiv wk¶ve¨e¯’vB †hvMvb †`‡e mv¶i I my`¶ mgvR, GUvB cÖZ¨vwkZ| wKš‘ cÖv_wgK wk¶vLvZ †_‡K cÖvß mv¶i gvby‡li mv¶iZv-¯—i cÖZ¨vkvgvÎvi A‡bK wb‡P Ae¯’vb K‡i| M‡elYvq †`Lv wM‡q‡Q, mvwe©Kfv‡e AwR©Z mv¶iZv-`¶Zv cÖavbZ G‡m‡Q †`‡ki cÖv_wgK wk¶v †_‡KB| Avevi GUvI †`Lv wM‡q‡Q †h,

†hvMv‡hvM-`¶Zv

3

Ki‡j Zv AwaK ¯’vwqZ¡kxj n‡e| †hgb, K„lK‡`i mv¶iZv Kg©m~Px‡Z av‡bi mv‡_ Avqea©bg~jK nuvm cvj‡bi c×wZ Rxebgv‡bi Dbœq‡b f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|

mv¶iZv AR©b ¶gZvq‡bi c‡_ eo f~wgKv cvjb K‡i, †Kbbv Zv RbM‡Yi †hvMv‡hvM-`¶Zv evovq| DbœZZi mv¶iZv-`¶Zv AvZ¥m¤§vb e„w× K‡i, gvbyl‡K Rb¸i“Z¡c~Y© wel‡q wm×vš— MÖn‡Y Drmvnx K‡i| AwaKvi-wfwËK gZv`k©vbymv‡i `wi`ª gvby‡li Z‡_¨ cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv w`b‡K-w`b msKzwPZ n‡q co‡e hZ¶Y-bv Zviv Rxe‡b-cwieZ©b-mva‡bm¶g †hvMv‡hvM-`¶Zv AR©‡b mdj nq| Av_©-mvgvwRK Ges AvBbMZ AwaKvi Av`v‡q mv¶iZv AR©b `wi`ª gvby‡li Rb¨ AZxe cÖ‡qvRbxq| ¯’vwqZ¡kxj RxweKvqb Kg©mP~ x‡Z AÂjwfwËK RxweKvq‡bi Dci we‡kl ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc Kiv nq| G ai‡bi Kg©m~Px‡Z RbMY‡K †K‡›`ª †i‡L wewfbœ m¤ú` I †mevi cÖvc¨Zv wbwðZKi‡Y c`‡¶c †bqv nq| AÂj‡f‡` RxweKvi Pvwn`v I RxweKvqb-my‡hvM wfbœ-wfbœ n‡q _v‡K, †hgb wm‡j‡Ui nvIi-A‡ji RxweKvq‡bi wPÎ mgZ‡ji †_‡K wfbœ| mv¶iZv Kg©m~Px‡Z AÂj-wfwËK wewfbœ `¶Zv AR©‡bi Dci we‡kl ¸iƒZ¡v‡ivc cÖ‡qvRb hv RxweKvq‡b mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|

¶z`ª Ges KzwUi wk‡íi weKv‡k mv¶iZv Kg©m~Px Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| †jLv, MYbv Ges e¨emvq wnmve msi¶‡Y `¶Zv mvd‡j¨i m¤¢vebv eû¸Y evwo‡q †`q| †bcv‡j GKwU ms¯’vi AskxR‡biv mgev‡qi gva¨‡g e¨emv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ mv¶iZv Kg©m~Px‡Z Ask †bq| H mv¶iZv Kg©m~Px‡Z AskMÖnYKvix bvixiv wb‡Riv wnmve msi¶‡Y mg_© nIqvq wewfbœ ai‡Yi cÖZviYvi I ˆel‡g¨i nvZ †_‡K wb‡R‡`i i¶v Ki‡Z mg_© nq|

GKwU m¤¢^ve¨ Kg©‡KŠkj mv¶iZv Kvh©µ‡gi mdjZvi Rb¨ †K›`ªgyLx e¨e¯’vi wecix‡Z we‡K›`ªxf~Z e¨e¯’v cÖ‡qvRb| Dci †_‡K Pvwc‡q †`qv wewfbœ mv¶iZv-D‡`¨vM mdjZvi gyL †`‡Lwb, Zvi cÖavb KviY G‡Z Rbm¤ú„³Zv I mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi Afve wQj| mv¶iZv Kvh©µg‡K Ggbfv‡e web¨v¯— Kiv `iKvi hv Z…Yg~j ch©vq †_‡K M‡o DV‡e| Rb‡Mvôx, miKvi Ges Dbœqb-msMVb mg~‡ni g‡a¨ GKwU AskMÖnYagx© cÖwµqvKvVv‡gv wbg©vY Kiv Ri“wi| G-cÖwµqvq Rb‡MvôxB Zv‡`i ¯’vbxq Pvwn`v, m¤¢vebv I m¤ú‡`i Ici wfwË K‡i GKwU Kg©cwiKíbv ˆZwi Ki‡eb| G‡¶‡Î miKvi e„nËi bxwZgvjv Ges A_©vq‡bi gva¨‡g mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e| Ges Dbœqb-msMVb mg~n †hvMvb †`‡e KvwiMwi I †KŠkjMZ mnvqZv| RbM‡Yi Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwˇZ Zv‡`i wbKU `vqe× mv¶iZv Kg©m~Px Rxebgv‡bi ¯’vwqZ¡kxj cwieZ©b mva‡b h_vh_ f~wgKv ivL‡e|

m¶gZv, mgZv I ¯’vwqZ¡- GB wZbwU m~PK n‡”Q †UKmB RxweKvqb Kg©m~wPi Avek¨K Dcv`vb| RbM‡Yi m¶gZv ˆZwi‡Z, mgZv Avbq‡b Ges RxweKv‡K ¯’vwqZ¡kxj Ki‡Z mv¶iZv Ges Rxebe¨vcx wkL‡bi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB|

Rxebe¨vcx wkL‡bi Av‡qvRb Rxeb I RxweKvwfwËK wk¶v n‡jv mv¶iZv, e¨envwiK wk¶v I Ae¨vnZ wk¶vi mgwš^Z Av‡qvRb hv Rb‡Mvôxi Kg©ms¯’vb I Avq ea©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z mv¶iZv hv RbM‡Yi Rxebgv‡bi Dbœqb K‡i Zv w`‡q mv¶iZvi cvV ïi“ Kiv DwPZ| bvB‡Rwiqvq †hgb Kvi-†gKvwbKiv g¨vbyqvj covi Rb¨ mv¶iZvi cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe K‡i hvi djkÖ“wZ‡Z GKwU mv¶iZv Kg©m~Px Pvjy Kiv nq| c¶vš—‡i, evsjv‡`‡k kw³ cÖ‡R±-G †hŠbKgx©iv mv¶iZv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g weKí RxweKvq‡bi c_ Lyu‡R †bq| Zvn‡j, †evSv hvq †h, mv¶iZv Kg©m~Pxi wk¶v_x©‡`i Pvwn`v eûgyLx Ges µgvMZfv‡e cwieZ©bkxj Ges GB Pvwn`v‡K KL‡bvB w¯’wZkxj ejv hv‡e bv| evsjv‡`‡ki K„wlwfwËK A_©bxwZ‡Z K…lK‡`i Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ mv¶iZv Kg©m~Px‡Z K…wlR welqvw`i cÖvavb¨ _vKv DwPZ| KviY, G-ai‡Yi Kg©m~Px‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g K„lKiv Zv‡`i Rxebgv‡bi Dbœqb NUv‡Z cvi‡e| kªxjsKvq K„lK‡`i Rb¨ KxU-wb‡ivaK GK Kg©m~Px‡Z mv¶iZv Aš—©f~³ Kiv nq hvi d‡j K„lKiv KxU `g‡b jvMmB Ávb AvniY I cÖ‡qv‡M mg_© nq| K…wlR mv¶iZvi Aš—f©~³ welq¸‡jv wQj wPwýZKiY, cwigvcb, BwZe„Ë msi¶Y Ges QKc~iY| G cÖm‡½ ejv hvq †h, wm‡j‡Ui nvIi A‡ji RbM‡Yi RxweKvq‡bi mv‡_ msMwZ †i‡L mv¶iZv Kg©m~Px cwiPvjbv

wPÎ : ¯’vbxq Rb‡Mvôx I we‡K›`ªvqb

y wm‡jU AÂj evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËi cÖevmx-Aay¨wlZ GjvKv| Zv‡`i †cÖwiZ A_© GB AÂjmn mgMÖ †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z GKwU eo Ae`vb †i‡L Avm‡Q| †`‡ki wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨ I 4

y BDwbqb cwil` Ges ¯’vbxq RbmsMV‡bi †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M wewfbœ miKvwi m¤cÖmviY wefvM I Kgx©‡`i mnvqZvq ¯’vbxq Pvwn`vi wfwˇZ K…wl Ges A-K…wl Lv‡Z ¯^í‡gqv`x RxweKvwfwËK e„wËg~jK cÖwk¶Y Av‡qvRb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Z Zviv AvMÖnx| wbR¯^ D‡`¨v‡M wew”Qbœfv‡e n‡jI G‡¶‡Î Zv‡`i D‡`¨vM¸‡jv j¶Yxq| Zv‡`i †cÖwiZ A‡_©i Ici wfwË K‡i wk¶v I mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU Znwej MVb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, mv¶iZv I RxweKvwfwËK wk¶v‡¶‡Î GB Znwe‡ji A_© cwiKwíZ I Kvh©Kifv‡e e¨envi Kiv hv‡e|

y evsjv‡`‡k KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wk¶vcÖwZôvb cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq AwZ Aí| GB mxwgZ my‡hvM mبenv‡ii j‡¶¨ cÖZ¨š—-AÂj ch©v‡q Pvwn`vi wfwˇZ eQie¨vcx avivevwnK ¯^í‡gqv`x cÖwk¶Y cÖ`v‡bi Av‡qvRb Pvjy Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

y D”PZi ¯—‡ii mv¶iZvi nvi evov‡Z n‡j mevi Av‡M PvB g~javiv cÖv_wgK wk¶vi gvb Dbœqb| cvkvcvwk cÖv_wgK wk¶v †_‡K mydj †c‡Z n‡j GKwU Kvh©Ki mv¶iZvKvh©µ‡gi e¨e¯’v mgv‡Ri eq¯‹Rb‡Mvôxi mvg‡b ivLv DwPZ, hv‡Z AvbyôvwbK wk¶v †_‡K ev`-cov gvbylRb wØZxq my‡hvM wn‡m‡e mv¶iZvKvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

y mevi Av‡M cÖv_wgK wk¶vi ¸YMZ gvb evov‡Z n‡e| fwZ©nv‡ii †¶‡Î msL¨vMZ mdjZv G‡jI wk¶vi ¸YMZ gvb wbwðZKi‡Y †Zgb mvdj¨ Avgv‡`i Szwj‡Z †bB| wk¶vi gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wk¶b-wkLb e¨e¯’vi †Lvjbj‡P cwieZ©b I AvaywbKvqb Ges we`¨vj‡qi e¨e¯’vcbv I cÖkvm‡b ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi m¤ú„w³ I AskMÖnY Ges Revew`wnZv wbwðZKiY GKvš—B Ri“wi|

y mv¶iZv I Rxebe¨vcx wk¶vi Av‡qvRb †_‡K PURjw` dj Avkv Kiv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB †hŠw³K nq bv| Gi Rb¨ `iKvi cwiKíbvi `xN©‡gqv` I avivevwnK Kvh©µg| myôz ev¯—evqb I ev¯—ewfwËK cwiKíbvi ga¨ w`‡q GKwU wkLb cÖqvmx mv¶i mgvR Mov m¤¢e|

Dcmsnvi mv¶iZv I wk¶v AR©‡bi Rb¨ me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi ¸Ygvb Dbœqb †hgb Ri“wi †Zgwb †`‡k GKwU kw³kvjx Rxebe¨vcx wkLb e¨e¯’v M‡o †Zvjv `iKvi, hvi gva¨‡g eq¯‹ mv¶iZv, RxweKvagx© cÖwk¶Y I Ae¨vnZ wk¶vi GKwU k³ wfZ M‡o DV‡e| Avi Gfv‡eB Avgiv Kvw•¶Z MwZgq ÔwkLbmgvRÕ wbg©v‡Y AMÖmi n‡Z cvie|

y Kg©m~PxMZ mxwgZ D‡Ï‡k¨i evB‡iI e¨vcK cwim‡ii wkLb-D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY Kiv `iKvi, hv mv¶iZv I Rxebe¨vcx wkL‡bi Av‡qvRb‡K c~Y©Zv †`‡e| y we‡klfv‡e ewÂZ I cÖvwš—K Rb‡Mvôxi wkLb I RxweKvqbPvwn`vi w`‡K j¶ †i‡L cwiKíbv I †KŠkj MÖnY Kiv DwPZ| GKB m‡½ ˆjw½K ˆelg¨. wfbœfv‡e-m¶g Rb‡Mvôx I Avw`evmx‡`i Rb¨ Avjv`v ev¯—evqb-†KŠkj MÖnY Kiv Avek¨K|

Reference:

y wkLbKvh©µ‡g cÖhyw³i e¨envi h_vh_fv‡e evov‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c †bIqv `iKvi| †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb Kw¤úDUvi BZ¨vw` DcKiY wkL‡bi gvb I gvÎv Zivwš^ZKivi †¶‡Î f~wgKv ivL‡e| G‡¶‡Î kni I MÖv‡gi g‡a¨ †hb ˆelg¨ bv _v‡K, cwiKíbv I c`‡¶c MÖnY Kivi mgq we‡klfv‡e †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|

i.

gbRyi Avng`, mgxi iÄb bv_ I KvRx mv‡jn Avng`/GWy‡Kkb IqvP 2002, evsjv‡`‡k mv¶iZv : cÖ‡qvRb bZzb fvebvi/MYmv¶iZv Awfhvb 2003, XvKv|

ii.

†hnxb Avng`, mv¶iZvi †mKvj GKvj I AvMvgx GdAvBwfwWwe, 2008

iii. iv.

y †fŠ‡MvwjK ˆewPΨ I AÂjMZ we‡kl †cÖ¶vc‡Ui w`‡K †Lqvj †i‡L wk¶v_x©‡Kw›`ªK I wk¶v_x©evÜe wkLb Av‡qvR‡bi Rb¨ A-mv¶i, cÖviw¤¢K ¯—‡i mv¶i I D”PZi¯—‡ii mv¶i‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b wfbœ-wfbœ †KŠkj I D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e| wk¶v_x©i cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx wkL‡bi Av‡qvRb Rvwi ivLv `iKvi, hv‡Z GKRb wk¶v_x©‡K mewel‡q `¶Zv wb‡Z wM‡q Zvi `iKvix welqwUi cÖwZ AvMÖn nviv‡Z bv nq|

v. vi. vii.

y †`‡ki wk¶vLv‡Z RvZxq e¨q †gvUgvU 2 kZvs‡ki KvQvKvwQ, hv AZ¨š— AcÖZzj| cÖv_wgK wk¶vi gv‡bvbœqb, eq¯‹-mv¶iZv, RxweKv-mnvqK cÖwk¶Y I Rxebe¨vcx wkL‡bi D‡`¨vM Av‡qvR‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb eZ©gvb eiv‡Ïi A‡bK †ewk A_©vqb| ZvB wRwWwci Aš—Z 5 kZvsk wk¶vLv‡Z eivÏ ivLv DwPZ| 5

Beryl Levinger/Critical Transitions : Human Capacity Development Across the Lifespan/1996 P. Foster/Technical-Vocational Education in the Less Developed Countries/Edu.Dev.Journal 1987 Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century Robert Chambers; Gordon Conway (1991) Literacy for Livelihoods, DFID Conference Nepal/Dec 2000 Improving Livelihoods for the Poor: the role of literacy, DFID Backgroud Briefing