2. Different Methods Toward Creativity

This is a teaching material for creative thinking class lectured by Hsien-Hui Tang ( 唐玄輝 ) at NTUST, Taiwan [email protected]

DIFFERENT METHODS TOWARD CREATIVITY [email protected]

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Objective definitions of creativity •The creation of original and useful work •Key characteristics: novelty and value

INTRODUCE YOURSELF BY A PIECE OF PAPER [email protected]

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Research Approaches • • • • • •

Psychometric Experimental Biographical Biological Contextual Computational

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Psychometric Approach • • • •

Oldest approach Creativity is a measurable mental trait Divergent thinking Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking – Originality( 獨創性 ) ：變化 – Fluency( 流暢性 ) ：數量 – Flexibility( 變通性 ) ：差異 – Elaboration( 精進力 ) ：細節 [email protected]

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IQ Versus Creativity • Disagreement • Not correlated with IQ above 120 • Highly intelligent individuals not necessarily highly creative

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The Creative Personality • • • • • • • • • • • •

Aware of being creative Imaginative Independent Risk taking High levels of personal energy Curiosity Attracted to complexity and novelty Aesthetic sense Open-minded Need for privacy Tolerance for ambiguity Persistent

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Experimental Approach • Cognitive psychology – 3H3O problem

• Thought processes involved in solving creativity problems • Creativity viewed as cognitive processing (and therefore normative) • Focus on components involved in creative thinking tasks [email protected]

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Geneplore Model (Finke, Ward, and Smith, 1992) Generation of Preinventive Structure

Preinventive Exploration and Interpretation

Product Constraints

The novelty of design situation: a single geneplore cycle The novelty of design situatedness: multiple geneplore cycles [email protected]

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Visual Exercise

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Generation vs Exploration

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Biographical Approach • Life histories of creative people • Focus on identifying the developmental experiences, personality traits, environmental factors that contribute to exceptional creative achievement

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Creative Mind • 創造心靈 七位大師的創造力剖析 • 七個人都來自同一時代，受到西歐文明的 影響 • 愛因斯坦與佛洛伊德都是科學的代表，畢 卡索是一位視覺空間大師，史特拉汶斯基 是音樂創作者，艾略特是語言的操控者， 葛蘭姆是肢體語言智慧的創作者，甘地則 為政治家與宗教領袖 [email protected]

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Creativity Factors • • • • • •

Birth order Intellectual precocity Childhood trauma Family background Education/training Role models

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Developmental Cycle • 10 years to master your domain • Breakthroughs every 10 years • Fit between the person and domain

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Biological Approaches • Assumes psychological ( 心理的 ) traits have a biological ( 生物的 ) basis • Looks at physiological differences between creative and less creative people • Biometric & neurometric • The Effects of Positive and Negative Mood on Divergent-Thinking Performance • DNA, Brain Activities [email protected]

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Findings • Creative people has used a variety of bizarre methods that they believe have helped them to be more creative (these methods do not include self-control) • High states of arousal inhibit creative thinking • Alternating need for solitude and stimulation • Music, marijuana, hypnotic states increases creativity [email protected]

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Exercise

• Brainstorming how to enhancing creativity in the classroom

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How to Proceed Brainstorming • • • • • • •

Defer judgment One conversation at a time Encourage wild ideas Go for quantity Build on others ideas Stay Focused Write and Draw [email protected]

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Enhancing Creativity in the Classroom • • • • • • • • •

Establish purpose and intent Encourage acquisition of domain-specific knowledge Stimulate & reward curiosity and exploration Build internal motivation (perceived locus of control) Encourage confidence and a willingness to take risks Provide opportunities for choice and discovery Develop self-management skills Teach by example Teach techniques and strategies for facilitating creative performance • Focus on mastery and self-competition • Promote supportable beliefs about creativity [email protected]

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Contextual Research Approach • Organizational Creativity – Expertise (technical, procedural & intellectual knowledge), – Creative thinking skills (how flexibly and imaginatively people approach problems), – Motivation (especially intrinsic motivation).

• The Deep Dive [email protected]

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Referential Context • Boden (1990) P-creativity and H-creativity • Big C and small c

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CSIKSZENTMIHALYI’S SYSTEMS VIEW • Individual •

CULTURE

Generates ideas.

Domain

• Field •

Recognition

Evaluates ideas.

• Domain •

Information

Ideas Individual

Field

Informs individuals.

Feedback

SOCIETY

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GENES & HISTORY

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LIU’S DUAL GENERATE–AND– TEST MODEL

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Computational Approach • Using computational programs to mimic human creativity • Next • • • •

Artificial Creativity S-creativity in the design process Using Chinese poem to stimulate creativity Team members and creativity

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Exercise

• Brainstorming again • How to build a water pool in NTUST for the size of 3m X 1m X 0.3m

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Recommended Books • Mihaly Csiksentmihalyi • Howard Gardner • Robert Stenberg

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