1970 Us Army Vietnam War Phung Hoang Advisors Handbook 37p
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PHUNG HOANG
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ADVISOR HANDBOOK
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WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO CONTENTS
Page
Purpose
1
The Viet Cong Infrastructure
2
Background
3
Organization
4
Basic PHUNG HOANG Documents
5
Periodic Publications
6
Basic Documents Pertaining to the PHUNG HOANG Program
7-8
Operational Procedures
9
VCI Target Personality Data Forms and Offender Dossiers
10
Counterpart Relationships
11
Advisory Mission Relationships
12
PHUNG HOANG Advisor's Legal Position and Responsibilities
13
Arrest and Apprehension
14
Classification of Detainees: Defendant
PW or Civil 15
Province Security Committee (PSG)
16-18
In-Country Training
19
Support
20-22
PHUNG HOANG Publicity
23
Operational Planning Guide
Annex A
Ploce/Dloce Inspection Guide
Annex
Fingerprinting
Annex C
VCI Neutralization and Identification Information System (VCINIIS)
Annex D
List of Commonly Used Abbreviations
Annex
B
E
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO PURPOSE
The purpose of
th~s Handbo~
is to
p~oy1de, genera~ g~1de~
lines ~or PHUNG HOANG Advisors on the PHUNG HOANG Program, its miSsion· and organization. It should also be utilized by other US Advisors whose counterparts are represented on PHUNG HOANG .Committees and/or involved in PHUNG HOANG activities in Qrder. that the general advice given w111 be coordinated and directed towards the same objective, the neutralization of the Viet Cong Infrastructure-: (Vel).
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C THE VIET CONG INFRASTRUCTURE (VCI)
The Viet Cang Infrastructure (Vel) is defined as the political ahd administrative organization through which the Viet Congcontrol or seek control over the South Vietnamese people. It embodies the Communist party of South' Vietna.m(SVN) (People's Revolutionary Party (PRP»
control structure, Which includes a command and admin istrativeapparatus with the Central Office for South Vietnani (COSVN') at the 'national level.
It also includes
the leadership and administration of parallel front organizations, the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) with its subordinate Revolutionary Committees, and the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NFLSVN). Both the PRP and the front organizations ex tend from the national through the hamlet level. The VCI is the communist shadow government which provides money, recruits, supplies, intelligence and support to VC military units. Its primary mission 1s to attain effect ive control of the people and territory of South Vietnam by becoming a viable alternative to the GVN from hamlet to national level. Control of VC military units is vested in the VCI.
2
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO BACKGROUND
Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam, promulgated 1n1967 states: "a. b.
The Republic opposes Communism in any form; Any activity designed to publicize or carry out Communism is prohibited .,,,
In accordance with Article 4, the President of Vietnam in Decree No. 280-a!TT/SL, 1 July 1968, promulgated the PHUNG HOANG Program.
The intent and aim of .tihe Program
is to utilize existing civilian and military agencies (police, paramilitary, and military forces) in a system atic and coordinated effort to destroy the Viet Cong Infrastructure throughout Vietnam.
The Government of Vietnam (GVN) chose the name PHUNG HOANG to identify the program.
The Phung Hoang (PHOENIX)wRs
adopted as a symbol of the program. In Chinese and Viet namese mythology the Phung Hoang is a good omen of marital happiness, peace, and good fortune. The PHUNG HOANG program coordinates GVN agencies in the attack on the VCI by placing VCI-intelligence gathered by all agencies in one 10cati0n, systematically collating anti-VCI operations (often joint inter-agency efforts) based on the PHUNG HOANG Center1s data bank. PHUNG HOANG is NOT a separate agency, organization, or entity. PHUNG HOANG Centers are entirely dependent on the PHUNG HOANG Program member agencies: National Police, RF!PF, Rural Development Cadre, ARVN, Chieu Hoi, NPFF, VIS, etc. The U.S. Advisory effort in support of PHUNG HOANG is called "PHOENIX". PHOENIX is composed entirely of U. S. advisors working with PHUNG HOANG Centers at national, regional, provincial, and district levels. Substantial reliance is placed on all other U.S. advisors to the PHUNG HOANG member agencies. PHOENIX is NOT an intelligence unit or separate command - it has no intelligence holdings or collection capability. PHOENIX personnel and staff are presently members of MACCORDS at every echelon under the direct command of the senior MACV!CORDS officer at each echelon.
3
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO ORGANIZATION the PHUNG HOANG Program 1s represented by national, regional, and provincial committees composed, at each ecbelon, of the heads of,all participant agencies. Subordinate to these committees are PHUNG HOANG Centers. At the national government level, the PHUNG HOANG Bloc of the Directorate General of National Police coordinates the program throughout the country. There are four Corps PHUNG HOANG Cent~rs. At the prOVince level, Province Intelligenoe ,andOperat1ons Coor-dLna.t Lng Centers (prOCCa) have been established and. at district level Droccs have been established. The national and regional offices are tasked.with planning, training, inspecting, and overall program management for subordinate echelons in their respective areas of competence. PIOCCs and DIOCCs at provinces and districts serve to coordinate collection and collation of anti-YOI intelligence and anti-YCI operations. The agencies represented on ,PHUNG HOANG Committees are the National Police"the Special Police, the National Police Field Force, G2, G3, the Military Security Service, Chieu Hoi Service, Vietnamese Information Service, Provincial Reconnaissance Unit, and Rural Development Cadre. The sections of PHUNG,HOANG SOP No.3 which pertain to the various echelons of PHUNG HOANG Centers are: Corps (pgs 5-18), Province (pgs 19-35), and District (pgs 37-123). ~ganlzat1onally,
4
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C BASIC PHUNG HOANG DOCUMENTS
RVN Presidential Decree 280a-TT!SL dated I,July 1968 prescribed the establishment of the PHUNG HOANG Program. The SOPS are implementing instructions issued by, the authority of the Minister of the Interior by virtue of his position as Chairma~ oftha Central PHUNG H~NG Committee. SOP No. 1 delineates the organizational structure of the program. SOP No. 2 prescribes the basic tools and working procedures of an intelligence and operations coordinating center with special emphasis on the DIOce. SOP No. 3 is an amplification of the first two which covers in depth the ,operational responsibilities of each echelon of the PHUNG HOANG Program. Finally, A Current Breakout of Executive and, Significant Viet Cong Infrastructure Cadres (the Green Book) defines the target of the PHUNG HOANG Program; it is a GVN/US agreed upon listing of Viet Cong positions which are considered to be of the VCI cadre.
5
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C PERIODIC PUBLICATIONS
1.
The PHOENIX Biweekly
2.
The MACV J2 Monthly "Summary of VCl Activities"
3. The Combined Documents Exploitation Center (CDEC) Readouts
4. Combined Intelligence Center,Vietnam (CIeV) Readouts
5. VCI Information System (Monthly) 6. PHOENIX End of Year,Repqrt
6
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO BASIC DOCUMENTS PERTAINING TO THE PHUNG HOANG (PHOENIX) PROGRAM
US Documents
Title 1. MACV Directive 10-20, Organization, Functions'and
Responsibility for Support to the Attack'onCthe
VC Infrastructure (U), Short Title: ~HOENIX,
dated 23 May 1969, Confidential.
2.
MACV Directive 525-36, .PHOENIX
ations (U), dated 18 May 3.
1970~
(PHUNG HO~NG) opec
MACV Directive 381-43,Reporting on Neutralization
of Viet Cong Infrastructure (U), dated 3 February
1970, Confidential.
4. MACV Directive 381-51, Military Intelligence National Police Field Forces (U). 5.
VCI:
MODUS OPERANDI (RAND Corporation"Yellow Book").
6.
MACV Directive 37-2, Financial Administration Military Support of ,l)acification Fund (U).
7. DA pamphlet No. 550-106, The Communist Insurgent
Infrastructure in South Vietnam: A Study of Organi
zation and Strategy.
8.
MACV Directive 525-222, PSYOP Pacification Support
Priorities, 19 June 1970 (C).
9.
MACV Directive 525-208, PSYOP Support of RVN PHUNG
HOANG (PHOENIX) Program (C).
10. MACV Directive340-1, Government of vt e tnam National Police Records System (U), dated 14 January 1969. 11. CORDS-PSD National Identity Registration Project Pro cedure Manual (U), Revised Edition, dated 1970. GVN Documents 280~a/TT/SL,
1.
Presidential Decree Secret.
2.
PBUNG HOANG SOP 1" .da'ted 23 JUly 196,8, COnfidential.
7
dated 1 July 1968,
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO 3. PHUNG HOANG SOP 2, dated 1 November 1968, Confidential.
4. PHUNG HOANG SOP 3, dated 1 February 1970, Confidential. 5. Handbook, "Current Breakout of VCI Executive and
Significant Cadre II (Short Title: "Green Book").
6. Ministry of Interior Circular No. 757-BNV!CT!12-A!M,
dated 21 March 1969, subject: Classification and
Rehabilitation of Offenders.
7. Ministry of Interior Circular No. 2212!BNV!CT!13-A!M,
dated 20 August 1969,subject: Improvements of the
Methods of ResolVing the Status of Offenders.
8. Prime Minister's Directive No.00401!UBPH!TU!UPTT!NK,
dated 13 April 1970, subject: Information to Village
and Hamlet OfficialS Concerning Operations and Arrests
by PHUNG HOANG Operations.
9. Prime Minister's Oirective No. 1293-Th.T!PCl!M, da'ted
27 November 1968, Regulations for all Ministries and
Services with Respect to Capture and Detention of
Suspects.
10. Prime Minister's Directive No. 1690!OBPH!VPTT!KH!K, dated 10 November 1969, subject: Guarantee for VC Defendants. 11. Prime Minister's Directive No. 1206/PTh.T/BDPT/HC, dated 24 April 1970, subject: Prescrfbed Time for the Exploitation and Procedures Applied to Captured VC Cadres. 12. Prime Minister's Directive No. l440/PThT/BDPT/KH, dated 13 May 1970, subject: The Public Prosecutor's Role in Pacification and Development. 13. Pri~e Minister's DecreeNo.069-SL/TH-T/BDPT, dated 26 May 1970, subject: Integration of PHUNG HOANG into the National Police. 14. Central PHUNG HOANG Committee MemorandUm #1082/UBPH/ TU/VPTT/NH/K, subject: utilization of VCI Target Folders dated 10 August 1970. 15. Inter-Ministry Directive, Ministry of Interio~, Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Justice, #110/sNV/ANCT!1/D, #02146!QP!HCrv!1!B, dated 28 February 1970, Finger printing of Detainees - Application of the Unique Disposition Form, Wanted and Cancellation Notices.
8
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES (SOP No.3: pgs. 66-120)
The mission of an Intelligence and Operations Coordinating Center is to neutralize the Viet Cong Infrastructure. In order to effectively do so, it is axiomatic that first you know the enemy. Th~refore, files and procedures are necessary for PHUNG HOANG Centers. Once a suspect VCI is identified (name and VCI position are known), two index cards are prepared and catalogued both in alphabetical and village/hamlet files (pgs 79-81), The next step is to develop a Vel Target Folder on the individual; a good target folder will enable the cadre to be specifically targeted (you will know his habits, contacts, schedule, and modus operandi) and will provide sufficient evidence to enable the, Province Security Committee to sentence him to the maximum time his importance warrants, when he is captured (pgs 82-85), Once a target folder is established, it must be sUbjected to case control; intelligence gaps are to be identified and information requirements levied to fill them (pgs 93-95), other files and charts such as source control records (pgs 73-75), vcr organization charts (pgs 142-144) photographic files (pgs 97,98) and files on guides (pg 98); will each in their own way tend to sophisticate the process of specific targeting of VCl cadres. Consistently up-dated organization charts will particularly aid in the development of operations to neutralize entire VCl staff elements or organizational echelons, An rocc is not functioning efficiently unless it regularly and successfully targets specific VCl cadres and organizations for neutralization. Files are only a tool by which to accomplish the mission.
9
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO VCI TARGET PERSONALITY DATA FORMS AND OFFENDER DOSSIERS
Particular attention must be given to this important -aspect. Careful,p~ofessionalpreparationot vcr Target Folders contrad nd.ng ,both the "VCl Target Personality .Da t a Form" and the "Offender Dossier" for each and every member of the VCl
throughout the country is the, foundation from which succeSs ful operations can be run and sentencing be assured by Province Security Committees. The folders must contain all the, available data on an individual and be constantly reviewed and updated. Sample form "VCl Target Personality Data Form"is in,'SOP.No. 3 (pages 137-140). It has been
reproduced and
distribute~
to all PlOCCs and DIOCCs in
suffioient copies' to establish folders on every identified VCl member. "Offender Dossier" forms have also been disseminated. Full use should be made of the "Information Requirement Form" (Annex 14, SOP 3) and pr-ocedur-ea to build the folder. Copies of source reports, captured documents, interrogation reports, Hoi Chanh debriefing reports, and all other relevant documents are to be filed in this folder so that all information on a specific target is in one place where it can bevr-ev Lewedteaad ly and quickly .. Appro priate information must. be constantly and systematically extracted from the,. documents in the folder and posted to both the liver Target per-sona Lt t.y Data Form" and the "Of fender Doss Len"
10
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C COUNTERPART RELATIONSHIPS
Results achieved by a PHUNG HOANG Advisor are indirect proportion to the closeness of his relationships With his counterparts. Ideally, such. relationships are based on mutual respect, trust and frtendship - neither are achieved ina day. Before advice can be tendered,an advisor must comprehend a complicated situation and pro gram. The disadvantages of youth and low rank can be overcome by initial eagerness to learn what your counter parts can teach you and by taking action only when you are sure of your grounds. The gveater your friendship with your counterparts, the better you will understand and thus be able to advise them. However, do not hesitate to be firm when the situation warrants it.
,1
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO ADVISORY MISSION RELATIONSHIPS
All US advisors at every echelon share in the PHUNG HOANG
advisory mission. This is an explicit obligation of advisors to GVN agencies w~th representatives who partici pate on PHUNG HOANG Committees and work in PIOCCs and nIeces (e.g., Police, Chieu Hoi, and Rural Development advisors), hut is an implicit obligation of all Pacification advisors to this program, the spearhead of pacification. PHUNG HOANG personnel are responsible for close coordipation and cooperation with all elements of the advisory mission and especially with the advisors to intelligence and opera tions agencies which participate directly in the PHUNG HOANG Program. It is the responsibility of all Senior Advisors to insure that all members of the Advisory Team are knowledge able of and fully support the GVN PHUNG HOANG Campaign against the Viet Cong Infrastructure.
12
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO PHUNG HOANG ADVISOR'S LEGAL POSITION AND HESPONSIBILITIES
PHUNG HOANG Advisors have the same legal status in Vietnam as other US military personnel. In their role as advisors they are under the same restraints of international law, military law and regulations as other US military personnel. Their advice and assistance must be within the confines of this
legalfr~mework.
Participation in actions contrary to
law are expressly prohibited. If violations are observed, the advisor 1s to make his objections known, cease any participation in the illegal activity, and make a full report of the incident to his immediate superior for corrective action. A detailed explanationbf the advisor's legal position and responsibility 1s found in MACV Directive 525-36, dated 18 May 1970.
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO ARREST. AND APPREHENSION
A person suspected of an offense against the National Security maybe arrested and taken
intocu~tody
and
held up to twenty-four hours for, questioning and invest igation by an ,apprehending agencyot~er,than the National Police He .mue t , however,. be. placed in National Pollee custody no later ,than twenty-four hours following appre hension. All arrests must be made pursuant toa warrant issued bya conpetent. Judicial authority j, which for present purposes, includes Province Chiefs" ,Mayors ,Diatri ct 0
Chiefs and p?lice.Chiefs.
An arrest
defectiv~due
to lack
of a warrant, however, can later be "corrected" by issuance of a warrant ex lost facto by an official having authority to do so initial y. US personnel are not authorized to arrest GVN citizens. The following may execute an arrest order: a.
Judicial policej
b. Military police; c. Military Security Service (MSS); d.
National Police (NP)j which includes individuals of the National Police Field Force (NPFF); and
e. Any person who witnesses the commission of a crime, "in flagrante delicto," - citizen's arrest. Once an individual has been turned over to the National Police, that agency must complete its preliminary inquiry and identification processing within two days. Following that, a maximum of 3 more days may be allowed for transfer of the suspect to the Province Interrogation Center, where a supplementary investigation may continue for as long as 30 days. The Province Chief next may expend 3 days in reviewing the dossier for adequacy, after which the case is forwarded to the Province Security Committee, which must sentence, release or refer the individual for trial by Military Court. The Committee has seven days within which to act. Deviation from the foregoing time schedule must be authorized by the Ministry of Interior.
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C CLASSIFICATION OF DETAINEES:
PW OR CIVIL DEFENDANT
Advisors should frame their advlceas to't'he '(: laseifiea';"; tioD of detainees as civil defendant or PW according to MACV DirectiveS 381-46 and 20-5. VC and NVA military personnel are to be accorded PW statuB and-the righteof a PWunder the Geneva Conventions. Civl1ian'PRP members andVCI cadre are considered civil defendants. Certain members of the VC/NVA military may be ·occupying positions within the vel. When captured these military VCI are to
be accorded PW status but are to be reported as ized VCI even though retained in PW channels.
15
neutral~
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO PROVINCE SECURITY COMMITTEE (PSC)
Province Security Committees were created in 1957 to provide an administrative method of determining the status of detainees considered threats to national
security.
The PSC is an administrative as opposed to
a judicial body.
It may impose administrative detention
in the case of those persons reasonably believed to
endanger the national security.
The minimum composition of a PSC is: Province chief or city mayor.
Chairman
Public prosecutor/judge
Legal Advisor
Sector commander
Member
Province or city council member
Member
National Police Chief (NP) . • .
Member
Military Security Service Chief (MSS)
Member
Chief of Internal Security . . .
Briefing Officer
MOl Circular No. 2212 requires each PSC to meet at least once a week. Suspect detainees may appear before the PSC but have no such right. The members of the PSC review the dossiers of the suspects to make their determination. The PSC has several courses of action available: 1.
It may release those considered innocent.
2. It may forward to Military Court those on whom sufficient evidence is available for legal con viction of a specific crime. 3. It may impose administrative detention of up to 2 years upon those reasonably believed to threaten the national security. 4.
It may determine residence for those determined to be security threats.
5. It may forward the case to a civil court. 6.
It may forward the case to another province for disposition.
16
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO 7.
It may classify the suspect as a PW and transfer him into PW channels.
8.
It may recommend that the suspect be drafted into the Army.
An Tri Detention:
Basic Evidence Requirements
The laws prescribing offenses against the national security define mere membership or function in the Viet Cong Infrastructure as a threat to the national security. This recognition is based upon the right of a government to protect itself from-violent overthrow. Membership or function may be inferred from acts or intelligence data. It is imperative to have available a comprehensive dossier if an-tri detention is to be obtained. There is no rigid rule regarding the amount or type of evidence necessary to support an~tri detention. However, t~e Province Securi~y Committee must have a reasonable belief based on COr roborated evidence that the suspect is a threat to the national security. Not being a criminal conviction, the burden of proof is less than that required by a court. The burden of proof is on the prosecution which must show that the accused, is, in fact, a member of the Communist party or exercises a position or function in the party or any associated front organization. Proof of position or function in the Viet Cong Infrastructure is sufficient to convict. Particular care should be taken to direct prosecution effort away from total reliance on Province Interrogation Center reports and confessions. Effort should be made to point out that other forms of evidence are much more convincing. The elements of proof are: Membership, position or function in the VCI, as indicated by: a.
Incriminating documents - to include, but not limited to, membership lists of Communist organiza tions; enemy correspondence; diaries; notebooks, to include copies or extracts of such documentation; or
b. Enemy weapons or material - found in the possession of the accused when apprehended, or
17
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C c.
Eye witnesses -accomplices, accessories or rallier statements regarding the position or function of the accused, or
d.
Interrogation statements or confessions - are admissible and used extensively in an-tri hearings, but no sllspectmaybe convicted on the basis of an interrogation statement alone, or
e.
Intelligence reports - are admissible 1n that there is no prohibition against hearsay.
All intelligence and police reports, and witness state ments must be included in the dossier and must be 1dentifiedby number and name' of source except where there is a danger of source compromise. once position or function within the Viet Cong Infra structure is, proven, sentencing is automatic. TheGreen Book indicates the duration of detention for each position or function. Renewable An-Tri detention of up to two years may be given by the Province Security Committee. '
18
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C IN-COUNTRY TRAINING
us Personnel
~
The in-country training of "US personnel
Is conducted at the PHUNG HOANG Advisors 'Or-Len t'a't Lon
Course at vung Tau.
The course is des rgned to'acquaint
both 'PHUNG HOANG Advisors and other personnel with those
GVN agencies that support the PHUNG HOANG
19
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C SUPPORT
All American advisors assigned to, or associated with, the PHUNG HOANG Program should be acquainted with the general guidance on Bupport matters contained in Annex I to MACV Directive 10-20 as changed. Annex I was disseminated in the form of Change 1 (dated 1 July 1969) to MACV Directive 10-20. Further c~anges were contained in various messages and memorandums. It is'essential that PHUNG HOANG advisors are aware that the general guidance contained in Annex I has been further implemented within the various Military Regions by written or or-a I. ins,tructions.The specifics normally found in Military Region implementations are based on the local situation, local conditions and policies, and local personalities. P~UNG HOANG advisors must be flexible and both acquaint and adapt themselves to the local "ground rulelSl" on support. It must be noted, ho~eve~, that certain aspects of support are basic throughout South Vietnam. We must continuously direct American advisory, coordinating, and supporting programs to the Vietnamese PHUNG HOANG Program. In the supporting role, PHUNG HOANG advisors are presently committed to provide adequate support to PHUNG HOANG down to and including district level PHUNG HOANG activities; Such support includes logistical and maintenance support of PHUNG HOANG Centers at district, province, autonomous city and regional levels. As the reader will note in Sections I and III of Annex I, MACV Directive 10-20, primary support to PHUNG HOANG Centers (supplies, equipment, and maintenance) is based on the availability and use of monies (Vietnamese piasters). PHUNG HOANG advisors must request such monies from Province Senior Advisor's (PSA's) Advisory Pacification Funds for province and district centers, and from like funds at region and autonomous city levels for regional andautono mous city centers. The monies obtained for support of PHUNG HOANG are then used for local procurement of necessary supplies, equipment, and maintenance for the PHUNG HOANG centers. Naturally, the level of piaster support provided! obtained will be based on the availability of monies and the
20
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO relative importance attributed to PHUNG HOANG activities in the local area, as well as the initiative and reSource fulness of the individual PHUNG HOANG advisor.
Piasters to operate Regional PHUNG HOANG Schools come from the CORDS Contingency Fund. Administration for such piasters is accomplished at regional and national levels. Requests for sUch monies (initiated by Region) are sub mitted under the provisions of paragraph 7.c., MACV Directive 37-2. As indicated in paragraphs 5 and 6, above, primary support to PHUNG HOANG activities is by means of the Vietnamese piaster - through American support systems - for local procurement of goods and services. The logistical support for PHUNG HOANG advisory staffs is different than that heretofore mentioned for PHUNG HOANG activities. PHUNG HOANG advisory staffs are provided logistica~ support, for office supplies and equipment (for their use), from MACV Military Property Books. This sup port is provided, through military channels, by the property book accounts of the respective province advisory team of the province in which the advisors are assigned. The Corps headquarters advisory team designates the property book account to support the PHUNG HOANG staff at region level. Difficulties encountered in providing adequate support to PHUNG HOANG Centers and for regional schools which can be directly attributed to insufficient allocation of monies (piasters), and are determined to be detrimental to the mission of the PHUNG HOANG activity, should be brought to the immediate attention of the Military Region (MR) DEPCORDS (through proper military channels). If additional monies are considered definitely required to adequately support PHUNG HOANG activities, a written request (initiated by Region) for a specific amount of additional piasters, with complete justification, should be administratively for warded from the MR DEPCORDS to HQ MACV, Attention: MACCORDS CDD-CA. Such requests should be initiated only if sufficient monies cannot be reallocated within the MR itself.
21
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO Difficulties concerning logistical support of PHUNG HOANG AdvisO~y Staffs which may develop and cannot be resolved at MR level or which may require higher authority decision should be directed by written communication 't.hz-oug h-e ommand channels to HQ MACV,Attentlon: J~42. Reference· the two preceding paragraphs, the PHUNG HOANG Advisory Staff at MR level should' forward a copy of such correspondence to the PHOENIX Directorate, Saigon, for information and monitoring purposes.
22
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS. PHUNG HOANG PUBLICITY
Widespread popular understanding is essential to the success of the PHUNG HOANG Program. Various GVN agencies that communicate with the population on a regular basis must be encouraged to provide meaningful publicity to the PHUNG HOANG Program. Coordination between the DIOCe, PIOCe and the local Vietnamese Information Service (VIS) and RVNAF POLWAR cadre will facilitate widespread dissemination of information about the PHUNG HOANG Program. The communications media available through VIS and POLWAR agencies includes face-to-face persuasion, posters, handbills, newspapers, leaflets, radio, television and motion pictures. PHUNG HOANG advisors are encouraged to coordinate with Province PSYOP advisors and Province PSYOP/POLWAR/Civic Action/VIS Advisors to obtain publicity for the PHUNG HOANG Program by paralleling GVN requests through US advisory channels.
23
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C OPERATIONAL PLANNING GUIDE
I. General:
1.
NP, PSB, MSS, PRU, 8-2, RD, (as appropriate) establish informant networks throughout, the area of responsibility.
2.
Situation section develop a current counter
intelligence estimate for the area (Province or District). 3. Prepare a counterintelligence collection work sheet listing all intelligence resources. 4. Develop a list of the VCI methods of operation in the area, i.e., tax collecting, proselyting, armed propaganda, terrorism in order of the vel priority. 5.
Levy specific intelligence collection require mente on jspec Lf.Lc agencies. , Operation)
(See Case Officer
II. Analyze the intelligence available:
L
Determine VCI patterns of actiVity.
2.
Determine VCI routes used.
3. Determine VCI commo-liaison activity.
4.
,Determine VCI support activities.
5.
Determine VCI probable courses of action.
III. Assign Case Officers to specific areas of interest, for example: 1.
VCI village organizations and activities.
2.
VCI district organi:z;ations and activities.
3.
VCI province organizations and activities.
4.
Commo-liaison activities.
5.
Terrorist activities.
6.
Specific individuals.
ANNEX A
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO IV. Case 1.
Of~icers
Build Intelligence:
VCI personality targets are assigned to case
officers.
2. All available ~nformation reports, captured
documents and interrogation reports on the
individual are assembled in the VCI Target
Folder.
3. "VCI Target Personality Data Forms" (See SOP 3, Annex 7) and "Short Form Offender Dossiers"
(See MOl Cir 2212) are initiated. (These forms
are securely attached to the VCI Target Folders).
4. VCI Target Folders are reviewed daily by case
officers who levy Information Bequd.r-emerrt Forms
(See SOP 3, Arinex 14) to fill the gaps on the
VCI Target Personality Data ~orm and in the
Short Form Offender Dossier.
5. Source reports, responses to Information Require ment Forms, captured Documents, Chieu Hoi de briefings, t-n ter-r-ogatt on reports; e tc • , are received by case officers who extract relevant information to be posted to the "VCI Target Personality Data Forms"and "Shor-t Form Offender Dossiers.''' These reports are filedi'n the dossier or an Information Summary (SOp 3, Annex 8) is prepared. 6. Recommendation for an operation against the target is made when the data base will ensure a reason able chance of apprehension and conviction before the Province Security Committee. V. Case Officers prepare initial Operations Plan to be provided the action agency. Consider following 'factors: 1.
The target.
2. The results required. 3.
The support
4.
The forces available.
5.
Operational security.
req~ired
from
2
member- agenc Lee ,
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C VI.
Approval of action agency Operations Plan by PIOCC or DIOCC Chief.
VII.
Conduct special training, briefings, and/or rehearsals as required •
. VIII.
Execute the operation.
IX.
Exploit the operation and conduct critique.
X.
Add
int~lligence
to the Local Data Bank.
These operational procedures should be instituted from Central to District level, requiring Special Police to develop the plans required. All plans should be reviewed and approved by Province or District Chief or his appointed representative. At the district level the Vel Target Folders are maintained by the District Special Police case officers. For operational security purposes the active VCI Target Folders are kept in the District Special Police office which then becomes the Political Sub-Section of the Situation Section of the DIOCC. In a similar manner, normally the Operations Section of the DIOCC is physically separated from the Message and Situation Sections.
3
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C PIOCC/DIOCC INSPECTION
The GVN official and the US Advisor must make use of detailed intelligent inspections to determine the effect iveness and efficiency of the PHUNG HOANG PIOCe or DIOCe. An inspection checklist has been provided in PHUNG HOANG SOP No.3, dated 1 February 1970, pages 8-17. The US Advisor should emphasize the availability of the Inspection Checklist to his Vietnamese counterpart as the need arises. The use of these documents will insure a positive PHUNG
HOANG Program.
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS. FINGERPRINTING
Fingerprints should be taken of suspects regardless of whether or not they are to be detained or whether or not they have a "valid" ID Card in their possession.
A fingerprint check with the National Police ID Service will then confirm the validity of the ID card. In cases where the card is stolen, forged or counterfeit, the fingerprints of the offender will then be on file and where necessary a wanted listing with his prints can be published. Fingerprinting in this way will also identify and locate ex-prisoners and ralliers with valid ID cards who may again be involved in subversive activities. Further, if the individual has been pre viously fingerprinted in another area as a suspect this will be surfaced, will give some idea of the suspect's area of operation, and could provide the necessary information for an arrest to be ordered. Increased use of fingerprinting will undoubtedly lead to the capture of some VCI who would not otherwise be captured because of the legal status they might have achieved through legal or illegal means. Additionally, it will have a suppressive effect, both real and psychological, on the freedom of movement of the VCI. Thus, the fear of being fingerprinted may to some extent suppress VCI activity.
ANNEX C
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C VCI Neutralization and Identif~§ation Information System (VCINI! )
The VCI Neutralization and Identification Information System (VCINIIS) is a management information system which generates a series of reports providing infor mation on PHUNG HOANG operational results and Province Security Committee (PSC) processing. Additionally, the system is to provide data on biographies of Communist offenders and operational and judicial coord ination potential. Essential to successful specific targeting is the compilation of sufficient data on suspected VCI to determine if they are, in fact, VCI. Additionally, sufficient operational data must be compiled in order to effect apprehension. The Biographic/Neutralization Report, which is to be a part of the VCINIIS, will aid in this collection process. The Biographic/Neutraliza tion Report will display by VCI boundaries, and VCI job positions within those boundaries, biographic and neutralizati.on data pertaining to VCI holding specific positions, including aliases and additional jobs. The report will pinpoint cases where several supposedly different positions within the InfTastructure, even at different levels, and operating within different GVN jurisdictions, are one and the same individual. This will result in a reduction of redundant effort in the compilation of specific targeting dossiers, and will encourage cooperation between diverse jurisdictional areas. Cross-referencing made possible by the reporting of additional positions and aliases, once the neutraliza tion of a VCI is reported, will eliminate further time and effort wastefully expended compiling dossiers on individuals already neutralized. Distribution of the report for any GVN District or Province is based on the VCI area or areas with which the GVN jurisdiction is contiguous. By clearly displaying those diverse juris dictions which may have evidence concerning a given individual, the Biographic/Neutralization Report will help insure prompt and efficient PSC processing. The pulling together of scattered information from numerous sources may result in the sentencing of VCI who would not have been convicted if evidence from only one juris diction were available for consideration by the PSC.
ANNEX D
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS. Another report,wlt.hin.theVCINIIS,having. utility as both a managerial and opetational tool, is the PSC Processing Report. This report contains a province by-province, monthly and year-to~datesummary of the number of VClprocessed, their disposition, the rate at which they are processed, the time lapse between capture and disposition, and the number of PSC meetings.
2
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C LIST OF COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS
AAT
- Action Arrow Team
AlE
- Assistance in Kind
AO
- Area of Operations - Armed Propaganda Team
ARVN
- Army of the Republic of Vietnam
~p
- Combined Action Program
CAT
- Combined Action Team
CDEC
- Combined Document Exploitation Center
CR
- Chieu Hoi
eIC
- Combined Interrogation center, also: Intelligence center
crev
- Combined Intelligence Center Vietnam
eIDG
- Civilian Irregular Defense Group
CORDS
- Civil Operations and Rural Development Support
COBVN
- Central Office for South Vietnam (VC)
CPDC
- Central Pacification Development Council
CTZ
- corps Tactical Zone
DGNP
- Directorate General, National Police
brace
- District Intelligence and Operations Coordinating
Combined
Center DSA
- District Senior Advisor, also: Advisor
FWMAF
- Free World Military Assistance Forces
ANNEX E
Deputy Senior
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C GVN
- Goyernment of South Vietnam
JGS
- Joint General Staff
MAT
- Mobile Advisory Team
MSS
- Military Security Service
NFLSVN
- National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam
NlLO
- Naval Intelligence Liaison Officer
NP
- National Police
NPFF
- National Police Field Force
NVA
- North Vietnamese Army
OSA
- Office of the Special Assistant to the US Ambassador
PBR
- River Patrol Boat
PF
- popular Forces
PFF
- Police Field Force (also NPFF)
PIC
- Provinc'ial Irrter-r-oga't Lon Center
PIOCC
- Province Intelligence and Operations Coordinating Center
PRG
- Provisional Revolutionary Government
PRU
- Province Reconnaissance Unit
PSA
- Province Senior Advisor
PSB
- Police Special Branch
PSC
- Province Security Committee
PSD
- Public Safety Division
PSDF
- Peoples Self Defense Forces
2
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C RDC
- Rural Development Cadre
RIOCC
- Region Intelligence and Operations Coordinating Center
TCN
- Third Country National
VCI
- Viet Cong Infrastructure
VIOCC
- Village Intelligence Operations Coordinating Center
VIP
- Volunteer Informant Program (C)
VIS
- Vietnamese Information Service
3
PHUNG HOANG
"
"
ADVISOR HANDBOOK
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO
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WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO CONTENTS
Page
Purpose
1
The Viet Cong Infrastructure
2
Background
3
Organization
4
Basic PHUNG HOANG Documents
5
Periodic Publications
6
Basic Documents Pertaining to the PHUNG HOANG Program
7-8
Operational Procedures
9
VCI Target Personality Data Forms and Offender Dossiers
10
Counterpart Relationships
11
Advisory Mission Relationships
12
PHUNG HOANG Advisor's Legal Position and Responsibilities
13
Arrest and Apprehension
14
Classification of Detainees: Defendant
PW or Civil 15
Province Security Committee (PSG)
16-18
In-Country Training
19
Support
20-22
PHUNG HOANG Publicity
23
Operational Planning Guide
Annex A
Ploce/Dloce Inspection Guide
Annex
Fingerprinting
Annex C
VCI Neutralization and Identification Information System (VCINIIS)
Annex D
List of Commonly Used Abbreviations
Annex
B
E
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO PURPOSE
The purpose of
th~s Handbo~
is to
p~oy1de, genera~ g~1de~
lines ~or PHUNG HOANG Advisors on the PHUNG HOANG Program, its miSsion· and organization. It should also be utilized by other US Advisors whose counterparts are represented on PHUNG HOANG .Committees and/or involved in PHUNG HOANG activities in Qrder. that the general advice given w111 be coordinated and directed towards the same objective, the neutralization of the Viet Cong Infrastructure-: (Vel).
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C THE VIET CONG INFRASTRUCTURE (VCI)
The Viet Cang Infrastructure (Vel) is defined as the political ahd administrative organization through which the Viet Congcontrol or seek control over the South Vietnamese people. It embodies the Communist party of South' Vietna.m(SVN) (People's Revolutionary Party (PRP»
control structure, Which includes a command and admin istrativeapparatus with the Central Office for South Vietnani (COSVN') at the 'national level.
It also includes
the leadership and administration of parallel front organizations, the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) with its subordinate Revolutionary Committees, and the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NFLSVN). Both the PRP and the front organizations ex tend from the national through the hamlet level. The VCI is the communist shadow government which provides money, recruits, supplies, intelligence and support to VC military units. Its primary mission 1s to attain effect ive control of the people and territory of South Vietnam by becoming a viable alternative to the GVN from hamlet to national level. Control of VC military units is vested in the VCI.
2
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO BACKGROUND
Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam, promulgated 1n1967 states: "a. b.
The Republic opposes Communism in any form; Any activity designed to publicize or carry out Communism is prohibited .,,,
In accordance with Article 4, the President of Vietnam in Decree No. 280-a!TT/SL, 1 July 1968, promulgated the PHUNG HOANG Program.
The intent and aim of .tihe Program
is to utilize existing civilian and military agencies (police, paramilitary, and military forces) in a system atic and coordinated effort to destroy the Viet Cong Infrastructure throughout Vietnam.
The Government of Vietnam (GVN) chose the name PHUNG HOANG to identify the program.
The Phung Hoang (PHOENIX)wRs
adopted as a symbol of the program. In Chinese and Viet namese mythology the Phung Hoang is a good omen of marital happiness, peace, and good fortune. The PHUNG HOANG program coordinates GVN agencies in the attack on the VCI by placing VCI-intelligence gathered by all agencies in one 10cati0n, systematically collating anti-VCI operations (often joint inter-agency efforts) based on the PHUNG HOANG Center1s data bank. PHUNG HOANG is NOT a separate agency, organization, or entity. PHUNG HOANG Centers are entirely dependent on the PHUNG HOANG Program member agencies: National Police, RF!PF, Rural Development Cadre, ARVN, Chieu Hoi, NPFF, VIS, etc. The U.S. Advisory effort in support of PHUNG HOANG is called "PHOENIX". PHOENIX is composed entirely of U. S. advisors working with PHUNG HOANG Centers at national, regional, provincial, and district levels. Substantial reliance is placed on all other U.S. advisors to the PHUNG HOANG member agencies. PHOENIX is NOT an intelligence unit or separate command - it has no intelligence holdings or collection capability. PHOENIX personnel and staff are presently members of MACCORDS at every echelon under the direct command of the senior MACV!CORDS officer at each echelon.
3
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO ORGANIZATION the PHUNG HOANG Program 1s represented by national, regional, and provincial committees composed, at each ecbelon, of the heads of,all participant agencies. Subordinate to these committees are PHUNG HOANG Centers. At the national government level, the PHUNG HOANG Bloc of the Directorate General of National Police coordinates the program throughout the country. There are four Corps PHUNG HOANG Cent~rs. At the prOVince level, Province Intelligenoe ,andOperat1ons Coor-dLna.t Lng Centers (prOCCa) have been established and. at district level Droccs have been established. The national and regional offices are tasked.with planning, training, inspecting, and overall program management for subordinate echelons in their respective areas of competence. PIOCCs and DIOCCs at provinces and districts serve to coordinate collection and collation of anti-YOI intelligence and anti-YCI operations. The agencies represented on ,PHUNG HOANG Committees are the National Police"the Special Police, the National Police Field Force, G2, G3, the Military Security Service, Chieu Hoi Service, Vietnamese Information Service, Provincial Reconnaissance Unit, and Rural Development Cadre. The sections of PHUNG,HOANG SOP No.3 which pertain to the various echelons of PHUNG HOANG Centers are: Corps (pgs 5-18), Province (pgs 19-35), and District (pgs 37-123). ~ganlzat1onally,
4
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C BASIC PHUNG HOANG DOCUMENTS
RVN Presidential Decree 280a-TT!SL dated I,July 1968 prescribed the establishment of the PHUNG HOANG Program. The SOPS are implementing instructions issued by, the authority of the Minister of the Interior by virtue of his position as Chairma~ oftha Central PHUNG H~NG Committee. SOP No. 1 delineates the organizational structure of the program. SOP No. 2 prescribes the basic tools and working procedures of an intelligence and operations coordinating center with special emphasis on the DIOce. SOP No. 3 is an amplification of the first two which covers in depth the ,operational responsibilities of each echelon of the PHUNG HOANG Program. Finally, A Current Breakout of Executive and, Significant Viet Cong Infrastructure Cadres (the Green Book) defines the target of the PHUNG HOANG Program; it is a GVN/US agreed upon listing of Viet Cong positions which are considered to be of the VCI cadre.
5
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C PERIODIC PUBLICATIONS
1.
The PHOENIX Biweekly
2.
The MACV J2 Monthly "Summary of VCl Activities"
3. The Combined Documents Exploitation Center (CDEC) Readouts
4. Combined Intelligence Center,Vietnam (CIeV) Readouts
5. VCI Information System (Monthly) 6. PHOENIX End of Year,Repqrt
6
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO BASIC DOCUMENTS PERTAINING TO THE PHUNG HOANG (PHOENIX) PROGRAM
US Documents
Title 1. MACV Directive 10-20, Organization, Functions'and
Responsibility for Support to the Attack'onCthe
VC Infrastructure (U), Short Title: ~HOENIX,
dated 23 May 1969, Confidential.
2.
MACV Directive 525-36, .PHOENIX
ations (U), dated 18 May 3.
1970~
(PHUNG HO~NG) opec
MACV Directive 381-43,Reporting on Neutralization
of Viet Cong Infrastructure (U), dated 3 February
1970, Confidential.
4. MACV Directive 381-51, Military Intelligence National Police Field Forces (U). 5.
VCI:
MODUS OPERANDI (RAND Corporation"Yellow Book").
6.
MACV Directive 37-2, Financial Administration Military Support of ,l)acification Fund (U).
7. DA pamphlet No. 550-106, The Communist Insurgent
Infrastructure in South Vietnam: A Study of Organi
zation and Strategy.
8.
MACV Directive 525-222, PSYOP Pacification Support
Priorities, 19 June 1970 (C).
9.
MACV Directive 525-208, PSYOP Support of RVN PHUNG
HOANG (PHOENIX) Program (C).
10. MACV Directive340-1, Government of vt e tnam National Police Records System (U), dated 14 January 1969. 11. CORDS-PSD National Identity Registration Project Pro cedure Manual (U), Revised Edition, dated 1970. GVN Documents 280~a/TT/SL,
1.
Presidential Decree Secret.
2.
PBUNG HOANG SOP 1" .da'ted 23 JUly 196,8, COnfidential.
7
dated 1 July 1968,
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO 3. PHUNG HOANG SOP 2, dated 1 November 1968, Confidential.
4. PHUNG HOANG SOP 3, dated 1 February 1970, Confidential. 5. Handbook, "Current Breakout of VCI Executive and
Significant Cadre II (Short Title: "Green Book").
6. Ministry of Interior Circular No. 757-BNV!CT!12-A!M,
dated 21 March 1969, subject: Classification and
Rehabilitation of Offenders.
7. Ministry of Interior Circular No. 2212!BNV!CT!13-A!M,
dated 20 August 1969,subject: Improvements of the
Methods of ResolVing the Status of Offenders.
8. Prime Minister's Directive No.00401!UBPH!TU!UPTT!NK,
dated 13 April 1970, subject: Information to Village
and Hamlet OfficialS Concerning Operations and Arrests
by PHUNG HOANG Operations.
9. Prime Minister's Oirective No. 1293-Th.T!PCl!M, da'ted
27 November 1968, Regulations for all Ministries and
Services with Respect to Capture and Detention of
Suspects.
10. Prime Minister's Directive No. 1690!OBPH!VPTT!KH!K, dated 10 November 1969, subject: Guarantee for VC Defendants. 11. Prime Minister's Directive No. 1206/PTh.T/BDPT/HC, dated 24 April 1970, subject: Prescrfbed Time for the Exploitation and Procedures Applied to Captured VC Cadres. 12. Prime Minister's Directive No. l440/PThT/BDPT/KH, dated 13 May 1970, subject: The Public Prosecutor's Role in Pacification and Development. 13. Pri~e Minister's DecreeNo.069-SL/TH-T/BDPT, dated 26 May 1970, subject: Integration of PHUNG HOANG into the National Police. 14. Central PHUNG HOANG Committee MemorandUm #1082/UBPH/ TU/VPTT/NH/K, subject: utilization of VCI Target Folders dated 10 August 1970. 15. Inter-Ministry Directive, Ministry of Interio~, Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Justice, #110/sNV/ANCT!1/D, #02146!QP!HCrv!1!B, dated 28 February 1970, Finger printing of Detainees - Application of the Unique Disposition Form, Wanted and Cancellation Notices.
8
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES (SOP No.3: pgs. 66-120)
The mission of an Intelligence and Operations Coordinating Center is to neutralize the Viet Cong Infrastructure. In order to effectively do so, it is axiomatic that first you know the enemy. Th~refore, files and procedures are necessary for PHUNG HOANG Centers. Once a suspect VCI is identified (name and VCI position are known), two index cards are prepared and catalogued both in alphabetical and village/hamlet files (pgs 79-81), The next step is to develop a Vel Target Folder on the individual; a good target folder will enable the cadre to be specifically targeted (you will know his habits, contacts, schedule, and modus operandi) and will provide sufficient evidence to enable the, Province Security Committee to sentence him to the maximum time his importance warrants, when he is captured (pgs 82-85), Once a target folder is established, it must be sUbjected to case control; intelligence gaps are to be identified and information requirements levied to fill them (pgs 93-95), other files and charts such as source control records (pgs 73-75), vcr organization charts (pgs 142-144) photographic files (pgs 97,98) and files on guides (pg 98); will each in their own way tend to sophisticate the process of specific targeting of VCl cadres. Consistently up-dated organization charts will particularly aid in the development of operations to neutralize entire VCl staff elements or organizational echelons, An rocc is not functioning efficiently unless it regularly and successfully targets specific VCl cadres and organizations for neutralization. Files are only a tool by which to accomplish the mission.
9
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO VCI TARGET PERSONALITY DATA FORMS AND OFFENDER DOSSIERS
Particular attention must be given to this important -aspect. Careful,p~ofessionalpreparationot vcr Target Folders contrad nd.ng ,both the "VCl Target Personality .Da t a Form" and the "Offender Dossier" for each and every member of the VCl
throughout the country is the, foundation from which succeSs ful operations can be run and sentencing be assured by Province Security Committees. The folders must contain all the, available data on an individual and be constantly reviewed and updated. Sample form "VCl Target Personality Data Form"is in,'SOP.No. 3 (pages 137-140). It has been
reproduced and
distribute~
to all PlOCCs and DIOCCs in
suffioient copies' to establish folders on every identified VCl member. "Offender Dossier" forms have also been disseminated. Full use should be made of the "Information Requirement Form" (Annex 14, SOP 3) and pr-ocedur-ea to build the folder. Copies of source reports, captured documents, interrogation reports, Hoi Chanh debriefing reports, and all other relevant documents are to be filed in this folder so that all information on a specific target is in one place where it can bevr-ev Lewedteaad ly and quickly .. Appro priate information must. be constantly and systematically extracted from the,. documents in the folder and posted to both the liver Target per-sona Lt t.y Data Form" and the "Of fender Doss Len"
10
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C COUNTERPART RELATIONSHIPS
Results achieved by a PHUNG HOANG Advisor are indirect proportion to the closeness of his relationships With his counterparts. Ideally, such. relationships are based on mutual respect, trust and frtendship - neither are achieved ina day. Before advice can be tendered,an advisor must comprehend a complicated situation and pro gram. The disadvantages of youth and low rank can be overcome by initial eagerness to learn what your counter parts can teach you and by taking action only when you are sure of your grounds. The gveater your friendship with your counterparts, the better you will understand and thus be able to advise them. However, do not hesitate to be firm when the situation warrants it.
,1
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO ADVISORY MISSION RELATIONSHIPS
All US advisors at every echelon share in the PHUNG HOANG
advisory mission. This is an explicit obligation of advisors to GVN agencies w~th representatives who partici pate on PHUNG HOANG Committees and work in PIOCCs and nIeces (e.g., Police, Chieu Hoi, and Rural Development advisors), hut is an implicit obligation of all Pacification advisors to this program, the spearhead of pacification. PHUNG HOANG personnel are responsible for close coordipation and cooperation with all elements of the advisory mission and especially with the advisors to intelligence and opera tions agencies which participate directly in the PHUNG HOANG Program. It is the responsibility of all Senior Advisors to insure that all members of the Advisory Team are knowledge able of and fully support the GVN PHUNG HOANG Campaign against the Viet Cong Infrastructure.
12
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO PHUNG HOANG ADVISOR'S LEGAL POSITION AND HESPONSIBILITIES
PHUNG HOANG Advisors have the same legal status in Vietnam as other US military personnel. In their role as advisors they are under the same restraints of international law, military law and regulations as other US military personnel. Their advice and assistance must be within the confines of this
legalfr~mework.
Participation in actions contrary to
law are expressly prohibited. If violations are observed, the advisor 1s to make his objections known, cease any participation in the illegal activity, and make a full report of the incident to his immediate superior for corrective action. A detailed explanationbf the advisor's legal position and responsibility 1s found in MACV Directive 525-36, dated 18 May 1970.
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO ARREST. AND APPREHENSION
A person suspected of an offense against the National Security maybe arrested and taken
intocu~tody
and
held up to twenty-four hours for, questioning and invest igation by an ,apprehending agencyot~er,than the National Police He .mue t , however,. be. placed in National Pollee custody no later ,than twenty-four hours following appre hension. All arrests must be made pursuant toa warrant issued bya conpetent. Judicial authority j, which for present purposes, includes Province Chiefs" ,Mayors ,Diatri ct 0
Chiefs and p?lice.Chiefs.
An arrest
defectiv~due
to lack
of a warrant, however, can later be "corrected" by issuance of a warrant ex lost facto by an official having authority to do so initial y. US personnel are not authorized to arrest GVN citizens. The following may execute an arrest order: a.
Judicial policej
b. Military police; c. Military Security Service (MSS); d.
National Police (NP)j which includes individuals of the National Police Field Force (NPFF); and
e. Any person who witnesses the commission of a crime, "in flagrante delicto," - citizen's arrest. Once an individual has been turned over to the National Police, that agency must complete its preliminary inquiry and identification processing within two days. Following that, a maximum of 3 more days may be allowed for transfer of the suspect to the Province Interrogation Center, where a supplementary investigation may continue for as long as 30 days. The Province Chief next may expend 3 days in reviewing the dossier for adequacy, after which the case is forwarded to the Province Security Committee, which must sentence, release or refer the individual for trial by Military Court. The Committee has seven days within which to act. Deviation from the foregoing time schedule must be authorized by the Ministry of Interior.
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C CLASSIFICATION OF DETAINEES:
PW OR CIVIL DEFENDANT
Advisors should frame their advlceas to't'he '(: laseifiea';"; tioD of detainees as civil defendant or PW according to MACV DirectiveS 381-46 and 20-5. VC and NVA military personnel are to be accorded PW statuB and-the righteof a PWunder the Geneva Conventions. Civl1ian'PRP members andVCI cadre are considered civil defendants. Certain members of the VC/NVA military may be ·occupying positions within the vel. When captured these military VCI are to
be accorded PW status but are to be reported as ized VCI even though retained in PW channels.
15
neutral~
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO PROVINCE SECURITY COMMITTEE (PSC)
Province Security Committees were created in 1957 to provide an administrative method of determining the status of detainees considered threats to national
security.
The PSC is an administrative as opposed to
a judicial body.
It may impose administrative detention
in the case of those persons reasonably believed to
endanger the national security.
The minimum composition of a PSC is: Province chief or city mayor.
Chairman
Public prosecutor/judge
Legal Advisor
Sector commander
Member
Province or city council member
Member
National Police Chief (NP) . • .
Member
Military Security Service Chief (MSS)
Member
Chief of Internal Security . . .
Briefing Officer
MOl Circular No. 2212 requires each PSC to meet at least once a week. Suspect detainees may appear before the PSC but have no such right. The members of the PSC review the dossiers of the suspects to make their determination. The PSC has several courses of action available: 1.
It may release those considered innocent.
2. It may forward to Military Court those on whom sufficient evidence is available for legal con viction of a specific crime. 3. It may impose administrative detention of up to 2 years upon those reasonably believed to threaten the national security. 4.
It may determine residence for those determined to be security threats.
5. It may forward the case to a civil court. 6.
It may forward the case to another province for disposition.
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WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO 7.
It may classify the suspect as a PW and transfer him into PW channels.
8.
It may recommend that the suspect be drafted into the Army.
An Tri Detention:
Basic Evidence Requirements
The laws prescribing offenses against the national security define mere membership or function in the Viet Cong Infrastructure as a threat to the national security. This recognition is based upon the right of a government to protect itself from-violent overthrow. Membership or function may be inferred from acts or intelligence data. It is imperative to have available a comprehensive dossier if an-tri detention is to be obtained. There is no rigid rule regarding the amount or type of evidence necessary to support an~tri detention. However, t~e Province Securi~y Committee must have a reasonable belief based on COr roborated evidence that the suspect is a threat to the national security. Not being a criminal conviction, the burden of proof is less than that required by a court. The burden of proof is on the prosecution which must show that the accused, is, in fact, a member of the Communist party or exercises a position or function in the party or any associated front organization. Proof of position or function in the Viet Cong Infrastructure is sufficient to convict. Particular care should be taken to direct prosecution effort away from total reliance on Province Interrogation Center reports and confessions. Effort should be made to point out that other forms of evidence are much more convincing. The elements of proof are: Membership, position or function in the VCI, as indicated by: a.
Incriminating documents - to include, but not limited to, membership lists of Communist organiza tions; enemy correspondence; diaries; notebooks, to include copies or extracts of such documentation; or
b. Enemy weapons or material - found in the possession of the accused when apprehended, or
17
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C c.
Eye witnesses -accomplices, accessories or rallier statements regarding the position or function of the accused, or
d.
Interrogation statements or confessions - are admissible and used extensively in an-tri hearings, but no sllspectmaybe convicted on the basis of an interrogation statement alone, or
e.
Intelligence reports - are admissible 1n that there is no prohibition against hearsay.
All intelligence and police reports, and witness state ments must be included in the dossier and must be 1dentifiedby number and name' of source except where there is a danger of source compromise. once position or function within the Viet Cong Infra structure is, proven, sentencing is automatic. TheGreen Book indicates the duration of detention for each position or function. Renewable An-Tri detention of up to two years may be given by the Province Security Committee. '
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WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C IN-COUNTRY TRAINING
us Personnel
~
The in-country training of "US personnel
Is conducted at the PHUNG HOANG Advisors 'Or-Len t'a't Lon
Course at vung Tau.
The course is des rgned to'acquaint
both 'PHUNG HOANG Advisors and other personnel with those
GVN agencies that support the PHUNG HOANG
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WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C SUPPORT
All American advisors assigned to, or associated with, the PHUNG HOANG Program should be acquainted with the general guidance on Bupport matters contained in Annex I to MACV Directive 10-20 as changed. Annex I was disseminated in the form of Change 1 (dated 1 July 1969) to MACV Directive 10-20. Further c~anges were contained in various messages and memorandums. It is'essential that PHUNG HOANG advisors are aware that the general guidance contained in Annex I has been further implemented within the various Military Regions by written or or-a I. ins,tructions.The specifics normally found in Military Region implementations are based on the local situation, local conditions and policies, and local personalities. P~UNG HOANG advisors must be flexible and both acquaint and adapt themselves to the local "ground rulelSl" on support. It must be noted, ho~eve~, that certain aspects of support are basic throughout South Vietnam. We must continuously direct American advisory, coordinating, and supporting programs to the Vietnamese PHUNG HOANG Program. In the supporting role, PHUNG HOANG advisors are presently committed to provide adequate support to PHUNG HOANG down to and including district level PHUNG HOANG activities; Such support includes logistical and maintenance support of PHUNG HOANG Centers at district, province, autonomous city and regional levels. As the reader will note in Sections I and III of Annex I, MACV Directive 10-20, primary support to PHUNG HOANG Centers (supplies, equipment, and maintenance) is based on the availability and use of monies (Vietnamese piasters). PHUNG HOANG advisors must request such monies from Province Senior Advisor's (PSA's) Advisory Pacification Funds for province and district centers, and from like funds at region and autonomous city levels for regional andautono mous city centers. The monies obtained for support of PHUNG HOANG are then used for local procurement of necessary supplies, equipment, and maintenance for the PHUNG HOANG centers. Naturally, the level of piaster support provided! obtained will be based on the availability of monies and the
20
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO relative importance attributed to PHUNG HOANG activities in the local area, as well as the initiative and reSource fulness of the individual PHUNG HOANG advisor.
Piasters to operate Regional PHUNG HOANG Schools come from the CORDS Contingency Fund. Administration for such piasters is accomplished at regional and national levels. Requests for sUch monies (initiated by Region) are sub mitted under the provisions of paragraph 7.c., MACV Directive 37-2. As indicated in paragraphs 5 and 6, above, primary support to PHUNG HOANG activities is by means of the Vietnamese piaster - through American support systems - for local procurement of goods and services. The logistical support for PHUNG HOANG advisory staffs is different than that heretofore mentioned for PHUNG HOANG activities. PHUNG HOANG advisory staffs are provided logistica~ support, for office supplies and equipment (for their use), from MACV Military Property Books. This sup port is provided, through military channels, by the property book accounts of the respective province advisory team of the province in which the advisors are assigned. The Corps headquarters advisory team designates the property book account to support the PHUNG HOANG staff at region level. Difficulties encountered in providing adequate support to PHUNG HOANG Centers and for regional schools which can be directly attributed to insufficient allocation of monies (piasters), and are determined to be detrimental to the mission of the PHUNG HOANG activity, should be brought to the immediate attention of the Military Region (MR) DEPCORDS (through proper military channels). If additional monies are considered definitely required to adequately support PHUNG HOANG activities, a written request (initiated by Region) for a specific amount of additional piasters, with complete justification, should be administratively for warded from the MR DEPCORDS to HQ MACV, Attention: MACCORDS CDD-CA. Such requests should be initiated only if sufficient monies cannot be reallocated within the MR itself.
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WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO Difficulties concerning logistical support of PHUNG HOANG AdvisO~y Staffs which may develop and cannot be resolved at MR level or which may require higher authority decision should be directed by written communication 't.hz-oug h-e ommand channels to HQ MACV,Attentlon: J~42. Reference· the two preceding paragraphs, the PHUNG HOANG Advisory Staff at MR level should' forward a copy of such correspondence to the PHOENIX Directorate, Saigon, for information and monitoring purposes.
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WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS. PHUNG HOANG PUBLICITY
Widespread popular understanding is essential to the success of the PHUNG HOANG Program. Various GVN agencies that communicate with the population on a regular basis must be encouraged to provide meaningful publicity to the PHUNG HOANG Program. Coordination between the DIOCe, PIOCe and the local Vietnamese Information Service (VIS) and RVNAF POLWAR cadre will facilitate widespread dissemination of information about the PHUNG HOANG Program. The communications media available through VIS and POLWAR agencies includes face-to-face persuasion, posters, handbills, newspapers, leaflets, radio, television and motion pictures. PHUNG HOANG advisors are encouraged to coordinate with Province PSYOP advisors and Province PSYOP/POLWAR/Civic Action/VIS Advisors to obtain publicity for the PHUNG HOANG Program by paralleling GVN requests through US advisory channels.
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WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C OPERATIONAL PLANNING GUIDE
I. General:
1.
NP, PSB, MSS, PRU, 8-2, RD, (as appropriate) establish informant networks throughout, the area of responsibility.
2.
Situation section develop a current counter
intelligence estimate for the area (Province or District). 3. Prepare a counterintelligence collection work sheet listing all intelligence resources. 4. Develop a list of the VCI methods of operation in the area, i.e., tax collecting, proselyting, armed propaganda, terrorism in order of the vel priority. 5.
Levy specific intelligence collection require mente on jspec Lf.Lc agencies. , Operation)
(See Case Officer
II. Analyze the intelligence available:
L
Determine VCI patterns of actiVity.
2.
Determine VCI routes used.
3. Determine VCI commo-liaison activity.
4.
,Determine VCI support activities.
5.
Determine VCI probable courses of action.
III. Assign Case Officers to specific areas of interest, for example: 1.
VCI village organizations and activities.
2.
VCI district organi:z;ations and activities.
3.
VCI province organizations and activities.
4.
Commo-liaison activities.
5.
Terrorist activities.
6.
Specific individuals.
ANNEX A
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.CO IV. Case 1.
Of~icers
Build Intelligence:
VCI personality targets are assigned to case
officers.
2. All available ~nformation reports, captured
documents and interrogation reports on the
individual are assembled in the VCI Target
Folder.
3. "VCI Target Personality Data Forms" (See SOP 3, Annex 7) and "Short Form Offender Dossiers"
(See MOl Cir 2212) are initiated. (These forms
are securely attached to the VCI Target Folders).
4. VCI Target Folders are reviewed daily by case
officers who levy Information Bequd.r-emerrt Forms
(See SOP 3, Arinex 14) to fill the gaps on the
VCI Target Personality Data ~orm and in the
Short Form Offender Dossier.
5. Source reports, responses to Information Require ment Forms, captured Documents, Chieu Hoi de briefings, t-n ter-r-ogatt on reports; e tc • , are received by case officers who extract relevant information to be posted to the "VCI Target Personality Data Forms"and "Shor-t Form Offender Dossiers.''' These reports are filedi'n the dossier or an Information Summary (SOp 3, Annex 8) is prepared. 6. Recommendation for an operation against the target is made when the data base will ensure a reason able chance of apprehension and conviction before the Province Security Committee. V. Case Officers prepare initial Operations Plan to be provided the action agency. Consider following 'factors: 1.
The target.
2. The results required. 3.
The support
4.
The forces available.
5.
Operational security.
req~ired
from
2
member- agenc Lee ,
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C VI.
Approval of action agency Operations Plan by PIOCC or DIOCC Chief.
VII.
Conduct special training, briefings, and/or rehearsals as required •
. VIII.
Execute the operation.
IX.
Exploit the operation and conduct critique.
X.
Add
int~lligence
to the Local Data Bank.
These operational procedures should be instituted from Central to District level, requiring Special Police to develop the plans required. All plans should be reviewed and approved by Province or District Chief or his appointed representative. At the district level the Vel Target Folders are maintained by the District Special Police case officers. For operational security purposes the active VCI Target Folders are kept in the District Special Police office which then becomes the Political Sub-Section of the Situation Section of the DIOCC. In a similar manner, normally the Operations Section of the DIOCC is physically separated from the Message and Situation Sections.
3
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C PIOCC/DIOCC INSPECTION
The GVN official and the US Advisor must make use of detailed intelligent inspections to determine the effect iveness and efficiency of the PHUNG HOANG PIOCe or DIOCe. An inspection checklist has been provided in PHUNG HOANG SOP No.3, dated 1 February 1970, pages 8-17. The US Advisor should emphasize the availability of the Inspection Checklist to his Vietnamese counterpart as the need arises. The use of these documents will insure a positive PHUNG
HOANG Program.
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS. FINGERPRINTING
Fingerprints should be taken of suspects regardless of whether or not they are to be detained or whether or not they have a "valid" ID Card in their possession.
A fingerprint check with the National Police ID Service will then confirm the validity of the ID card. In cases where the card is stolen, forged or counterfeit, the fingerprints of the offender will then be on file and where necessary a wanted listing with his prints can be published. Fingerprinting in this way will also identify and locate ex-prisoners and ralliers with valid ID cards who may again be involved in subversive activities. Further, if the individual has been pre viously fingerprinted in another area as a suspect this will be surfaced, will give some idea of the suspect's area of operation, and could provide the necessary information for an arrest to be ordered. Increased use of fingerprinting will undoubtedly lead to the capture of some VCI who would not otherwise be captured because of the legal status they might have achieved through legal or illegal means. Additionally, it will have a suppressive effect, both real and psychological, on the freedom of movement of the VCI. Thus, the fear of being fingerprinted may to some extent suppress VCI activity.
ANNEX C
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C VCI Neutralization and Identif~§ation Information System (VCINI! )
The VCI Neutralization and Identification Information System (VCINIIS) is a management information system which generates a series of reports providing infor mation on PHUNG HOANG operational results and Province Security Committee (PSC) processing. Additionally, the system is to provide data on biographies of Communist offenders and operational and judicial coord ination potential. Essential to successful specific targeting is the compilation of sufficient data on suspected VCI to determine if they are, in fact, VCI. Additionally, sufficient operational data must be compiled in order to effect apprehension. The Biographic/Neutralization Report, which is to be a part of the VCINIIS, will aid in this collection process. The Biographic/Neutraliza tion Report will display by VCI boundaries, and VCI job positions within those boundaries, biographic and neutralizati.on data pertaining to VCI holding specific positions, including aliases and additional jobs. The report will pinpoint cases where several supposedly different positions within the InfTastructure, even at different levels, and operating within different GVN jurisdictions, are one and the same individual. This will result in a reduction of redundant effort in the compilation of specific targeting dossiers, and will encourage cooperation between diverse jurisdictional areas. Cross-referencing made possible by the reporting of additional positions and aliases, once the neutraliza tion of a VCI is reported, will eliminate further time and effort wastefully expended compiling dossiers on individuals already neutralized. Distribution of the report for any GVN District or Province is based on the VCI area or areas with which the GVN jurisdiction is contiguous. By clearly displaying those diverse juris dictions which may have evidence concerning a given individual, the Biographic/Neutralization Report will help insure prompt and efficient PSC processing. The pulling together of scattered information from numerous sources may result in the sentencing of VCI who would not have been convicted if evidence from only one juris diction were available for consideration by the PSC.
ANNEX D
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS. Another report,wlt.hin.theVCINIIS,having. utility as both a managerial and opetational tool, is the PSC Processing Report. This report contains a province by-province, monthly and year-to~datesummary of the number of VClprocessed, their disposition, the rate at which they are processed, the time lapse between capture and disposition, and the number of PSC meetings.
2
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C LIST OF COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS
AAT
- Action Arrow Team
AlE
- Assistance in Kind
AO
- Area of Operations - Armed Propaganda Team
ARVN
- Army of the Republic of Vietnam
~p
- Combined Action Program
CAT
- Combined Action Team
CDEC
- Combined Document Exploitation Center
CR
- Chieu Hoi
eIC
- Combined Interrogation center, also: Intelligence center
crev
- Combined Intelligence Center Vietnam
eIDG
- Civilian Irregular Defense Group
CORDS
- Civil Operations and Rural Development Support
COBVN
- Central Office for South Vietnam (VC)
CPDC
- Central Pacification Development Council
CTZ
- corps Tactical Zone
DGNP
- Directorate General, National Police
brace
- District Intelligence and Operations Coordinating
Combined
Center DSA
- District Senior Advisor, also: Advisor
FWMAF
- Free World Military Assistance Forces
ANNEX E
Deputy Senior
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C GVN
- Goyernment of South Vietnam
JGS
- Joint General Staff
MAT
- Mobile Advisory Team
MSS
- Military Security Service
NFLSVN
- National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam
NlLO
- Naval Intelligence Liaison Officer
NP
- National Police
NPFF
- National Police Field Force
NVA
- North Vietnamese Army
OSA
- Office of the Special Assistant to the US Ambassador
PBR
- River Patrol Boat
PF
- popular Forces
PFF
- Police Field Force (also NPFF)
PIC
- Provinc'ial Irrter-r-oga't Lon Center
PIOCC
- Province Intelligence and Operations Coordinating Center
PRG
- Provisional Revolutionary Government
PRU
- Province Reconnaissance Unit
PSA
- Province Senior Advisor
PSB
- Police Special Branch
PSC
- Province Security Committee
PSD
- Public Safety Division
PSDF
- Peoples Self Defense Forces
2
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.C RDC
- Rural Development Cadre
RIOCC
- Region Intelligence and Operations Coordinating Center
TCN
- Third Country National
VCI
- Viet Cong Infrastructure
VIOCC
- Village Intelligence Operations Coordinating Center
VIP
- Volunteer Informant Program (C)
VIS
- Vietnamese Information Service
3
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