190122731.pdf

>tV|  kkVFA \uD luEm  VD z]

: TNPSC Group II > : ]B >EB BD : iz ]V VV^  1857 AE

VA\ >tV|  BV >kVBD z2 x>_W \uD x>[\ >V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] > sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD \Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_ \[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\ kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m. >  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][  > mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z >BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB, kkVFA \uD luE m



gphpl;b\hUf;F vjpuhd fyfq;fs; kw;Wk; Nghuhl;lq;fs;  1857Mk;

Mz;bw;F

Mq;fpy

Kd;G

Ml;rpf;F

Gul;rpfisAk;>

tiu vjpuhf

,af;fq;fisAk;

tUtha;

kjpg;gPl;bw;Fk;

thpt#ypf;Fk; Gjpa nfhs;ifia mwpKfk;

nra;jhh;fs;

elj;jpath;fs; rpW Ml;rpahsh;fs;>

Mq;fpNyah;fspd; epyj;jpd; kjpg;gPL

goq;Fbj;jiyth;fs;>

mjd;

njd;dpe;jpa

mike;jpUe;jJ.

ghisaf;fhuh;fs; Mth;.  ,th;fs;

tptrhapfs;>

kiytho;kf;fs; kw;Wk; jq;fs; Nghh; tPuh;fs;

MjuTld;

fpsh;r;rpapy;

fyfq;fs;

kw;Wk;

Nghuhl;lq;fspd;

Nehf;fk;

Mq;fpNyah;fis

jq;fs;

gFjpfspypUe;J

tpul;b

tpLtJ

my;yJ Kw;wpYk; xopj;J tpLtJ MFk;.

NkYk;

,oe;j

,e;jpa

Ml;rpahsh;fis kPz;Lk; Ml;rpapy; ,e;j

fpsh;r;rpfspd;

epythp

nrYj;jg;gl

Ntz;bapUe;jJ.  epy tpw;gid> mlkhdk;> nrhj;J Mfpatw;wpw;Fk;

gzk;

Njitg;gl;lJ.  ,jdhy; midj;J kf;fSk; fld; nfhLg;gth;fis

rhh;e;Nj

,Uf;f

Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ.  ,e;j

epyf;Fj;jifg;

gpur;rid

tptrhapfSf;Fk;

 Ml;rpia mkh;j;JtJ

mbg;gilapy;

gzkhf

khw;wk;


tpisjpwd;

epyr;Rthd;

jhh;fSf;FkpilNa cs;s cwtpy; rpf;fiy Vw;gLj;jpaJ.  Mq;fpNyahpd; ,e;j Gjpa tptrhaf;

Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nfhs;ifahy; [kPd;jhh;fs;> Mq;fpy

 Mdhy; 1857 Mk; Mz;bw;Fg;gpwF

gpujpepjpfs;> tl;bf; filf;fhuh;fs;

Mq;fpy

Ml;rpapd;

khWglNt kiytho;kf;fs;

jd;ik

Fbahdth;fs;> kw;Wk;

njhopyhsh;fspd; Nghuhl;lq;fspd;

MfpNahh;

goq;Fbapdh;

gFjpfSf;F mjpfhu

nrd;W>

th;f;fj;jpd;

Mq;fpy MjuTld;

goq;Fb kf;fis Ruz;bdhh;fs;.

jd;ik khWgl Muk;gpj;jJ. epy 1

  goq;Fbapdh;

epykw;w

njhopyhsh;fshfTk;>

 epyRthd;jhh;fSf;Fk;>

nfhj;jbik

gzk;

tl;bf;Fg;

nfhLg;gth;fSf;Fk;

tptrhapfshfTk; khwpdh;. ,jdhy;

gpd;dzpapy; gf;fgykhf Mq;fpy

goq;Fb kf;fspd; rKjha tho;f;if

muR

ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

tptrhapfs;

 fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Vo;ik epiyaile;j ,e;j

goq;Fbapdh;

,Wjpapy;

,Ug;gij kw;Wk;

,aw;ifahfNt
czh;ej ; goq;Fbapdh; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;

MdhYk;

etPd

MAjk; Ve;Jtij jtpu NtW top

njhopy;El;gk;> Nghh;j;js thlq;fs;>

,y;iy

MAjq;fs;

Nghd;wtw;wpd;

gphpl;b\hh;

fyfq;fis

vd;w

epiyf;F

js;sg;gl;ldh;.

%yk; xLf;fp

ntw;wp ngw;wdh;. t. vz; 1.

,af;fq;fs; / jiyth;fs; rhe;jhy; vOr;rp (Santhal Up rising) jiyth;fs;: kQ;rp>jhG Nfh\h;> rpNjh> fd;F.

,lk; / Mz;L

2.

rd;ahrp fyfk; tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; fpof;fpe;jpah 1770 (The Sanyasi Revolt)

3.

Rthh; vOr;rp (Chuar kjpdhg;g+h; (tq;fhsk;) 1766 Uprising) 1772> 1795 - 1816

4.

N`h vOr;rp Rising)

[hh;fz;l; (uh[;k`hy; kiyfs;) - 1854> 1855 - 56> 1872 82

(Ho [hh;f;fz;l; Nrhl;lh ehf;g+h; gPlg+kp 1820 - 22> 1831 - 37

Njhd;w fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs; fhuzq;fs;: i) epyf;Fj;jif cah;T> tl;bf;F fld; nfhLg;gth;fspd; mlf;FKiw ii) [kPd;jhh;fs;> tUtha; mjpfhhpfs;> fhty;Jiwapd; mlf;FKiwahy; rhe;jhy; kiytho;kf;fs; xU ,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;jdh;. rd;ahrp kiytho; kf;fspd; Gdpj jyq;fis ghh;itapl gphpl;b\hh; jiltpjpj;jjhy; eilngw;wJ. gQ;rk; kw;Wk; epythp cah;Tf;fhf Rthh; kiy tho;kf;fs; elj;jpa vOr;rpahFk;. gphpl;b\hh; kw;Wk; tl;bf;F gzk; nfhLg;gth;fs; kw;Wk; ,ilj;jufh;fshy; Nfhgkile;j Nrhl;lhehf;g+h; gPlg+kpapd; N`h kw;Wk; Kz;lh kiy tho; kf;fs; elj;jpa 2

 5.

Nfhy; fyfk; Mutiny)

6.

fe;j; vOr;rp (Kandh Upring) jiyth;: rf;uh gprha;

7.

mNfhk; fyfk; (Ahom Revolt) jiyth;: Nfhk;jhh; Nfhd;thh;

8.

fhrp vOr;rp (Khasi Uprising) jiyth;: jpuj; rpq;

9.

ghfy; ge;jpf;fs; (Pagal Panthis) jiyth;: fuk;\h> mtuJ kfd; jpg;G

10.

giurp fyfk; (Faraizi Revolt) jiyth;fs;: `[p \hpaj; my;yh>

(Kol

Nghuhl;lkhFk;. [hh;fz;l; 1831 rPf;fpah;fs; kw;Wk; K];yk P ;fs; epyq;fis ngw;W ,q;F FbNawpajhy; Nfhgkile;j Nrhl;lh ehf;g+h; gPlg+kp Nfhy; kf;fs; ,e;j fyfj;ij elj;jpdh;. ghl;dh 1837 - 56 fe;j; kiytho;kf;fspd; kdpjh;fis gypapLk; gof;fj;jpw;F (Human Sacrifice - Mariah) gphpl;b\; vjph;g;G njhptpj;J jLj;jjhy; fe;j; kf;fs; gphpl;b\hUld; Nghhpl;ldh;. m];]hk; 1828 Kjy; gh;kpa NghUf;F (1824 26) gpwF mNfhk; kiy tho; kf;fspd; m];]hk; gFjpapypUe;J ntspNaWtjhf cWjp mspj;j gphpl;b\;> ntspNaWtjw;F gjpyhf NkYk; gy gFjpfis $Ljyhf mgfhpf;fNt fyfk; eilngw;wJ. Nkfhyah (fhrp fhrp kiyg; gFjpapy; rhiy kiyfs;) - 1830 Vw;gLj;j gphpl;b\hh; Kad;wdh;. mjw;fhf Ntiy nra;tjw;fhf tq;fhspfs;> ntsp Ml;fs; Nghd;Nwhiu nfhz;LtuNt fhrp kiytho; kf;fs; Nfhgkile;J rz;ilapl;ldh;. tq;fhsk; 1820 Fj;jifj;jhuh;fs; kw;Wk; [kPd;jhh;fspd; mlf;F Kiwf;F vjpuhf tq;fhsj;jpd; tlf;F khtl;lj;jpd; xU kjf;FO (ghfy; ge;jpf;fs;) Vw;gLj;jpa Nghuhl;lkhFk;. fpof;F tq;fhsk; [kPd;jhh;fs;> 1838 -57 Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F vjpuhf fpof;F tq;fhs K];yPk;fspd; Nghuhl;lkhFk;. 3



11.

12.

13.

mtuJ kfd; JJ kpahd; gpy; vOr;rp (Bhil Uprisings) jiyth;: Nfthuk; uhNkhrp vOr;rp (Ramusi Rising) jiyth;: rpj;J}h; rpq; Kz;lh vOr;rp (Munda Revolt) jiyth;: gph;rh Kz;lh

14.

#uj; cg;G fpsh;r;rp (Surat Salt Agitation)

15.

jf;fhz tptrhapfs; vOr;rp (Peasant Uprising of Deccan)

16.

tp[aefuk; uh[htpd; vOr;rp (Revolt of Raja of Vizianagaram)

17.

Nghypfh;fs; fyfk; (Poligars Revolt)

18.

19.

jpthd; NtYj;jk;gp fyfk; (Divan Velu Rampi’s Revollt) uk;gh fpsh;r;rp (Rampa Revolt) jiyth;: mY}hp rPjhuhkuh[_

Nkw;F ,e;jpah 1817 - 19> 1825 46 Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs; 1822 - 29

Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhf elj;jg;gl;l vOr;rpahFk;. gphpl;b\hhpd; eph;thfj;jpw;F vjpuhf elj;jg;gl;l Nghuhl;lkhFk;. [hh;fz;l; Mq;fpy eph;thfpfs; Nrhl;lhehf;g+h; [kPd;jhh;fs; kw;Wk; 1890 -1900 tl;bf;fhuh;fspd; mlf;FKiwf;F vjpuhf ele;j vOr;rpahFk;. #uj; 1844 cg;G thp 50 igrhtpypUe;J 1 &gha;f;F cah;j;jg;gl;ljhy; elj;jg;gl;l fpsh;r;rpahFk;. jf;fhzk; (g+Nd> ,uaj;Jthhp Kiwahy; epythp mfkJ efh;) 1875 cah;j;jg;gLjy; kw;Wk; ,ilj;jufh;fspd; mlf;FKiwahy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. tl rh;f;fhh; 1765 Mq;fpNyahpd; epy Mf;fpukpg;G> md;gspg;G Ntz;Ljy; kw;Wk; gilfis fiyf;f tw;GWj;jpajhy; tp[aefu uh[h fyfj;jpy; 1922 -24 jpl;lk; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNya tUtha; Jiw mjpfhhpfspd; mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffSf;F vjpuhf eilngw;wJ.

4

 20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

Ffh fyfk; (Kuka Revolt) jiyth;fs;: gfj; [t`h; khy; my;yJ rpahd; rhNfg;> uhk;rpq; mThp Gul;rp (Indigo Revolt) jiyth;fs;: jpfk;gh; gp];th]; kw;Wk; gp\;Z gp];th]; ghg;dh tptrha yPf;

Nkw;F 1840

gQ;rhg; gQ;rhg; ,izg;gpw;F gpwF mlf;FKiw Mq;fpNyahpd; nray;ghLfSf;F vjpuhf eilngw;wJ. Muk;gj;jpy; ,J xU rPf;fpa kjr;rPhj ; ;jpUj;j mikg;ghFk;. tq;fhsk; 1859 - ,q;fpyhe;J tzpfh;fs; mThp 60 rhar; nrbia fl;lhakhf;fp tpistpf;ff; $wpajhy;> mjw;F vjpuhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Gul;rpahFk;. fpof;F tq;fhsk; [kPd;jhh;fspd; epythp 1870 -80 cah;j;Jjy; mlf;F KiwfSf;F vjpuhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Nghuhl;l mikg;ghFk;. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; nghpa epyr;Rthd;jhh;fspd; (m) xd;W gl;l mjpf epythp fhyp nra;jy; khfhzk; 1918 Nghd;w mlf;F KiwfSf;F vjpuhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,af;fkhFk;. 1920y; ghgh uhk; re;jpuhtpd; Ntz;LNfhSf; fpzq;f NeU tUif Ghpe;J Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;lhh;. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; mjpf epythp> thp 1921 t#ypg;gth;fspd; mlf;F Kiwahy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

fprhd; rig ,af;fk; (The Kisan Sabha Movement) jiyth;: nfshp rq;fh; kp];uh> ,e;jpuh ehuhazd; jptpNtjp> ghgh uhk;re;jpuh> Jh;fhghy; rpq; vfh ,af;fk; (Eka Movement) jiyth;: khjhhp gh]p khg;gpshf;fs; fyfk; kyghh; (Nfush) 1836 -1855 (Mappila Revolt) 1873 - 1885 1894 - 96 1920 - 21

kyghh; gFjpapypUe;j jPtputhj K];yk P ; Fj;jifjhuh;fs; khg;gpshf;fs; Mthh;. ,e;J [kPd;jhh;fspd; epythp cah;T mlf;FKiwfSf;nfjpuhf elj;jg;gl;l fyfkhFk;. gh;Njhyp rj;ahfpufk; gh;Njhyp jhY}fh - epytUtha; 30% #uj; 1928 (Bardoli Satyagraha) cah;j;jg;gl;ljw;F vjpuhf jiyth;fs;: elj;jg;gl;l rj;ahfpufkhFk;. rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly; 5

 27.

mfpy ,e;jpa yf;Ndh 1936 fprhd;rig /fhq;fpu]; The All India Kisan Sabha / Congress jiyth;:Rthkp \h[hde;j ru];tjp nghJnrayhsh;: N.G. uq;fh

tptrhapfspd; FiwghLfis Nghf;fTk;> Nghuhl;lk; elj;jp murplk; ePjp ngwTk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mikg;G. ,jd; gj;jphpf;if: ,e;Jyhy; ahf;dpf; (Indulal Yagnik) 1933y; N.G uq;fh> Me;jpuhtpy; ,e;jpa tptrhapfs; epWtdj;ij (The India’s Peasant’s Institute) Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. 28. njghfh ,af;fk; tq;fhsk; 1946 1946 y; tq;fhs khfhz fprhd; rgh - gpsl;FOtpd; (Tebhaga Movement) (Flood Commission) ghpe;Jiuahd ‘%d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F tpis nghUis epyj;ij cOgth;fSf;F nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;gij eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;b Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;wJ. 29. njYq;fhdh ,af;fk; Me;jpuk; 1947 -48 i`juhghj; ep[hKf;F vjpuhf kf;fs; kw;Wk; fk;a+dp];Lfspd; (Telungana MAjNke;jpa nfhhpy;yh Movement) jiyth;: Nghuhl;lkhFk;. 3000 Re;jua;ah fpuhkq;fis ghjpj;j nghpa Nghuhl;lkhFk;. njhopw;rhiyfspYk; Ntiy nra;a 2. njhopyhsh; Nghuhl;lq;fs; Muk;gpj;jdh;. (The movement of the working ,e;jpa njhopyhsh;fspd; class): gpur;ridfs;:  ,e;jpahtpy; 19-Mk; E}w;whz;by; 1. Fiwthd Cjpak; etPd njhopw;rhiyfs; cUthf 2. ePz;l Ntiy Neuq;fs; Muk;gpj;jd. Mapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l 3. Rfhjhukpd;ik njhopyhsh;fs; uapy;Ntf;fspYk; 4. mgha Ntiyfs; etPd njhopw;rhiyfspYk; gUj;jp 5. Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fs; kw;Wk; epyf;fhp 6. mbg;gil trjpfs; ,d;ik. njhopw;rhiyfspYk; rzy; njhopy;

6

 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l

,e;jpa

njhopyhsh;fspd; murplk;

gpur;ridfSf;F

NghuhlTk;>

jPh;T

ngwTk;

gy;NtW mikg;Gfs; Njhd;wpd.  rrpgjh Banerjea)

ghdh;[p

(Sasipada

vd;gth;

njhopyhsh;

\puk;[Ptp

apd;

Kjy; nghJr; nrayhsuhf jpthd; rhnkd;

vd;gtUk;

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.

fpsg;igAk; (Working men’s Club) ghuj;

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.AITUC

(Bharat vd;w

Shramhjeevei)

gj;jphpf;ifiaAk; 1870 Mk; Mz;L Muk;gpj;jhh;.

 1929y; K[hgh; mfkJ S.A. Nld;[;> N[hf;Nyf;fh;>

gpypg;

nrsfj;

c];khdp Nghd;w 31 njhopyhsh; jiyth;fis

kPul;

rjp

tof;fpy;

(1929) muR Fw;wk; rhl;b ifJ nra;jJ.

,J

njhopyhsh;

Nghuhl;lq;fis

tYtpyf;f

nra;jJ.

 1880 Mk; Mz;L ehuhaz; nkfh[p Nyhf;fhz;Nl

vd;gth;

jPdge;J

vd;w gj;jphpf;ifiaAk;> gk;gha;kpy;

 Rje;jpuj;jpw;F

gpwF

njhopyhsh;

Nghuhl;;lq;fs;

murpay;

mbg;gilapy; tYg;ngw;wd.

kw;Wk; kpy; N`z;l; (Mill Hands) $l;likg;igAk; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

1. NtY}h; fyfk;

 jpUney;Ntyp kw;Wk; J}j;Jf;Fbapy; t.c.rpjk;guk;gps;is Rg;gpukzpa njhopyhsh;

kw;Wk;

rpth

MfpNahh;

eyDf;fhf

Nghuhb

rpiw nrd;wdh;.

(Vellore Mutiny 1806):  jkpo;ehl;bd; Ke;ija tl Mw;fhL khtl;lj;jpd; jiyefuk; NtY}h;. jw;NghJ NtY}h; khtl;lk; vd;W ngah; khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1806 y;

 mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy; njhopyhsh; eyDf;fhf Nghuhl N.M. N[h\p

NtY}hpypUe;j ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fs; fyfj;jpy;
vd;gth; mf;Nlhgh; 31 1920y; mfpy ,e;jpa thzpg a+dpad; fhq;fpui] (All India Trade Union Congress) Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

mjd;

Kjy;

fhuzq;fs; (causes)  kjuh]pd; tpy;ypak;

MSeuhf ngz;bq;

jiytuhf me;j Mz;L ,e;jpa

mDkjpNahL

Njrpa

[hd;

jiytuhd

fhq;fpu]; yhyh

khehl;bd; y[gjp

uha;

gpuGtpd;

gilj;jsgjp

fpulhf;

jiyg;ghifAld; rPUilia

,Ue;j rh;

vd;gth; $ba

Gjpa

mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. 7

 ,e;j

jiyg;ghif

njhg;gpiag;

NghyNt

fhjzpfis

INuhg;gpa

Mfpa ,UtUk; ,ize;J jpl;lk;

,Ue;jJ.

jPl;bdh;. kPz;Lk; K];yPk; Ml;rpia

mzptJk;>

rka

Vw;gLj;j

Ntz;Lnkd;gjw;fhf

rpd;dq;fis ,l;Lf; nfhs;tJk;

NtY}h;fyfk;

jil nra;ag;gl;ld.

Gypj;Njth;>

 NkYk; rpg;gha;fs; jq;fs; Kfj;ij ed;whf

kopj;J>

kPirfis

jpg;G

Ry;jhd;

Vw;gl;l

vd;W

nfhz;l

,e;j

Mdhy;

eltbf;iffis

jq;fsJ

rka ,iof;fg;gl;l rpg;gha;fs;

epiyahy;

frg;Gzh;T

rpg;gha;fs;

NtY}h;

fyfj;jpd;
mtkjpg;ghf

fUjpdhh;fs;.

midtiuAk;

NkYk;

fpwpj;Jt

rkaj;jpw;F khw;Wk; Kaw;rpf;F ,J Kd;Ndhb vd;w fUj;J gutpaJ.  [_d; 17-k; Njjp 1806 Mk; Mz;L gilg;gphpitr;

Nrh;e;j

rpg;gha; K];jgh ngf; jd; cah; mjpfhhp

Nghd;NwhUf;F

kw;Wk;

r%fg;gof;ftof;fq;fSf;F

Kjyhk;

fhd;rhfpg;

fl;lnghk;kd; kUJ rNfhjuh;fs;>

xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; tpjpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

eilngw;wJ.

fh;dy;

Nghh;g;]plk;>

INuhg;gpa

,uhZt

mjpfhhpfisAk;

JUg;GfisAk;

g+z;NlhL mopg;gjw;fhd jpl;lk; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ njhptpj;jhh;. nra;jpf;F

vd;gij Mdhy;

mtuJ

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

jug;gltpy;iy.  NtY}h; fyfk; cUthtjw;F Kd;G Kd;G jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; %j;j kfd; gNj i`jh; kw;Wk; nkha;RjPd;

 [_iy 10 k; ehs; tpbaw;fhiy 1 kw;Wk; 23k; gilg;gphpit Nrh;ej ; ,e;jpa

rpg;gha;fs;

fyfj;ij

Njhw;Wtpj;jdh;. gphpTfspd; fh;dy;

,g;gilg;

,uhZt

ghd;

Nfhh;l;

mjpfhhp Kjypy;

gypahdhh;. 23k; gilg; gphptpd; ,uhZt mjpfhhpahd fh;dy; kp Nfu];>

mzp

tFg;G

ikjhdj;jpy;

Rl;L

tPo;j;jg;gl;lhh;.

mLj;J

nfhy;yg;gl;l ,uhZt mjpfhhp Nk[h;

Mk;];

Vwj;jho

l;uhq;

12f;Fk;

,uhZt

Mthh;. Nkw;gl;l

mjpfhhpfs;

nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.  NtY}h; ,Ue;j

Nfhl;ilf;F Nk[h;

iky;fSf;F ,uhzpg;Ngl;ilf;F

ntspNa

$l;];

14

mg;ghYs;s tpiue;J 8

 nrd;W

mq;fpUe;j

,uhZtj;jsgjp

fh;dy;

[py;y];gpaplk;

fhiy

7

kzpastpy; NtY}h; Gul;rpiag; gw;wp jfty; njhptpj;jhh;. Rkhh; fhiy 9 kzpastpy; [py;y];gp ,uhZtg;gilAld;

NtY}h;

Nfhl;ilia mile;jhh;.  mjw;Fs; fpsh;r;rpahsh;fs; jpg;G Ry;jhdpd;

%j;j

kfd;

gNj

i`jiu

Gjpa

Ry;jhdhf

mwptpj;J

jpg;G

Ry;jhdpd;

Gypf;nfhbiaAk; gwf;f tpl;ldh;. Mdhy;

,f;fpsh;r;rp

[py;ny];gpapdhy;

fh;dy;

cldbahf

mlf;fg;gl;lJ.

Nfhl;ilf;Fs;

kl;Lk; 800 ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. NtY}hpYk;

jpUr;rpapYk;

600

rpg;gha;fs;

rpiwg;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;. J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh;. jpg;Gtpd;

kfd;

mDg;gp

rpyh; ,Wjpahf

fy;fj;jhtpw;F itf;fg;gl;lhh;.

gilj;jsgjpAk;> MSeUk;

gl;ldh;.

Kiwahf

jpl;lkplg;glhjjhy;

NtY}h;

fyfk; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ. kjpg;gPL:  1857 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; NghUf;F NtY}h; fyfk; Kd;Ndhb

vd;W

rthh;f;fh;

fUJfpd;whh;.  Mdhy; NtY}h;f;fyfk; 1857 k; Mz;L rpg;gha; fyfj;jpw;F top tFj;jJ vd;w $w;iw Nf.Nf. gps;is vd;w tuyhw;W Mrphpah; kWf;fpwhh;.  ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;F jkpoh;fNs Kd;Ndhbfshf

jpfo;e;jdh;

vd;W rQ;rPtp $wpAs;shh;.  fhydpahjpf;fj;ij kUJ

vjph;j;J

rNfhjuh;fs;

elj;jpa

Nghuhl;lj;jpd;

njhlh;r;rpNa

NtY}h;

vd;W

fyfk;

Nf.

uhra;ad; vd;w tuyhw;W mwpQh; fUJfpwhh;.

nrd;id jpUg;gpaiof;fg;

Kf;fpakhd tptrhap ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; rq;fq;fs; ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; tUlk;

gpuhe;jpak;

jiyth;

ghfy; gd;b]; ,af;fk;

tq;fhsk;

Fuk;\h kw;Wk; jpg;G \h

Fwpf;Nfhs; thlif td;Kiwahf eRf;fg;gl;lJ.

cah;T

9

 Kk;gh vOr;rpfs;

Kyghh;

Fkh`k;kj; n`hrp kw;Wk; Vyp kpA+]yp[pah;

,z;bNfh nuty;yl;

ehbah

bfk;ghh; kw;Wk; gp\;D gps;th];

ghl;dh mfhpad; vOr;rp (1872)

ghl;dh khtl;lk; fpof;F tq;fhsk;

G+dh rh;tn[dpf; rgh (1870)

rk;gud; (Sampran) rj;ahfpufh (1917)

Nflh (Kheda) rj;jpahfpufk; (1918)

jhdh khtl;lk; nfhyk;gh kw;Wk; uj;dfphp rk;gud;> gP`hh;

Nflh> F[uhj;

U.P. fp\hd; rgh

Mtj; tptrhapfs; ,af;fk; (1918)

tUtha; Nfhhpf;if kw;Wk; fd msT Fiwg;G Mfpatw;wpw;F vjpuhf

INuhg;gpa ,d;bNfh fkp\d; (1860) tpjpf;fg; gl;l tpjpfSf;F vjpuhf epiyikfisf; fhz mikf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. Rh\ re;jpg; uha; rk;G Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fis ghy;> Nfhb Ky;yh chpikahf;Ftijj; kw;Wk; B.C rhl;lh;[p jLg;gjw;fhf [kPd;jhuh;fspd; nfhs;if RC jj; fSf;F vjpuhf> ngq;fhy; FbAhpikr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg; gl;lJ. tptrhapfs; rl;l M.C. uhdNl chpikfis gpugyg;gLj;Jtjw;F

tptrhapfs;

fhe;jp> tptrhapfs;

INuhg;gpa ,z;bNfh Miyfshy; Rkj;jg;gl;l bq;fp];lh mikg;Gf;F vjpuhf rk;guhd; rl;lk; jpq;fjpah Kiwia xopj;jJ. gaph; nraypog;G tof;fpy; epy tUthiaf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf Gwf; fzpf;fg; gl;l KiwaPL fSf;F vjpuhf Nfhhpf;if ,Wjpahf epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

kjd;Nkhfd; khytpah kw;Wk; ,e;jpuh eNud; gpnua;yp gpujg;fh;f;

10

 cj; fp\hd; rgh (1920)

cj;

NeU kw;Wk; ghgh uhk; re;jpuh

Me;jpuh tptrhapfspd; rq;fk; (1928) My; ,e;jpah fp\hd; rgh (1936)

Me;jpuh

N.G. uq;fh

Rthkp rfh[de;jh

[kpd;jhh; Kiwia xopf;f xg;Gf; nfhs;Sjy; nghUshjhu ,Ue;J ghJfhg;G

Ruz;ly; tptrhapfs;

11