(1899) Distribution Of Negritos In The Philippines

GIFT OF MICHAEL REESE

r

THE NEGRITOS

THE

Distribution of the Negritos IN

THE

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ELSEWHERE

BY

A. B.

MEYER,

m.d.

Director of the Eoyal Zoological, Anthropological and

Ethnographical

.P^

STENGEL &

Museum

at

Dresden

Jt< \^)i

CO., 1899

DEESDEN

S

/ /

(oc

PREFACE ihe

is

a translation of two chapters (pages

my work

on the Negritos of the Philippines

following

67-87) from

(volume IX of the Publications of the Koyal Ethnographical

Museum up

of Dresden,

date.

to

ments,

with 10 plates, in

The other chapters

Implements

of

different

folio,

are headed:

1893), brought Clothing, Orna-

Weapons,

kind.

Portraits,

Tattooing, Ethnographical Notes, Psychological Notes, Anthropological

Notes,

Language

and Bibliography, and

treat

of

these topics in 70 folio pages.

The

translation of the ttvo chapters I.

The

Distribution

Philippines, 11.

of the

Negritos within the

of the

Negritos beyond the

and

The Distribution Philippines

has been undertaken by Miss C. S. Fox, ally for the careful

manner

whom

I

thank cordi-

in which she has performed the task.

A, B.

M.

CONTENTS Page

V

Preface I.

...

The Distribution of the Negritos within the Philippines 1. The Philippines in general 2. Luzon and the small islands in its immediate vicinity 3. Mindoro ^ 4. Panay 5. Negros :-^_,i,_-j.\i i-

.

14 16

>.,

8.

Bohol Mindanao Palawan

9.

Eesult

7.

II.

11

13

-

6.

1

3

'^TivV

1''

17

.-

19 19

The Distribution

of the Negritos beyond the Philippines

.

.

21

1.

Introductory Eemarks

23

2.

Borneo

3.

Celebes and Sangi

24 30

4. 5.

Timor The Moluccas and Lesser Sunda

6.

Java

7.

10.

Sumatra Banka and the islands oft' the N.E. coast of Sumatra Engano and Nias Eesult as to Sumatra and neighbourhood Formosa

11.

Japan

^3

12.

China

5'^

8. 9.

35

38

Isles

<

Biliton,

Eesult as to the Dutch Possessions, Chin^ and Japan 13.

Malacca

14.

Andaman

15.

Mergui Islands

Islands

Nicobar Islands

17.

Annam, Cochin China, Cambodia

18. India 19.

and Australia

New Guinea

48 48 49

61

62 63

•

16.

40 44 46

64 ,

65 65

66 '^6

""

Conclusion Index of Authors quoted

91

I

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE NEGRITOS WITHIN THE PHILIPPINES

Meyer, Negritos (May

23tl', 1899)

•y

1.

THE PHILIPPINES

GENERAL

IN

Blwnentritfs excellont memoirs ("Yersucli einer graphie der Philippinen "

No. 67, 1882, Soc. Geogr. to be

p.

3-5, and "Eazas del Arch.

Madrid" 1890) leave very

adduced here on

this subject

remaining as uncertain as before.

Spanish, and other authors,

and trustworthy information were able

;

little

In spite of so

much having

are only indebted for original

to

such few scientific travellers

and

to

make

It

from the other savage

observations on their

the bulky literature

which

own

account,

and other vague de-

would be therefore quite useless exists

on

to

criticise

this subject.

^

few remarks

may

of the Negritos in the Philippines

was

Taking our stand on Blmnentritfs be

new matter

we

not setting to work simply with names

seriously

actually

our knowledge of details

to distinguish the Negritos

tribes (Malays)

signations.

Filip." in "Bull.

on the Negritos of the Philippines by native,

been written

as

Etliiio-

"Petermann's Mitth.", Erg.-Heft

in

results, a

sufficient.

The given

total

number

by Blumentritt

van Ned.

Ind.,

5^*^ ser.,

("Bijdr. Taal-,

Land- en Volkenkunde

1890, V, p. 121) as

20000

in the year

* For example it is scarcely an exaggeration to declare that of 439 pages on the Negritos produced by that voluminous Spanish the writer Paterno ("Los Itas", Madrid 1890), not a single line can be used. The book cannot indeed be taken seriously, for after deducting what

has been copied word for word, the remainder

may be

designated as

half invention, and hah' misapprehension.

1*

THE PHILIPPINES IN GENEEAL 1889/ the whole population 7V2 millions; it

an attempt at approximation,

this is of course only

being quite impossible even to conjecture whether

sponds with

facts.

A

being

of the Philippine Islands

it

corre-

census cannot be taken of the swarm-

ing hordes scattered over wide tracts of country, in part only nominally under Spanish rule;

neither

can any

trustworthy

opinion be formed as to whether their numbers are at present

Although

decreasing.

in the country,

at the

time of the arrival of the Spaniards

and probably long before, the Negritos were

in process of being driven back

certain that

feared by

their

numbers were then

their neighbours,

So

by the Malays, yet

Morga

says

which at

the

larger,

now

is

appears

it

they were

for

only exceptionally

end of the

16*11

century

the

case.

"Es

gente barbara, de quien no se tiene seguridad, inclinados

k matar, y d acometer a las poblazones de los otros naturales,

en

que

hacen muchos dauos, sin que sa haya podido hacer

reparo que lo impida, ni reducirlos, ni pacificarlos"

"Sucesos",

qL

Rizal, 1890, p. 259; compare too the English

Edition of the Hakluyt Society by Stanley 1868, first

{Morga:

p. 267).

The

mention of the Negritos was made, as far as I know, by

the Chinese author

Chao

13"^ Century (not^ before

jfu-ktia,

1205 ^ who

compiled information respecting the the Chinese, and the peoples

statements at least

may be

the

beginning of the

in his

work Chu-fan-chih

at

maritime

who took part

easily taken

commerce in

it.

as referring

of

Certain to

the

Negritos of the Philippmes, though we cannot be absolutely > Junghuhn ("Battalander", p. 290) estimated them in the year 1847 as only 600 (with a query), no doubt erroneously, Brinton ("Am. Anthr.", p. 295 and 298) in 189S as 10000 or less. I believe that there

is

no reason to neglect Bluvientritt' s estimation, he being in every respect

very trustworthy and careful. ^ See also Hirth: "Ancient Porcelain" 1888, p. 47; my paper on Seladon porcelain in ("Abh. Per. Mus. Dresden") 1889, p. 5 and 39; also

Hirth: "Chin. Studien" 1890,

I,

p. 29.

THE PHILIPPINES IN GENERAL In Chapter XLI, entitled San-hsil, I find from a M.

certain.

my

translation kindly placed at

also his "Chin. Studien" 1890,

valleys there

of these

1,

disposal p.

Prof.

Hirth

of

men

Hai-tan.

called

are small in size and have round and yellow eyes

They

and their teeth sliow through their

have curly hair

S.

(see

41 and 40): "In the depths

a tribe

lives

by

they

;

lips."

San-hsu, or the three islands called Ka-ma-yen, Pa-lao-yu,

and Pa-ki-nung possibly stand

Mindanao, Palawan and

for

Panay-Negros-Cebu; these together with Pai-pu-yen (LeyteSamar) and Pu-li-lu (Bohol) form Ma-yi, lying to the North

which means the whole of the Philippines when

of Borneo,

not

does wliich

refer

the

is

discussion

of a

result

However

Luzon. ^

only to

name Hai-ian those

such

as,

ita,

itim,

black,

(Malay

can

only

be taken

would correspond with

Aheta, Eta, Aita, Aigta,

etc.,

etc,^,

ita7n,

from the Tagaloc

Bicol ytom

n.

to identify

—

etc.).

See however dc Lacouperic's explanation of similar names

^

As. Soc",

The

need of confirmation.

Ae^a^,

Agta, Inagta, Ate] Atd,

Ita, Atta,

adjective

in

as given to the Negritos

in use,

still

much

explanation,

between the lamented

Dr. Rizal, Prof. Blumentritt and myself, as a conjecture standing

this

it

("J.

E.

But when this writer (p. 447) seeks the names Shunai and Kamtang from the Chinese Annals of s.,

1887, XIX, p. 454).

A. D. 628 and 636 with the Philippines (Shu-nai), and the Gaddanes of

Luzon (Kamtang), (p.

I

cannot in any way agree with him; nor when he

451) identifies the Hala of the Chinese with the Tag-ala; one reason

being that the latter chew betel-nut, which the Hala do not.

these

^ As an example of what may occasionally be found relative to names even in standard works, see Hollander's "Handleiding bij de

beoef. der land en

where

it is

volkenkunde van Ned. 0. Indie",

stated that the Negritos

4tii

ed. 1882,

I,

p. 103,

are called Actas in Manila,

and

Even if the writer understands by Manila would be wrong.

Negritos in the Philippines. the whole of Luzon this *

There are a number of similar sounding names used by various

The supposition is no use in mentioning all of these. which / formerly mooted ("Uebcr die Negritos der Philippincn" 1878, p. 10) that the name is connected with the despised J^/fl- Caste of Japan writers,

is

but there

erroneous.

THE PHILIPPINES IN GENEEAL Further their eyes are designated as round in contrast with the

and

narrow and oblique eyes of the Chinese, the

cause iris.

shows yellow

sclerotic coat

The Negritos

are

hair.

remarkable in contrast with with

negroes,

all

against the very dark

by their small

besides characterized

and their curly

stature

yellow^ be-

as

Their white teeth also appear as is the case

their dark skin,

and as opposed to the teeth of the betel-

chewing Malays, which are black in consequence of It is

therefore

not at

all

here described the Negritos of the Philippines. 1

a

this practice.

improbable that Chao-Ju-kua has ^

Von Luschan ("Zeitschr. fiir Ethnol.", Verb., 1893, p. 274) observed in a boy from German New Gumea.

yeUow conjunctiva

may be of interest to quote here another old report on the Galvano: "The discoveries of the World", ed. .S^Mmw^ (Hakluyt Soc), 1862, p. 234: "In the same yeere 1543, and in the moneth of August, the generaU Eui Lopez sent one Bartholomew de la torre in a (smal) 2 It

Negritos.

ship into

with

many

all

new

Spaine, to acquaint the vizeroy don Antonio de

things.

others,

The went

Mendofa and

to the Islands of Siria, Gaonata, Bisaia,

standing in 11 and 12 degrees towards the north, where there baptized also, who

Magellan had beene, and Francis de Castro

.

(many), and the Spaniards called the Philippinas in

.

.

memory

of the prince

Here they tooke victuals and wood, and hoised sailes from whence they had So sayling in 16 degrees of northerly latitude Come, as it seemeth, wanting winde they arrived againe at the Islands They had sight of 6 or 7 islands more, but they of the Philippinas. of Spaine.

.

.

.

ankered not at them. They found also an Archepelagus of Islands well ., inhabited with people, lying in 15 or 16 degrees: the people be white and the weomen (well proportioned, and) more beautifull and better arraied than in any other place of those parts, hauing many iewels of .

.

which was a token that there was some of that metal in the same Here were also barkes of 43 cubits in length, and 2 fathomes and a halfe in bredth, and the plankes 5 inches thicke, which barkes were rowed with oares. They told the Spaniards, that they vsed to saile in them to China and that if they would go thither they should haue

gold,

countrie.

,

pilots to conduct them, the countrie not being aboue 5 or 6 dales sayling

from thence. There came vnto them also certaine barkes or boates handsomely decked, wherein the master and principal! men sate on high, and and being vnderneath were very blacke moores with frizled haire demanded where they had these blacke moores, they answered, that they had them from certaine islands standing fast by Sebiit, where there were many of them, a thing that the Spaniards much maruailed at, because .

.

.

:

THE PHILIPPINES IN GENERAL Blwnentritt who treated the Negritos exhaustively in his standard work "Versuch einer Ethnographio der Philippinen", as far as

he was able to do so in the year 1882,

who

writer

is

the only

has since produced anything noteworthy on the

we except Montana ("Mission aux

Philippines"

subject,

if

1885,

40-49 and 159-161, PL I-IV), who must however

p.

be used with

caution,

Marche ("Lu9on

and

1887, p. 277 and 345).

et

Palaouan"

All other authors, especially Spanish

and Philippine have repeated solely what was already known, and

this

they

have besides generally misunderstood.

Since

1882 Blmneyitritt has published the following papers: 1)

"On the Negritos

("Ausland" 1883, 2)

"On

p.

Prov. Bataan,

Luzoii''

Short description.

578).

the East Coast oi Luzon, after G. Wallis' Diary"

("Globus" 1883, XLni, 3)

of Limay,

"The Negritos

1884, XXVII,

p.

317).

NegTitos of Binangonan.

377).

p.

of Baler" ("Mitth. Geogr. Ges.

On

^the

Wien"

language of these Negritos of

the East coast of Luzon.

from thence

was aboue 300 leagues to the places where the black it seemed, that they were not naturally borne in that climate, but that they be in certaine places scattered ouer the For euen so they be in the Islands of whole circuite of the world Nicobar and Andeman, which stand in the gulfe of Bengala, and from it

people were.

Therefore

.

.

.

thence by the space of 500 leagues

we doe not know

of any blacke people.

Also (Vasco Nunez de) Valboa declareth that as he went to discouer the

South sea, in a certaine land named Quareca, he found black people with frizled haire, whereas there were neuer any other found either in

Noua Spagna, *

In part

Islands" 1890,

1896,

p. 410),

Peru

or in Castilia del Oro, or in

the

pages

same applies

e.

g. to

209-211), LapUque

Worcester

("The Phil.

Is."

." .

.

Foreman ("The Philippine

("Annales 1898,

C'Sb. Akad. Berlin" 1897, p. 279 and 1899, p. 14)

do

Geogr.

p. 438), ;

Paris"

and Virchoio

the latter using the

names of "Indies" and "Alfuros" for the non-Negrito tribes, thus creating anew confusion with terms better abandoned (see my paper in "Sb. Akad. Wien" 1882, p. 550); it is difficult indeed for an author to write on races which he has never actually seen.

THE PHILIPPINES IN GENEEAL on the Negritos ... of Northern Luzon'''

4) "Keports

("Globus" 1884, XLV,

Marriage, Worship of Ancestors.

p. 75).

"A Tour in the District Few remarks. 105).

5) (ibid, p.

6)

.

.

"NegTitos

.

("Mitth. Anthr. Ges. 7)

Mindanao'

de Cayayan in

of the Valle

Wieu"

Ges.

("Zeitschr.

Few

1884, p. 52).

accompanying

"Notes

East Luzon'''

of Principe,

Map

his

remarks. the

of

Luzon''''

Erdkunde Berlin"

Island

of

1884,

XIX,

("Globus"

1885,

NegTitos of Mindanao.

p. 281).

"The Negritos

8)

XLVIII,

of the Philippines"

Kemarks on

p. 7).

their occurrence,

particularly in

Mindanao.

"The Natives

9)

Geogr. Ges. Wien" 1886,

p.

of Mindanao''

Island

of the

2 of the

sep. copy).i

("Mitth.

The Aids

there, who, as Blumentritt pointed out subsequently ("Peterm.

Mitth." 1891, p. 109), are however not Negritos.

"The Montain Tribes

10)

1889,

1 of the sep. copy).

p.

11) "Breve Diccionario

pages

5,

12 and

8,

de Filipinas" (1889,

etnografico

a

8,

Dumagat, Mamanuas,

marked on

letter- press

this

differs

map

but

14,

24,

20,

42,

map supplementing

"Ethnography" of 1882, down

The

there.

Kazas del Archipelago Filipino"

sep. copy), with

is

(ibid.

etc.

etc.

12) "Las

Negritos

Negros"

the various inland designations of

Geogr. Madrid" 1890, pages

63 of the

The Negritos

Articles Balugas,

13).

Negritos, as well as under

the Aeta,

of the Isle of

1890.

to

with

little

N

(in

("Bol. 51,

that

Soc.

59 and in the

The occurrence of Mindanao with

from No.

11.

43).

See notices

under the same headings. ^

of

Many

issuing

giving the is taken.

editors of scientific periodicals still have the had habit

single

name

reprints without the original paging,

and without

or the volume of the periodical from which the reprint

THE PHILIPPINES IN GENEEAL 13) "Alphabetical Philippines,

the sep. copy).

XXV,

1890,

Differing but

notices under the

Native

Tribes

of

the

p.

pages

4,

14 and 16 of

10,

from Nos. 11 and

little

See

12.

same headings.

"The Atas

Verb., 1891,

the

of

and of the Languages spoken by them" ("Zeitschr.

Ges. Erdk. Berlin"

14)

List

of South Luzon'' ("Zeitschr.

Negrito

436).

fiir

Ethnol."

half-breeds in Camarines

and

Alb ay.

Geogr.

Map of East Mindanao'' ("Mitth. Wien" 1891, XXXIV, p. 345, with Map LX).

"Notes to

15)

Ges.

the

NegTitos (Mamanuas) of North-east Mindanao.

"The Natives

16)

of the

of

Isle

Palawan and of the

Calamanian Group" ("Globus" 1891, LIX,

p.

182 and 183).

NegTitos and Negrito half-breeds of Palawan. 17) "Contributions

our Knowledge of the Negritos"

to

XXVII, 6 pages

("Zeitschr. Ges. Erdk. Berlin" 1892, sep. copy).

in the

Negritos of Cagayan, from the North-east coast ^

and of Camarines

Luzon,

in

new statements regarding

well

as

the

as

Some

of Negros.

manners and customs of the

Negritos of Camarines.

"The Negritos

18)

The Island

p. 304). is

peopled

by

of Alabat"

of Alabat' on

Negrito

("Globus"

the East

half-breeds,

called

LXI,

1892,

coast of

Luzon

Dumagat

and

Maritimos. 19)

"The Negritos

Luzon" ("Mitth. Geogr. but extremely warlike

bouring

Malays.

of the

Ges.

tribe,

Possess

Upper Rio Grande de Cagayan,

Wien"

A

1893, p. 329).

small

which terrorizes over the neighsacred

spots

where

skulls

are

stored.

20) "Eoport" on

de Ziihiga's

"Estadismo do

Filipinas" od. Retana, 1893, ("Mittli. GeogT. Ges. p.

237). '

Remarks on the Negritos

Compare* No.

4,

which

is

las

Wien"

of Luzon.

derived from the same source.

Islas

1895,

THE PHILIPPINES IN GENEEAL

10

21)

"On

the Negritos

Mindanao or the Mamanuas"

of

("Int. Arch, fur Ethn." 1896, p. 251).

Inhabit the Interior of

the North-east corner of the island of Mindanao.

The papers 1-6, of Luzon,

hut

materially

increase

glad

and 17-20 deal with the Negritos

14,

we

as

our

to have them,

are

knowledge.

also

It

they do not

appears

some of the sources of information are not

that

worthy, for the priests criticise their

own

who

reports

sufficiently

enable them to lay

they certify the occurrence

as

the North East of Mindanao,

had been thrown. accounts

to

Nos. 7-9, 15, and 21 treat of

Mindanao, and are important in

of the

me

are mostly our informants do not

claim to absolute authenticity.

of Negritos

to

quite trust-

Nos. 10

NegTitos

and

of

17

give

Negros;

on which doubt the

detailed

first

No. 16

of

those

of

Palawan.

We

now examine

will

the Negritos in

them

ofl'er

the Islands

separately as far as

occasion for comment.

I

be trustworthy, or

at least

discuss certain reports so unreliable and

further notice;

existence

probably trustworthy. aU,

for

example

of Negritos

in p.

opinion they deserve no

older

ones

relating

hera; (see

to the

Schurtz' misstatements^

or

149 and 220), or Worcester's ("Phil.

These do not concern the Philippines alone.

same

If I do not

my

He

places Negritos,

or cross-breeds with them, in "Gilolo and Halmahera", not this is one and the

island, Gilolo

knowing that

being only a district of Halma-

further wrongly in Timor, Flores, IBorneo, Java, Sumatra,

below).

As

to

because I hold them for

the

Sulu,

me

is

it

vague that in

("Volkerkunde" 1893, '

at

how-

shall

ever mention here only such statements as appear to

to the Philippines,

he

calls

etc.

the Igorrotes cross-breeds

between Malays and Negritos, though they are pure Malays; he places the Manguianes in Mindanao instead of in Mindoro; and the like. It is difficult to accumulate more errors in a few pages. Redus general statements ("Nouv. Geogr." 1889, XIV, p. 537 seq) are better, though these too contain fantastic notions, and the accui'ate.

map

of distribution

(p.

541)

is in-

LUZON 1898,

Is."

438 and 473),

p.

11

Should I have overlooked

etc.

any trustworthy piece of information,

the originator's

I ask

pardon.

LUZON AND THE SMALL ISLANDS

2.

IN ITS IMMEDIATE VICINITY

1872

In February

Laguna

that Negritos

noted

and

de Bay,

was staying in Sa. Cruz on the

I

They descend from the neighbouring mountains,

seen there.

where they

live independently,

and paths;

it

very

is

They

are

They

fall in

was there

with any.

as they

are

but in his

must

in searcliing

marked here by

Phil."),

(as far I

the Island of Alabat,

found' on

map of 1882 ("Ethn.

I

particular trouble

took no

I

East coast of Luzon. in his

Lagima, and

week, I did not

for a

however add that for them.

meet with them,

to

Although they inhabit a whole

shun aU contact with others.

Mauban)

away from the frequented roads

difficult

tract of country east of the

as

occasionally

are

off

the

Bluntentrilt

map

of

1890

(No. 12) he has omitted them, and placed a note of interrogation in the letter -press (p. 25); in the

only

mentions

mixed race

a

"Globus" 1892 (No. 18) he

of Tagals

and NegTitos there.

me however

Their occurrence in this locality appears to

be placed beyond der Galathea",

all

German

ed.

1852,

I,

p. 451),

for the

Negrito

are called Dumagates (as the Negritos are

who

half-breeds,

to

doubt by Steen Billes reports ("Keise

on the East coast of Luzon) are alluded to here, as well as the pure NegTitos

:

"

The Dumagates inhabit the two extreme

points, the south-easterly

Alabat.

As

christians.

colouring,

.

a .

.

their

rule

They hair,

and north-westerly, of the Island of

they differ

and

live

from

on the

coast

.

.

.

They

are

the Aetas in respect of their

their noses.

I [Sr.

Ynigo Azaola

LUZON

12

am

of Manila]

inclined

regard them as the offspring of

to

Aeta women and Carneo men."

And: "The Aetas inhabiting

Alabat change their place of residence frequently.

Mena

[P. Esievan

Antimonan]

of

fresh hordes each time, and

when

ones I was told that they had

When

went over there I

I

found

I

enquired about the former

moved

the

to

opposite side,

the mountains which separate the province of Tayabas

viz. to

from the provinces of North and South Camariues."

Accord-

ing to Blumentritf s interesting notes (No. 17) their frequent occurrence in Camarines

breeds

^

is

now

The appearance ofNegTitos on

in South Camarines (No. 14).

the

Island

Manila, I

authenticated,^ Negrito cross-

being found near Mt. Isarog in Lagonoy, Sironca and

Corregidor^ at

of

the

entrance

the

of

Bay

of

has not been registered yet as far as I can see, but

my

noted in

diary

that

some resided there

may mention

here

an interesting notice by Ziimga

at

also,

least

temporarily.-'*

I

("Estadismo de las

islas Fil",

from the beginning of of

Angat

the

in

head-hunters, '

this

North-east

who

used

to

ed. Retaiia,

1893,

I,

p.

421)

century concerning the Negritos of Manila,

send

in

days

those

messages by the

still

aid

of

Wliat Marche represents as Negritos of Iriga ("Tour du monde" liv., p. 217, and "Lufon" 1887, p. 207) are Negritos of

1886, LI, 1317th

North Luzon

(see

my "Album von

Pliilippinen-Typen"

1885,

plates

I -III).

To these belong therefore the so-called Cimarrones skulls of neighbourhood {Virchow "Zeitschr. fiir Ethn.", Verb., 1883, p, 390 '^

this

and 399), which have notbuig in common with the Malay Igorrotes of North Luzon. '

When Landau

("Keisen" 1889,

p. 70) says

that the Negritos are

"masters" of almost the entire northerly portion of Luzon, this like many other of his remarks must not be taken seriously. On page 75

he says that Negrito half-breeds will be found in the whole of the Philippines, while on page 89 he denies this with respect to the Igorrotes. Dr. Landau was however in spite of these and other incongruities "satisfied

with the results of his Philippine investigations" (page

95).

MINDOEO knotted

custom

a

grass-stalks,

13

may perhaps be

which

in

practice there now.

Notwithstanding these distinct reports wliich supplement our previous information, the picture which we possess of the

Negritos of Luzon and the neighbouring small islands

can

only be put together like a piece of mosaic; there are however

more spaces than until

stones,

and we

shall not

be better informed

well-qualified investigator devotes himself for years

some

to the study of the Negritos

on the

spot,

a task which

can

only be accomplished with the greatest self-sacrifice.^

MINDORO

3.

The only relative ^

to

As a curiosity 3rd

Angat in Btdacan,

who

ser.,

will

^

quote an opinion of

1846, V, p. 377),

(therefore

in the

who

Itier's ("Bull. Soc.

in the neig-hbourhood of

North of Manila) met a pair

Endamene

(p.

378)

of

whom he calls Papuans an hour later whom he designates as belonging to the

followed him, and

he met three others true

I

in this island is due

of Negritos

the occurrence

G(5ogr. Paris",

Negritos,

awakening somewhat more confidence

notice

;

race ("veritable race des Endamenes").

These were the

aborigines, they were driven out by the Papuans, and they in their turn by the Tagals. Negritos and Papuans together in the Philippines!

—

—

his description is very

So far did this otherwise serious observer allow himself to be taken in by theories then in vogue (compare Mr/«?V/t^: "Beitrage Ethn. Asien " 1837, p. 2), and some writers

readable

—

—

have not yet severed themselves from equally unprovcn hypotheses. Another curiosity: Prichard ("Nat. Hist, of Man", Germ, ed., 1848, IV, p. 232, also 4th

instead of

''de

Engl, ed., 1855, H, p. 462) quotes Lafond's ("of Lavey'' reports on the Negritos of the Isle of "Lasso".

Lurcy'')

"They precisely resemble the Negroes of the Isle of Luzon." copied in several other works. There is however no such isle

This was as "Lasso",

itself is meant, it being a description of a visit paid by Lafond to the Negritos of Ilocos norte near Vigan. (See "Bull. Soc. Googr. article: Paris", 2nd ger., 1835, IV, p. 328, re- printed, as is the whole 308-341, "Description des habitants primitifs des Philippines", 1. c. p. 77-86 in the same authors „Quinze ans de voyages" 1840, II, p. 168; p.

and Luzon

and 153-184 respectively).

MINDOEO

14

to

Lafond ("Sur

les noirs des ties Philippines et des grandes

terres de la Malaisie et de I'Australie" Paris,"

2°'^ ser.,

1836, V,

p. 159),

who

in "Bull. Soc. Geogr.

says that he saw several

Negritos ("petits noirs") there, and as he knew the NegTitos of

Luzon very well

Phil.",

1.

He was

c, 1835, IV, p. 308)

West

also IV, p. 340), but

coast of the Island

(1.

compare

c, V,

no-one has since corroborated his

The occurrence

likely, for

some weight.

his utterance has

Galera in the North of Mindoro, and, on the

at Po.

East as well as the

mony.

des habitants primitifs des

(see "Descr.

of Negritos in

Mmdoro

is

testi-

a priori

they are found living in the neighbouring Luzon as

well as inPanay, and this consideration together with certain

statements declare: in

made

to

me

"There appears

in Manila induced

me

one time to

at

be no doubt as to their occurrence

to

Mindoro" ("Negritos" 1878,

p.

11).

I

must however now

designate this remark as one which will not stand the test of criticism.

Blumentritt makes no

his article on

Mindoro in "Petermann's Mittheilungen" (1884,

p. 89),

and Schadenberg wrote

neither he nor his

many

mention of NegTitos in

me

in

acquaintances

the in

year

1895 that

Mindoro had seen

pure Negritos there, though half-breeds occur plentifully. the interior of the island

is

entirely

unknown, we may

As still

perhaps expect to find pure Negritos.

4.

PANAY

The Negritos from the mountains I

met

in the

year 1872

in Iloilo

of the interior

("Negritos"

1878,

whom p.

26)

were just as poor and degraded as those of Bataan in Luzon;

me

they begged of not satisfied with

in a

silver.

most impudent manner, and were

Jagor

("Phil." 1873, p. 51) gives a

PANAY

1867,

p.

Davis ("Thesaurus

from there.

female

of a

picture

15

300 and "Journ. of Anthr." 1870,

p.

cran."

140) has

de-

scribed two Negrito skulls from Panay (see also de Quatrefages

and Haniy: "Crania ethnica" 1882,

178); but whether a

p.

from Guimaras, which he mentions on page 302,

skull

is

really a Negrito skull remains doubtful, although the occurrence

Guimaras would not be surprising;

of Negritos in

Among

ever not been corroborated.

may perhaps be

ing p.

has how-

Chirino ("Relacion" 1890,

of interest: P.

lived in the Philippines at the

end of the 16'^ and

beginning of the 17*^ century, says

of the Negritos of

who

38)

the

it

older reports the follow-

Panay, Mision de Tigbauan: "Amongst these [Bisayas] there are also

some negroes, the ancient inhabitants

had taken possession before the Bisayas. They

of which they

somewhat

are

but on

of the Island,

and

less black

less ugly

than those of Guinea,

the other hand smaller and more weakly, perfectly

resembling them however as regards the hair of their head

and their beards. and

savage

many ways they

In

than the Bisayas

more barbarous

are

and the other inhabitants of

the Philippines, for they do not like these possess houses or fixed

manner

of life

they

for

They

settlements.

go

almost

to

know

and their

and wander about the

They hunt the

children.

and when they have kiUed

remain on the spot as long as there

consume.

We

naked,

foot,

reap,

from that of wild animals,

women and

wild boar on

deer and the

little

entirely

mountains with their

their prey

but

differs

sow nor

neither

is

anything

left

Their sole possessions are the bow and arrow."

absolutely nothing concerning the language

Negritos of Panay, for

GeogT. Paris",

2'^'i

ser.,

—

of the

Lafond's vague remark ("BuU. Soc. 1835, IV, p. 337)

is

worthless.

Tak-

ing the whole of the information available (see Blmnentritt "Ethn. Phil." 1882, of

Panay proves

p. 4)

to

our knowledge respecting the NogTitos

be extremely madequato

(compare

also

NEGEOS

16

Blumentritfs Keport on Laureands "Kecuerdos de in

"Peterm.

1896,

Mittli."

45

p.

Fil."

1895,

"Lit.ber.").

NEGROS

5.

Directly I landed on the isle (March 1872) I was struck

by the difference in the physionomy of the inhabitants.

They

are an ugly race, with the colour of the Malays and the cast of countenance of the Negritos.

and

in

a

more or

less

and points

childreu,

pure Negritos,

my

many

"Negritos" 1878,

tritt

has been

marked degree

to very

But

Malays and Negritos. of p.

able

This appHes almost universally,

I

whom give

men, women and

frequent intermarriages betwixt also

obtained a view of some

inhabit the mountains (see also

11 and 26).

to

to

In Nos. 10 and 17 Blumen-

some notes on the Negritos

of

Negros, who occur in the North and East of the island; but the notes are extremely meagre, and as a matter of fact possess no accurate

language.

of their

As

a

proof that

travel in the interior of the island, I

it

is

quite possible to

may mention

an Englishman in Dumaguete who had journeyed in

the

for

met

weeks

not the Negritos), the pecuniary results

of these transactions being

1890,

p.

most

satisfactory.

Foreman

("Phil.

455) met with a tribe of Negritos in the interior,

but gives only some meagre notes on them. Is."

that I

mountains in order to trade in gold-ware with the

natives (the Malays,

Is."

we

information about them, and know nothing

Worcester ("Phil.

1898, p. 258) says: "The mountains are peopled by wild

Malays or NegTitos."

The study

of the NegTitos

in

Negros

would be a very grateful task for an enterprising traveller.

BOHOL

MINDANAO

already

as

we

stated,

the Negritos

formation respecting

17

BOHOL

6.

To Lafond,

—

are indebted for in-

2'^^ ggr.,

tions ("Bull. Soc. Geogr. Paris",

1835, V,

observa-

On

p. 308).

away with the

too short and general to do

is

own

met with Negritos in Bohol,

page 340 he mentions that he but the notice

which

of the Philippines,

although somewhat lengthy was drawn from his

These may have been Negritos who had

possibility of error.

crossed over from the neighbouring Cebu; or we must pre-

sume

that

at

that time (in the

they lived there, which

quarter of the century)

first

not at present the

is

case,

for

no

one has since corroborated the statement, and Semper^ for example, stayed for some time in Bohol. Pigafetta mentions Negritos in the in

South-west

the

(German p.

of

Bohol,

of Sprengel,

ed.

p.

coast to coast

or

at

least

—

no

it

is

so close to

in Surigdo,

Negros

in

the

and with

the year 1872 in Cebu, assured

to

be half-breeds.

p. 5)

of

Semper

an IX,

— one

can see from

neighbouring western

me

whom

I

An

English-

conversed in

that NegTitos were found

("Phil." 1869, p. 49) has declared

them

Blumentritt as early as 1882 ("Ethn. Phil.",

noted true Negritos

1890 (No. 12) ho

also

ed.,

Cebu

106).

p.

portion of the island, but only in the North-east.

there; whilst

of

remarkable that Negritos are not found,

longer found,

man, who lived

Panglao

MINDANAO

7.

is

island

87; French

130; English ed. of Stanley, 1874,

As Mindanao

the

opposite

J784,

island of

as

specified

occurring there.

them

as

In

his

map

Mamiinuas (compare

No. 21), which however moans Negritos, as he showed Meyer, Negritos (June

5*1',

1899)

^

MINDANAO

18 early

as

(No.

this

281);

p.

7,

particularly

1884,

as

Blumentritt

leading.

Moniano's

from

designation however

himself

may

testimony prove mis-

("Peterm.

afterwards

shortly

Davao

Mitth." 1891, p. 109) demonstrated that the NegTitos of

(mentioned in Nos. 11 and 12) are not NegTitos at cently however

— 1896 — he

Re-

all.

wrote to me, that he found in a

Report of P. Eusebio Barrado

on his travel from the

S. J.

Rio Grande in South Mindanao along the Rio Cabacan to the

Bay

may be

here, but this

Up

Negritos.

Mount Apo,

not far from

of Ddvao,

a

a misspelling of Atas,

mention of Aetas

who

are not pure

to the present time, therefore, it has only

been

proved with certainty that Negritos exist in the North-east of the large

De

island.^

Quatrefages and

Hamy

described

("Cran. ethn." 1882, p. 179) two artificially deformed Hilloona

from Zamboanga as Negrito skuUs; but the Hilloonas

skulls

do

occur

not

Mindanao

is

Zamboanga

the East of

or lUanos in

there

at

all.

are Malays^;

Although

by no means complete,

exploration

the

may bo

it

No

doubt,

in

and Malays occur. 1884, XV,

p.

110)

of

declared that

from that neighbourhood cannot be Negrito

skulls

Negritos

skulls.

Mindanao cross-breeds between Negritos Schadenberg ("Corr. Blatt D. Anthr. Ges." observed such

South-east of the island, and in the

among

the

"Album de

Atds

the

in

las diferentes

Razas de Mindanao" (Fotografias del R. P. Algue

S. J.,

s.

a.,

about 1898) two half-breeds from there are represented ("Atas"), as well as a

On Map X

Gerland's

1

on

2

of

Bagobo from Mount Apo with

"Atlas

der Vulkerkunde" (1892) tliey are marked

in Central Mindanao; whilst on

Map IX

Brinton too speaks ("Am. Anthr." 1898,

Mindanao

as Negritos.

The whole passage

together, and he has overlooked

my

though

in

it

curly hair.

has been reviewed

they are omitted.

p. 299) of the "Hillunas" is

rather carelessly put

publication of 1893 on the Negritos,

loading Austrian,

Dutch, English,

French, German, Italian, and Spanish periodicals since 1893.

PALAWAN

PALAWAN

8.

Marches

Negritos in Palawan have already been

Blumentritt (No. 16), and of

as

"Of the

follows:

critically discussed

the mountains. of towzled

tribes

interior

^vild

.

by

p.

131),

which

is

or

Orang utan

of

encountered two individuals

only

I

of

can supplement them by a remark

I

Whitehead's ("Expl. Kina Balu" 1893,

Palawan

occurrence

the

respecting

notices

short

19

accidentally in

Their heads were covered with big mops

.

back with a piece of dirty rag, they had

hair, tied

."

well-developed moustaches.

.

.

It is uncertain

whether the

pure NegTitos mentioned by Blumentritt (No. 16, p. 183) are to

referred

or

here,

Negrito half-breeds

the Tinitianes, 182).

(p.

who

probably only

are

noteworthy that the latter

It is

make use of bows and poisoned arrows, which Worcester

Malays.

(-'Phil.

Is."

1898,

Tagbanuas are commonly believed

to

p.

they

quite dark

are

tendency to

"The

says:

tribe.

At aU

events,

skimied and their hair shows a decided

We

curl."

99)

unlike the

a half-breed race

be

between the Negiitos and some Malay

is

must acknowledge that nearly every-

thing remains to be done for the Negritos of Palawan.

9.

may be regarded

It

Negritos

are

Tablas (an east

they

found

isle to

Mindanao,

Mindoro,

On

and

proved Alabat,

with

also

in

that

Panay,

Cebu ^ Northwhether

It

is

questionable

island

to

the South of Panay),

the Calamianes, the

Map IX **

(an

certainty

Corregidor,

the North of Panay), Negros,

and Pal&waji-.

Gtrlancts

are omitted here.

as

Luzon,

in

occur in Guimaras

1

RESULT

gTOup of islands

in the "Atlas fur Volkeikunde", 1892, they

Ditto.

2*

EESULT

20 of Mindoro,

south-west

for

information

all

respecting

this

subject reduces itself to Blumentritf s communications ("Ethn.

pages 4 and 16) which have not been verified;

Phil." 1882,

notably

in

his

on the Calamianes (No. 16) he makes

article

But our ignorance of these lands

no mention of NegTitos. forming

our

forbids

Negritos

possible

that

Islands,

although

statements, p.

55

do

1848,

of

that

p.

Hamy

Quatrefages and

in

live

other

claim two skulls from

being

it

quite

Philippine

the

of

Waitz:

and many

174),

("Cr.

Samar

Pickering (Sulu!

When

others.

1882,

etn."

1865, V,

("Anthr,"

mention those of Earl,

not to

Man"

judgment,

certain

not possible to prove this from older

is

it

instance

for

seq))

"Races of

any

177,

p.

fig.

de

196)

we can only

as Negrito skulls,

emphasize that up to the present time no Negritos have been found

and that

Samar,

in

extremely

appears

it

daring to

endeavour to prove their occurrence there from these two

Flower says

of

these

("Cat.

Surg.

Coll.

1879,

I,

"Samar" {Owen:

locality

"Saman", the is

sic I),

name the

any kind.

p.

226)

It is also said of

cave-dweUer,

of a

do^

the

Samar

not belong to

Under those circumstances the two Schetelig

("Tr.

Ethn.

locality Samar,

This

862

skull that

it

Soc",

"savages" of

skulls are quite

n.

s.,

1869, VII,

compares two Malayan Formosa skulls (see

happens, with the smaller, which

them.

p.

the Negritos.

for

with one (No. 747) of these London Philippine it

II,

but the skulls of the cave-

day the word Igorrotes stood

inconclusive.

as

inscribed with the

is

"Cat. Coll. Surg." 1853,

of the Philippines

In Cumhig's

126,

and we have therefore no authority for applying

to both.

skull

dwellers

p.

Cuming

Nos. 747 and 748), that they were designated by Igorrotes skulls; but only one, No. 748,

skulls.

is

below)

skulls, and, as

not inscribed with the

and he traces certain resemblances between

too

is

an argument against

No. 747 being a Negrito

skull.

this

London

skull

II

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE NEGRITOS BEYOND THE PHILIPPINES

1.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

There

is

no doubt that at the present time more Negritos

found in the Philippines than elsewhere

are

numbers may be

—

if Ave

restricted sense of the

Their occurrence in for at various times,

ments

as their

accept the designation in the more

term

to

mean Eastern pygmy

other parts

and

— small

has

negroes.

however been vouched

Ave will therefore

submit such state-

to a critical investigation.*

^ The most prolific writer on the Negritos is de Qitatrefagfs, who published a monograph in the year 1872 entitled "Etude sur les Mincopies et la Race Negrito en general" ("Eev. d'Anthr." I, p. 37-78, and 193-240), then in 1882 together Vx"^ Hamy the "Crania ^//zw/ra", where

very detailed researches on the Negritos will be found. As however I do not propose in this paper to enter on the subject craniologically or osteologically, I have only noticed remarks which bear on the questions under consideration. The following works by de Quatrefages and those mentioned above are only quoted here by the way, on

on

p.

169

seq.

the one hand because they repeat the same thing again and again under enter a more or less varied form, and on the other because I will not into a detailed discussion of this writer's partially fantastic ideas on the

Negrito question.

Time

will decide whether the view advanced

with great certainty will hold good, viz. that traces are found nearly everywhere

from India to Japan and

New

by him

of the Negritos

Guinea, and that

Negritos and Papuans ("Negrito - Papous") live together in New Guinea and elsewhere, crossed and intermixed, differing from the true Papuans. The next publications on the Negritos by de Quatrefages are entitled, "Les Pygmies" ("Journal des savants", Fcvr. 1881 Juin, Aoiit, Dec. 1882), etudes sur la distribution geographique des Negritos' ("Revue ;

and "Nonvelles

d'Ethn." 1882,

I,

p. 177), the

Branch R. As. Soc." 1883, No.

former also English: in "Journal Straits 11, p. 83 and 1884 No. 13, p. 1, the latter

BOENEO

24

BORNEO

2.

Whereas writers were formerly

of the opiiion that the

accounts of Negritos being found in Borneo were erroneous, the

of the

occurrence

Pickering ("U.

repeatedly declared. p.

on

stress

174) lays

remark ("Anthr." 1865, V,

p.

S. Expl.

Exp." 1848, IX,

and

Waitz-Gerland

absence,

their

been

has of late years

there

latter

256) as follows: "Older reports

have mentioned Papuans as having been found in the interior

Earl remarks very

of Borneo, but p.

too fiir

that

256)

no traveller had himself seen them^ KesseP

heard Malay merchants

only

Erdk. Berl., n.

allg.

mentions ("Misc." 1834,

Tammans

wooly-hairod

rightly ("East. Seas" 1837,

Ill,

s..

p.

speak of them ("Zoitschr.

p. 379),

and Marsden only

37) that a Bornean chief spoke of

in

the

Schivaner on

interior.

other hand particularly assures us ("Borneo" 1853,

partially

reprinted in "Les Pyg-mees" (Paris 1887,

prising 350 pages.

In the

p. 30),

mean time "Hovimes fossiles

et

I,

p.

a book

the

164)

com-

homtnes sauvages"

had made its appearance, where in Chapter IV (p. 170) "Les Papouas et les Negritos" the same is again repeated. Lastly, in Chapter XVI "Eaces noires" (p. 338) of the "Histoire gmerale des races humaines, (1884)

we have

Introduction"

a shorter repetition

of the

same,

without the

become exacter. The same illustrations too are continually reproduced. But even now we See remark 1 on page V of the have not mentioned everything.

proofs of the truth of the views advanced having

"Pygmees"

1887.

untrustworthy.

He

De is,

Quatrefage's literary

references

are

frequently

in spite of his shortcomings, respected by

many

writers as a reliable authority and uncritically followed, among others for instance by Windle in his Introduction to Tyson's "Essay concerning

the Pygmies

of the

Ancients"

(1894,

p.

XVI

seq.,

Bibl.

do

Carabas,

vol. IX). ^ Earl merely says that no Dayak whom he met had seen them, although the natives declare that they occur there; as however the natives also declare the existence of men with tails their testimony

cannot be relied on, 2

Kessd

M.

says, that

they pursue agriculture in the interior "parti-

cularly in the North-east".

This information

is entirely unreliable.

M.

BOENEO

25

none there except some Papuans ^

in the

North-

east of the country, introduced from the Suki Islands.

Later

that there are

Earl considered the

Papuans

of

existence

probable ("Paces Ind. Arch." 1853,

grounds

ficient

been

again

entirely

a

story that or

by others

considered

p.

146), but without suf-

Earl's

doing."

so

for

as

but

It is

has

this

is

based on the

1844 a sea-captain was stranded on the Berau

Kuran Kiver

Mount Tabur,

statement

last

credible,

matter of individual opinion. in

Borneo more

in

the North-east

in

fifty

Borneo,

of

and that on

met 17

miles from the coast he once

and

people with frizzly hair

scarifications.

This

little

Earl had

from the sea-captain himself, and "his evidence must be considered

Everything however which Earl adds

satisfactory".

tends rather to weaken than to confirm this evidence.

Thouah

the region in question has been seldom explored by travellers,

they

have

of

Borneo

and

finding

any trace

frequently

years

late

even

repeatedly

penetrated

ascended

of Negritos^,

into

North

Kina Balu without

and these

facts

throw grave

doubt on the trustworthiness of the sea-captain's statement.

Junghuhn

considers

it

inconceivable that such a remarkable

black-skinned race Avith woolly hair should have been "over*

These are

New Guinea Papuans whom

the Suhis have captured

bought elsewhere {e. g. in the Moluccas). Schwaner himself says "The stray Papuans Avho have been met with in the North-east of Borneo come from the original country of the Papuans, and are individuals who have been carried oft' by Sulu pirates in their extensive slave-raids, or :

He

and brought over here." against Papuan aborigines. 2

pare

adds that the local traditions also speak

M.

See for instance Whitehead's "Expl. Kina Balu" 1893; and com-

Latham's "Essays"

1860,

p.

192.

Treacher

("J.

Straits

Branch

No. 21, p. 101) says: "There arc no Negritos in Hose ("Journ. Anthr. Inst." 1893, XXHI, p. 156) considers the

K. As. Soc." 1890,

Borneo."

Punans "nomadic tribes, found at the head waters of all the big rivers in Central Borneo" to be the aborigines; (p. 157) "I have no doubt in my mind that this wandering race of people are the aboriginals of the country". The Punans are pure Malays.

BOENEO

26

looked"

in

Borneo

("Battalander"

1847,

I,

290,

p.

note).

Everett, an authority on North-west Borneo, leaves his readers in

as to whether he

uncertainty

assertion or not,

the

believes

though he appears

to

be rather on the side

of the doubters ("Nature" 1880, XXI, p. 588).

Giglioli credits

Magenta" 1875,

statement and adds ("Viaggio

the

sea-captain's

p.

253)

''Beccari trovo alcuno traccie di Negritos a Borneo, cioe vide

indigeni

more

Giglioli did not explain himself

coi capelli crespi".

fully,

and in 1876 when he published his "Studi

razza negrita" ("Arch, per Antropol." VI,

p.

315) he said nothing

new

respecting this statement of Beccaris.

fore

consider

an

as

remark

incidental

must be attached.

portance

because

it

I

am

We to

Dayak

skull belonging

may

there-

which no im-

confirmed in this belief

Zanyietti ("Arch, per Antropol." 1872,

discussing a

sulla

II,

p.

159) in

^r^^^r/Co lloction

to the

pronounces against the occurrence of NegTitos in Borneo, and

makse no mention

Hamy

Lastly

of

any opposite opinion held by Beccari.

("Bull. Soc. d'Anthr. Paris" 1876,

116) also

p.

takes his stand on the captain's story, and adds the description skull

which "-Jourdaii got from the

of

a

as

a Negrita skull tro.u Boniro.

beyond

skull "proves

n the heart

Hamu

,cthn."

representation^ of the

graved

like

those

says

(p.

at

Lyons"

118) that this

doubt the actual existence of Negritos

of Borneo",

("Cran.

Ho

Museum

p.

and in 1882 de Quatrefages and 195,

skull

as

preserved

Fig. such.

212

and 213)

It is

gave

a

ornamentally on-

by the Dayaks of Borneo

as

This skull has besides been represented twice by de Quatrefages -Papnu de I'interieur de Borneo; trophoe Dayak" in "Homm^s fossiles" 1884, p. 196, Fig-. 108 and 109, and as "Crane de N(5grito-Papou de Borneo, ayant fait partie d'un trophee dayak" in "Les *

as "Crane de Negrito

The mischief caused by this "Negrito p. 72, Fig. 15. be carried on in books for some time to come, in conse-

Pygmees" 1887, skull" will

quence of this frequent repetition.

BOENEO trophies^.

^

The

In

tliis

rej^ion

case

I

27

consider that the inference drawn

in Borneo where these ornamented skulls occur

is

The Dresden Museum possesses four and a half; of which two, painted and coated with tin or lead, from and the West (Nos. 828 and 829) were collected by Wassink in 1854 two engraved from the North-west (Nos. 1356 and 1357) by von Kessel. At one time ("Mitth. Zool. Mus." 1878, IH, p. 337) I mentioned these two as having come from the interior of Borneo this however does not correspond with Kessel's catalogue, which at the time I had not l)y me. By "engraved" I understand here not superficial scratches possibly forming still

a matter of investigation.

—

;

a border to painted ornamentation, but patterns chiselled deep in the bone substance of the skull. The above-mentioned catalogue says "Kapala gantong, sloiUs which are hxmg up in the houses as trophies permanently; they are usually ornamented, and coated with lead. The grass fastened to both sides [wanting] is called daun gernang : the only reason :

for this being, as far as I

on the grave, and this

is

know, that at funerals these leaves are planted why they are used for the

the probable reason

Von Kessd further states ("Zeitschr. allg. p. 393) that "a branch of Daun Germis or Daun Kapak" is planted on the grave. These names do not appear in Filet ("Plantk. Woordenb." 1888). Sleeker mentions ("Afmctingen van Schedels" in "Nat. T. Ned. Ind." 1851, II, p. 513) a Dayak trophy skuU ornamentation of the skull." Erd." Berlin", n.

s.,

1857, III,

having bunches of long grass hanging down from the zygomatic arches. A skull coated with lead from the Copenhagen Ethnographical Museum has such leaves on the right cheek-bone, as I see from a photograph as

me by Dr. Stolpe of Stockholm. In his Catalogue Kessel makes the following general remarks on the Dayaks of North-west Borneo: "They alone ornament their weapons and skulls with lead and tin, which But as precisely the two skulls is not the custom of other tribes". Nos. 828 and 829 (and also a third one which I shall mention immediately, from the same place) are only engraved and not coated, it follows that they either do not come from the North-west, or that engraving is also practised there. The former appears to me more probable, as I have grounds for mistrusting A'essel's statements as to the spots from where

kindly given

In the Paris Museum there is the half of a skull came. engraved and coloured red-brown from the collection des Murs {Q. and

the skulls

451, note 7, and Montana "Cr. Boughis et which presumably another half in the Dresden Museum belonged. The latter came from von Kessel and was said in his Catalogue to bo from N. W. liorneo. It was therefore sent to Paris,

H. "Cr. Ethn."

Dayaks" 1878,

1882,

p.

p.

59) to

but it then turned out that the halves did not belong to each other. Perhaps the other half of the Dresden piece is No. 740 of the Koyal College of Surgeons in London, also collected by von Kessel (Flower: "Catalogue" 1879,

p. 124).

I do not

know whether von

Kessel is right

BOENEO

28

from in

certain

stating that

divide

it,

anatomical

characters

as

to

the

race

is

not

when two Dayaks have captured a head together they may keep half. As far as I am cognizant

so that each one

with what has been written on the subject, no certain localisation of the region in Borneo from which these skulls were obtained can take place at Thus, Swaving describes ("Nat. T. Ned. Lid." 1861, XXIH, p. 256, and 1862, XXIV, p. 176, 178 and 181) four coated or painted from West Borneo, none engraved, and from other parts no ornamented ones whatever. Flower specifies ("Cat. Coll. Surgeons" 1879, p. 123-125) seven ornamented skulls from Borneo (amongst these is the above mentioned half, No. 740): four being engraved ones from North-east, East, and South-east Borneo, present.

one coated with tin as well as engraved from East Borneo, one ditto without any special locality and one coated only without any special all from the Kessel Collection. locality, Von Kessel's localities do not

—

me trustworthy (it is suspicious that there are examples from the principal regions in the East of the island), but if we accept them, they would prove that the engraving and coating with tin occur appear to all

same places, and cannot perhaps be geographically localised, and we have merely engraved skulls from East Borneo only, while von Kessel' s two Dresden ones came from the North-west. It is true that I do not know whether what Flower calls "carved" corresponds with the deep chiselling of the Dresden skulls. So far therefore we cannot in the

that

draw any accurate inference respecting the original locality of the ornamented Dayak skull described by de Quatrtfages and Hatny as "Negrito skull from the heart of Borneo." As a rule special localities are not other Borneo skulls of this kind recorded in books; for inDavis ("Thes. cran." 1867, p. 291 seq^) specifies three engraved ones (1307, 1308, 1411), and one engraved and coated (1406, fig. 83), aU without locality — and only one (284) which is coated and engraved

given

for

stance,

—

with the locality Sambas Kapuas, that is West Borneo. Further Dusseau ("Musee Vrolik" 1865. p. 113) notes two coated with tin, without giving a special locality; then Stolpe ("Expos. Ethn. Stockholm" 1881, plate 68) one engraved and painted, without special locality (compare also

Retzius:

"Ethn.

Schr."

1864,

p.

143).

Besides

the

one above-

mentioned ornamented with leaves, the Copenhagen Museum possesses another engraved and painted red. In the "Catalogues of the Anthropological Collections of Germany" only very few Bornean skulls are recorded

and

:

Gdttingen (1874,

Leipsic

(1886,

p. 139)

p. 50)

has

has

one

one

coated,

coated

and

no locality given, one

engraved,

also

without locality. In the "Ausland", 1867, p. 305, fig. 1, Lungershausen gave an illustration of an engraved skull from Sambas on the West coast. Perhaps the special localities might "be determined

by other accounts which

I

have not at hand, and by the style of orna-

BOENEO

When

legitimate ^

1863,

s.,

Bishop of Labuan

the

further

("Tr. Ethii. Soc", u.

29

II,

us

tells

p. 25) that the traditions of

the Daj^aks of North-west Borneo point to a black race having

been there before them, refer

1865, V,

I,

p.

know with

recent

his

to

Waitz-Gerland ("Anthr."

certainty on

summary statement

1889, XVIII, p. 82)

Borneo", but

need not necessarily be taken to

47) moreover, the traditions run quite differently.

Lastly, I do not

bases

this

According

Negritos.

to

that Negritos

what evidence Floiver Anthr.

("Journ.

occur "in the interior of

presume on de Quairefages' map

I

Inst."

in the "Hist,

gen. des Kaces hum." (1889, to p. 343), or on the statements of the latter in "Les

have

seen,

Pygmees" (1887,

which,

p. 42),

do not stand the test of criticism.

was a nctini

to his belief in de

we

as

Flower,

too,

Quatrefages as an authority.

mentation, for to find the

We

it would be a contradiction of Ethnographical experience same decoration practised throughout the whole of Borneo.

should have to disting-uish>

—

engraved, coated, engraved and at and each of these three categories again combined, or not combined, with painting.

the same time coated,

*

unlucky

It is

interesting to see

He

skull.

says

how Roth comes

("Eeport.

64tii

meeting

to terms with Brit. Assoc,

this

adv. sc.

Oxford" 1894, p. 780): "The circumstantial evidence collected by the Earl that a people of a negroid character existed in Borneo, and the discovery by M. Hamy of a negrito skull from that island, has led

late Mr.

to the established belief that negritos exist there.

undoubtedly came skull;

that

but there

Andaman

from Borneo, and is

no proof that

it

it is

The

skull in question

undoubtedly

{sicl^

originated in Borneo.

a negrito

We

know

have been kidnapped by Malay and Ilanum pirates and carried to India and other parts, so that for the Islanders (negritoes)

present, in spite of the strong circumstantial evidence,

we must with-

hold our judgment as to whether negritoes exist in Borneo."

How

the

writer will prove that the skull is ''undoubtedly'" a Negrito skull, except

by swearing on the unappealable authority of de Quatrefages and Hamy, I do not know (compare also Roth's remarks on "Negritos in Borneo" in the "J. A. I." 1896, XXV, p. 202—271, where ho concludes witli the words: "As for the present day the existence of the Negrito in JJonico has yet to be proved"). Finsch says ("Ann. Hofmus. Wien" 1893, VIII, p. 395) that he has seen engraved Negrito skulls in Paris, presumably the Borneo skull under discussion.

BOENEO

30

I

only

will

76)

p.

:

show Low

to

question in a

has approached this (1. c.

example

one

cite

"A Borneo,

les

critical

says that they

tribes

says

Dayaks chassent au Negrito conime a la

however here only reproduces certain

He

spirit.

bete fauve", and quotes Earl's "Papuans" 1853,

specting

the latter

little

of

p. 147.

Earl

statement of Daltoii's re-

a

North Borneo, about which Earl

might possibly be related

to the

above-mentioned

sea-captam's (more than questionable) Negritos, although Dalton

As Dalton

himself calls them "wild Dyaks".

months by the Coti Kiver right to

it

is

lived for eleven

certain that no-one has the

And

turn his Dayaks into Negritos.

Earl adds to Dalian's accomit makes

it

indeed what

appear almost im-

Compare

possible that this people could have been Negritos. also Meinecke's

Negritos in

Eecently

("Beitr. Ethn. As."

Hamy

in North Borneo

"Short

course this

hair,

8).

seeing in the Tungara tribe

p. 142),

(according

inclined

to

cross-breeds with

Hattoji)

to

Borneo" 1885,

Hatton said ("North

Negritos.

1837, p.

recurs to the NegTitos in Borneo ("Bull.

Mus. d'H. N. Paris" 1895,

these:

remarks on the non-occurrence of

excellent

Borneo

be

frizzy,

p.

of

Of

must be investigated thoroughly; the conclusion

as to Negritos

however

All this leads of Negritos in

me

is

at the present time rather hazardous.

to the conclusion that the occurrence

Borneo has not yet been proved^ nevertheless

we cannot judge with perfect

certainty until the interior has

been thoroughly explored.

3.

On

271)

dark skins."

r

CELEBES AND SANGI

the Ethnographical

map

of the

Waitz-Gerland' s "Anthropology" (1865, V,

Malay countries in pt. I)

Papuans are

marked on the North-eastern or Banggai Peninsula

of Celebes,

CELEBES AND SANGI

31

without there being any mention of them in the letter-press (p.

nor do

62, seq^,

subject

In his new "Atlas der Volkerkunde"

justify this.

to

anything in other works on the

find

I

(1892, plate X) however GerlandXvA.^ not registered any frizzle-

As

haired tribes in Celebes.

early as the year

and Matthijssen expressed themselves habitants

kimde"

of this district

and the

by the

dwellers

follows on the in-

as

Land- en Volken-

("T. ind. Taal-,

"Tombuku.

pages 67, 72 and 95):

II,

sea-shore

inhabitants of the mountains,

They

cannot compare

beautiful

.

.

We

.

nothing points

living

as

characters,

and appear

belong

to

to

that

to

the

be the

tribe,

us

("T.

lost

result

inhabitants

had heard

wilderness

;

he

of

them elsewhere *

in

tlio

crossing of

a

De

Van

Celebes."

who

iiad

adds from his own observation

Archipelago ^

IV,

crossed

interior miglit

bo

tliat

lie

had not seen any

De

Clercq ("Ternate"

Musschenbroek' s remarks apply to the continent of

to the Islands.

original

Aardr. Gen. Amst." 1879,

from people

the people are of a low grade, and that like

of

their

believe that the mountaineers

Banggai twice in the year 1861 that the a

other peoples

The dwellers by the

case,

aboriginal tells

to

contrary they differ from

.

he

and

be an aboriginal

related

the

.

strength the

their

We

Musschenbroek

called

but in respect

respecting

Banggaai.

various races.

96)

on the

everywhere

is

built

called well-built

certain

physiognomy and language.

in

have,

sea

their being

to

this Archipelago,

in

them

p.

know nothing

The mountaineers appear

descent.

the

to the

with the peoples living in the West.

hand the women may be

the other

as

belo7ig

appearance, their swiftness, and their

of their

chiefs

more strongly

than the inhabitants of the Banggaai Islands;

On

The

Mahommedans,

are

heathens.

light-coloured race^ are finer looking and

men

1854 Bosscher

I5ang-g'ai,

not

Clercq ("Ternate" 1890, p. 131) records nothing about

the inhabitants of the former.

CELEBES AND SANGI

32

1890,

says

138)

p.

though they are

less

of

is less

be, they

at

of the interior are not Negritos,

above-mentioned Dutch

could

officials

not possibly

Neither did / dis-

on the spot.

overlooked that fact

have

interior

may

descriptions

show that the inhabitants

the

the

"sturdy" and their pliysiognomy

Inadequate as these

Semitic. least

of

iiiliabitants

that they differ but little from those of Halmahera,

Tobungku

for

the

of

cover the slightest traces, nor gain any information respecting

my

them,

during

1871

("Minahassa",

this

it

(a bit of the

certain tliat

is

in the

1876,

of Celebes

portion

Ternate

stay

Bay

of

Tomini

8 and note

p.

year

the

in

As however

11).

was formerly under the dominion of

East coast

still

belongs to the

Papuans formerly came there as

latter),

slaves, just

as they were held as slaves in the Minahassa even during the

present century (the Minahassa has only been an independent

Residency since 1824, before that it

it

was under Ternate); and

therefore very likely that these Papuans have exercised

is

a certain physical influence here and there on individuals and families,

hair

that

so

for

instance,

might be put down

less

straight

and more curly

But these would

to their influence.

not be traces of an aboriginal Negrito population.

do not

I

know on what authority Flower has even recently declared 1889, XVIII,

("J. A. I."

p.

Eastern Peninsula of Celebes

my

(compare If

1871, still

p.

remarks

in

82) that ;

Negritos

occur in the

at all events this is groundless

"Nature" 1889, XXXIX,

Riedel once spoke of the Papuan race

p.

("Z.

30). f.

Ethn."

Ill) as the "Autochthones" of Celebes, "of which one

finds

remains in cross-breeds amongst the freed slaves"

this could

only

refer

to

the

Papuan

slaves

who were

intro-

duced as mentioned above, and he shortly afterwards expressed himself

quite

"Traditions

differently

on the

subject.

concerning the former

and the Origin of

its

state

In" his

paper on

of North Celebes,

Inhabitants" ("T. Ned. Indie" 1871,

I,

CELEBES AND SANGI p.

301) he

sa3''s:

33

"The question whether North Celebes was

not formerly inhabited by another tribe of African or IndoAfrican descent, resembling

and other

the

present

Papuan,

Fiji

tainty.

Although such an opinion

Islands, cannot is

mhabitants of the

be answered with ceradvocated by difterent

ethnologists regarding the whole Indian Archipelago in general, it

does not appear from any tradition held by the present in-

habitants (including the Sangis) that their curly -haired population on their arrival,

drove out or annihilated such.

Had

ancestors found a

let

alone that they

the encounter really taken

place, so important as material for their songs,

incomprehensible that not the slightest trace of preserved

either in

been connected

lays

their

which are very ancient

.

.

would seem

it

it

has been

or their traditions,

some of

Just as North Celebes cannot have

.

in pre-historic times with Asia ... so

we may

declare with certainty that this country has not been inhabited

by a

tribe

resembling the Papuans of the present day,"

This

opinion can only be controverted by facts, and although a large portion of Celebes or Papuans

is

still

could not,

unknown, the occurrence of NegTitos

as before

hidden down to the present day.

("Modern lang. East. Ind."

1878,

creates an Alfuro - Negrito group

remarked,

Cust p.

remained

have

entirely misleading

is

146 and 171) when he

of languages,

which the

to

pure Malayan "Alfuros" of North Celebes and the Negritos of Malacca, of the Philippines, the Moluccas are supposed to belong.

be able

to

follow

{sic)

and Timor

{sic)

Better informed linguists will not

him, just as anthropologists and ethno-

graphists cannot take such views into consideration.

In the p.

paper quoted above

and southern coast

district of

skmned people with more as

("T. Ned. Ind."

1871,

I,

303) Riedel says of the Bolaangs, who live in the northern

Mongondou, that they

are a dark-

or less frizzly hair; but as they have,

he says further on, frequently sailed in the Moluccan Seas, Meyer, Negritos (June 12th, 1899)

8

CELEBES AND SANGl

34

it

is

possible that

in

way Papuan blood may have got

this

be otherwise explained.

into their veins, if the matter cannot

In

my "Album

and

have

I

4),

of

XV,

Celebes -Types" (1889, Plate

Fig. 3

shown a man from Tomini and one from

Kajeli (Central Celebes) with curly hair, which after RiedeVs

Wichmann thought how-

statements does not excite surprise. ever ("Int. Arch,

fiir

Ethn." 1890,

III, p.

30) "that in the land

of the Kajeli no frizzle-haired but only smooth-haired people

As

exist".

I

do not venture to doubt the correctness of the

photogTaph

for

that

hair

curly

which

"frizzled hair").

I

occurs

have to thank Dr. Riedel, Kajeli

in

The country

majins stay there was but short; therefore

him

for

hair

to contradict with certainty

among

a part of

who have been

cassar

tlio

about

said

and Professor Wich-

large,

is

probable

it is

(nothing was

^

the

is

it

impossible

occurrence of curly

inhabitants, and gentlemen in

(I. c.)

Ma-

appealed to to confirm his statement

can hardly give reliable information respecting the inhabitants

when they happen

of such a distant region, even

there once.

It is

curly hair; for instance, in the

only by Riedel. that

the

Sangis

Then although have

no

Sangi Islands

clearly

it

is

registered

Papuan

of

aborigines,

says in the sequel

bear traces of the former presence of and

crossing with frizzle-haired tribes. all

been

he, as quoted above, has said

traditions

proving that such did not exist, yet he that they

to have

also possible that souie have overlooked the

with regard to those -Sangis

This did not strike

whom

saw, but I

I

me at am far

from wishing to throw doubt on RiedeVs observation.

The

— though Negritos — makes appear

nearness of the Sangi Islands to Mindanao, only occur there

*

now

in the

North-east

Besides Dr. P. and Dr. F. Sarasin wrote

it

me

in the year 1894

no lack of pronounced curly -haired tribes in the isolated regions of the interior of Buol, Mongondou and

from Celebes elsewhere.

itself

that there

is

TIMOK

35

probable that the traces observed by Riedel originated in such a crossing of the races, although the reason given by himself

—

the absence of any traditions

as the Sangi Islands

—

may have been

speaks against subjected

from the East/ and further, as they were

we may

possession of the Portuguese,

for a

to

But

it.

influences

time in the

just as well regard the

departures which occur from the pure Malay typo as a

con-

sequence of such influences, at any rate until further examination throws

new

light on the subject.^

4.

TIMOR

In this island there lives a mixed race of Papuans and Malays, on the coast more nearly resembling the interior the former.

writers

(for

instance

well as that of

This at least Sal. Midler^

more recent

is

Timor

all

the view of the Dutch

and

also

of Wallace,

travellers in Timor.

("East. Arch." 1885, p. 466) 2li^xEarl:

latter, in the

as

Forbes says

"There are also found in

intermediate shades of the skin, from dark yellow

to black or chocolate brown,

and the hair from red and straight

^ I saw in New Guinea Saugis who had been driven out of their course from Sangi as far as Geelvink Bay ("Z. f. E." 1875, p. 47), and I was informed (I. c.) that a ship can drift without storm from Johi in the Geelvink Bay to Mindanao, important facts which are not noted in Sittig's Map of the "Involuntary wanderings in the Pacific Ocean" ("Peterm. Mitth."

Plato

1890, p.

161

12),

and have also

been overlooked in

the letterpress,

seq.

do not discuss Mundt-Lauff' s fictions concerning' the negritic p. 421), because they are invented at the writing table and quite nonsensical (compare also my remarks on this writer in the "Ausland" 1882, p. 35—38). Scarcely less absurd and unfounded is Jacobsen's remark ("Allg. Ztg. Miinchen" 1894, Beilage, Nr. 83, p. 6) concerning darker and taller mountaineers on the -

I

aborigines of Celebes ("Natur" 1879,

islands between Celebes and Timorlaut,

supposed to bo related to the havlii;" intermarried with

"Negritos", living in separate settlements and the Malays of the coast.

3*

TIMOE

36

and woolly

to the short

another place, short-tufted) hair of

(in

the Papuas," and adds: "The colour of skin, form of head, features

and distribution of hair

of face, character

amount

variety and

Geographische Blatter" 1887, the inhabitants of

met with

I

in ever)^

comminglement.^ Dy. Riedel ("Deutsche

of

X, page

vol.

West Timor from

own

his

describes

228)

observation during

several years, as follows: "Frizzly- haired individuals like the

The men whose

Papuans are not met with. wear

curly,

have but

met p.

it

little

with."

long and dress hair

Te7i

.

.

Men

.

it

so

.

.

.

is

sometimes

The women seldom

beards are

with thick

Kate sketches ("L'Anthropologie" 1893, IV,

284) the population of Timor as follows

mo7igoloides

hair

artifically

rencontrent

"

:

chez ...

surtout

les figures polynesiennes surtout chez ... les

egalement parmi

Belos; ...

les

Timoriens proprement

dits

.

.

."

traits

les

The

Les physionomies les

Belos

.

.

.;

Atouli-Helong et

papouas chez

les

older French writers on

the other hand saw in the inhabitants of the interior Negritos

and Papuans, and skull,

Mus.

Hamy

has declared more recently that a

very probably l)rought from Timor by Peron ("N. Arch.

XVI, Fig.

d'Hist. Nat. Paris" 1874, X, p. 203, pi.

1

and

2),

proves with certainty the existence of a race perfectly identical

Besides this he had

with the Mincopies, Acitas and Semangs. only one

other

which he

calls

Timor

skull

194).

'

him

I

the

akin to those of the

Soc. Anthr. Paris" 1875, p. p.

for

consider

it

purpose of comparison,

Papuan negroes

quite impossible

draw conclusions^

to

Forbes asserts in addition that a District

that in

("Bull.

224; compare also "Cran. ethn." 1882,

Commander had

the Fatumatuhia Mountains there lives

told

a race of dwarfs

with short, stout limbs, speaking- a language of their own, and going may possibly be Negritoes."

nearly naked, and Forbes says: "These people

I find nothing to justify such a supposition,

and

it is

therefore outside

the pale of discussion. 2

Ratzel has already denounced such false conclusions as perverse

on principle

("

Anthropogeogr." 1891,

11,

p.

732).

37^

TIMOE occurrence

respecting the with

country

such

a

above

all

skull,

single

know nothing, who

a skull

of

whoso

we

history

special

particularly as the accounts of such travellers

declare the

occurrence of Negritos are

statements of others who deny decline to join issue with

this.

Hainy

found in Timor, neither do

I

Timor were Negritos

,

who

positively

that pure Negritos have been

others

I believe that

serted ("Rev. d'Ethn." 1877, VI,

opposed by the

must therefore

bearing in mind the vicAv advocated by me.

of

in so largo a

of typical Negritos

mixed population as Timor from a

p.

are

263)

do

Avill

so,

Lesson too as-

that the

aborigines

now absorbed by Papuans?

but ho gives no serious reasons whatever for such hazardous assumptions.

It will

bo well to compare also Meinicke's ex-

remarks on the non- occurrence of Negritos in Timor

cellent

("Beitr. Ethn. As." 1837, p. 11).

I besides

asked Dr. Riedel,

certainly an autliority in virtue of his long residence in

and his great experience

in the East, to give

me

liis

Timor

opinion

on the "Negritos of Timor", and he was kind enough to answer as

follows:

"In crossing the inland parts of Timor

Persons with more or less

never come across Negritos. hair as

may

exist, but this

that of the

Alor, Flores

is

frizzly

not the same as Papuan hair, or

Papuan cross-breeds.

and other

have

I

islands.

The same

Whoever

applies

expresses a contrary

opinion has not thoroughly examined the Papuan hair."^ to

the absence

of Negritos

mann's Mitthoilungen" 1880,

Museum a

or less curly,

'

I

the hair,

Timor compare

p.

30, after Riedel.

of specimens of hair from there

some

;

in

also

As

"Peter-

The Dresden

possesses an entire dried head from tho ishxnd, and

number

islands

to

and the neighl)ouring

of these hair-specimens are straight, others

and some slightly

more

crisp.

do not quite undcrstaiul what Dr. Riedel means conrorninff and therefore do not know whether I am able to share his

opinion or not.

THE MOLUCCAS AND LESSEE SUNDA ISLES

38

Recently ten Kate ("Tijdschr. Aardr. Gen. Amst.", 1894, XI,

and Lapicque ("Tour du moude",

348)^

p.

1896, II, page 76)

ser.

n.

s.,

searched in vain for Negritos in

liavo

Timor; but the sojourn of the short for

2°'i

on the island was too

latter

Ten Kate says

an investigation of such a kind.

nowhere saw pure NegTitos there, and ("L'Anthro-

that he

pologie" 1893, IV,

290):

p.

cette existence acinelle

Timor."

When on

„Eien n'est

moins prouve

que-

d'une population negrito pur sang a

the other hand he writes

(/. c.

p.

289): "J'oso

affirmer quo prohahlement les deux elements melanesiens qu'on s'est

habitue a distinguer sous le

ponas, ont joue a la fois

de Negritos et do Pa-

nom

un role important dans I'ethnogenie

uttered under the influence of de Qnatrefages

de Timor," this

is

and Hamy, as

lie

himself allows, and there

is,

as

we

saw, no

elements in the

reason to adopt their hypothesis of Negrito

Timorese population.

5.

THE MOLUCCAS AND LESSER SUNDA

ISLES

Proofs of the existence of Negritos on other islands the Eastern portion

of the

Archipelago,

for

instance

in

Sula,

Burn, Ceram and Ombai, Pantar, Lomblen, Solor, Flores and Sumba are discussing

them

so Aveak as in detail.

^

not to bo worth the trouble of

Writers who state the occurrence

should at any rate give their reasons in more tangible form.

When

Flozver for instance says ("J. A.

I."

1889, XVIII, p. 82):

"As the islands of these eastern seas have become better known, further discoveries of the existence of a small Negroid 1

St See also ten

Kate on Anthropological (|uestions in the East in 1894, p. 209, reviewed in "L'Anthropologie"

"Peestbnndel aan Vetk'' 1895, p. 217. 2

See Gerland "Anthr. Beitr." 1875,

p.

361.

THE MOLUCCAS AND LESSER SUNDA ISLES made

population have been these islands

—

,

he

("Pygmees" 1887,

is

p.

hero he enumerates

Quatrefages'

more recent statements

which are however more or

42)

and do not

figments of de Quatrefages' imagination^

with his

all

surely adopting, absolutely without the

de

criticism,

of

test

—

in ..."

39

less tally

and Hamy's former views ("Crania othnica" 1882, These specially emphasize that the islands from Java

p. 193).

to

Sumbawa and Flores do not contain any NegTitos: "Java ne connu de

renferme actuellement aucun representant

la

race

negTito, ot Ton en pout dire autant do presque toutes les autres

Then

further:

ces ties et celles qui les suivent vers TOrient,

Pantar,

Lomblem, Timor, renferment des Negres montagnards.

Seule-

lies

de la Sonde jusqu'a Sumbava et Flores."

"Mais

ment

que nous possedons sur Pantar et

les indications

Lomblem

sont insuffisantes, et le seul crane publie de Flores appartient

Not

a un autre groupe ethnique."

Rosenberg ("Mai. Arch." 1878,

a

I,

word here about NegTitos. p.

337) declared the

in-

habitants of the middle and 1-ear Islands of

Aru

but he was obviously ignorant of what

understood by Ne-

him they form "a

for according to

gTitos,

Malayan and Papuan

is

and

races,"

so

to be Negritos,

link

between the

he described them

in detail.

Recently T/awy recurs to the anthropology of Flores ("Bull. Mus. d'H. N. Paris" 1894, p. 82), but does not mention NegTitos,

1

How

unadvisable

to

it is

In 1884

shown by one example.

follow de Quatrefages blindly

("Hommos

loss.", p.

may be

194) he says: "Par

nous apprenons qu'il existe encore des Negres Sandal (Samba) [sic], a Xulla, a Burn, dans la pcniusulo mais aucun detail ne nous perjnet d'afjirmer qu'il orientale des Celebes on est de memo pour Flores, Solor, Pantar, s'agisse de Negritos. H ." But in 1887 (-'Pygmies", p. 42) they have sudLomblen, Ombay eux

[les

[sic]

aux

voyageurs] lies

.

.

.

;

.

.

denly become Negritos

:

".

.

.Jl

resulte ciuc

les

Nt?gritos

habitent les

Sandal (Samba), Xulla, Bourou, Coram, Ombay, la pcninsule orientale de Flores, Solor, Pantar, Lombleu ["V] his authority, or the reason stating anyway Celebes etc.," without in

regions montagneuses des

ilcs

,

for the change in his views.

JAVA

40 neither did Lapicque,

Negritos"

them

made

Avho

("Tour du monde",

there.

a trip

n.

"a

la recherche

1896,

s.,

II,

des

72) meet

p.

^

JAVA

6.

In the year 1877 /published "with a certain reservation"

("Leopoldina" XIII,

p.

101, also Separate Edition with 3 plates)

something regarding the possible remains of a Negrito race

which might

in Java,

This was after one

exist

^

of the

best authorities

(van Musschenbroek) had drawn of a

Kalang

in Buitenzorg;

M.

head, but van

declared

hair and are black skinned.

Kalangs

in the so-called

the

my

on

this

was

country

attention to a photograph

man had

it

is

true

that these Kalangs have I

there.

far

a shorn frizzled

from designating them

thereupon to bo Negritos, but only wished to set an enquiry purpose in July 1877 I sent several copies of

afloat; for this

a List of Questions ^ to Java, Avhich drew forth various communi^

Lapicque brought

home from Mores

six skulls, remarking' ("

Ann.

G^ogr. Paris " 1896, p. 422, note 2) that previously only one skull from Flores had been present in the European Museums. This is a mistake, the Dresden Museum possesses ten specimens since the year 1880, the measurements of which /published in 1886 ("Z. f. E.", Verb., p. 321). Ten Kate too has overlooked this publication, for he complained ("T. 2nd

Aardr. Gen. Amst.",

pologie" 1893, IV,

p.

ser.,

283)

1894,

XI, p. 347, note 1 and "L'Anthro-

that Ricdel had denominated skulls from

Timor and elsewhere without giving

their measurements, notwithstanding

Katt had censured this before ("Rev. d'Ethn." 1886, V, Riedel has made use of the figures published by myself (I.

ten

p. 468). c.)

But

in deter-

collected by him and presented to the Dresden however, another question, whether the number of skulls on which Riedel based his general denominations was large enough for the purpose. As to Negritos on Flores, compare ten Kate's remarks

mining those

Museum.

skulls

It is,

concerning Timor (above 2

Compare

p. 38), as

they apply likewise to Flores.

also GiglioU: "Arch. p. Antr." 1876, VI, p. 315, Tav. Ill

(published 1877). ^

Compare

Ned. Ind.",

n.

s.,

also Question 18 in "Bijdr. taal-, land- en volkenkunde

1863, VI, p.

XXV, which was unknown

to

me

at the time.

JAVA on tho subject; they were however

cations

all

against the

Thus Ketjen published a Study

Kalangs being Negritos.

Volkonkunde" 1877, XXIV,

("T. ind. Taal-, Land- on in

41

421)

p.

which he says on page 424, speaking of the Kalangs of

Pekalongan, that they do not

differ physically

from the Java-

and on page 428 that their traditions point

nese,

their

to

having sailed to Java when tho island was already inhabited,

and that possibly therefore there

and the Biduanda Kallangs I,

p.

p.

185) in which ho

An

relations with Celebes.

Ant Bandan,

called

or

tho Moluccas

is

He

via Celebes.

(p.

Javanese wandan

might have como

G.

and thinks thereJava from India

to

An

II,

2,

p.

578) does not clear up any-

Winter, anotlior writer of this name,

("Ind. Gids" 1881,

come

older i)aper

"Oorsprong van het zoogonaamde Kalangs- Volk"

III,

1,

more modern times various

to the Archipelago,

says also

p. 583) that the Kalangs of Sura-

karta do not differ from the Javanese; he that in

— frizzly-

extremely problematical, and there

all this is

("T.Neerl. Indie" 1839, thing ^

that

194-195) similar traditions

no tangil)le trace which points to NogTitos.

of Winter^ s:

193) to certain

Tuuk remarks

to those of the Kalangs,

that they

But

c,

boon a Prince of Celebes der

for the

further points out

fore (p. 199)

(/.

ancestor of tho Kalangs namely,

whereupon van

,

from South Celebes

is

calls attention (p.

said to have

Bandan might possibly stand haired.

Waitz-Gerland "Anthr." 1863,

In 1883 another Study of Ketjen s followed

17).

XXVIII,

(see

them

a connection between

is

of opinion

is

of

tribes

(p.

585)

Negroes have

and that traces of Negro blood would

therefore prove nothing; but as aforesaid such traces are Avanting, at least I find

no communications respecting them.

What

do not know.

Winter means

by

As long

Dutch had African possessions however, they

*

1894,

as the

"various Negro tribes"

See also Knebel: "Dc Kalang Lcgcncle" ("T.

XXXVII,

p.

489-505).

I

iiul. taal-, etc.

kunde"

JAVA

42

habitually kept Avhole regiments of Negroes in the Archiiielago,

and these might possibly have if

such have not already disappeared. So

is

blood behind,

loft traces of their

much

more caution

the

therefore necessary in the event of our meeting with soli-

tary

indications

Army

of this

who was

doctor

heard from a Dutch

I have

kind.

stationed in Borneo that a robust

Negro

ivoman lived there, from the Guinea coast of West Africa;

women may

frequently

accompanied the

]iave

moreover Giglioli asserted ("Arch.

Later

Antr." 1879, IX, p. 179)

who van Mussckenbroek sup-

that the bald-headed individual

posed to have

p.

men.

had been seen by Beccari in 1878

frizzly liair,

in Buitenzorg, and that he then had a fresh crop of straight

Beccari carried

hair,

by

informed

Museum

off

Giglioli

Prof.

Whether

Boro-Budur {Leemanns

CCLXXIV,

88, p. 245,

may

represent Negroes,

calls

them "gardes a

ebouriflfes,"

now

is

the

in

I

am

Anthropological

The Kalangs are therefore as a matter

at Florence.

of fact not Negritos} at

a specimen of the hair which

:

certain groups on the reliefs

"B6r6-Budur" 1874,

e.

g. Blanche

and Blanche CCCXXXVI, 68,

la

I

do not venture to decide.

p.

277)

Leemanns

physionomie farouche et aux choveux

and "hommes a

farouche

I'air

et

cruel avec...

leur cheveux ebouriffes, leurs enormes moustaches et leur barbe pointue." p.

Schaaffliausen" s note ("Arch, of a black aboriginal

167)

race

fur Anthr." 1866,

I,

(and Borneo)

is

in Java

unsupported, and therefore without weiglit. says ("J. A. L" 1889, p. 82): "In

the

only large islands

traces of

^

of this

fact,

great

When Flower

Sumatra and Java are area which contain

no

them except some doubtful cross-breeds, and some

As / had published

of date for Kohlbrugge

this in 1893 ("Negritos", p. 75), it

("'L' Anthr."'

IX, p. 4)

to

1877 in the year 1898, the more so as he knew (see his note

the Kalangs.

7,

p. 7),

criticise

my

which he however ignores as

my

was out paper of

publication of 1893 far as

it

concerns

JAVA of an industry

remains

43

which appears not

beyond the Age of Stone,"

I

must emphasize

as this refers to Java, cross-breeds from

and that there

is

have passed

to

so far

in

that,

there are unknown,

not the slightest gTOund for attributing the

stone axes found in Java to a Negrito rather than to a Malay population.

As

^

in this century

we

find Molanesian, Polynesian

in the Stone

and other peoples living

Ago,

is

it

more than

probable that at the date when the Malayan races came to

Java they were in the same stage of

moreover not preclude the

civilisation,

possibility that they found there a

NegTito population also in the Stone Age,

As however we

wards exterminated.

1869,

p.

48 and note

1, p.

whom

find no

cannot at present gTant the hypothesis.

Ave

which would

they after-

traces of this,

Semper

("Phil."

135) had come to the same conclusion

with respect to Mindanao, the occurrence of stone axes there

seeming

to

him

to point to a primitive black population.

as aforesaid, such a conclusion is not justifiable, for if it

I

might

also

be applied

for'

it

But,

were,

instance to Celebes, from whence

brought stone axes which had been found in the ground or

in trees ("fallen ("Z.

E.", Verb.,

f.

from the sky"), 1872, p. 203).

frequently in Java

^

(see

e.

and

preserved as charms

Stone axes have been found

g. Szvaving: "Nat. T. Ned. lud."

Flower appears here again to follow de Qttairefages ("Pygmces" "Hommos Sauvages" 1884, p. 196) blindly, but the state-

1887, p. 42, and

ments in question are very much open

to controversy.

By

covering de

authority with his own, Flotuer adds greatly to the difficulty of weeding out such errors, for a writer making general statements cannot possibly in every case trace them back to their source, and is Quaire/ages

therefore

compelled to follow the authoritative utterances of certain

other writers. ("J. A. I."

now

way a vague statement like that of Allen's 39) who speaks of Papuans and Negritos who

Li the same

1879, VIII,

p.

exist or formerly existed in Sulu,

Borneo and the Sunda Chain arc

completely useless and throw an unfavourable light on the author of the paper: "The oriental range of the Papuan and Nogritto Eaces"'; for when handling a special subject an author cannot be permitted merely to copy uncritically

from others.

SUMATEA

44

1850,

p. 81,

I,

taal-, etc.

1883,

van Limburg- Brouwer : "T.

with plate;

kunde" 1872, XVIII,

III,

p.

51a),

Flores, Solor, Adenara,

existed

in

any way

in

a black frizzle-haired population

Java at the present day stone

and hammers are used in certain occupations, as they

axes

are with us at

been noted in Sumatra,

also

Timor and Ceram without

Moreover

there.

67; "Publ. Etbn. Mus. Dresden"

p.

they have

justifying the inference that

ind.

the

by stone-breakers, or

Luzon by the

in

copper- forges of Mancayan

Dresden" 1890, VIII,

p.

19

b,

(see

"Publ. Enthn. Mus.

Plate XVI, 12) or in North

Borneo {Bishop of Labuan: "Tr. Ethn. Soc", p. 28).

In the year 1851

("J. Ind.

Arch." V,

Java show "that

it

Igorrotes,

Logan had

p. 84) asserted

n.

West

1863,

s.,

II,

already quite unjustifiably

the stone axes from

that

was, at an ancient period, peopled by tribes

of African or Indo-African derivation."

7.

We may

SUMATRA

have information in hand respecting Sumatra which

possibly admit of the conclusion that a negro-like element

Van Hasselt reported

resembling the Papuan exists there.

("Midden -Sumatra" 1882, 111,1, Volksbeschr., the

Kubus

I

saw more frequently than

Padang men with these,

who

aquiline noses,

at the

p.

"Among

frizzled hair, strongly

Quairefages {''YLomwiQ^

and "Races lunu." 1889,

:

and certain individuals amongst

same time had long

De

resembled Jews."

p. 9)

in the highlands of

foss."

468) ranks these

1884,

Avith

and Todas. thinks that

there

no near

affinity

560,

the Ainos

Garson (with Forbes: "East. Arch." 1885, is

p.

p.

244)

with the Negritos here,

that they were of Mongolian extraction, but that in past ages

they

may have

wanderings.

crossed

slightly

with Negritos during their

It is scarcely possible to investigate

how

far such

SUIVIATEA

an inference (p.

is

allowable, but

42) under "Java" in as

possibly be valid

if

("Keisen" 1869, V, the remains

Flower

applied to Sumatra. p.

53)

criticism of the source

sequence

A

remark of

a critical

race

of

is

spirit.

In the same sense but

all re-

1891,

p.

in Sumatra,

—a

little

con-

der Gahelentz' assumption 273)

for

men resembling

that

even

serted—other trustworthy accounts being

of a

.

to

not named, and here

rests

if this

above-mentioned statement of vaji Hasselfs which

drawn.

.

Negroes are said

must be the very foundation of

can be ascribed to von

Negroes are found

hand

Basiiafi's

Indeed one can only trust such reports as are formu-

("Sprachwissenschaft",

to

might

"amongst the Lampongs

that

formation (as mostly with Basiian)

lated iu

quoted above

cannot be used, because the source of in-

have been found"

search.

s utterance

far as it refers to cross-breeds

frizzle-haired

of a

45

is

as far as I

on the not as-

know not

positive conclusion thereon cannot at present be

However

I

do not Avish to deny herewith the occurrence

non-Malayan elements' On the other hand Hagen says

("Anthr. Studien" 1890, p. 8): "It appears to

me

to

bo a strange

circumstance that in Sumatra ... no NegTitos apparently occur, for the jLubus

who were

for

a

time

turned out to be a stunted form

lield

to

be such have

of the aboriginal Malays."

See also Meinickis excellent remarks on the non-occurrence of Negritos in

Sumatra ("Ethn. Asiens" 1837,

p. 7).

show the worth of Dalitz' more recent account

Time

will

(see "Not.

Batav. Genootsch." 1893, p. 27) of hairy dwarfs in Kroe (Res.

Benkulen), for 'the present such a short statement cannot be used.

> See also the remarks below, sub Malacca, p. 62, note 2. I may mention here that Herr Meissner, who lived for 17 years in Sumatra, interior informed me that he heard of wUd, hairy tribes there in the

of the Sultanate of Siak.

BILITON, BANKA,

46

8.

etc.

AND THE ISLANDS OFF THE NORTH-EAST COAST OF SUMATRA BILITON, BANKA,

a Report on Biliton of the year 1851 ("T. Ned. Indie"

111

1853,

who

1, p.

23) the

Orang

are found in Banka,

laut or Sekalis (Sikas, Skaks, Sekats)

Biliton and the neighbourhood are

"We had

described

as

follows:

the Sikas

at

work, and noticed the energy with which they

the opportunity of observing

carried the heaviest boxes and iron implements to the highest

parts of the fortifications, an to

the

ordinary

their short,

arms and

inclination

employment of the

thickset figures,

stout,

The Sikas with

Malays.

broad and very muscular

and their open

legs, their long, frizzly, black hair,

countenances,

—

screaming and laughing whilst carrying the

heaviest burdens on their broad shoulders

ing contrast

to

opposed

so entirely

the

slender,

inanimate,

—

formed a

and

strik-

crafty Malays".

Riedel has more recently brought forward some remarks on the Sekahs and Badjos p.

He

264) based on his

(''T. ind. taal-, etc.

XXVI

kunde" 1881,

own personal knowledge

deposes as folloAvs: The Sekahs of Biliton

of both tribes.

themselves

call

by preference descendants of the Badjaus; the Orang

laut of

Celebes or Badjos come from Wadjo in Celebes, whence

many

emigrated to Borneo and further West, probably as early as the 6'^ or 7"^ Century. rately

notices

"Everyone who

their physical

intellectual peculiarities is struck

are not Malays

s. s.

that their language of hairy,

is

carefully

demeanour and by the

fact that the

and

Sekahs

Against this speaks not only the fact entirely different, but also the occurrence

frizzle -haired

men and women,

true

Papuan

Riedel seemed at that time inclined to believe although he

and accu-

their moral

spoke entirely under reservation-

(p.

—

types."

266)

—

that there

was a certain original connection between the Sekahs of Biliton and the Badjos of Celebes, and that the Sekahs were related

BILITON, BANKA, the Papuans

to

or

other

47

etc.

neighbouring tribes of the

of the

Eastern part of Celebes, or might have to some extent inter-

married

on the

Lutely however

witli tliem.

shown

tliorough investigations have

word,

not Malaj'^s

are

Selfahs

in

the

as follows

:

"More

The

nio a different result.

more

restricted

neither are they Papuans.

I)ut

me

addressed to

sul)ject in a letter

has expressed liimself

lie

sense of the

It is true that

persons

with to a certain extent frizzled hair are found amongst them,

but such hair has not it

not straight,

is

neither does

it

tliat

but

it

crispness peculiar to the Papuans;

has not the Papuan characteristics;

resemble the hair of cross-breeds between Papuans

and Cerameso, Keis, Bugis, Chinese and opportunity of observing later on.

and

curly,

but not frizzly hair."

"Anthr." 1865, V,

Ned. Ind." 1869, 4t»»

ed. 1882,

I,

of

De Banka

had the

The Badjos have

straight

Compare

p.

273;

and de Hollander'.

(I. c.)

belon^-

(/.

laut

of Selais, selat

from the islands

off

linguistic fragments

to inform p.

^.,

as identical with the Sekahs or

Razuahs

"Handl."

a Malayan dialect, as Prof.

to

Leyden had the kindness Hollander mentions

The

informed by Herr Meissner (see above

Orang

also Waits- Ger land

pages 19, 21 and 22; "Ardr. Woordenb.

III,

pages 807 and 835.

given by Riedel

Kern

1,

^

others, as I

823)

Orang p. 45,

mo. the laut,

Rajats

and

= straits).

Wavy

am

note 1) that the

the coast of Siak are called

in Siak, but that they apply to themselves the

meaning "men from the

I

of

name

islands of the Straits" {Mai.

or curly hair occurs

among them,

as I

see from a photograph before mo.

After

but there

all,

it

is

not a question of pure Negritos

may be an element which

here,

can be derived from the

Negritos of Malacca (see also the remarks below sub Malacca, note

p. 62,

'

2).

See note

1,

page

37,

ENGANO AND NIAS

48

ENGANO AND NIAS

9.

Rosenberg

("T. ind. taal-, etc.

Imnde" 1855,

III, p.

374) says

that the inhabitants of the Island of Engano belong to the "Negrito race", but he calls their hair slightly crisp;

down

to their nocks, and the

women hanging

the

men wear

it

over their shoulders.

Thus

of Negritos properly speaking there can bo no question

here,

and von Rosenberg used the expression without knowing

what

is

meant by

it

Waitz- Gerland: "Anthr."

(compare also

35 and 93, and Gerland: "Anthr.

Beitr."

1865, V,

1,

p. 361).

In his "Mai. Arch." Rosenberg says (1878,

p.

Enganose

of the hair of the

"more or

:

Junghuhn ("Battalander" 1847, Battas, and not to the NegTites for

a

1778-1779, LXVIII,

p.

(p.

black hair".

p.

frizzly".

208)

Then

306) reckons them to his

p.

Miller ("Phil. Trans."

290).

173) said of them:

"They are

well-made peoplo ... of a red colour, and have

tall,

delle

I,

11,

less

1875

straight,

Modigliani expresses himself similarly ("L'Isola

Donne" 1894,

though Pleyte

74),

p.

is

erroneously

of

opinion ("Tijdschr. Aardr. Gen. Amst." 1894, p. 975,>ote) that

he considers the Enganese to be Negritos. Danielli presumes p.

312) with

"all

("Archivio per I'Antrop." 1891, XXI,

necessary

reserve"

the

inhabitants of the

Island of Nias to be cross-breeds between Battas and Negritos,

an assumption considered by Zuckerkandl ("Mitth. Anthr. Ges.

Wien" 1894, XXIV, which

I

agree

witli

p.

263) not sufficiently well gTOunded, in

him.

RESULT AS TO SUMATRA AND NEIGHBOURHOOD At

all

events

it

is

our task

standing of an element in Sumatra lands which

is

the future will ^

not purely

Malayan

to

and ;

gain a

better under-

the neighbouring

whether

it

prove}

See also the remarks below sub Malacca,

is-

be Negritic

p. 62, note 2.

FOEMOSA

FORMOSA

10.

While the

iion - occurrence of

been almost generally accepted, 2»'i

Anthr." Paris,

49

ser.,

VIL,

p.

Negritos in Formosa has

Hamy

1872

in

("Bull. See.

848) believed that ho was able

to state their occurrence, taking his stand

on the three following

points 1.

to "

Hamy himself attaches

which however

no importance

(p.

844)

Ces observations laissent beaucoup a desirer par elles-memes." passage

In the

in

Formosa," there

to

question ("Oost-Indien,"

below, not VI as

p. 37'',

"

Older reports by Valentyn, dating from the year 1726,

stuk,

2.

quotes), in the

C,

chapter on

however not one word which can be taken

is

apply to NegToes;

stout

Hamy

IV,

the

inhabitants

described as

are

tall,

and coarse, others as half giants of a browny- yellowy

"en wel zoo veel

colour,

na't geel trekkende (gelyk de For-

mozaanen doorgans vaUen)."

Hamy

Pole Sud" 1846,

Hombron

says:

I,

p.

this

topic

this

("Voy.

204) which he calls "un pen vagiies;"

"...II est bien probable... que des

que nous retrouvons a

noirs,

mentions besides on

Hombron's utterances concerning

occasion

Formose

et

peuples

dans toutes les

Philippines, habiterent les premiers le territoire de la Chine." I do not think

these

utterances are

merely "rather vague,"

but indeed as far as they refer to Formosa and China quite

unfounded and 2.

unjustifiable.

Hamy

relies

on a remark of Swmhoe's ("Kep.

Associat." for 1865, 1866,

"Notes on the Aborigines of Formosa," whore follows is

little

origin;

of

{Hamy room

cites this

for

read as

avo

on page 848 not in extensd)

"

:

There

doubtiug that the Kalee tribe are of Tagal

but there are other tribes

Formosa

Brit.

page 130) in a short notice entitled:

of quite

distinct

inliabiting

race,

dwarfed stature, and probably allied Meyer, Negritos (Jnne

19tli,

1899)

the to

the

wildest

mountains of

thom of

the Negi'itos 4

of tlio

FOEMOSA

50

Andaman

Islands

the author, however, as yet had not had an

;

Swhihoe was English Consul

opportunity of seeing them."

Formosa, has written various notices on the subject (see

in

g.

e.

"J. N. China Branch K. As. Soc." 1859, p. 153; "J. R. Geogr. Soc." 1864, p. 6; "Proc. R. GeogT. Soc." 1866, p. 122) and

known

too as a naturalist,

certain

amount

himself,

his

utterances

of authority, but as he

carry

therefore

—

as

he had seen are of Tagal origin,

we cannot

in etimologicis lay

the dwarfs

whom

any weight on his opinion that

he had not seen are Negritos.

Havty thinks

— and

this is point

that Stvinhoes assumption

Schetelig procured

3 on which he builds

confirmed by two

is

which

skulls,

from there "dont I'examen demontre

.

.

.

du rapprochement propose par M. Swinhoe", vdiich

I'exactitude

however as we Schetelig

allied to

he further expresses such a daring opinion

whom

as that the Kalees

a

had not seen the dwarfs

and only says too that they are "probably"

the Mincopies,

is

shall see directly cannot servo to support him.

received from friends, just from this south part of

two

the island,

but Hatny makes the mistake of sup-

skulls,

posing that Schetelig holds

them

whereas

for Negrito skulls,

he distinctly declares that they are Malay.

Hamy

says

(p.

848)

„Mr. Schetelig attache une certaine importance a cette derniero disposition [a lateral flattening], qu'il s'est habitue a considerer,

dans ses voyages aux Pliilippines,

comme un

caractere

im-

portant, propre aux aborigenes de ces lies, et qui lui a souvent servi,

dit-il,

a

distinguer les

misunderstood Schetelig here. for NegTitos, Schetelig

whom

he

meant

Hamy has entirely While Hamy took "aborigenes" negTitos."

exactly the reverse

distinguished by this character,

—

which

i.

e.

is

Malays,

not pos-

sessed by the Negritos.

Schetelig says ("Trans. Ethn. Soc",

U.S., 1869, VII,

"The former plane

p.

225):

the roof of the skull] skulls;

is

while the latter

[a flattening of

a character possessed by most

Malayan

planes [the above mentioned sloping

FOEMOSA of the

on either side]

parietal

I

51

have already,

wanderings in the Philippines, been accustomed

during

an important leading character of the natives there [by

meant the Malays, not the Negritos].

are

me

impressed

as having aided

brought up to

Hamy

which

me me

it

whom

[for

them

Malays by

as Negritos."

It is

which

is

also

just this last phrase

Schetelig says that he had

who were brought

this

special in

character.

no way drawn

tween the Negritos of the Philippines skulls,

who were

to

him

as

he was searching] because he recognised

Schetelig has

doubted,

my

mentioned many a time, and twice

has misunderstood.

Negritos

this

has there

it

in discarding native individuals

twice discarded natives [Malays]

as

Nay,

with such vivid clearness that on consulting

journal of travels, I find

my

to regard as

^

This

cannot be

a comparison be-

and these two Pormosa

proved by his table on

p.

228; moreover

he says of the two skulls in question, IIA and IIB, that they "resemble the Malayo- Philippine typo". (p.

217): "I

that the

am

He remarks

convinced of the validity of

Malay

my

views,

further

namely

origin of most of the inhabitants of Fot'niosa

In the whole paper

is incontestable."

(p.

215-229) Schetelig

does not speak of NegTitos, except on page 226, the passage already cited, where the word Negrito occurs once.

Schetelig"^

therefore cannot be looked upon as warranting the occurrence of

Negritos in Formosa.

him

stood

But how thoroughly

Hamy

shown by the following sentence

is

(p.

description ecourtee etles quelques mensurations de

*

On page 226 he compares

"Cat. Coll. Surg." 1879,

Formosa

and

I,

p. 12G,

a Philippine skull in

misunder850):

"La

M. Schetelig

London (Flower

No. 747) with the two ahove-uicntioncd

hetwcoii them. Only i/^ however hold this Philippine skull I'or a Negrito ethn." 1882, p. 177) and they, as we have already shown on

skulls

,

finds certain sirailaritios

Qiiairefages and Hainy

one ("Cr.

page

20, are not justified in so doing. •''

Schetelig s

"lieisebcricht"

("Z. Ges. Erdk. Berlin" 18G8,

contains no mention of the natives.

4*

p.

385)

FOEMOSA

52

confirment I'excellente diagnose qu'il a formulee, et moutrent

suffisamment aux commentateurs prepares a la discussion de son niemoire I'identite etlmiquo des cranes indigenes rapportes

du massif meridional do Formosa, et de ceux des negTitos de

Andaman, des Philippines

race pure des ties

etc."

would be another question whether the two

It

skulls

which Schetelig describes as resembling the Malayo-Philippine reproducing one of them

type,

him turn out

be Negrito

to

advocates, and Avhich

characters

certain

I

French

two

in

this race has not yet

in the present embryonic

is

an unwarrantable proceeding, and the two no followers in

Anthr.

Flower amongst

Inst."

1889, XVIII,

tliese followers

p. 82):

where the race [Negritos] has preserved the

"facts"

many

to

when Ratzel Formosa he

.

.

.

way

Negrito cross-breeds this

only

on the

Wild Aborigines

Vn,

1869,

*

We

Formosa:

p.

165)

of

all

It 11,

characters"),

its

and

page 215):

statements

Neither

takes

it

probable that

is

may be presumed

Formosa"

(he says

"...Formosa,...

class-books, errors.

("Volkorkunde" 1886,

mentioned French writers. of the

into

weed out such

says

bases

too

their

find

years

this respect,

But when we

simply copy their assertions.

find an authority like

"Journ.

be unjustifiable.

hold to

when

skulls,

writers will certainly find

except such as

Hamy

occurrence of a race in a country from

been registered from that country, state of craniology

in spite of

also adopted in the "Crania Ethnica"

is

the

conclude

to

might not

an opinion which

skulls,

and 182), but which

(pages 180

For

(II B),

of

"In

to exist",

the

above-

White s "Brief Account ("Tr. Ethn. Soc",

nor any other source^ known to

me

n.

s.,

con-

have to thank de Lacouperie for a good bibliography on This writer n. s., 1887, XIX, p. 459 note.

"J. E. As. Soc",

however, in spite of a great array of learning, has not been able to bring forward from Chinese or other sources any proof, or even probable proof, of the former occurrence of Negritos in Formosa: see particularly § 34 and 36 of his Memoir, ''Formosa Notes on MSS., Eaces and Languages" •

JAPAN tains depenclablo

Mar iiiis

statoinonts thoreon

^

;

and Vivien de Saint-

opinion of the non-occurronce of negro-liko oloments

Formosa,

in

53

an

opinion

whicli

Hamy

its

endeavoured

has

dethrone ("Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris" 1872,

p.

to

reclaims

845),

rights.

a was

It

Hamy

had been able

too

JAPAN

who

seriously believed

first

that ho

to prove the occurrence of Negritos in

Japan

("Les negritos a Formose et dans I'archipel Japonais": "Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris" 1872, p. 843); this question

that

He

it

is

is

so interesting

worth while to go more thoroughly into his reasons.

relics firstly

on

and

several older

statements in print,

(ad 1) which

ho endeavours to turn to

secondly on one skull.

The statements account are

(/.

c.

chiefly those of ^von

pages 413-494).

Siebold and Prichard,

and

Keane's former remark (in Wallace's "Australasia"

1879, p. 604) that Negritos have probably occurred in

Formosa

is

likewise

unsupported. *

Even quite recently Hirth

lias

published a passage from the

Chinese Annals ("Tai-wan-fu-chili") of the 17th Century ("Z. f. E.", Verb., 1893, p. 333) which refers to the primitive inhabitants of Formosa.

There

is

however no reference to Negritos, for the note

(p.

335) "that

deep in the interior of the mountains there lives a race of men resembling apes, not quite 3 feet (4 Engl, feet) high" cannot possibly serve to make the occurrence of Negritos more likely. Ges.

Wien"

1892,

XXII,

p.

[91].

publications on the inhabitants of

See also Hirth in "Mitth. Anthr. Neither do any of the more recent

Formosa contain proof of the occurrence

of Negritos there, for instance the following: Hosie in the "London and

China Express" of August 25tii, 1893 (according to a Eeview in "Die Natur" 1894, p. 49); Taintor : "Les aborigenes du nord dc Formosa" (according to a Eeview in "L'Aiithropologic" 1894,

p. 348);

IJaherlandt

"Die PJingcborcnen der Kapsulan Ebene" in "Mitth. Anthr. Ges. Wien" 1894, XXIV, p. 184; Tamai: "Erforschung des Tschinwan - Gebietes" in

—

"Globus" 1896, LXX, p. 93. As to Mundt-Lauff' s of Formosa, see note 2, page 35 above.

fictions

on the Negritos

JAPAN

54

as

he does not give them in extenso

come acquainted with of Mankind",

Si-"^

vol. IV,

ed.,

be well

will

it

to be-

/rzV/i:«r^ ("Physical History

their tenor. p.

491)

says

italicize

(I

the

passages bearing on the question): "The greater part of this extensive empire

is

termed the Japanese but

in

not,

They

race.

parts

at

are

immemorial inhabitants,

the

least,

are

aborigines.

Japanese

mention various tribes of barbarians, whose inroads

historians

have

all

who

inhabited by one race of people,

troubled

the

inhabitants,

civilised

Nanban

the

as

or

Barbarians of the South, the Sei-siu or Savages of the West,

and the wild people of the Suzuga-Yama, Omoi, who are said to have breathed out according

times,

early

the

to

state

in the country of

and smoke.

fire

records of the empire,

black savages were very formidable in Japan:

From

length subdued and driven out.

form of

the

body, the crisp hair,

and

In

they were at

the peculiar features,

the

darker complexion

which are observed in some of the natives of the southern

and south-eastern coast of Japan, there as

M.

reason

is

to

suspect,

de Siebold observes, that these zvild tribes in the empire

of Dai Nippon tvere allied and

Islands,

perhaps

to

the aborigines

the

to

Alfourous

of the Philippine

of

Australia

(Dr.

von Siebold^s Mathematische und Physische Geographie von Japan,

p.

16)."

Prichard says further

(/.

c.

p.

527):

"M.

Siebold in the narrative part of his work has introduced some observations on the physical character of the natives of

one

of the empire of Nippon. as well

He

says,

— 'The

population of Fizen,

as that of the whole island of Kiiisiu,

is

tween the dwellers on the coast and those of the of

Kiiisiii,

of the three great islands which form the principal part

the

towns,

who

differ

from eachother

aspect, language, manners and character.

in

divided beinterior

and

their physical

The' coasts, and the

numberless islands which border on them, are inhabited by fishers

and seafaring people,

men small

but vigorous, of a

JAPAN than those of the other classes.

deeper colour

more frequently black than rotigeaire'^

—

puffed,

strongly

— enflees, —

marked,

severance,

boldness,

effrontery,

a

slightly aquiline,

renfoncee a

pressed at the root,

la racine.

also the lips

and de-

Address, per-

which never

frankness

a

natural benevolence

who have

prononcee,— their

tres

nose small,

W\(i

Their hair,

red brown colour,— ^r««-

of a

crisped in some individuals

is

angle

facial

55

amounts

to

and a complaisance which

approaches to the abject; such are the characteristic qualities of the sea-coast people.'"

on

small

their

size

as

Bamy

854) lays special stress

(p.

characteristic

of the

Negritos,

and

brings together comparative data regarding the Malays, Aetas,

Somangs and cross-breeds between Malays and

Mincopies,

Semangs, but as von Siebold does not give any figures nothing can be

based hereon.

Whether the

traces of crisp hair

and

the darker colour of the skin admit of a reference to Negiitos, I

do not pretend to determine; but such a hypothesis

certainly not a proof, nor do" I think that

going so

far

as to say (p. 855): "II

Kamy

is

is

most

justified in

ne manque plus a cette

diagnose ethnique que la sanction de Tanatomio."

Hamy

finds the second basis for his statement in one of

two Japanese skulls in the Paris opinion resembles sanction. (p.

les

a

Museum

Negrito skull,

(p.

855) which in his

and gives the required

This induces him to express himself as

follows

858): "Ainsi se trouvent verifiees par I'anatomie ethnique

hypotheses

de

Prichard,

des seuls caracteres

I'aide

Latham

de

etc.

exterieurs, 'les tribus

rattachant a

des bois

Tempire de Dai Nippon' aux aborigenes noirs de Formoso des Pliilippines." skull found its

'

et

In consequence of this the NegTito-Japanese

way

into tlie "Crania ethnica" (1882, p. 182)

and was duly recorded in

all

the writings of Quatrefages and

"This part of SieboWs -work

French edition."

de

is

as yet only published

in

the

JAPAN

56

in

many

Flower

others.

too ("J. A. L" 1889, XVIII, p. 82)

covered his predecessors with his authority

beyond

this [Formosa], as in

east portion of Japan,

Loo-Choo

confuses

Kiuschiu, for even

"But

Loo-Choo, and even in the south-

[the Negrito race] reveals its former

it

Here Flower besides

by the present population."

existence

by saying:

Lu Tschu

(the

Hamy

(p.

or Riu kiu

with

Islands)

581) could not discover a trace

of NegTito blood in the "Archipel Lieou-Kieou," ("on ne pent

decouvrir aucune allusion a des caracteres negroides").

The

precise weight of Siebold's utterances on this sub-

ject I do not, as I have

but

am

I

skull

not able to

remarked above, pretend

make

from the Executioners Burial-place

forms the second part of ever, other Avriters

Hamfs

regard

proof.

frizzly hair

III,

p.

wrote ("Leopoldina,"

542).

As

^

p. 25):

far

Yokohama which

in

Apart from

among

a sign of a crossing with the Ainos, (see

kunde" 1888,

to determine,

out a case for the Negrito-like

e.

how-

this

the Japanese as

g. Ratzel: "Volker-

back

1875 Gerland

as

"..Whereby we beg

to gainsay

without more ado the occurrence at any time of allied peoples [viz.

peoples aUied with NegTitos

etc.]

in the Islands of Japan,

an idea which in the present day some not disinclined to accept anew. saying

is

Eegarding' this

question I

acknowledged authority on Japan. as follows

are

:

Our reason

that the sources of these statements

weak, and that the ambiguous *

(like

"In

my

very weak.

Chamisso) for

are

thus

gain-

extremely

facts cited in support of consulted Professor Reiny

He was good enough

are

them as

an

to write to

me

opinion the proofs of the former occurrence of Negritos

What

has been found in dolmens and otherwise in

Kiushiu, in Yamato, near Nara and elsewhere in Honshiu only proves that a prehistoric people lived in Central and Southern Japan before conquest by the present race. Whether they were related to the Jezo or Emishi, who inhabited the north of Honshiu, and according to all accounts obviously belonged to the Ainos, no-one can say. In Japan

its

at the present day the colour of the skin, the type of face etc. have through intermarriages become such uncertain tokens that no positive conclusions can be formed regarding the races from which they sprang."

CHINA explained

otherwise

bo

can

57

a

in

much more

satisfactory

manner." Little as I wish to dispute the possibility of the existence

of a Negrito element in Japan, yet I hold that the facts brought

forward up to the present time are far from being established,

the

that

besides

more

compromised

and non-anthropologists

logists

or less subjective,

in these days

waiting

us

if

still

in

in the eyes of non-ethno-

surmises and explanations,

be accepted as proven conclusions.

Japan possesses^ anthropologists of her own

with modern training,

keep

I believe

methods of our sciences which are

their infancy will be

As

support the hypothesis.

do I think that they

nor

it

to

is

be hoped that these will not

long for a more thorough investigation of

the ethnical elements of their

12.

own

people.

CHINA

Neuinami makes the following statements

("Asiat. Studien:

Die Urbevolkerung einiger Provinzen des chin. Reiches" 1837, I,

p.

.85-120) respecting the peoples

who inhabited China

before

the coming of the Chinese, Avhich might possibly be taken to

"The foreign peoples and

refer to Negritos: in the

Annals

*

''

tribes

under different names, the Miao, Man,

mentioned

Fand

Yu,

See for example Koganei's "Contribution to the physical Anthrothe Ainos", in the "Mitth. dor medic. Facultiit der Kais.

pology of

Japan. Univ."

II,

Toldo, 1893 and 1894.

"The most ancient monument of the geography and statistics of China as well as of Universal History has conic down to us in the '^

celebrated chapter,

so frequently the subject of commentataries, of the

The Tribute of the Yu" (von Richthefen "China"

Annals Yu kong,

i.

1877,

"The Yu-kwig

I,

p.

42).

e.

Sixth Book of Shu- king or

or the Tribute IJoll of the Yii is the

of the Classical

Writer of the Historical

Notes, a collection of historic documents which

and includes the age from 2357 to 720 B. C."

(/.

is

ascribed to Con/ucius

c, p. 227).

58

CfflNA

the barbarians of Lai^ Haoi, and of the Eastern Islands,

must

bo regarded as natives, differing absolutely from the conquering Chinese.

It

primitive or

inhabitants

—

Miao

can however be declared with certainty that the

"The entire remains of Chinese Empire

The

(p.

42).

primitive inhabitants of the present

tlie

are included

Miao

general term

in the

.

.

autochtlional inhabitants ... of the South-west ... are called

Miao to

South were chiefly called Ma?i

of the

words of uncertain origin and meaning"

^

Yao and F, and they appear

Li,

to

be closely

allied

Indo-Chinese peoples of the Peninsula beyond the

the

Ganges,

to

the Lolos..., the Pape,

the inhabitants of Laos

and Burmah, and the other aborigines met with, who have

been driven back

"We

(p. 46).

into the

mountainous parts of the country"

must take the [unknown

51] writer

p.

[of the

description of 79 clans or tribes of the Miao tsej at his

when he

tells us that

are black

there

word

so-called Oriental

or

negroes in the interior of China, for he expressly assures us of the fact in his description of the twelfth as well as of various

other clans"

Miao.

Of the

(p. 52).

12"! (p. 80) he says:

The He seng Miao or black Miao dwell They

hood of Tsing tscheou.

in the neighbour-

are naturally of a cruel, malig-

They spy out the

nant disposition.

"The black

dAvellings of the wealthy,

and combining together in bands cause conflagrations night, and then rob and plunder.

Yong-Tsching (1735 according

In the

in the

year of the Period

13**^

to our chronology)

they were

subjugated, and since then have lived conformably to the law."

Besides these on page 78 are mentioned the Eight Palisades." the high Hills": 47*^^

Clan

is

On page 82 he

"They

called

Miao,

says of the

called black

"Miao

On page 97

of of

the

so-called according to

of China before

p. 49) because they wear black clothing.

m^: "The

The black Miao

are black-coloured."

"The black Miao,"

Lacotiperie ("Languages

"

the Chinese" 1887,

On page 105

Cinnamon."

of the

On page 110:

CHINA The Ko

"68. black

.

.

lo

.

.

59

have small eyes and largo bodies

.

called... the

The

plaits.

their hair in

Clan

74*1^

on the Tsing kiang."

black Miao

They

Southern barbarians."

black

(p.

115)

is

The

To'"^

(p.

"The

117):

Clan,

"The

116):

"The

In the descriptions there

mean

could be taken to

is

as

to NegTitos (p.

and

is

it

(Foochow,

"A

it

p.

450) contain

Avith

Edkins

word which

07ie

in

Miaos

"The Miau

mode

of dressing

the hair

into the shape of a 'conical shell"

Midler

("

with

is

—

all

there

the primitive Negritos.

tsi

Tribes"

the

V

men

to

certainly there-

Allg. Ethn.",

409) reckons the Miao-tso to the Thai

After

refers

of the South),

Here he says among other things on page

s. a.).

fore it is not crisp hair. p.

"Die

Plat/is paper:

alten China" (" Sb. Ak. Wiss.

treats specially of the

same

just the

favorite

twist

498

I,

all.

is

everything speaks

fact

in

does

little

fremden barbarischen Stamme im Miinchen" IV, 1874,

This

accordingly not one word Avhich

Negritos,

Just

contrary.

the

to

W^

The

black Tschong."

called

Avear

called

black Miao of the Houses with several Stories." (l).

are

faces

their

;

noses... they are

black, they have white teeth and hooked also

The

black and white.

are of two kinds,

.

or

2"^^ ed.,

1879,

Shan peoples.

not the slightest justification for claiming

is

inhabitants

of China,

even hypothetically, as

Such was however not only

held to have been proved

mth

the case, but

certainty that the

it

was

aborigines

did consist of Negritos.

Terrien

de Lacouperie published a book in the

year

1887, entitled: "The languages of China before the Chinese", Aboriginal in which on page 74 in the Section "The Pre-Chinese

Negritos" he says: "The languages spoken by the tribes of this dwarfish race,

have not

left

Such tribes

which formerly were settled in Cliina proper,

any modern representative that we know

fell

in proximity to the Chinese

2116 B.C. when the

latter

Bak

of.

tribes, al)out

already hnmigrated into the Flowery

CHINA

60

Land, and advanced eastwards of the great southern bend of

Some

the Yellow River.

235 A. D. the Chinese advanced

circa

now

and in

to the Christian era,

previous

centuries

Shan hai King,

fabulous geography of the

the

of in

same race are spoken

tribes of the

the

of

We

dwarfish tribe.

region that

is

and met there again

the S. E. of their An-hui province,

some

the

in

a few

later writers,

hear no more of tliem in

the Chinese Annals; but Friar de [sicf] Odoric de Pordenone,

about

mentions them in the relation of his journey.^

1330,

Nothmg

is

which may permit us

yet,

former influence, Negritos which

were

and we do not Imow

the Himalaic Negrito

the

There

probable."

-Andaman,

if

they belonged to

the Indonesian NegTito-

to

Mon-Khmer NegTito-Kamucks three

of these

first

the course of our

in

not sufficient to form any positive idea as

their language,

Aetas, or to the

its

"The, traces of

131:

by us

disclosed

exist as

any surnval of

discover

to

And page

any."

if

investigation were to

and no landmarks

said of their language,

is

nothing more here.

paper:

"The Negrito-Pygmies

Orient.

Record" 1891, V, pages

though

division,

and the third the most,

the less,

is

In the same writer's

of Ancient China" ("Bab.

169 and 203) there

and just

is

as little proof of the likelihood, for the explanation of Tsiao-

Yao

13*^ century

dwarfs

is

NegTitos

The account

considered valid.

black

=

"Dark Pygmies"

as

doubtless

are

in

(p.

question

a partially fabulous

said to

cannot

209)

dating from the one,

have been only 3 tschi

as

=

these

90 cm

high (see D'Hervey de Saint Denys: "Ethn. des peuples a la Chine par Ma-Touaii-Lin' 1883,

'

\Odortc (ed. Cordier , 1891,

in such a

manner that not the

remarks.

He

identifies

with Pai-iwan,

calls tliem

p. 345)

II,

be

p. 267).

etr.

Such im-

speaks of p3'g-mies in China

slightest reliance can be placed on his

Bidun, which de Lacouperie [afud Cordier,

p.

602)

Bdi-dun, an interpretation however which

Schlegel ("T'oung pao" 1891,

II,

p. 265)

does not allow.]

61

CfflNA conclusions

portant

based

cannot be

therefore

on

In

this.

no case can we like Lacouperie'^ speak of Negritos in China with perfect

become

in

and the question in point does not

certainty,

the

more probable because de

degree

slightest

Quatrefages ("Races humaines" 1889, Lacouperie

p.

347) says: "M. de

montre recemment que ces

a

potits

NegTes ont

habite jadis la Chine orientale et meridionale," on the contrary it

in

loses

acquainted

with

approaches

the Negrito

the

question. p.

already

are

spirit

uncritical

and Or. Eec." 1891, V, de Quatrefages I

we

because

probability

in

which

sufficiently

this

writer

In his later paper ("Bab.

169) de Lacouperie again relies on

In the present state of our knowledge we

are not in the position to form a sound

judgment respecting

the racial affinities of the primitive inhabitants of China, and

"over-haste

in

scientific

matters

is

unmethodical"

Gabelentz'. "Sprachwiss." 1891, p. 153).

De

{von der

Quatrefages and

de Lacouperie looked upon eachother as authorities, the asfor truth to the other

sumption of the one standing

and vice

versa; in consequence they tried to support eachother, but is

more

than questionable whether others will have the

it

same

belief in the categorical statements of these two writers.

RESULT AS TO THE DUTCH POSSESSIONS, CHINA AND JAPAN We

have found then that

all accounts

of Negritos

out-

side the Philippines are based on very poor evidence {properly

speaking on 7ione at

all),

or are the result of errors in con-

"The present monograph shows conof the native population of China, part dnsively [!] that Negritos were when in the XXUliJ century B. C. the civilized Bak tribes came into *

L. c,

the land."

page 209

de L. says

:

MALACCA

62

sequence of insufficient criticism of the sources or misunder-

which in their turn are

original statements,

standing of the

frequently unreliable and perverted.^

And now

our

to undertake

interest

in as far as

survey,

at

is

it,

seemed

it

to

me

of

an end, for not a doubt exists

Negritos in the Peninsula of Malacca,

as to the occurrence of

and in the Andanians.

MALACCA

13.

Eegarding Malacca, the following more modern books should be

consulted,

certify the

occurence

of Negritos:

Von Maclay "Ethnological

Excursions in Johoro" ("J. East. As." 1875,

"Ethnologischo

Excursionen

("Nat. T. Ned. Ind." 1876,

in

XXXVI,

p. 3,

Branch As. Soc." 1878, Nr.

as well as

"Ausland" 1883, No. 33,

As. Soc." 1878, No.

in

1, p.

p. 94, PI. I);

I,

der Malayischen

"J. Straits

the Melanesian Tribes

p.

2,

Plates I-III,

217);

Kukn:

also

205, Plates II- III,

p. 647); and "Dialects of

Malay Peninsula"

the

Halbinsel"

("J. Str. Br.

38); further de Morgan-. "Exploration

dans la presqu'ile malaise" 1886 (reviewed in "Z. p.

who

not to mention older authorities

"Beitr.

Sprachonkunde

zur

f.

E." 1893,

Hinterindiens"

("Sb. bayer. Akad." 1889, p. 198);

^n^ Stevens^: "Materialien

Stamme

auf der Halbinsel Malaka"

zur Kenntniss der wildon

Mus. Volkk. Berlin" 1892,

("Publ.

p. 95, ed. Griinwedel,

1

XXIV,

see also "Z.

11, f.

p.

81,

and 1894,

E.", Verb.,

1891,

p.

III,

829,

Virchow said in 1893 ("Corr. Blatt. Deutsche Anthrop. Ges." 117) that the notices of the occurrence of Negritos beyond

p.

the Philippines, Malacca and the

Andamans

are almost without an ex-

formerly he had discussed certain Negrito indications in the inhabitants of Micronesia ("Z. f. E.", Verh. 1880, p. 116; "Mb.

ception "romantic"

;

Akad. Berlin" 1881, *

p.

1136; see also below, p.

87).

Stevens divides the Negritos of Malacca into

the Belendas ("Blatidass"),

who with

two principal

tribes,

the Tumiors ))ranched off from the

ANDAMAN ISLANDS and 1892,

Panggang Virchozv,

and "Skulls and Hair from

465);

Malacca"

see

of

figure

p.

in

also

(/.

c, 1892,

1891,

c.

/.

Negrito

a

of

GO

p.

also

—a

Gerlaiid

a

("Tour du monde" 1895,

and

Ver.

fiir

u.

p.

I,

particularly

good found

bo

will

June 18"\ 1892,

of

in

s.,

A

("Pong")

lecture

Orang

tlio

with Remarks by

439,

p.

837).

Monde"

(" Jb.

on

report

p.

Kalantan

apiid Claine in "Lo Tour du

Compare

63

p.

398.

Geogr. Frankfurt" 1893,

and

1889),

Lapicque

613 and 1896,

II,

p.

37

49).

14.

A I will

ANDAMAN ISLANDS

voluminous literature exists on the Andamaneso, but

here refer only to Dobson ("J. A.

Lane Fox

(/. c.

VII,

1878,

p.

108,

and 1885,

XIV,

p.

268;

1883, XII,

p.

p.

434),

115),

p.

69 and 327;

also

Kenis-ixihe, and the Meniks,

plates).

who

1875, IV,

Man n.

They

consist of the

s.,

p. 457),

(/. c.

1880, IX,

(/. c.

1882,

also 1885,

and Lapicqtce ("Tour du monde" 1895,

433 and 445, with good

I."

Floiver

XIV,

XI,

p. 253),

pages 409, 421,

are

in process

Panggans

of

of Kelantan

and Petani, and the Semangs of the West coast. Only the Panggans of A name Kelantan and the neig-hbouring Tumiors are pure Negritos.

—

oten occurring for the Belendas

is

Sakeis

{Mai. "bondman, servant"), a

but which designation given them in the first instance by the Malays they also often apply to themselves when addressing strangers (see Stevens, Rowland in "Mitth. Geog-r. Ges. Wien" 1895, 1. c, in, p. 128, note 3. ,

XLI, the

p.

706 recently treated of such a tribe from the East coast). Whether Sahei has anything to do with Sekah, referred to above (p. 46)

name

sub Biliton and Banka,

the Sekahs and

Orang

remains an open question, as well as whether of the islands oif the North-east coast of

laid

In this case they might have Sumatra are descended from Negritos. come from Malacca, as they live according to Veth ("Aardr. Woordcnboek"

1869, j«iJ "Billiton") by the sea-coast, thus proving that they arc later-comers than the inhabitants of the interior (Orang darat). Sakais from Johore, or instance, settled according to Veth (/. c, sub "Sakai") on the East

coast of Sumatra.

MERGUI ISLANDS

64

extinction (see "Ind. Gids" 1892, p. 1373, and Elders: 2'^^

Fiirstenhofe",

ed.,

1894,

"Ind.

184).

II, p.

MERGUI ISLANDS

15.

Heifer ("Travels", published by Countess Nostitz, 1873, 11, p.

241) found similar traces in the neighbouring Mergui

"The Selungs

Islands:

a well-built

Their complexion

race of men.

Burmese,

are

approach

they

is

partly

and healthy-looking

darker

than that of the

Malay and partly the

tlie

Ethiopian type, which points to a mixing of the different races.

The frizzly hair

occasionally

met

tvith indicates a relationship

with Negro tribes; possibly a crossing with the neighbouring

Andamanose has taken place" (compare in

"M. Geogr. Ges. Wien" 1859,

true Negritos like the

marks regarding the p. 388).

tlie

(/. c.

shown by his subsequent re-

"Travels," p. 256, and "Schrifton,"

is

kind,

and Anderson admits that the hair occasion-

p. 174.)

33).

According

tto

1894,

search there for Negritos p.

222;

pages 589 and 601;

Kuhn

visit to

the Mergui

("Bull.

Soc. Anthr.

"Tour des monde,"

n.

"Ann. de GeogT." 1896,

indices laissent a peine soup9onner une

legere

1895,

s.,

413);

p.

concludes by saying: "Le type malais est dominant

noir."

to

(See also Giglioli: "Arch, per Antr." 1879, IX,

Kecently Lapique paid a short

Archipelago Paris"

(p.

Akad." 1889, pages 222 and 236) the language

Malayan.

sang

1890,

decidedly against the occurrence of frizzly

shows a tendency to curl

("Sb. bayer. is

latter

is

But that they were not

amongst the Selungs, but Heifer must have seen some-

thing of ally

Andamanese

350).

Anderson ("Selungs of the Mergui Arch."

pages 4 and 33) hair

p.

also Heifer's "Schriftcn\

.

.

.

I,

he

quelques

immixtion de

NICOBAR ISLANDS

65

NICOBAR ISLANDS

16.

Ball ("Calcutta Eev." No. CE, Oct. 1870,

p.

283, "Jiiugie

379, and "Proc. As. Soc. Bengal" 1881,

Life in India" 1879, p.

pages 15 and 110) presumed that NegTitos existed also in

Great Nicobar, but he relied upon older

who had

travellers

reported that the interior was inhabited by black savages with

Distant too

frizzly hair;

tained the same, but

it

gave a direct denial to

("J.

to the

XV,

p.

Man

I.

17.

c.

31),

p.

neither

apud

does Svoboda

161) mention

p.

1875,

Giglioli:

(Eelative

it.

Maurer:

321, and "Nicobariana" 1868; Gov.

of Jndia: "Papers relating I."

110; and

p.

their BibliogTaphy see particularly

"Die Nicobaren", 1867,

Diskint: "J. A.

336) main-

("Voc. Nic. and And. Isles"

it

Ethn." 1892, V,

Nicobars and

p.

remains unproven, and de Roepstorff

"Arch, per Antr." 1885, fiir

1879, VIII,

I."

Bengal" 1881,

p. 3; "Proc. As. Soc.

("Int. Arch,

A.

1877, VI,

to the p.

Nicobar

209; Ball

Is.,"

I. c.

Calcutta 1870;

1881, X,

p.

106;

1893, XXIII, pages" 21 and 232).

ANNAM, COCHIN CHINA, CAMBODIA

The occurrence

of Negritos in

Cambodia stands much Soc. Anthr. Paris,

2'id

in

ser.,

Annam, Cochin China and

need of confirmation.

1871 (1872), VI,

Hamy:

"Bull.

p. 147, pronounces

the Mois to be NegTitos ("negres"); Giglioli ("Viaggio Magenta"

1875,

p.

305) did not regard this as sufficiently proven, and there-

fore abstains

the

from givmg a

final

opinion on the subject; on

other hand the writers of the

p. 192, 2"^ lino)

"Crania Ethnica" (1882,

deemed the occurrence

of NegTitos in Indo-

China to be absolutely demonstrated, and the same applies de Quatrefages

alone

however, who relies on

("Pygmees" 1887,

p. 57).

his investigations pursued for years on

the spot ("Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris" 1880, p. 557) M*}/*r, Negritos

iJufle 24tli,

to

Harmand

1899)

is

"

of the

ANNAM, COCHIN CHINA, CAMBODIA

66

opinion that not

a trace

authenticated, and

Hamy

of Negritos

(I.

c.)

there

can

really

be

same occasion that

said on the

the more recent travellers have not confirmed the supposition. "in

of Negritos

In mentioning traces

Virchoiv ("Corr. Bl. D.

between China, Biirmah and Siam" Anthr. Ges." 1892, page 107)

does

the border -territories

not

authority.

his

state

("Mem.

According to Maiirel: "Etude sur les Cambodgiens"

Soc. Anthr. Paris" 1893, IV, p. 483) the wild tribes are blackin his conclu-

skinned, but have almost always straight hair; sions (p. 535) ho says, that there

Kuhn

"Beitrage zur

in

is

nothing of Negritos there.

Sprachenkunde Hinterindiens" ("Sb. "that a

bayer. Akad." 1889, page 220) appears to be certain

common

substratum forms the basis of the population of India This

and Further India. later- comers,

that

it

is

in spite of

substratum

which

its

by them

fiting its

so

is

powerful

distinctly recognisable throughout the entire region." at present in their in-

and the race questions have the

fancy,

covered by

been

influence

These philological studies are however

up

has

at

less

chance of pro-

an early date, as in the event of a race giving

own language,

the relationship of language and of race

does not coincide.

We

shall

important as

now

dedicate a few observations to a question

it is difficult,

regarding the aboriginal inhabitants

of India on the one hand, and of Atistralia and Melanesia on the other, for they are most nearly connected with the enquiries

respecting the area of distribution and so of the origin of the NegTitos.

18.

As

INDIA AND AUSTRALIA

early as

Gerland thought:

1865 ("Anthr." V, "It

is

I,

1865,

p.

90)

a matter of surprise that the

Waitz-

Semangs

and the natives of the Andamans are always classed with the Negritos of the Philippines and the inhabitants of

New

Guinea,

INDU AND AUSTEALIA while

it

would be obviously more natural to presume a relationship

of race between tribes

67

them and the small, black, frizzly -haired

of the VindJiya Mountains

who

in the Indian Peninsula,

appear to stand in the same relationship to the Hindoo popu-

The statements of

lation as the Negritos do to the Malays."

the writers on the black races of India are however most contra-

To mention

dictory.

Wild Tribes

of

few examples only, Rowney

a

India"

ascribes

1882)

Ghonds and the Sonthdls; the Kales wear can

the Ordons

(p.

knots, theirs

be

scarcely

therefore

is

frizzly,

but

hair

straight

at

it

long

("The to

63),

(p.

most

the

the it

curly;

72) and the Pahariahs (p. 85) wear it long in consequently most likely straight. The Munda-

Kolhs have according

to Jellinghaus ("Z.

f.

E." 1871, p. 329)

nothing negro-like, and their physiognomies remind us more of the Aryan type. Nottrott says ("Mission unter den Kolhs" 1874,

p.

that

30)

sometimes straight p.

33)

Larka- Kolhs sometimes have hair, in a plait; the Mundari- Kolhs

the

have a less noble form of face, but they

moved from

the African Negroes

have smooth hair in a to

;

only few

1836,

2,

p.

and

19) thick negro-like lips,

black, but sometimes also red

523 fide "As.

are found

J." 1825,

XX,

"The Gojids

inhabitants

of the

The Bhils

are,

Andaman according

{Prichard's "Physical History of Mankind," Germ,

ed. Ill, 2, 1845, p. 178)

short, frizzly c.)

c, p. 34)

as a rule long, thick, coarse,

Islands or the Australian Negroes."

(I.

are far re(/.

among them

and tvoolly hair.

the

appear to stand nearest to

to Sealy

(/. c.,

Ritter remarks of the Gotids that they

resemble Negroes.

have ("Erdkunde" VI, p.

plait,

the Urau-Kolhs

curly,

that

("Anthrop." Australians,

mostly small in

size,

have sometimes

hair and thick tinder lips, whilst

their 2°'^

de

ed.

hair

is

1877,

"not p.

at

all

Topinard

522) places the Todas near the

Quairefages ("Hommes

and "Races hum."

Heber says

woolly."

foss."

1889, p. 469) rejects this,

1884,

p.

568,

and holds thorn 5*

INDIA AND AUSTRALIA

68

to

be related to the Ainos of Japan, which Mantegazza again

("Arch, per Antr." 1883,

XIII, p. 447) calls a "bizarre hypo-

thesis",

and from impressions directly received by himself

declares

them

be "ebrei neri".^

to

logia deir India"

possible

of a

(/.

negritic

of

p.

the

does

128)

tribes

not

India.

of

consider the

1\i^ ^Sarasins ("Forschungen" 1893, III, p. 361)

them an

form of the Dravido-Australians,

earlier aboriginal

not related to the Negritos

(p.

355), and say that no-one has

jet succeeded in finding pure woolly hair in ("Die Ureinwohner Indiens" p.

Etno-

sull'

he does not speak

of Ceylon to be related to the Negritos or the natives

of Australia. call

63)

p.

relationship

Virchow ("Weddas" 1881,

Weddas

In his "Studii

c, and XIV,

in the

Oppert

India.

"Globus" 1897, LXXII,

55) calls the aborigines flatnosed and blackish.

we

If

scriptive

consult

the plates

in

Daltons great work "De-

Ethnology of Bengal" (1872, see also "Z.

f.

E." 1873,

pages 180, 258, 329, and 1884, pages 229, 340 and 357) we are only struck by the following frizzly, PI.

XXII

a

PI.

:

Gdro boy with

XII a Dhoba Abor with

curly,

and PL

XXIX

Santdls

with very curly hair, a small number out of 38 Plates with

many

types.

Bengal" cites a

or

less

II,

On

^

the

other hand

Campbell

number

As.

of examples of Negrito-like tribes with

frizzly or

woolly hair;

thus,

Soc.

Oppert "Orig. Inh. India"' (1893,

p.

more

the Oraons, Kaurs,

Chenchwars, Gonds, Koors, Bheels, Chermars 1

("J.

1866, Spec. Nr., p. 22) in his "Ethnology of India"

,

some

tribes

180) says: "The supposition

that the Todas are'connected with the African Ethiopian has,

I think,

no foundation whatever." Compare also Thursttn "Anthrop. of the Todas and Kotas", 1896, in "Bull. Madras Gov. Mus.", I, pt. 4, as well as II, pt. 1, 1897, further

below

p. 71, ^

of

many

On

note

Schmidt in the "Globus"

vol. 61, p. 39, 1892,

quoted

1.

the whole one cannot help noticing the great resemblance

to the Malays of the Archipelago, viz. to the peoples of Sumatra,

Borneo, the Philippines

etc.

AND AUSTEALIA

Hills'^

and the Nagadees.

Kodagherry

of the p.

INDIA

24) draws the following conclusion:

69

"It

Campbell

may then

{I.

c,

generally

be said, that both in physique and in the structure of their language, the Aborigines present a

tyi)e

analogous to that of

the Negritos of the South Seas, Papuas, Tasmanians and others, as well as to the nearer Negritoes of Malacca

267) (p.

adopts

this

hypothesis

(p.

and

55),

68) and the Djangals or Bandars

however on the

lays stress is

and the Anda-

Roiisselei too ("Rev. d'Anthr." 1873, II, pages

mans."

very

still

[1878],

I,

280) such Negritos,

(p.

283) that our information

fact (p.

Hamy

inadequate.

Mahars

the

calls

54 and

("Congr. geogr. Paris" 1875

288; "Rev. d'Ethn." 1887, VI, pages 185 and 190),

p.

de Quatrefages and

Hamy

and de

("Cr. ethn." 1882, p. 188)

Qiiatrefages ("Pygmees," 1887, pages 13-16 and 58-69) regard

the Negritos as

was of another opinion ("Anthrop." he

2°'^

"II n'est pas demontre que

said:

Topinard

but

already established in India,

ed. 1877, p.

516) when

de rinde montionnees dans le Mahabarrata fusseut Jusqu'a

jour,

ce

on n'a pas

encore

jusqu' a

dire,

inferieurs,

fa^on

cette peninsule.

simiens,

a-t-on

qu'ont rencontres M.M. Piddington,

ot Blond, les descriptions sont insuffisantes.

n^gritos.

d'une

signalise

certaine la presence de cheveux laineux dans

Quant aux types absolument

noires

populations

les

Le

seul

ete

Rousselet

argument

en faveur de la nature negrito du fond autochthono de Vinde est I'existence 9a et la,

'

These

tribes of

file

notamment

their teeth like

a saw,

Luzon {Meyer: "Negritos", 1878,

Sibnowans (Borneo), and as

p. 239), like

is

as do

some of the Negrito Mentawei Is-

p. 23), also the

landers, and the tribes in the South-west of

Anthr. Ges. Wien" 1874, IV,

New Guinea

"Mitth.

(A/o''^/'.-

the Bagobos (Philippines), the

often the case in

Sumatra and Java {Uhk:

"Abh. Ber. Zool. Anthr.-Ethn. Mus. Dresden" 1886/7, No. therefore wrongly considers ("Sb. Akad. Berlin" 1899, of filing as

partie^

a Ceylan et dans la

4, p. 10).

p.

Virchow

21) this

a characteristic of the Negritos of the Philippines,

mode where

only a few tribes at present practise it, and we do not know whether the custom was formerly more generally in use.

besides

INDIA AND AUSTEALIA

70

Calla-

voisine de I'lnde, de tribus noires a taille tres petite."

mand

2>^'i

("Eev. d'Antlir."

1878,

ser.

forme cranienne, ni par

les clieveux,

is

more

still

Hamy: "Ni par la meme par la taille,

ni

comme

ne peiivent etre regardes

re-

les

de Tantiquo race negrito qirune doctrine aventii-

presentauts

comme

rieuse voudrait considerer

les veritables aborigenes

Vinhozv too ("Weddas" 1881,

rinde."

624)

p.

and

strongly opposed to de Qiiatrefages

les noirs de I'lnde

I,

de

127) regarded the

p.

proof of the writers of the "Cranica ethnica" as insufficient,

and demurs strongly

to accepting a true Negrito race

aboriginal one in India

in India" ("Nature" 1895, p. 80).

Traces of NegTito Pygmies This part

way

question

of the NegTito

ripe for decision,

an

See also Ball: "Keputed

p. 126).

(/. c.

as

and how much

therefore

is

no

in

less the question as to

a possible relationship of this hypothetical primitive population

with the Negroes

of Africa.^

/ advanced

is

XXXIII,

("Nat. T. Ned. Ind." 1873,

1878, p. 11)

It

mination of (see also

the proposition "that the origin of the

the black,

hold that the time has even serious

and

about which Flower

("J.

A.

Negritos as representing an

form of

now

the type

I."

II,

p.

exa-

the earth"

735), but

I

not come for undertaking a

consideration

expressed himself as follows:

mitive

connection with the

frizzly - haired races of

Ratzel: "Anthropogeogr." 1891,

detailed

one time

that at

p. 34, see also "Negritos",

Negritos could only be handled in all

true

of this

question,

difficult

1880, IX, p. 132) has already

"/ would rather look upon infantile ,

from

the

undeveloped or pri-

ivhich the African

Negroes

on the one hand, and the Melanesians on the other, with all their various modificatio7is,

may have

sprung.

Even

their

very geographical position in the centre of the great area of distribution of the frizzly -haired ^

Compare Vernean: "De

races seems- to Hivour

this

la Pluralite des types ethniques chez les

Negrillos" iu "L'Anthropologie" 1896, VII, p. 153.

AND AUSTEALIA

INDIA

Wo

\dew.

71

may, therefore, regard them as little-modified des-

cendants of an extremely ancient race, the ancestors of

Negro

It

tribes.

all

the

however, equally open to anyone to en-

is,

tertain the supposition

that

many

of isolation

centuries

and

confinement to a limited space has caused them to retrograde

from one more

to their present condition

fully developed,

that instead of representing an ancient form preserved

they

purity,

may

and

in its

he a type of comparatively recent growth.

Whichever hypothesis be ultimately adopted, their relationship, as I

shown by physical

to the other black races,

characters,

is,

think demonstrated, and a step thus gained in solving the

complicated problem of the classification of the divisions and

human

sub-divisions of the

Though to

(and

it

this

in

hypothesis ?

species."

do not wish to deny a certain reasonableness

Flower s mode

that is

I

of viewing the question, yet I

must emphasize have

especially the

passage which

I

form

nothing more

than

general or

a

prophecy Whose

truth the

italicized)

a

future

pleasing will

—

remarks in his and Lydtkker' 1891, p. 749 sub E, which are in part wrong and mijustifiaUe. In a letter addressed to Risley, Flower speaks likewise of a negro or negrito element "possibly forming a substratum of the population in the southern part of the Peninsula" {apud

Compare

^

general

also Flower's

Mammals"

"Introduction to the Study of

Risley: "Tribes", Ethn. Gloss.

pologie Indiens" ("Globus"

I,

p.

1892,

XXIV,

1891).

vol. 61,

p.

Schmidt: "Die Anthro-

39)

remarks, that "their

frequently enormous mop-like heads have induced observers to look upon these mountain and forest tribes [Rajputes, Todas, Kotas etc.] as related to Papuans, Australians superficial

similarity;

in

etc.;

fact

there

is

however only an

external,

quite

a closer relationship cannot be proved."

writes from }iersonal experience in India.

Schi7iidt

So for instance Fraser Other hypotheses may be set up. N. S. Wales" 1892, XXVI, p. 357) arrives at the conclusion, certainly in an unscientific manner, that from the Straits of Sunda to Easter Island there lived in the first instance a negroid race, who came from the Persian Gulf over India, and whose remains are the wild, black tribes of the Dcccan and the Semangs to this belong also a part 2

("J. E. Soc.

;

Another layer followed which intermarried in India!

of the natives of Australia and the Melanesians. this one, a Negroid-Caucasian

race,

INDIA AND AUSTEALIA

72

perhaps

— be

able to prove

when our knowledge

at the present time our

For

has become a great deal deeper.

in this sphere

knowledge of the mutability and amount of variation in organic form and their result is still so inadequate that to speculate in this

of races

,

and doubtless easier

than to prove

its

to set up. a

legitimacy,

full

made

not Gerland already

evidence

extremely rash

on this

Has

necessity.

— and we cannot

say

we by no means regard

question

difficult

clever hypothesis

alone

let

the attempt

that he has altogether failed, though the

it is

general manner on the genetic connection

as

—

closed

to

prove

"the Physical Uniformiiy of the Oceanic Race" ("Leopoldina" 1875, XI, pages 23 and 28), according to which the Negritos,

Melanesians, Australians, Tasmanians, Micronesians and Malayo-

And

Polynesians have sprung from one parent stock.

endeavoured to carry their complexion p.

(I.

by special reference

this out

and

c),

312—372) according

to which, with the variability of these

smaller nor larger growth,

Ifelp

p.

hair would be

fair

to us, neither

nor dark complexions,

frizzly

anthropological opposites by

Schnorr von Carols/eld

the

connections between

("Sb. bayer.

Akademie" 1890,

283) adheres firmly also to the linguistic unity of the Mela-

nesians, Australians, Micronesians

that even

if

this

be

correct,

s.

and Malayo-Polynesians, so

no very great weight could be

attached to possibly more special s.

unknown

of which one could fathom genetic

races.

to their size,

("Anthr. Beitr." 1875,

their hair

three characters under influences mostly

nor straight

he has

affinities

between the Negritos

or a very hypothetical, and at present entirely unproven

negritic

aboriginal

population

of Asia

and

the

natives

of

Australia and Melanesia.

According to Paul and Fritz Sarashis assumption ("Die

Weddas von Ceylon"

1893)^ the Peninsula of India was at one

* The unqualified admiration with which we regard the Sarasins researches, based on a wide range of actual facts and their descriptions

AND AUSTEALIA

INDIA

73

time peopled (page 356) by Weddaic wavy-haired pre-Dravidian tribes, the remains of which survive in the

Ceylon and their kin cendants

we must regard the Dravidians

relationship

sumption has as

1877, p.

like

Topinard ("Anthrop."

Callamand ("Le crane des 2'i'i

"Eevue d'Anthr.",

:

himself most

ser.,

be

opinions,

I,

p.

625)

"Quelle

ed.

when no

we must

till

Ceylon.

weight nor by the

further

wait for the

we have

opposition to

it

decisive verdict

fuller information,

Acceptable as that

expresses

distance du

number

of

to Avarrant

when we remember

the

exists;

and

of Anthro-

based on special re-

may be which

time available of such special researches, adequate

de

noirs

In Natural Science the scale

searches like those of the Sarasins regarding the is it

Weddas

of

up to the present is

much

too in-

drawing of trustworthy conclusions

the extent of the portion of the earth under

consideration, and the

Risley

2'*'^

but a matter can only be regarded as proven for

the tune being

therefore

by the

turned

1878,

and exclaims:

decidedly,

noir de I'lnde a I'Australien!"

pology

This latter pre-

360),

521) have accepted such a relationship, against which

however, for example,

cannot

whose

with the natives

well-known been frequently asserted, and

is

even cautious investigators

rinde"

(p.

357),

(p.

and original connection again

of Australia could not be doubted

of

more developed des-

as their

363);

(p.

Weddas

number

who measured 6000

be distinguished.

of the peoples to

individuals,

belonging to 89 of

the principal Castes and Tribes of Northern India, distinguishes

("The Tribes and Castes of Bengal" 1891,

1,

"two extreme types of feature and physique, provisionally described as

besides only of

(p.

XXXI)

Aryan and

XXX) only which may be p.

Dravidian^'' and speaks

a Mongoloid type on the Northern

of the same, does not extend to the hypothetical part of the work in which they endeavour to construct the genealogical tree of the whole human race. This is however only a minor part of a great work.

INDIA AND AUSTEALU

74

Oppert ("On the original

and Eastern borderland of Bengal.^

1893), regards the ab-

inhabitants of Bharatavarsa or India",

inhabitants

original

of

India

identical

as

with

UgTians of Asia and Europe, the Turanians Bliaratas

y

he

the

Finno-

them

calls

Cauda- Dravidians (Dravidians and Gaudians)

or

"However considerable and apparently

and says

(p.

concilable

may appear

9):

irre-

the diiferences exhibited by the various

Gauda-Dravidian tribes in their physical structure and colour,

and

in their language, religion,

art, all these diiferences

can

be satisfactorily accounted for by the physical peculiarities of the localities they inhabited, by the various occupations they followed,

and by the

political

He

domestic and social habits."

leaves the

the

name^ only on

stress

applicable

as

132),

(p.

to

''

Kolarians'' out of

home and

the question because their original veiled in a mysterious obscurity

which regulated their

status

the

their history are

and he recognises

Kols

(L c),

but lays

the fact that their language differs from that of the

Gauda-Dravidians

(p.

131).

Li the meantime

comparative philology has

created

a

Kolaro-Australian family of languages (see Meyer "Negritos" 1893,

p. 39).

Gabelentz says in his article "Kolarische Sprachen"

("Ersch and Gruber's Encycl." 1885,

"The Kolarian languages

(also

after the people of the Kolh,

and as

small,

it

appears,

2°'i

Munda

Munda

or

sect, pt. 38, p. 104):

languages, so-called

Munda-Kolh) form

a

an entirely independent stock of

languages by themselves. Besides the Mundari or Kolh language, in the

more

restricted sense of the term, the Santal, the nearly

related Larca

Kolh

or

Ho, the Bhumidsch, Duluang, Korko,

See also Risky. "The Study of Ethn. in India" ("J. A. I." 1891, Croohe: "The Tribes and Castes of the North-

1

XX, pages 235-263) and

west Provinces and Oadh", 1896. **

This

II, p. 28,

name was invented by

Spl, Ethn., 1866).

Campbell ("J. As. Soc. Bengal"

XXXV,

INDIA AND AUSTEALIA Birlior, Kliarria, Malile,

Kur, Koda,

belong to

dialects

other

anthropological point of view

it

Munsi and perhaps a few

stock...

this

Dra vidians; but

.

.

that

is

whether we

nouns

.

.

suffixes

.

Still

To

...

this

two

their

in

may be added

more resemblance

little

as they

or

.

.

one

is

mean

(sometimes

first

the personal pro-

offered by the possessive

of the languages of Encounter Bay

comparisons,

striking

The Australian languages namely

further afield.

numerals

is

shall follow this track

also exhibit slight similarities sole)

the

likeness between the first four

The

.

numerals and those of the Talaing and Annamite

still

at

nothing to speak for a linguistic relation-

is

ship of the two tribes

It is the question

From an

108).

(p.

has been thouglit admissible to

unite the Kolarian peoples with the

present time there

75

etc.

.

.

These

.

taken by themselves,

may

for

the present be placed in contrast with Bleek's hypothesis of a primitive relationship between the Australian and the Dravidian

languages."

As we

the genetic

connection

see however, of the

the

philological proofs

Kolarians

India with

of

Australians are not of a kind to w^ork convincingly,

must therefore again seek

^

for

the

and

Ave

to comfort ourselves with the wider

knowledge of future generations.

Whether the use well as by

1880, p.

of the

boomerang by the Australians

the hill-tribes of India {Egerton: "Hdb. Ind.

p. 73, Fig.

15:

1—4, No.

1-7

p.

78,

81) speaks in favour of the relationship

difficult to

determine, for similar

in Africa as well as in

as

Arms"

and No. 06—70, of the

missile iron

peoples

is

weapons occur

North America; certainly

as far as the

See also Schnorr von Carols/eld: "Beitr. zur Sjir. Kunde Oceaniens" On the other hand this writer (p. 282) held that Australia did not stand philologically in such an isolattMl position with re<,nird to Oceania, as had foi-merly been thought, i'or he ^

("Sb. baycr. Akad." 1890, p. 248).

showed "a largo and important portion of the Australian stock of words coinciding partly with the i'apuan and Melanosian, partly beyond these with the Malayo-Polynesian languages".

NEW GUINEA

76

form

is

concerned,

the

Australian more than If

it

boomerang^

Indian

resembles

the

does any other missile weapon.

however Antliropology, Ethnography and

pointed in like manner from India to Australia,

Philology

and the re-

flations to which we have alluded were found to stand the test

a prospect would be opened up of gTcat impor-

of criticism,

tance to

the race

would only

affect

question of Oceania. the NegTitos

more

It

true that this

is

closely,

if it

could be

proved that the aboriginal population of India had been a NegTitic one, upon which question,

as

we have already

seen,

no judgment can at the present time be pronounced seriously.

19.

how

Lastly,

NEW GUINEA

does the population of

Is this gTeat island inhabited

or

is

this a

mixed racef

New

Guinea stand?

by a unifortn race, the Papuan,

Especially, do NegTitos exist in

New

Guinea by the side of or amongst the Papuan population, and is

it

possible to distinguish

Papuans ?

A

these Negritos racially from the

detailed treatment of these questions lies

the scope of the present paper, but

I

beyond

cannot altogether dis-

miss the question, as the occurrence of Negritos in

New

Guinea

has been frequently maintained.^

Though the

unity of race between the Negritos and Pa-

puans may have already been sometimes mooted, von Maclay

and myself belonged 071

the *

to the

few who advocated

this connection

ground of a personal acquaintance with Compare maxims

also Oppert:

"On the weapons, army

both.

In the

organization, and

Hindus" 1880, p. 18. ^ It is not worth while to go back to some of the older notices (as for example Pickering's: "Eaces of man" 1848, p. 173), because they have now become entirely obsolete; even Spencer ("Descr. Sociol." No. 3, 1874) understands by "Negrittos" the inhabitants of Tasmania, New

political

Caledonia,

New

of the ancient

Guinea, and the Fiji Islands.

NEW GUINEA "Z.

E.," Verb.,

f.

subject as

1875,

p. 47,

I

77

expressed myself on this very

"It Avas in February

follows:

1873 that Herr von

Maclay and /together saw a considerable number (ca.

Papuans

of

60-80) in Tidore; he had then come froui Astrolabe Bay

and had not yet been

With

these Papuans before our eyes

ship of the two races.

had come.

in the Philippines, wliile 1

from the Philippines and had not yet been

Guinea.

we discoursed on the kin-

me

put to him what appeared to

I

very important question,

New

in

viz.

a

whether they resembled the Pa-

puans of Astrolabe Bay, and he declared that he could not see

On

any dissimilarity Avhatsoever.

tance with the Negritos— which short paper a year before

—

I

I

was

the strength of

my

acquain-

had described cursorily

in a

time in a position to

at the

declare the similiarity at least of the external habitus between

Negritos and Papuans, and did

so.

Guinea and the Philippines

is

can be proved,

"Mitth. Anthr. Ges.

is

another matter.

Wien"

1874,

In

^

similarly

("Pet.

sufficient for

me

between

New

also

That was

my

I

Whether

itself.

(Compare

p. 92).

then regarding the question, neither can present.

most

not so great, the hypothesis of

the connection of the two races actually obtrudes it

is

This external similarity

striking, and, in consideration that the distance

my

paper

standpoint

relinquish

it

at the

the meantime Maclay had expressed himself Mitth."

1874,

p.

23:

"The

glance was

first

to recognise the Negritos as a race

.

.

.

identical

with the Papuans."^ ^

When

Lesson

("Les Polyn^siens"

preconceived opinion on is sufficiently

my

1880,

to

p.

47) speaks

refuted by the above; and what motive could

for a preconceived opinion on this question?

able

I,

of a

part ("cela devait etre"), such an imputation

However

it is

I

have had not advis-

go into this and other inconsistencies of Lesson's extremely

discursive work. 2 Wilken - Pleyte ("Handleiding-" 1893, p. X) say erroneously that Maclay and / regard the Negritos as a particular race, whereas we in pariictilar have declared their near relationship with the Papuans, as the

above will show.

NEW GUINEA

78

we were

If

we were no

of one opinion in this,

less so

in reference to the brachycephaly of the Negritos as opposed to

dolichocephaly of the Papuans forming no ground for

the

doubting the identity of the races, for the form of the skull in general

is

and cannot bo regarded as permanent

variable,

The

development of the races.

character in the

individual

passes through various skull-forms in his ontogenetic develop-

ment, a sure token that the phylogenetic development has been a similar one;^ and further the dolichocephaly of the

Papuans turns out generally

be

to

XXXIV,

has said later

p.

New

345, and "Z.

(/. c.

is

Maclay himself wrote on the "Brachy-

accepted.

cephaly in the Papuans of 1874,

pronounced than

far less strongly

1880,

p.

Guinea" ("Nat. T. Ned. Ind." E.", Verb.,

f.

1874,

p. 177),

and

374) that "many islands of Mela-

nesia possess a decidedly brachycephalic population, which can

by no means be ascribed

io the

crossing %vith another race,

and proves that with the Melanesians brachycephaly prevails to a

much

able

to

greater extent than

demonstrate

an

is

at present accepted".

inclination

mesocephaly

to

/ was in

the

Papuans of Geelvink Bay ("Mitth. Zool. Mus. Dresden" 1877, II,

179),

p.

and Schellong

("Z.

f.

E." 1891,

p.

225) found in

those of the East 55°/o mesocophalic, and only 32*^/o dolichocephalic, so that he says he wishes "to see the

general

accept-

ance of dolichocephaly amongst the Papuans so far modified that the mesocephalic

form of head

be

also

recognized as

frequently occurring^

Majitegazza further described ("Arch,

per Antr." 1881, XI,

152) some brachycephalic skulls from

p.

the South; and lastly Sergi ("Arch, p.

Anthr." 1892/3, XXI,

359) 20 meso- and brachycephalic from the South-east,

however 73 are extant out of 400.

Avhich

early as ^

and

fiir

p.

1856 mentioned ("Ethn. Schr." 1864,

of

Retzius had as p.

145) 3 brachy-

Compare the Sarasins' : "Forschungen auf Ceylon" 1893, 357 regarding the bridge of the nose.

p.

364

NEW GUINEA cephalic

Papuan

skulls, to

which

79

I refer again below.

the report on the brachycephalic skulls from

Turner: "Kep. Challenger", 1884, X, Although Maclay and /

New

(See also

Guinea by

84).

p.

rlefonclod the unity of the

Negritos

and Papuans, yet on the other hand we both emphasized, and independently of each other, that the Papuans are diversified

and show various types, as has been frequently insisted on by others

before

and

since.

expressed myself very plainly on

I

subject ("Z. f E." 1873, p. 307) and cliaracterized briefly

the

three,

amongst which however a "Negrito-type" does not appear.

Maclay ("Peterm. that

New

Guinea

1874, p. 23) said

Mittli."

is

:

"I

am

convinced

inhabited by more than two distinct types

although those differences do not in the least relationship into question."

call their

.

.

mutual

presume therefore that amongst

I

the numerous varieties of the Papuan tribes some too will be

found which are brachycephalic like the Negritos of Luzon.

Ranken remarks Papuans

A.

("J.

I."

1877,

228) when contrasting the

p.

"But apart from any possible

witli the Polynesians:'

blending of races so dissimilar, there are a great

may

the two stocks

times the

And

variety of men."

the tribes

be, they are

—

229

"But however varied

:

referable to one or other of

Papuan or Mahori."

Finsch too has several

himself respecting the

expressed

Melanesians

Ergebn,"

p.

all

{e.

1884,

p.

g. "Z.

34);

individual

deviations,

crossing"

with

E."

f.

but he

which

other races

among pure Papuans

diversity

1882,

p.

likewise

have

form of

sees in this simply

"no origin

or peoples

in

163 and "Anthr.

(p.

33),

whatever in and declares

himself absolutely "for the identity in race of all these tribes" (p.

38).

Further Schellong

Guinea thus

("Z.

nomy even

in

f E." 1891,

p.

one and the

227): "Conformity of physiog-

same

tribe

opinion entirely out of the question." vellers

appear to be agreed in

per Antr." 1881,

XI,

p.

New

remarks respecting Eastern

185)

this.

As

is

according to

aforesaid

most

my tra-

So Mantegazza ("Arch,

emphasizes the following from

NEW GUINEA

80

UAlbertis'

observations:

accenna,

anche afferma, una grande varieta nei caratteri

et

molti

"In

antropologici degii abitanti della

punti

Nuova Guinea

D'Albertis himself says (»N. Guinea" 1880,

opera

sua

della

o d'isole vicine."

II,

377)

p.

"It is

:

evident that at least three distinct types are in existence (on

the Fly

although

Eiver)

they

may

perJiaps belong to

one

series^''

What may Does

signify?

does

it

such

diversity

form^

of

a

in

now

race

point to a crossing of different elements, or

it

simply reveal the variability of the race?

I incline

to the latter assumption as the simplest, and as provisionally

particularly

sufficient,

knowledge

it

the

in

still

so limited state of our

be labour lost to try to resolve a race

will

the Papuan into

as

various

like

Perhaps most tribes are

elements.

whose

composed of

different so-called "types",

and

single tribes

and individuals are subject

to different conditions

of existence

— such

as

in

swampy, low-lying

ful

supply of food, or

sojourn in the mountains, by the sea, plains, or

difficult

on table-lands

— the

with a plenti-

;

and scanty means of subsistence

with the most varied occupations

and unknown factors

in a people

;

and many more such known

normal amount of variation of

the characters must be naturally great, and that

been proved by necessary the

to

physical

physical identical

all

experience.

It is therefore

it

is

all

so has

not absolutely

drag in a crossing with other races to explain differences

of the

Papuans.

As the

external

habitus of the Negritos must be declared as almost

with that

of the Papuans,

differences

in

the form

» Sergi ("Arch, fiir Anthr." 1892/3, XXI, p. 339) confining himself morphologic examination has recently formed 11 varieties out of 400 skulls from South-eastern New Guinea and the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, and named them specifically, and although this method may not

to a

be very suggestive, the Melanesian skull.

it at least

testifies to the

amount

of variation

in

NEW GUINEA of the less

the size

skiilP,

of the

81

body and such

like

weight iu opposition to the great uniformity,

contrasts do not even

come

and

into play here,

if

have the as strong

the Negritos

do not shoAv such a gTeat amount of variation in their physical characters

as

the Papuans

sufficiently attested

—

it

— which

however

by no means

is

no wonder in the case of a people

is

which has been driven back, and deprived of the opportunity of developing itself freely.

and Papuans to be one

my

task

race,^

hozv the

explain

to

In this sense

Fiji,

consider Negritos

without holding

now occupy between

such an attempt would lead

for

for part of

it

forefathers of the Melanesians

got to that part of Oceania which they

Weigiou and

I

me

into the

region of those unfruitful hypotheses, incapable of proof, which I

desire

see

to

banished

from

the

treatment

scientific

of

anthropological and ethnographical questions until the foundations which

deeper.^

justify such

hypotheses have gTown broader and

must be admitted that

It

it is

not very

difficult to

' Even Virchow, who on many occasions maintained the contrast between the Papuans and Negritos, was once inclined ("Corr. Bl. Anthr. Ges." 1882, p. 210 a) to see no fundamental diiference in the form of the skull, at least I believe the remark in question must be so under-

stood. At the same time I draw the attention of the reader to the important and authoritative remarks of L. Meyer ("Der scoliotische Schadel" in "Arch, fur Psychiatrie" 1877, VIH, p. 129) concerning the

form of the skull in consequence of he concludes: "A mode of life or an occupation peculiar to some classes, or to a whole population, which presupposes strong neck -muscles might therefore have the power of changing Dolichocephaly into Brachycephaly, though possibly not until

possibility alteration

of alteration

in the

mode

in

the

of life;

after the lapse of generations." ^

in

But

if

Virchow considers ("Merkmale niederer Menschenrassen"' p. 91) the possibility of deriving the

"Abh. Akad. Berlin" 1875,

Malays from the Negritos, is

at least premature.

I believe

the discussion of such a problem from entering into Frobenius

I likewise abstain

fantastics of inter-relationships between the

Malay and the Negritic

ture in the East Indian Archipelago ('Teterm. Mitth." 1898, »

When

for

example Raizel ("Afr. Bugen" 1891,

p.

cul-

vol. 44. p. 270).

334) considers

the Negroes and Papuans one race, and sees a valuable support for this Mtytr, Negritos (June

29*'»,

1899)

6

NEW GUINEA

82

invent pleasing and clever hypotheses, specially convincing to the

but

laity,

falsifies

being

such a course

that

information which usually

dangerous because

is

we do not

possess,

it

the hypotheses

very quickly taken by their own inventor for

accepted truth, no-one can deny. I

will

this

illustrate

by an example referring

Guinea and the alleged NegTitos there. "Crania ethnica" (1882, NegTitos,

"race

p.

New

of the

200-218) create a race akin to the

negrito-papoue", in

on a few brachycephalic, partly

this

to

The authors

New

Guinea^ and base

artificially

with, in addition, partly fictitious localities.^

deformed

skulls,

So, for example,

assumption in the likeness between the shape of a bow in Africa and Guinea, I cannot follow him, for in my opinion no great stress can be laid on such an isolated fact which may just as well, and more

New

To make such a weighty hypothesis Papuans plausible in the domain of Ethnography a large series of parallel facts would be necessary, and these are not to hand although I have no desire to probably, be attributable to chance. as that

of the unity in race of the Negroes and

—

express myself against the h3pothesis. ' Von Baer ("Pap. and Alf." 1859, p. 10 and 72) caUs such setting up of new species of men "Genialitat" or "Ungeniertheit".

This refers to 3 brachycephalic Papuan skulls, which are in the Caroline Institute in Stockholm, and about which Retzhis in the year 1856 "^

("Ethn. Schriften" 1864, p. 145) only says that they of Edinburgh,

who had himself brought them

wrote in the year 1882 in answer to

my

came from Dr. Wise As von Duben

to Europe.

enquiry,

there is nothing on

but "Papu. Dr. Wise'''' in Reizius writing, and the Museum Catalogue tells nothing further. But de Quairefages and Hatny ("Cr. ethn." p. 201) get Karoon as their locality in the following manner: "C'est de cette rt^gion [Karoon], a laquelle on [?] ^tendait primitive-

the

skulls

le nom d'Arfak, aujourd'hui localise aux environs du Port-Dorei [?], que Wise d'Edimbourg avait obtenu les cranes oiferts par lui a Retzius, et que nous decrivons tout d'abord sous le nom de Karons, qui leurs est propre" [!]. Apart from the many errors contained in this short sentence, there is no justification for christening these three skulls "Karoons", on the contrary we may say with certainty that they are not such; but it is not worth while to go into a detailed refutation of such fantastic statements. It is only a matter of regret that errors like these of the Karoon - Negritos soon find their way into handbooks (see e. g.

ment

Keane:

"Eastern Geogr.

:

East. Arch." 1887, p. 120,

who had not given

NEW GUINEA the tribe of the

Karoons

they do not in any way

little

while

companion,^

I

as

considered as

is

we know

of the

differ

a

my

Karoon was

had the year before (1872)

weeks among the NegTitos

Karoons

from the other Papuans of the

For four months

North-Avest.

North-west

in the

belonging to this race; but

83

of the Philippines;

constant lived

and yet

I

for

never

statement iu Wallace's "Australasia" 1879, p. 594; and Redus 1889, XIV, p. 641), and that it then takes many years for G^ogr." "N. them to disappear from books on the subject. It is true that in former times Negritos or Negrillos were spoken of as existing in New Guinea,

this

but usually in such a general and untrustworthy manner that these unfounded and uncritical statements were received with distrust; e. g.

Man" 1848, p. 173) who mentions Negritos

or

those of Pickering ("Eaces of 290)

lander" 1847,

II,

New Guinea

and the adjoining

p.

islands",

Junghuhns

("Batta-

"in the North-west of

adding however

prudently

291) that their identity with the true Negritos has "not yet been proved". Giglioli too, for example, ("Viaggio Magenta" 1875, pages 255 (p.

and 828 as well as "Arch, per Antr." 1876, VI, p. 334) mentioned Negritos restricin New Guinea, but without giving special reasons, and with the portraits Arfak two the provata" ancora "non e 255) tion ("Magenta", p. which he gives as Negritos (1. c.) are pure Papuans they should be ;

;

Arfak portraits plate to No. 3 and 4, fig. 1—5, "Mitth. Anthrop. Ges. Wien" 1874, vol. IV) and with the others of Giglioli' s (/. c, Mantegazza who had formerly ("Arch, per Antr." 1877, VII, p. 826). Bay skulls although p. 171) found no Negritos amongst the Geelvink he had declared himself for the non -identity of the Negritos and

compared with

viy

Papuans, in opposition to Beccari and others, has more recently in concephalic {I. c, 1881, XI, p. 149) described a brachy

junction with Regalia

from the South "che richiamano il tipo negritico". Sergi ("Arch. of 400) as fur Anthr." 1892/3, XXI, p. 360) characterises several (73 out "Negrito" skulls from the South-east, and others as "dolichocephalic Pygmies" (in opposition to the mesobrachycephalic Negrito-Pygmies) of skull

these which 68 out of 400 came under his observation he only considers present at But type. Melanesian pygmies however, as varieties of the this is all immature. specially 1 See my "Tagebuch-Auszuge" 1875, p. 4b. It was Raffray ;

1879, ("Tour du Monde" 1879, XXXVH, p. 270; see also "Globus" XXXVI, p. 181, and Spanish translation ed. Vidal, 1881, p. 47) who first ethn.") declared the at the same time with the writers of the "Cr. the Karoons to be Negritos, but he had never seen any Negritos from French two the hand other Philippines or elsewhere himself. On the the same naturalists Maindron and Laglaize, who were in New Guinea at eyes, time and had seen the Negritos of the Philippines with their own (or

6*

NEW GUINEA

84

remarked that a man belonging

me?!

stood before

Hamy, who found

an entirely different "race"

to

Just this hypothesis of Qiiatrefages and a race on a few slightly varying skulls,

is

quite unnecessary, and their interpretation of the facts is not

only a

the supposed differences do not exist at

for

justified,

number

sufficiently large

longing to

one

a

tribe,

of skulls were at

compact

If

hand be-

of figures with all

series

would be found, but there

transitions

all.

certainly no scientific

is

necessity for setting up such daring hypotheses in the present

The question

incomplete state of our information.^ always

here

more

treated

or less

however

is

an hypothesis,

as

while

de Quairefages, alone, gives the reins to his fancy and says: both strongly denied the identity of the Karoons with the Aetas. Maindron explains Raffray's discovery as follows: "Parti de Paris avec la recommendation expresse de M. Quatrefages de s' assurer de la presence de Negritos en Nouvelle - Guinee, M. Rajfray semble avoir pris cela pour un

{Maindron: "Les Races d'hommes de

ordre." [!]

"La Philosophie

Eevue,

positive",

must be mentioned

2iid ser.,

at the

la

Sept. -Oct. 1881,

same time that

in Raffray's first

p. 196).

It

account

of his journey ("Bull. soc. geogr. Paris",

p.

Nouvelle - Guin(?e" in

14. aim^e,

7tii

ser.,

1878,

XV,

406) he did not yet actually designate the Karoons as Negritos, but

he found them so different from the Papuans as he knew the latter that he asked himself, "si c'etaient bien des Papous !" A detailed description of the Karoons after Laglaize will be. found in the "Tijdschr. Aardr. Gen. Amst." 1879, III, p. 102, where their presumable Negrito nature is in no way referred to on the contrary Maindron says (/. <-., p. 195). ;

"M. Laglaize

.

.

m'affiiTue

.

que

les

Karons ne prc^sentent aucun rapport

avec les Negritos." 1 Turner ("Rep. Challenger" 1884, X, p. 90) has placed himself on the side of these hypotheses, and has hardly cast any doubt upon

them in

(p.

91).

In saying however that the two different types of skulls

New Guinea

(page

90)

to recede

he

point "without doubt" to two different races of is

certainly

somewhat from

going too

far.

his standpoint.

He

Recently //amy says

men

appears

("Les races negres"

"Ces petits moutagnards de la Papouasie, Karons et autres, sont-ils bien encore des Pj'gmees? Fautin "L'Anthropologie" 1897,

il

VIH,

p.

263)

:

leur faire a cOt^ des Nt^gritos une petite place dans la classification?

Les documents qui

les

concernent sont encore insuffisants, et la question

que nous avons examine Stre r^serv^e."

ici a ec I'attention qu'elle

m^rite doit encore

NEW GUINEA

Paponas probablement dans toute

des

("Eev.

d'Ethn;'

[namely the

les

p.

of

les

brachycephalic Negrito-Papous Wallace,

qui

au point de

croj^ances,

longtemps

trop

a

peuvent distinguor

qui

des vrais Papouas,

que maintiennent plus

ot

Earl,

Avhich

of

diflferentiels

moeurs, des

des

confusion

races,

185). tlio

Guinea"

Noiivello

la

"La confusion regrettable

Papuans,

traits

Negritos-Pap ous social,

con-

have been guilty] est cause que Ton n'a

others

recherche

I'etat

La

1882,

confusion

dolichocephalic

the

with

Meyer and

plus

bien

est

sont melees et jiixtaposees a celles

Ici leurs tribus

siderable.

pas

en Melanesie

Negi-itos

des

"L'extension

85

des

entre

existe

ou moins

vue de

industries

.

.

.

deux

ces

quelques uns de

ces voyageurs les plus recents, rend bien difficile toute etude

de Tune

deux consideree isolement" ("Pygmees" 1887,

des

No,

pages 97 and 227). case

in

because

the Papuan

Papuan

in

race,

subject

is

at

exist,

spite

race,

of

and

is

least far less rash,

fluous to quote because the

again without fresh proof,

tl\e

for

gained his point 82)

great »

it

is

island

Ranken

the Mincopies.

declares

("J.

that

based on the

in the physical habitus of

(p.

same thing

become an acquired truth

that

and

Li other passages of his book, and in

p.

on the one

is

hypothetical in this view of

works and papers referred to above

XVII r,

does not exist because

it

variability,

its

extraordinarily strong resemblance

the two.

many

23) which is

it is

I.''

of the

super-

repeated again and

New

Guinea have

de Quatrefagcs,

and he has

Negritos of

e.g. Flotver ("J. A. L" 1889,

point-blank:

"In

many

parts

[New Guinea] small round-headed A.

by

and on the other as good as identical

Whatever

with the Negritos.

so far

a Negritic race side

race nobody has been able to discover^

does not

it

hand a uniform

the

confusion has not been in this

heads of the travellers:

the

side with the

just

tlio

of

tribes

1877, p. 229) says that no tribo approaches

NEW GUINEA

86

more

live

or less distinct

from the larger and longer-headed

people who make up the bulk of the population"

we can only remark

that nothing

in

Museums from New

the

centage

of brachycephalic

from small round-headed and

taller

any rate nearly

who

tribes,

or less

present

at

is

large per-

come

these

that

more

live

are

a

amongst un-

totally

or at

travellers,

speak of the uniformity of

ones,

they are no longer under the sway of the

views

theoretical

relatively

but

on the contrary most recent

all

the race, because

a

found,

We

of this.

which are preserved

skulls

Guinea,

are

long-headed people,

founded assumption;

known

is

many

only aware that amongst the

upon which

;

former times which have now fallen to

of

the ground.

When

it

maintained that in the

is

short -headed people being found side by side

must have taken place, the argument

races

and

case of long-

crossing of

a

based on the

is

assumption that the difference could not arise in any other way. This

however quite unproven.

is

fact impossible to look

We may

constant factors.

It

is

not necessary and in

upon Brachy- and Dolichocephaly as quite as easily

presume that certain

races vary more in this character than others, but to endeavour to find out the

reason

with the actual fact

we come

of cases

fact that certain

gToups

is

before

we are

sufficiently

certainly not advisable. In

in the

acquainted

what hundreds

same zoological domain across the

forms (groups of species, species, sub-species,

of individuals) vary;

whilst others

nearly related

not, but always occur in apparently constant characters.

reason of such a difference

much we do know, is

no

unable case

biology, limits

to

are if

we

stiU

unknown

us,

to

but this

that the notion of the "crossing of races"

provide the

is

do

The

a

Papuans

assert

explanation

sufficient

of

they vary in respect

isolated

them

tliat

of the

in

the

within

for

In

it.

department relatively

form of their

skulls,

of

wide their

NEW GUINEA size

\ and their complexions.

much

lay too

question,

and

stress

my

In

opinion

on the form of the

demand

to

87

it

skull

is

in

wrong the

proofs from this form which

it

to

race

can-

not furnish.

The question whether the Papuans are a mixed race no

an error in method to presume pygmy races, as

I consider it

'

instance

for

or

not yet ripe for decision.^

is

KoUmann

does ("Zeitschr.

nearly every case where undersized

fiir

Ethnol."

1894, p. 239), in

such races, he having been propagated unchanged throughout the ages, and belonging to a former "History of Creation" (p. 250) The two hazardous hypotheses involved in such a conclusion contradict theory as well as individuals occur;

believes,

!

experience.

which

I

It

is

known that Sergi and

others hold similar views, to

hope to recur elsewhere. Micronesia has also been suspected of having had

-

Negrito population.

Virchoiv

("Z.

f.

E.",

Verb.,

1880,

a primitive

p. 116)

found a

from the Marshall Islands which in the form of the face reminded him of the Negrito type, and he remarks: "We can scarcely come to any other conclusion than that the population of this Eastern part of skull

the Micronesian coral islands has also preserved certain Negrito traces in its

physical structure".

In a paper "On Micronesian Skulls" ("Mb. Akad.

Berlin" 1881, p. 1115) he represents it as conceivable that the Negritos had sent their offshoots to Micronesia and says (p. 1136) that the (Question

whether no sort of Negrito aboriginal population has existed in the Micronesian Archipelago

"cannot be reasonably passed over."

But

for

the present no weight whatever can be attached to these suppositions or intimations. Semper ("Pelew Inseln" 1873, pages 34, 366, 369 and 371)

has attributed Melanesian characters plexions, Jewish physiognomies

etc.),

dark comamongst the Pelew-

(such as frizzly hair, often occurring

with Papuans (see also above p. 34 the remarks because on account of his special aciiuaintance with the Negritos it would have been obislanders, to a crossing

upon the

Sangis).

I call particular attention to this,

more likely that he should bring them forward to explain the non-Malayan characters in the Pelew-islanders, instead of the Papuans whom he only knew from pictures. It tallies also with the general belief viously

that the Micronesians have a strong alloy of

ground

for

making the Negritos

s.

s.

Papuan blood; there

answerable for this.

is

no

CONCLUSION The

We

result of our investigations turns out as follows:

encounter on the one hand information which

is still

extremely incomplete and entirely insufficient, and in spite of this,

on the other an ineifaceable passion

most

difficult

as

flowing

explaining the

for

matters, for describing them as simply and in

language as possible,

and

generalizing

for

pre-

maturely; the latter especially in the department of craniology,

which we have only touched on above.

The

practice

of de-

scribing a skull in detail will never lead to profitable results,

and only burdens the

literature

on the subject beyond measure.

Sergi expresses himself

in this respect as follows: ("Arch, fiir

Anthr." 1892/3, XXI,

340):

p.

"Whoever wishes

ethnica of de Quatrefages and clue

to

find

which lead a

d'Antlir.

de

his to

in

et

Hamy

II,

p.

an

he Avould need Ariadne's

;

this labyrinth

no positive result,"

Moscou" 1893,

Quatrefages

series,

way

Hainy

to obtain

him read the Crania

idea of the chaos which reigns here, let

of skull

And

descriptions,

("CongT. d'Arch. et

"Les Crania ethnica

303):

contiennent des

mais sans methode rationelle et sans

descriptions

des

la possibilite d'arriver

a une conclusion quelconque sur les peuples de la Melanesie."

But Avhether the method followed by Sergi further,

will lead

any

remains to be proved.

For

a

thorough

knowledge

of

the

NegTitos

of

the

Philippines persevering investigators would be necessary, to do

what the Sarasins have done

for

the Weddas.

Such work

CONCLUSION however extremely

is

future day

it

Philippines,

should be in of Malacca

now

tribes of India,

of the term (there

hand

— but

be done

this is

in

as

it

might be possible

and above

its

all its

;

to

the

be work

arrive

at

difficult

for

positive

New

to

Guinea

generations),

and

results,

knowledge regarding these

gTopings in the dark,

paucity of facts

understand why

to

work

of the

on the Papuans of will

our

of

extent

—

its

daring hypotheses,

will be rightly looked

on as the childhood of Anthropology. be

any serious sense

in

a great quantity of raw material

with

alone

then the present stage

—with

on the NegTitos of the

good as unexplored

unimportant)

then

some

at

if

and of the Andamans; on the wild

may be

opening of which

But

difficult.

existence

compared

(the

questions

and

rare

89

Especially will

men

tried

so

it

back then

repeatedly "to

weave a variegated carpet, representing the distribution of the whole human race" {Baer; "Pap. und Alf." 1859, page 54) from isolated,

incomplete and entirely insufficient facts, producing

nothing but a piece of patch-work which tore again and again.

The heights by

of

knowledge

later generations, but

to it

which is

I

allude can only be attained

the chief task of the present to

collect materials for the future,

and

and arguments should be successful investigator

Philippines,

to

dedicate

who

are

his

still

powers

much

Malacca and the Andamans, and ginality, I shall

deem my

f

my

if

statement of facts

in stimulating to

less

the

some able

Negritos of the

known than

will ere

those

long lose their

object fully accomplished.

U.r

i^

of

ori-

INDEX OF AUTHORS QUOTED Algue, 18

Earl, 20, 24, 25, 29, 30,

AUen, 43

Hose, 25 Hosie, 53

85

35,

13

Anderson, 64

Edkins, 59

Itier,

Azaola, 11

Egerton, 75

Jacobsen, 35

Baer, 82, 89

Ehlers, 64

Jagor, 14

Everett, 26

Jellinghaus, 67

BaU,

65,

70

Jourdan, 26

27

Barrado, 18

Filet,

Bastian, 45

Finsch, 29, 79

Junghuhn,

Beccari, 26, 42, 83

Flower,

Keane, 53, 82

Bethune, 6 Bille,

11

20, 27, 28, 29,

4, 25, 48,

32, 38, 42, 43, 45, 51,

Kern, 47

52, 56, 63, 70, 71, 85

Kessel, 24, 27, 28

Forbes, 35, 36, 44

Ketjen, 41

Bleek, 75

Foreman,

Knebel, 41,

Bleeker, 27

Eraser, 71

Koganei, 57

Blond, 69

Gabelentz, 45, 61, 74

Kohlbrugge, 42

4, 5, 7,

Galvano, 6

Kollmann, 87

11, 12, 14, 15, 16,

Garson, 44

Kuhn,

Gerland, 18, 19, 24, 29,

Lacouperie,

Bishop of Labuan,

Blumentiitt, 8,

3,

17, 18, 19,

Bjinton,

4,

Callamand,

29, 44

20

18 70,

16

7,

30, 31, 38, 41, 47, 48,

Campbell, 68, 69, 74 Chamisso, 56

Giglioli, 26, 40, 42, 64,

Chao - Ju - kua,

Government

4,

6

65,

83 of India, 65

66 52,

5,

58,

59, 61

Lafond,

56, 63, 66, 72

73

62, 64,

83

15, 17

14,

13,

Laglaize, 83, 84

Landau 12 Lane Fox, 63

Chirino, 15

Griinwedel, 62

Lapicque

Claine, 63

Haberlandt, 53

Latham,

Clercq, 31

Hagen, 45

Confucius, 57

Hamy,

7,

38,40,63,64

25, 55

Laureano, 16

15,

20,

18,

23,

Lecmanns, 42

Cordier, 60

26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 37,

Lesson, 37, 77

Crooke, 74

38, 39, 49, 50, 51, 52,

Limberg-Brouwer, 44

Cuming, 20

53, 55, 56, 65, 66, 69,

Lungorshauscn, 28

Cust, 33

70, 82, 84,

88

Luschan, 6

D'Albertis, 80

Harmand, 65

Lydekker, 71

Dalitz, 45

Hasselt, 44, 45

Maclay, 62, 77, 78, 79

Dalton, 30, 68

Hatton, 30

Maindron, 83, 84

Danielli, 48

Heber, 67

Man,

Davis, 15, 28

Heifer, 64

Mantcgazza, 68,

Des Murs, 27

83 Hervey de Saint Denys, Marchc, 60

Distant, 65

Dobson, 63

Hirth,

Duben, 82 Dusseau, 28

Hollander,

4,

5,

53

5,

Ilombron, 49

47

63,

65

7,

12,

78, 79,

19

Marsden, 24

Ma-Touan-Lin, 60 Matthijssen, 31

INDEX OF AUTHOES QUOTED

92 Maurel, 66

Eaffray, 83, 84

Stolpe, 27, 28

Maurer, 65

Eanken,

Svoboda, 65

Meinicke, 13, 30, 37, 45

Eatzel, 36, 52, 56, 70, 81

Meissner, 45, 47

Eeclus, 10, 83

Swaving, 28, 43 Swinhoe, 49, 50

Eegalia, 83

Taintor, 53

Eein, 56

Tamai, 23

Mena, 12 Meyer, A. B.

4,

12,

5, 7,

85

79,

Ten Kate,

14, 18, 32, 35, 40, 42,

Eetana,

69, 70, 74, 76, 77, 78,

Eetzius, 28, 78, 82

85

79, 83,

Meyer, L. 81

9,

12

36, 38,

Eichthofen, 57

Topinard, 67, 69,

Eiedel,

Treacher, 25

32,

40

Thurston, 68

33, 34. 35,

7,

'

Miller, 48

36, 37, 40, 46,

Mocligliani, 48

Montano,

7,

18,

27

47

Turner, 79, 84

Eisley, 71, 73, 74

Tuuk, 41

Eitter, 67

Tyson, 24

Morga, 4

Eizal, 4, 5

Uhle, 69

Morgan, 62

Euepstorff, 65

Valentyn, 49

]\IiiUer,

Fr. 59

MuUer,

Sal.

35

Eosenberg, 39, 48

Verneau, 70

Eoth, 29

Veth, 38, 63

Mundt-Laiiff, 35, 53

Eousselet, 69

Vidal, 83

Musschenlirock,

Eowland, 63

Virchow,

Eofl-ney, 67

66,

Sarasins, 34, 68, 72, 73,

87

31, 40.

42

Neumann, 57 Nostitz, 64

78,

Nottrott, 67

Sealy,

88

7,

68,

12, 62, 63,

69,

70,

81,

Vivien de Saint-Martin, 53

67

Odoric de Pordenone, 60 Scliaaffliausen, 42 Oppert, 68, 74, 76 Schadenberg, 14, 18 Owen, 20 Schcllong, 78, 79 Paterno. 3 Sohctelig. 20, 50, 51, 52 P^ron, 36 Schlcgel 60

Wallace, 35, 53, 83, 85

Pickering, 20, 24, 76, 83

Schmidt, 68, 71

Whitehead,

Piddington, 69

Schnorr, 72, 75

Wichraann, 34

Waitz,

20,

Wassink, 27

Pigafetta, 17

Schiutz, 10

Wilken, 77

Schwaner, 24, 25

Windle, 24

Semper,

Winter, 41

Prichard, 55,

13,

53.

54,

67

Quatrefagcs, 15, 18, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29,

17, 43,

Winter, G. 41 Siebold, 53, 54, 55, 56 Wise, 82 Sittig, 35 Worcester, 7, Spencer, 76

19

Sprengel, 17

61, 65, 67, 69, 70, 82,

Stanley,

88

19,

25

Scrgi, 78, 80, 83, 87, 88

38, 39, 43, 44, 51, 55,

84, 85,

87

66

White, 52

Plath, 59 Pleyte, 48, 77

29, 30,

24,

41, 47, 48,

4,

17

Stevens, 62, 63

Zannetti, 26

Zuckerkandl, 48

ZuSiga,

9j^

9,

12

10,

16,

14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED

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1959

21-100m-6,'56

(B9311sl0)476

General Library University of California Berkeley

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