PA 507 18 August 2007 Session 1
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Dimensions of SocialNational culture
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Specific to individuals
Personality
Specific to a group
Culture
Universal
Inherited and Learned Learned
Human Nature
Inherited
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Culture It is the collective programing of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from others.
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Equality Future Orientation
Group vs Individual Culture
Ambiguity
Masculinity vs Femininity
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Equality All societies have some form of inequality. Power distance (PD) is how we deal with that inequality.
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Power distance the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally
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Country
Score
Ranking
Malaysia Arab Countries* Iran Pakistan United States New Zealand Austria
104 80 58 55 40 22 11
1 12-14 43-44 48 57-59 71 74
* Arab countries include: Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates
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PD and Family Small PDi
Large PDi
Parent treat children Parents teach children as equals obedience Children play no role Children are a source in old-age security of of old-age security to parents parents Children treat elders Respect for elders is a as equals virtue
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PD and School Small PDi
Large PDi
Students treat teachers as equals
Students give teachers respect
Teachers are experts Teachers should take who transfer all initiative in class impersonal truths Learning depends on Teachers are gurus 2- way communication who provide wisdom
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PD and Work Small PDi
Large PDi
Managers and workers Managers and workers consider each other consider each other equal unequal Status symbols are suspect
Managers are entitled to privileges
Orgs. have ways to Contact with workers deal with power abuse initiated by manager
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Predictors of the PDi 1. Geographic Latitude (Higher latitudes are associated with lower PDi) 2. Population Size (Larger size is associated with higher PDi) 3. Its wealth (Richer countries associated with lower PDi)
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Individualism vs Collectivism Individualistic societies are societies in which the ties between individuals are loose, everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and their immediate family.
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Individualism vs Collectivism Collectivist societies are societies in which people from birth onward are integrated into strong cohesive in-groups which protect them in exchange for loyalty.
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The individualism Index (IDv) The tension between the will of the individual ad the will of the group.
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Country
Score
Ranking
United States New Zealand Iran Arab Countries* Malaysia Pakistan Guatemala
91 79 41 38 26 14 6
1 7 36 39-40 52 68-69 74
* Arab countries include: Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates
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IDv and Family Collectivist
Individualist
Children learn to Children learn to think in terms of “we” think in terms of “I” Friendships are predetermined
Friendships are voluntary and should be fostered
Resources should be shared with relatives
Individual ownership of resources
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IDv and School Collectivist
Individualist
Students only speak Students are expected with group permission to speak up in class Purpose of education is learning how to do
purpose of education is about learning to learn
Diplomas provide higher status
Diplomas economic worth
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IDv and Work Collectivist
Individualist
Occupational mobility Occupational mobility is lower is higher Hiring and promotion Hiring and promotion take into account “in- based on skills and group” rules only Managers manage groups
Managers manage people
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IDv and Ideas Collectivist
Individualist
Group predetermines Everyone is expected opinions to have own opinion Laws and rights differ by group
Laws and right are supposed to be the same for all
Lower human rights rating
High human rights rating
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Predictors of IDv 1. Its wealth (Richer countries associated with lower IDv) 2. Geographic Latitude (Lower latitudes are associated with higher IDv)
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Masculinity vs Femininity This dimension is labeled masculinity versus femininity because it is the only one with consistent gender dimension
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Masculinity vs Femininity Masculine societies are societies in when gender roles are clearly distinct: Men are supposed to be aggressive and tough, where as women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with quality of life
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Masculinity vs Femininity Feminine societies are societies in which the emotional gender roles overlap. Both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with quality of life.
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Country
Score
Ranking
Slovakia United States New Zealand Arab Countries* Pakistan Iran Sweden
110 62 58 54 50 43 5
1 19 22-24 31-32 34-36 47-50 74
* Arab countries include: Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates
Sunday, August 19, 2007
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MAS and Family Masculine
Feminine
Challenge, earnings, recognition important
Relationships and quality of life
Men should be Both men and women assertive, ambitious, should be modest and tough Women take care of Both men and women relationships can be tender
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MAS and School Masculine
Feminine
Best student is the norm
The average student is the norm
Competition in class, Jealousy of those who trying to excel try to excel Failing in school is a disaster
Failing in school is a minor incident
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MAS and Work Masculine
Feminine
Management: decisive Management: intuition and aggressive and consensus Resolve conflict by strength
Conflicts resolved by compromise and negotiation
Rewards are based on equity
Rewards based on equality
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MAS and Sex Masculine
Feminine
Taboo on explicit discussion of sex
Explicit discussion of sex
Homosexuality is a threat
Homosexuality is a fact of life
Sexual harassment is a Sexual harassment is a minor issue major issue
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Predictors of MAS 1. Its wealth (Richer countries associated with lower IDv) 2. Geographic Latitude (Lower latitudes are associated with higher IDv)
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Intolerance of Ambiguity Uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations.
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Country
Score
Ranking
Greece Pakistan Arab Countries* Iran New Zealand United States Singapore
112 70 68 59 49 46 8
1 35-58 40-41 48-49 58-59 62 74
* Arab countries include: Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates
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UAI and Family Weak Uncertainty Strong Uncertainty Low stress and low anxiety
High Stress and high anxiety
Aggression and emotions should not be shown
Aggression and emotion may be ventilated
Comfortable with unfamiliar risks
Fear of unfamiliar risks
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UAI and School Weak Uncertainty Strong Uncertainty Open ended learning
There is a correct answer
Teacher say “I don’t know”
Teachers have all the answers
Results attributed to person’s ability
Results attributed to luck
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UAI and Work Weak Uncertainty Strong Uncertainty More changes of employers
Longer service
No more rules than necessary
Emotional need for rules - even if they don’t work
Hard-working only when needed
Busy, hard working
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Intolerance of Ambiguity Uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations.
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Country
Score
Ranking
China India Netherlands Sweden New Zealand United States Pakistan
118 61 44 33 30 29 0
1 8 13-14 23 28-30 31 39
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LTO and Family Short Term
Long Term
Marriage is moral arrangement
Marriage is pragmatic arrangement
Living with in-laws is a Living with in-laws is source of trouble normal Children get gifts for fun and love
Children get gifts for education and dev.
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LTO and School Short Term
Long Term
Students attribute success/failure to luck
Attribute success/ failure to effort
Talented for theoretical, abstract sciences
Talent for applied, concrete sciences
Math and formal problems hard
Good a math and formal problems
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LTO and Work Short Term
Long Term
Leisure time is important
Leisure is not important
Focus on bottom line
Focus on market position
This years results
Results 10 years from now.
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LTO and Thinking Short Term
Long Term
Concerned with truth
Concerned with virtue
Guidelines about good and evil
Good and evil dependent on circumstances
Analytical thinking
Synthetic thinking
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Applying it
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1.
Get into groups of five or six.
2.
Give Afghanistan a score of 1 to 10 for each dimension. The dimensions are: Power distance Individualism vs communalism Masculinity vs Femininity Uncertainty Avoidance Long vs Short term orientation
3.
For each dimension, provide an example for family, school, and work that supports your score.
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Dimension
Grp 1
Grp 2
Power
?
8
Grp 3 Grp 4 Grp 5 8
9
Individualism
?
8
6.5
7
Masculinity
?
8
8
7
Uncertainty
?
7
8
4
Long Term
?
7
-
6
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Sunday, August 19, 2007