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B. P. Pattanaik1*, M. K. Mohanty2, B. K. Nanda1, S. K. Nayak1, R. Panua3, P. K. Bose3 1

School of Mechanical Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

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College of Agriculture Engineering & Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Tripura

Presented at the 4th International Conference on “Advances in Energy Research (ICAER-2013)” 10 – 12 December 2013 , IIT Bombay

OBJECTIVES Development of Karanja biodiesel from neat Karanja oil by

base catalyzed transesterification method Characterization of fuel properties of Karanja oil, Karanja biodiesel and comparison with diesel Preparation of test fuels in the form of biodiesel blends ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

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Application of the test fuels to a single cylinder low

compression ratio diesel engine Estimation of various engine performance and emission parameters for various test fuels and comparison of those with that of diesel fuel

INTRODUCTION Why Alternative Energy? Limited stock of present fossil fuel reserves which will last

for few more years to come ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

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Increasing rate of air-pollution from automobiles using

petroleum based fuels Alarming increase in Green House Gases in the atmosphere Reducing health standards due to excessive automobile pollution Continuous hike in crude petroleum prices

Causes for Promotion of Biofuels Contribution to the Energy Security Policy ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

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Environmental Concerns Foreign Exchange Savings Socio-Economic Issues Related to Rural Sector Greater Use of Renewable Energy Less Green House Gas Emissions

Biodiesel as a Renewable Fuel Biodiesel is a chemically derived fuel comprised of Mono-

alkyl ester / Methyl ester of long chain fatty acids of the triglycerides present in the straight vegetable oil (SVO) / animal fat obtained during the transesterification Process. It possesses almost similar fuel properties as mineral diesel ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

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Completely bio-degradable and non-toxic Requires no engine modifications when used in engines Produces less green house gas emissions as compared to

diesel

Karanja as a potential source for biodiesel production Suitable

climatic and soil conditions Karanja plantation in the Indian context Can grow in unused and infertile lands Higher oil content in the harvested seeds ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

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Completely non-edible vegetable oil Higher conversion yield potential for biodiesel production Low cost biodiesel production

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Photograph of Karanja Tree

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Harvested Karanja fruits and seeds

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Structure of Neat Vegetable Oil

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The Transesterification Reaction

Transesterification Process ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

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EXPERIMENTAL Biodiesel Production Methodology Heating & Grease Removal of Vegetable oil Acid Esterification of Vegetable oil Reagent Mixture Preparation (KOH+CH3OH) Base Catalyst Transesterification below 65 C Biodiesel Separation Methanol Recovery Glycerol

Collection Biodiesel Collection, Washing & Purification ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

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Schematic diagram of a small biodiesel reactor

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Process Parameters used during Transesterification Sl No.

Process parameters

Description

1

Process selected

Alkali catalyzed transesterification

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Reaction temperature

55 – 60 oC

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Sample oil used

1250 ml of neat Karanja oil

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Methanol used

200 ml / kg of oil

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Catalyst used (KOH)

0.5 – 1 % per kg of oil

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Reaction time

1.5 hours

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Settling time

8 – 10 hours

8

Water washing

8 – 24 hours

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Stirring speed

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550 – 700 rpm

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Biodiesel & Glycerol Separation

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Variation in viscosity of Karanja oil with temperature

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Comparison in density at various stages of biodiesel production

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Comparison of viscosity of Karanja oil at various stages

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Comparison in FFA composition of Karanja oil at various stages

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Biodiesel Conversion Yield ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

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0.92 0.9 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82

0.8 0.78 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Reaction Time (Min.)

Characterization of Fuel Properties Properties

Karanja oil

Karanja biodiesel

Diesel

ASTM Methods

Density at 25oC (kg/m3)

910

880

860

D 1298

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Kinematic Viscosity at 34.78 40oC (cSt.)

6.5

2.56

D 445

Acid value (mg KOH/g) 30.8

1.12

-

D 664

FFA (mg KOH/g)

15.4

0.56

-

D 664

Calorific value (MJ/kg)

36.4

40.2

44.2

D 240

Cetane number

32.22

56.64

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D 613

Flash point (oC)

219

124

76

D 93

Fire point (oC)

228

146

78

D 93

Cloud point (oC)

9

5

-10

D 2500

Pour point (oC)

3

-2

-18

D 97

Preparation of Biodiesel Blends (Test Fuels) ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

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B-20 (20% Biodiesel + 80% Petro Diesel) B-50

(50% Biodiesel + 50% Petro Diesel) B-100 (100% Biodiesel)

Photograph of various test fuel samples

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Schematic Presentation of the Test Engine

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Photograph of the Test Engine Setup

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Test Engine Specification Parameter

Description

Make/Model

Kirloskar oil engines India Ltd / AV-1

Engine type

Four-Stroke diesel engine

No. of cylinder

One

Bore × Stroke

80 × 110 mm2

Compression ratio

16.5:1

Injection pressure

220 bar

Injection nozzle opening

23obTDC

Rated power

6.25 kW

Rated speed

1500 rpm ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

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Cooling type

Water cooled

Lubricating oil

SAE 20 W40

Dynamometer

Eddy current type (10kW, 43.5 A)

RESULTS Engine Performance Analysis

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1. Brake Thermal Efficiency

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2. Brake Specific Energy Consumption

3. Exhaust Gas Temperature ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

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Engine Emission Analysis ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

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4. CO Emission

5. HC Emission ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

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6. CO2 Emission

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7. Smoke Emission ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

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8. NOX Emission ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

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CONCLUSIONS The BTE was found to be increasing and the BSEC found to be decreasing with increase in engine power output. The BTE was highest for diesel and the BSEC was highest for Karanja biodiesel at all loads. The CO and HC emission decrease initially at lower loads and then increases when the load is increased above 50%. The CO and HC emissions were also found to be higher for diesel. The CO2 emission in g/kWh decreases with increase in engine power and the smoke emission increases with engine power and load. Smoke emission was higher in case of B50 and B100. ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

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Continued…. The EGT increases with increase in engine power and NOx emission in g/kWh was found to be decreasing with increase in engine power and load. Both EGT and NOx emission were higher for Karanja biodiesel.

FUTURE SCOPE Biodiesel being more viscous than diesel may require frequent cleaning of engine components. Use of preheated biodiesel blends in engines may be studied. Biodiesel if used for longer time in engines causes corrosive effects. Studies on engine wear and corrosion due to the use of biodiesel must be carried out. ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

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Biodiesel combustion causes higher combustion and exhaust temperatures. Studies must be carried out for suitable engine modifications resulting in low temperatute biodiesel combustion.

Continued…. Higher NOx emission due to biodiesel combustion is a great matter of environmental concern. Investigation must be undertaken for reduction of the same using newer methods like exhaust gas recirculation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

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The authors are extremely thankful to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata and the College of Agriculture Engineering & Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha for providing laboratory facilities for conduct of the experiments.

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9. Ramadhas, AS, Jayaraj, S, Muraleedharan, C: Biodiesel production from high FFA rubber seed oil. Fuel 84, 335-340 (2005) 10. Misra, RD, Murthy, MS. Performance, emission and combustion evaluation of soapnut oil- diesel blends in a compression ignition engine. Fuel 90, 2514-2518 (2011)

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