11_chapter 5.pdf

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iksgjh {ks= dh xzkeh.k efgykvksa esa ijEijkxr ,oa vk/kqfud oSokfgd jhfr;k¡ izkphu dky ls orZeku rd fookg ds Lo:i vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa esa cgqr vf/kd fofHkUurk vkus yxh gS ysfdu lp ;gh gS vkt Hkh oSokfgd laca/k lnL;ksa rFkk fj'rsnkjh }kjk r; fd;k tkrk Fkk ogh vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izHkkoksa ds dkj.k izse fookg dk izpyu Hkh c<+k gSA /kkfeZd –f"V] fo'ks"kdj fgUnw /keZ] ls fookg fdl fof/k&fo/kku ls fd;k tkrk gS blesa FkksM+k cgqr varj vo'; gksrk gS rFkk ogha izkphu le; esa fookg ds dbZ jhfr&fjokt izpyu es FksA tSls nwYgs dk ?kksM+h ij p
pykus ds fy, efgyk dk bl dk;Z dk gksuk Hkh vko';d gS] fdUrq bu dk;ksZ ls efgyk;sa iq#"kksa dks dk;Z djus esa ,d rjg dk dsoy lg;ksx gh fd;k gS blls budks dHkh vk; çkIr ugha gqvk cfYd og ifr ij fuHkZj gks dj jg x;h vkSj pkgdj Hkh viuh bPNk ds vuq:i vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ugha dj ik;h gSA iksgjh {ks= dh xzkeh.k efgykvksa dh ;g fLFkfr vkt Hkh O;kIr gSA

fookg ,oa oSokfgd jhfr;ka fgUnqvkas esa fookg ,d /kkfeZd laLdkj gSA ifjokj ds laxBu dh vk/kkjf'kyk ds :i esa fookg dh laLFkk vkfnedky ls fookfgr ;qx rd ,d&nwljs ds lEcU/kks]a muds ukrsnkjksa] mudh lUrkuksa rFkk lekt dh O;k[;k dk fu;U=.k djrh jgrh gSA fookg laLFkk ,d ,slk vk/kkjLrEHk gS ftlls ekuo dk vfLrRo cuk jgrk gSA lef"V dh fujUrjrk lUrkuksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS] lUrkuksa dh mRifÙk tUe ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS vkSj tUe ds fy, fdlh u fdlh :i esa fL=;ksa vkSj iq#"kksa dk ySafxd lEcU/k vko';d gS ySafxd lEcU/kksa dks O;ofLFkr djus ds fy, fookg uked laLFkk dk izknqHkkZo gqvkA vr% Li"V gS fd fookg dh laLFkk larkuksa dks tUe nsdj lef"V dk rkuk&ckuk rS;kj djrh gSA ykWoh ds vuqlkj & ^^fookg mu Li"Vr% Lohd`r laxBuksa dks izdV djrk gS tks bfUnz; lEcU/kh lUrks"k ds mijkUr Hkh fLFkj jgrk gS rFkk ikfjokfjd thou dk vk/kkj LrEHk curk gSA**

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osLVjekdZ ds 'kCnksa esa ^^fookg ,d vFkok vf/kd iq#"kksa dk ,d vFkok vf/kd fL=;kas ds lkFk gksus okyk og lEcU/k gS tks izFkk vFkok dkuwu }kjk Lohd`r

1

Marrion John Ley (1966) : Modernization and the Structure of Socities : A Setting for International Affairs, New Jersey : Princeton University Press

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gksrk gS rFkk ftlesa laxBu esa vkus okys nksuksa i{kksa rFkk muls mRiUu cPpksa ds vf/kdkj rFkk drZO;ksa dk lekos'k gksrk gSA**2 tkWulu ds vuqlkj] ^^fookg ds fo"k; esa vko';d ckr ;g gS fd ;g ,d LFkk;h lEcU/k gS ftlesa fd ,d iq#"k rFkk L=h] lekt esa viuh izfr"Bk dks gkfu fd;s fcuk lUrku mRiUu djus ds fy, lkekftd Lohd``fr ikrs gSaA**3 cksxkMZ~l ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^fookg L=h vkSj iq#"k dks ikfjokfjd thou esa izos'k djokus dh laLFkk gSA** ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ekuo lekt esa fookg lkoZHkkSfed :i ls ik;h tkus okyh ,d ewyHkwr laLFkk gS ftlesa nks fo"ke&fyaxh lkekftd Lohd`fr }kjk oS/kkfud rFkk /kkfeZd o lkekftd izFkk ds :i esa ,d nwljs ds lkFk ySafxd] lUrfr ,oa O;fDrRo ds fodkl dh vko';drkvksa dh fu;fer :i ls iwfrZ djrs gS rFkk lkekftd&vkfFkZd lgkuqHkwfr ds cU/kuksa ls vkil esa LFkk;h :i ls c¡/ks gksrs gSaA fgUnw fookg ds mn~ns';4 fgUnw fookg ds mnns';ksa dks crkrs gq, MkW- dikfM+;k fy[krs gSa] ^^fgUnw fookg ds mn~ns'; /keZ] iztk ¼lUrku½ rFkk jfr ¼vkuUn½ cryk;s x;s gSaA** 1- /keZ ;k /kkfeZd dk;ksZ dh iwfrZ 2- iq=&izkfIr 3- jfr vkuUn

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Westermark, E.A. (1894) : History Human Marriage, Oxford University Press, London

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Henery M. Johnson (1937) : Sociology : A Systematic Introduction, Macmillan Co. London.

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Jherh larks"k dqdjsrh] fookg ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izHkko dk lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u] 'kks/k izcU/k] MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj] fo'ofo|ky;] vkxjk m-iz- 2002

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fookg ds mi;qZDr mn~ns';ksa ds vykok fgUnw fookg ds vU; dqN mn~ns'; Hkh gSa tks fuEUk izdkj gSa& 1-

fgUnw fookg L=h&iq#"kksa ds O;fDrRo ds fodkl esa ;ksx nsrk gS mUgsa thou dh okLrfodrkvksa ls ifjfpr djkrk gS vkSj oS;fDrd thou dks laxfBr djrk gSA

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fgUnw fookg x`gLFk vkJe esa izos'k djus rFkk pkj iq#"kkFkksZ &/keZ] vFkZ] dke] eks{k dh izkfIr esa ;ksx nsuk gSA

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,d /kkfeZd laLdkj ds :i esa fgUnw fookg O;fDr esas R;kx dh Hkkouk Hkjrk gS vkSj ikfjokfjd nkf;Roksa ds fuokZg dh izsj.kk nsrk gSA

fgUnw fookg ,d /kkfeZd laLdkj gSA ,d laLdkj dk vk'k; 'kqf)dj.k vFkkZr thou dks ifo= djus vkSj ifj"d`r djus okys /kkfeZd vuq"BkuA fgUnw n'kZUk esa fookg&laLdkj dks lokZf/kd egRo iznku fd;k x;k gSA fgUnw n'kZu ds vuqlkj tc L=h dks thoulafxuh dgk tkrk gS rks bldk vk'k; gksrk gS fd ,slh L=h tks iq#"k dk iRuh ds :i esa thou Hkj lkFk fuHkk,¡A tc mls v/kkZfxauh dgk tkrk gS rks bldk vk'k; ;g gksrk gS fd ifr&iRuh feydj ,d iw.kZ 'kjhj dk fuekZ.k djrs gSA blh ls /kkfeZd dk;Z lEiUu fd;s tkrs gSa bl izdkj fgUnw fookg L=h&iq#"k ds e/; /keZikyu dh n`f"V ls ,d ,slk laLdkj gS tks tUe&tUekUrj ds lEcU/kksa dh /kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gS pw¡fd fgUnw fookg ifo= ea=ksa vkSj /kkfeZd jhfr&fjoktksa }kjk gh lEiUu gksrk gS blfy, bls ifo= cU/ku ekuk tkrk gSA

fookg laLFkk dk mn; ,oa fodkl % egkHkkjr ds ,d iqjkru vk[;ku ls irk pyrk gS fd ifr& iRuh ds #i esa L=h&iq#"k ds LFkk;h laca/kksa dh uhao _f"k míkyd ds iq= 'osrdsrq us j[kh FkhA

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bl vk[;ku ds vuqlkj iqjkru dky vFkkZr~ oSfnd iwoZ dky esa dHkh ekuo lekt esa Hkh L=h&iq#"k ds ;kSu lac/a k vfu;fer Fks rFkk fL=z;ksa esa ;kSu Lokra= ¼;kSu lkE;okn½ dh fLFkfr Fkh vkSj bl i'kqdYi fLFkfr dk var fd;k Fkk] 'osrdsrq usA çLrqr vk[;ku ds vuqlkj tc 'osrdsrq us viuh ek¡ dks vius firk ds lkeus gh cyor~ ,d vU; O;fä ds }kjk mldh bPNk ds fo#) vius lkFk pyus ds fy, foo'k djrs ns[kk] rks mlls jgk u x;k vkSj og Øq) gksdj bldk çfrjks/k djus yxkA bl ij mlds firk míkyd us mls ,slk djus ls jksdrs gq, dgk] ;g iqjkru dky ls pyh vk jgh lkekftd ijaijk gSA blesa dksbZ nks"k ugha] fdarq 'osrdsrq us bl O;oLFkk dks ,d ik'kfod O;oLFkk dg dj] bldk fojks/k fd;k vkSj fL=;ksa ds fy, ,d ifr dh O;oLFkk dk çfriknu fd;kA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ,d ekU; lkekftd laLFkk ds #i esa fookg laLdkj dk fooj.k _Xosn esa feyrk gSA fookg laLdkj esa ç;qä fd;s tkus okys lHkh oSfnd ea=ksa dk lac/a k _Xosn esa of.kZr lw;Z ,oa lw;kZ ds fookg ls gksuk bl rF; dk fufoZokn çek.k gS fd bl ;qx esa vk;ksaZ dh oSokfgd çFkk viuk vk/kkjHkwr Lo#i /kkj.k dj pqdh Fkh rFkk fookg laLdkj ls lEc) lHkh çeq[k vuq"Bku& ikf.kxzg.k] ân;kyHku] v'ekjksg.k] /otn'kZu] lIrinh vkfn vfLrRo esa vk pqds FksA mÙkjorhZ oSfnd lkfgR; esa gesa budk mYys[k vFkoZons esa rFkk 'kriFk czkã.k ¼1A8A3&6½ esa feyrk gSA fookg nks vkRekvksa dk feyu gSA nks çk.kh vius vyx&vyx vfLrRoksa dks lekIr dj ,d lfEefyr bdkbZ d fuekZ.k djrs gSaA L=h vkSj iq#"k nksuks esa ijekRek us dqN fo'ks"krk;sa vkSj dqN viw.kZrk,sa ns j[kh gSaA fookg ls ,d nwljs dh viw.kZrkvksa dks viuh fo'ks"krkvksa ls iw.kZ djrs gSaA blfy;s fookg dks ekuo thou esa ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k x;k gSA ;g lekt dk fuekZ.k djus okyh lcls NksVh

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bdkbZ ifjokj dk ewy gSA bls ekuo tkfr ds lkrR; dks cuk, j[kus dk ç/kku lk/ku ekuk tkrk gSA fgUnw /keZ esa fookg dks lksyg laLdkjksa esa ls ,d laLdkj ekuk x;k gSA fookg ¾ fo$okg] vr% bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS & fo'ks"k :i ls ¼mÙkjnkf;Ro dk½ ogu djukA fganw fookg ifr vkSj iRuh ds chp tUe&tUekarjksa dk lEca/k gksrk gS ftls fd fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa ugha rksM+k tk ldrkA vfXu ds lkr Qsjs ys dj vkSj /kzqo rkjk dks lk{kh eku dj vkSj lkr ik¡p opu lquk;s tkrs gS nks ru] eu rFkk vkRek ,d ifo= ca/ku esa ca/k tkrs gSaA fganw fookg esa ifr vkSj iRuh ds chp 'kkjhfjd laEca/k ls vf/kd vkfRed lac/a k gksrk gS vkSj bl lca/k dks vR;ar ifo= ekuk x;k gSA Hkkjr esa vusd jkT; gS vkSj bu jkT;ksa esa vusd /keksZa] os"k&Hkw"kk ,oa fHkUUk Hkk"kk ds yksx jºrs gSa mu lHkh esa fookg djds thou fuoZgu dk rjhdk fHkUu gksrk gS ysfdu ;g vo'; gS fd muesa oSokfgd jhfr;k¡ fHkUu gSA5 fookfgr L=h ds ikl bl ckr dk dksbZ fodYi ugha gksrk fd ;fn fookfgr thou thuk gS rks mlh ifjokj esa gh thuk gksxkA ;g Mj Hkh mUgsa dksbZ çfrdwy dne mBkus ls jksd nsrk gSA blds foijhr 'kgjh thou es]a efgykvksa dk iw.kZ f'kf{kr gksuk] ukSdjh] O;olk; vkfn gj {ks= esa Hkkxhnkjh vkSj lcls c<+dj vius lHkh dkuwuh] lkekftd vf/kdkjksa dh HkyhHkkafr tkudkjh gh os eq[; dkj.k gSa tks 'kgjksa esa rykd ds pyu dks c<+kok ns jgs gSaA bu lcds lkFk&lkFk ,d lcls cM+h otg gS 'kgjksa esa lekt fdlh Hkh lkekftd ca/ku ls ca/ks u gksus dk ,glklA 'kgjksa esa vkt yksx brus ladqfpr gks x;s gSa fd mUgsa flQZ vius ifjokj] viuh leL;kvksa ls gh QqlZr ugha feyrhA ,sls 5

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esa dksbZ D;ksa fdlh ds ikfjokfjd thou dks cpkus ;k rksM+us esa viuk le; xaok,xkA vkSj tgka rd vfHkHkkodksa dh Hkwfedk dh ckr gS rks ;g ckr vc vDlj ns[kus lquus dks fey tkrh gS fd dbZ ckj rks ?kj flQZ bl dkj.k ls VwVrs gSa] D;ksfa d curh gqbZ ckr dks ifr ;k iRuh ds ekrk&firk ;k fdlh çHkkoh fj'rsnkj us viuh ukd dk ç'u cukdj mls vkSj fcxkM+ dj j[k fn;kA yM+fd;ksa dk f'kf{kr gksuk] u flQZ f'kf{kr cfYd lekt ds gj lfØ; is'ks esa çHkkoh :i ls lfØ; gksuk] bruk fd os vius thou ls tqM+s gj fu.kZ; dks [kqn gh ys lds]a Hkh ifjokj ds VwVus dk dkj.k cu jgk gSA njvly vkt Hkys gh fodkl ds ek;us cny pqds gSa] ikfjokfjd lajpuk,a Hkh ifjofrZr gks jgh gSa fdarq bu lcds ckotwn vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; ifjokjksa esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk vkSj muls ?kjsyw ftEesnkfj;ksa dh tks vis{kk gS oks ges'kk dh rjg ogh iqjkrudky dh gS tcfd vkt ds le; esa u rks ;g LokHkkfod gS vkSj u gh visf{krA ,sls esa ;s fLFkfr;ka mRiUu gksuk dksbZ vçR;kf'kr ugha yxrk vkSj nsj losj ifjokj ds VwVus ds gkykr vk gh tkrs gSaA rykd dh ;g c<+rh ço`fÙk vius lkFk u flQZ dbZ lkekftd folaxfr;ka yk jgh gS cfYd Lo;a rykd'kqnk efgykvksa vkSj ml naifr ds cPpksa dks gkf'k;s ij ykus dk dke dj jgh gSA xkSjryc gS fd rykd'kqnk efgykvksa dks Hkkjr esa fdlh Hkh rjg dk dksbZ fo'ks"kkf/kdkj ;k vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk ugha gSA pkgs yk[k nkos fd;s tk,a] cs'kd bl rjg dh nyhy nh tkrh jgs fd rykd'kqnk efgykvksa dh ftanxh ij rykd'kqnk gksus dk cgqr cM+k QdZ ugha iM+rk] ;k fd bl rjg ds dFku fd rykd ls ftanxh [kRe ugha gksrh exj gdhdr rks ;gh gS fd rykd'kqnk efgyk dh vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; lekt esa fcYdqy vyx&Fkyx fLFkfr gks tkrh gSA

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tks ukSdjh is'kk gSa ;k vkRefuHkZj gSa] os rks fQj Hkh tSls rSls [kqn ds thou dks O;Lr vkSj nq:Lr dj ikrh gSa exj mudh gkyr rks cgqr gh T;knk n;uh; gks tkrh gS tks u llqjky esa jg ikrh gSa vkSj rykd ds ckn ftUgsa ek;ds esa Hkh cgqr lh çfrdwy fLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA tks nksuksa gh LFkku esa jguk ugha pkgrh vkSj viuk vyx fuokl cukrh gSa] mUgsa Hkh bl lekt dh :f<+okfnrk ls vyx&vyx :iksa ls :c: gksuk gh iM+rk gSA lcls nq[kn ckr rks ;g gS fd ljdkj] efgyk laj{k.k laLFkkuks]a Lo;a lsoh laLFkkuksa vkfn us vHkh rd bl fo"k; esa dqN Hkh xaHkhjrkiwoZd lkspk ;k fd;k ugha gSA vycÙkk vkosnu i=ksa ij efgykvksa ls mudh oSokfgd fLFkfr ds ckjs esa t:j gh tkuk tkrk gSA dkuwu esa Hkh bu rykd'kqnk efgykvksa ds fy;s flQZ muds ifr ;k llqjky ls gh dqN Hkh fnykus dk vf/kdkj çnku fd;k x;k gSA bl laLdkj esa oj&o/kw ;g çfrKk djrs gSa fd gekjk fpÙk ,d& lk gksA geesa fdlh çdkj dk Hksn&Hkko u gksA bl çdkj mudk x`gLFk thou lq[k] 'kkafr vkSj le`f) iw.kZ gksxk vkSj dksbZ dyg u gksxk vkSj mudh larku Hkh mÙke gksxhA fookg dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS oj dk o/kw dks] mlds firk ds ?kj ls vius ?kj ys tkukA fdarq ;g 'kCn ml iwjs laLdkj dk |ksrd gS] ftlls ;g dk;Z laiUu fd;k tkrk FkkA bl laLdkj ds ckn gh O;fä x`gLFkkJe esa ços'k djrk FkkA çkphu Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj bl laLdkj ds nks çeq[k mís'; FksA euq"; fookg djds nsorkvksa ds fy, ;K djus dk vf/kdkjh gks tkrk Fkk vkSj iq= mRiUu dj ldrk FkkA nwljs 'kCnksa es]a bl laLdkj ds }kjk O;fä dk iw.kZ #i ls lekthdj.k gks tkrk FkkA larkuksRifÙk }kjk og vius oa'k dks thfor j[kus vkSj mldks 'kfäeku cukus vkSj ;Kksa }kjk lekt ds çfr vius drZO; iwjk djus dh çfrKk djrk FkkA lkFk gh og O;fä vius drZO;ksa dks iwjk djds /keZ lap; djds] vius thou ds

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y{;& eks{k dh vksj vxzlj gksrk FkkA Hkkjrh;ksa dh /kkj.kk Fkh fd fcuk iRuh ds dksbZ O;fä /kekZpj.k ugha dj ldrkA euq ds vuqlkj bl lalkj esa fcuk fookg ds L=h&iq#"kksa ds mfpr lac/a k laHko ugha gS vkSj larkuksRifÙk }kjk gh euq"; bl yksd vkSj ijyksd esa lq[k çkIr dj ldrk gSA çkphu Hkkjr esa ;g le>k tkrk Fkk fd iRuh gh /keZ] vFkZ] dke vkSj eks{k dk lzksr gSA iq=h dk fookg djuk firk dk ije drZO; le>k tkrk FkkA ;fn ;kSou çkIr djus ij Hkh dU;k ds vfHkHkkod mldk fookg u djsa] rks os cM+s iki ds Hkkxh gksrs FksA /keZ'kkL=dkjksa us fy[kk gS fd ,slh n'kk esa dU;k Lo;a vius fy, ;ksX; oj <+<w + dj fookg dj ldrh FkhA x`glw=ksa esa fookg laLdkj ds fy, mi;qä le;] oj vkSj o/kw dh ;ksX;rk,¡ vkSj fookg laLdkj ds fofHkUu pj.kksa dk foLr`r o.kZu feyrk gSA blds vuqlkj o/kw dqekjh gksuh pkfg, vkSj oj dh ekrk dh lfiaM & lacfa /kuh vkSj oj ds xks= dh ugha gksuh pkfg,A lfiaM dk vFkZ gS ekrk ds iwoZtksa esa N% ih<+h vkSj mlds fudV lacaf/k;ksa dh larku esa N% ih<+hA fo}kuksa dk er gS fd xks= ml iwoZt _f"k ds uke ij] ftlds ml xks= ds lHkh O;fä larku gSaA bu çfrca/kksa dk ;g mís'; Fkk fd vfr fudV lacfa /k;ksa esa oSokfgd lac/a k u gksAa ekrk& firk ds larku ds lkFk ;k HkkbZ&cgu ds vokaNuh; oSokfgd laca/k dk Hk; gh laHkor% bu çfrca /kksa dk ewy dkj.k FkkA euq ds vuqlkj mu ifjokjksa dh dU;k ls fookg ugha djuk pkfg,] tks /keZ ikyu u djrsa gks]a osn u i<+rs gks]a ftuesa iq= tUe u gksrk gks ;k ftlesa dqN iqjkus jksx gks]a D;ksafd iq= u gksuk vkSj jksxksa dk iSr`d çHkko Hkkoh larku ij gks ldrk FkkA okRL;k;u us Hkh o/kw esa mä vHkh"V xq.kksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z ekuk gSA euq us oj dh ;ksX;rk dk fo'ks"k fooj.k ugha fn;k gS] fdarq ;kKoYD; vkSj ukjn us

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fn;k gSA muds vuqlkj oj] osnksa dk tkuus okyk] pfj=oku] LoLFk] cqf)eku vkSj dqyhu gksuk pkfg,A x`glw= esa fookg laLdkj ds fuEu pj.k crk;s x;s gSa 1- igys oj i{k ds yksx dU;k ds ?kj tkrs FksA 2- tc dU;k dk firk viuh Loh—fr ns nsrk Fkk] rks oj ;K djrk FkkA 3- fookg ds fnu çkr% o/kw dks Luku djk;k tkrk FkkA 4- o/kw ds ifjokj dk iqjksfgr ;K djrk Fkk vkSj pkj ;k vkB fookfgr fL=;k¡ u`R; djrh FkhaA 5- oj dU;k ds ?kj tkdj mls oL=] nia.k vkSj mcVu nsrk FkkA 6- dU;k vkSipkfjd #i ls oj dks nh tkrh FkhA ¼dU;knku½ 7- oj vius nkfgus gkFk ls o/kw dk nkfguk gkFk idM+rk FkkA ¼ikf.kxzg.k½ 8- ik"kk.k f'kyk ij iSj j[kukA 9- oj dk o/kw dks vfXu ds pkjksa vksj çnf{k.kk djkukA ¼vfXu ifj.k;u½ 10- [khyksa dk gkseA ¼yktk& gkse½ 11- oj& o/kw dk lkFk& lkFk lkr dne pyuk ¼lIr&inh½] ftldk vfHkçk; Fkk fd os thou& Hkj feydj dk;Z djsaxsA çR;sd /kkfeZd —R;ksa esa vfXu esa vkgqfr nh tkrh Fkh vkSj czkã.kksa dks Hkkstu djk;k tkrk FkkA mi;qZä /kkfeZd —R;ksa esa dU;knku] fookg gkse] ikf.kxzg.k] vfXu&ifj.k;u] v'ekjksg.k] yktk& gkse vkSj lIr& inh cgqr egRoiw.kZ FksA budk egRo fuEufyf[kr gS&

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dU;knku % dU;knku dk vFkZ gSa fd dU;k dk firk ;k vfHkHkkod mls oj dks nsrk vkSj oj mls Lohdkj djrk Fkk] rc firk oj ls dgrk Fkk fd rqe /keZ] vFkZ vkSj dke rhuksa iq#"kkFkksZa esa viuh iRuh dk lg;ksx ysuk vkSj oj rhu ckj çfrKk djrk Fkk fd og ,slk gh djsxkA ikf.kxzg.k %& fookg ds gkse ds ckn ikf.kxzg.k gksrk Fkk] ftlesa ifr çfrKk djrk Fkk fd rqEgkjs ifr ds #i esa jgus dh bPNk ls eSaus rqEgkjk gkFk idM+k gSA rqe ;g Hkyh& Hkkafr le> yks fd nsorkvksa us rqEgkjk 'kjhj eq>s blfy, fn;k gS fd eSa rqEgkjs lkFk x`gLFk ds drZO;ksa dks iwjk dj ldw¡A yktk& gkse esa o/kw v;Zek] o#.k] iw"kk vkSj vfXu nsorkvksa ds fy, vfXu esa [khyksa dh vkgqfr nsrh Fkh] ftlls fd mldk nkaiR; thou lq[ke; gksA vfXu ifj.k;u esa ifr vfXu vkSj ty& dy'k dh rhu ckj ifjØek djrk Fkk vkSj iRuh mldk vuqlj.k djrh FkhA bl le; oj dgrk Fkk fd eSa vkdk'k gw¡ vkSj rqe i`Foh gksA eSa lke ¼laxhr½ gw¡] rqe dfork gksA blfy, ge fookg dj jgsa gSa vFkkZr~ ge nksuksa ds thou esa fdlh çdkj dh fHkUurk ugha gSA ge çse ls jgsa vkSj larku mRiUu djs]a gekjk thou fu"dyad gksA bl çdkj ge nksuksa lkS o"kZ ft;saA blh ds lkFk v'ekjksg.k dh fØ;k gksrh gS] ftlesa oj dh lgk;rk ls o/kw ik"kk.k& f'kyk ij iSj j[krh gSA ml le; oj dgrk gS fd rsjk çse esjs çfr bruk –<+ gks] ftruh fd ;g ik"kk.k f'kyk gSA bl ds ckn ^lIr& inh* gksrh gS] tks fookg laLdkj dk lcls egRoiw.kZ vax gSA blesa oj& o/kw lkFk& lkFk lkr dne j[krs gSa vkSj oj dgrk gS fd thou dh LQwfrZ] 'kfä] /ku] larku vkSj nh?kZ lkSHkkX;& iw.kZ thou ds fy, ge ;s lkr dne j[k jgs gSaA rqe esjh thou lafxuh

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cuks] ftlls fd ge nh?kkZ;q gksdj /kkfeZd —R; dj ldsa vkSj larku mRiUu dj ldsAa laLdkj ds ckn oj& o/kw dks ysdj vius ?kj tkrk FkkA ml le; firk viuh iq=h dks f'k{kk nsrk Fkk fd eSa vkt ls rq>s vius ?kj ls eqä djrk gw¡A eSa rq>s vc ifr ds ?kj dk canh cukrk gw¡] ftlls fd baæ rq>s le`f)'kkfyuh vkSj iq=orh cuk,A çkphu dky esa oj& o/kw fookg laLdkj ds pkSFks fnu lgokl djrs Fks] blls Li"V gS fd fookg ds le; oj vkSj o/kw nksuksa gh cM+h voLFkk esa gksrs FksA ckn esa dU;kvksa dk fookg de vk;q esa gksus yxkA tks /kkfeZd fØ;k,¡ fookg laLdkj ds le; dh tkrh Fkh] muls Li"V gS fd fookg] lafonk ugha Fkk] ifo= ca/ku FkkA fookg djrs le; ifr& iRuh dk çeq[k mís'; /keZ] vFkZ vkSj dke rhu iq#"kkFkksZa dks djus ;ksX; cukuk Fkk] ftlls fd var esa thou ds y{; eks{k dh çkfIr gks ldsA vfXu ds le{k fookg laLdkj ds egRo dks okRL;k;u us Li"Vr% bl çdkj cryk;k gS fd tks fookg& laLdkj vfXu dks lk{kh cukdj fd;k tkrk gS] mlesa ifr& iRuh dk fookg foPNsn laHko ugha gSA vk'oyk;u x`álw= ds vuqlkj czkã] nSo] vk"kZ vkSj çtkiR; fookg iwoZtksa ds iq.; nsus okys gSa] fdarq 'ks"k pkj iq.; ugha nsrsA igys pkjksa esa firk ;k laj{kd Lo;a dU;k dks oj nsrk Fkk] blfy, ;s gh fof/k& lEer le>s tkrs FksA vkiLrac vkSj ckS/kk;u ds vuqlkj dU;k ds firk dks /ku ns dj tks vklqj fookg fd;k tkrk Fkk] fookg fof/k& lEer gS vkSj vklqj vkSj iS'kkp voS/k gSaA f'k"V O;fä;ksa dks bu nksuksa çdkj ds fookg dHkh ugha djus pkfg,A bldk ;g vFkZ gS fd euq ds le; rd lekt us xka/koZ vkSj jk{kl fookg dks Hkh oS/k eku fy;k Fkk] D;ksfa d {kf=;ksa esa bl çdkj ds fookgksa dk dkQh çpyu jgk gksxkA egkHkkjr esa Li"V fy[kk gS fd xka/koZ vkSj jk{kl fookg {kf=;ksa ds fy, mfpr gSA 175

fookg ds çdkj6 euq vkfn iqjkru Le`frdkjksa ds }kjk iqjkru dky esa fofHkUu tkfr;ksa esa çpfyr vusd oSokfgd çFkkvksa esa ls] ftu vkB dks ekU;rk çnku dh Fkh] os Fkha czkã] nSo] vk"kZ] çtkiR;] vklqj] xka/koZ] jk{kl vkSj iS'kkpA fookg dh bu lHkh fo/kkvksa dks euq tSls dêjiaFkh Le`frdkj ds }kjk ekU;rk fn;k tkuk bl rF; dk |ksrd gS fd ml le; Hkkjrh; lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZa esa ;g lHkh fo/kk,¡ U;wukf/kd ek=k esa çpfyr Fkha rFkk bu vkB çdkjksa esa ls çFke pkj dks czkã.k oxZ ds fy,] buds vfrfjä jk{kl dks ¼ rFkk xka/koZ dks ½ {kf=; ds fy, ,oa vklqj dks oS'; rFkk 'kwæ o.kksZa ds fy, Hkh ekU;rk nh x;h Fkh] fdarq lkFk gh iS'kkp rFkk vklqj dks vk;ksaZ ds fdlh Hkh oxZ ds fy, mfpr ugha ekuk x;k gSA laHkor% blfy, fd ;s nksuksa gh fo/kk,¡ vuk;Z oxhZ; lekt ls lacfa /kr FkhA fofHkUu /keZ'kkL=h; xzaFkksa esa buds :iksa rFkk ojh;rk Øe esa varj ik;k tkrk gSA vk'oA ¼ 1@6 ½ esa iS'kkp dks jk{kl ls iwoZ j[kk gSA ekuo x`A lwA esa dsoy czkã vkSj 'kkSYd vklqj ds gh uke fy, gSaA vkiA /kA lwA ¼ 2 @5 @ 11 & 20 ½ esa dsoy N% çdkj gh crk, gSa] çtkiR; vkSj iS'kkp dks NksM+ fn;k gSA euq A ¼3@27& 34 ½ us buds #iks& a fo/kkvksa dks ftu #iksa esa O;k[;kf;r fd;k gS] os dqN bl çdkj gSa % 1- czkã fookg % nksauksa i{k dh lgefr ls leku oxZ ds lq;ksK oj ls dU;k dk fookg fuf'pr dj nsuk ^^czkã fookg** dgykrk gSA lkekU;r% bl fookg ds ckn dU;k dks vkHkw"k.k;qä djds fonk fd;k tkrk gSA vkt dh ^^O;oLFkk fookg^^ ^^czkã fookg^^ dk gh :i gSA blesa dU;k dk firk fdlh fo}ku~ rFkk lnkpkjh oj dks Lo;a vkeaf=r djds mls oL=kyadkjksa ls lqlfTtr dU;k] fof/k&fo/kku lfgr çnku djrk FkkA

6

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2- nSo fookg % fdlh lsok dk;Z ¼fo'ks"kr% /kkfeZd vuq"Bku½ ds ewY; ds :i viuh dU;k dks nku esa ns nsuk ^^nSo fookg** dgykrk gSA bl çdkj ds fookg esa dU;k dk firk mls oL=kyadkjksa ls lqlfTtr dj fdlh ,sls O;fä dks fof/k& fo/kku lfgr çnku djrk Fkk] tks fd ;kfKd vFkkZr~ ;Kkfn deksZa esa fujr djrk FkkA 3- vk"kZ fookg % dU;k&i{k okyksa dks dU;k dk ewY; ns dj ¼lkekU;r% xkSnku djds½ dU;k ls fookg dj ysuk ^^vk"kZ fookg** dgykrk gSA bl çdkj ds fookg esa dU;k dk firk ;Kkfn dk;ksaZ ds laiknu ds fufeÙk ¼'kqYd ds #i esa ugha½ oj ls ,d ;k nks tksM+s xk;ksa dks nsdj fof/k& fo/kku lfgr dU;k dks mls lefiZr djrk FkkA 4- çtkiR; fookg % dU;k dh lgefr ds fcuk mldk fookg vfHktkR; oxZ ds oj ls dj nsuk ^^çtkiR; fookg** dgykrk gSA bl çdkj ds fookg esa dU;k dk firk ;ksX; oj dks vkeaf=r dj ^rqe nksuksa feydj vius x`gLFk/keZ dk ikyu djks* ,slk funsZ'k nsdj fof/k& fo/kku ds lkFk dU;knku fd;k djrk FkkA 5- xa/koZ fookg % ifjokj okyksa dh lgefr ds fcuk oj vkSj dU;k dk fcuk fdlh jhfr&fjokt ds vkil esa fookg dj ysuk ^^xa/koZ fookg** dgykrk gSA nq";ar us 'kdqUryk ls ^^xa/koZ fookg** fd;k FkkA muds iq= Hkjr ds uke ls gh gekjs ns'k dk uke ^^Hkkjro"kZ** cukA blesa dksbZ ;qod& ;qorh LosPNk ls ç.k;ca/ku esa ca/k tkrs FksA vFkok ;fn dksbZ ldke iq#"k fdlh ldkek ;qorh ls feydj ,dkar esa oSokfgd laca/k esa çfrc) gksus dk fu.kZ; dj ysrk Fkk] rks bls Hkh xka/koZ fookg dgk tkrk FkkA

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6- vlqj fookg % dU;k dks [kjhn dj ¼vkfFkZd :i ls½ fookg dj ysuk ^^vlqj fookg** dgykrk gSA dU;k ds cka/koksa dks /ku ;k çyksHku nsdj LosPNk ls dU;k çkIr djus dh çfØ;k dks ^^vklqj** fookg dgk tkrk FkkA 7- jk{kl fookg % dU;k dh lgefr ds fcuk mldk vigj.k djds tcjnLrh fookg dj ysuk ^^jk{kl fookg^^ dgykrk gSA bl çdkj ds fookg esa fookg djus okyk O;fä dU;k ds vfHkHkkodksa dh Loh—fr u gksus ij Hkh] mu yksxksa ds lkFk ekj&ihV djds jksrh& fcy[krh dU;k dk cyiwoZd gj.k djds mldks viuh iRuh cuus ds fy, foo'k djrk FkkA 8- iS'kkp fookg % dU;k dh engks'kh ¼xgu fuæk] ekufld nqcZyrk vkfn½ dk ykHk mBk dj mlls 'kkjhfjd lEca/k cuk ysuk vkSj mlls fookg djuk ^^iS'kkp fookg^^ dgykrk gSA lksbZ gqbZ ;k v/kZpsruk voLFkk esa iM+h vfookfgrk dU;k dks ,dkar esa ikdj mlds lkFk cykRdkj djds mls viuh iRuh cuus ds fy, foo'k djus dk uke ^^iS'kkp** fookg dgykrk FkkA mi;qZä çdkj ds vkBksa fookgksa esa ls çFke pkj ç'kLr] lekt ,oa /keZ lEer ekus tkus ds dkj.k lkekU;r% vk;Z oxhZ; yksxksa esa loZ lkekU; #i ls çpfyr FksA fdarq 'ks"k pkj] tSlk fd buds tkrh; ukeksa ls çrhr gksrk gS] izR;qr vk;sZrj oxhZ; tu leqnk;ksa esa çpfyr jgs] ;Fkk ^^vklqj^^ vlqj oxhZ; yksxksa es]a ^^xka/koZ** xa/koZ tkrh; yksxksa es]a ^^jk{kl** ,rn~ oxhZ; yksxksa esa rFkk ^^iS'kkp** fi'kkp dgs tkus okys yksxksa esa o/kw çkfIr dh loZlkekU; çpfyr çFkk jgh gksxhA fdarq ,slk yxrk gS fd dkykarj esa vk;ksaZ ds çlkj rFkk bu yksxksa ds laidZ esa vkus ds dkj.k ikjLifjd variZzHkko ls vk;ksaZ esa Hkh ;nk& dnk bu fof/k;ksa ls o/kw çkIr dh tkus yxhA iqjkru lkfgfR;d lanHkksZa ls irk pyrk gS fd oSfndksÙkj dky esa vk;Z oxhZ; yksxksa esa Hkh bu fof/k;ksa ls o/kw& çkIr djus dh ijaijk] fojy #i esa gh lgh] çpfyr gks pyh FkhA Qyr% dêjiaFkh vk;Z Le`frdkjksa dks bUgsa Hkh lkekftd 178

ekU;rk çkIr oSokfgd laca/kksa dh lwph esa LFkku nsuk iM+k] ;|fi uSfrd vk/kkj ij buesa ls fo'ks"kdj vklqj rFkk iS'kkp fof/k;ksa dh fuank dh x;h rFkk mudk ifjgkj fd;s tkus dh lEefr nh tkrh jghA

iksgjh {ks= esa oSokfgd jhfr;k¡ fookg dks fgUnw /keZ esa ,d laLdkj ekuk x;k gS Hkkjr ds izR;sd jkT; esa fookg dqN fo'ks"k fookg i)fr;ksa vFkok jhfr;ksa dk ikyu djds fd;k tkrk gSA fookg ds iwoZ ,oa i'pkr~ blls lacfa /kr dqN i)fr;k¡ gS ftuds vuqlkj fookg lEiUu gksrk gS ;s jhfr;k¡ orZeku le; esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vkt Hkh izpfyr gSaA loZçFke tc oj ;k dU;k ds p;u dh çfØ;k çkjaHk dh tkrh gS rks dqaMyh feyku fdlh ;ksX; iafMr ;k T;ksfr"kkpk;Z }kjk djkbZ tkrh gSA ;fn dqaMyh feyku Bhd gS rks bldks çFke fcanq ugha ekurs gSa vFkkZr tUei=h feyku esa vf/kd xq.k fey jgs gSa rks mldks vf/kd ekU;rk nh tk, ;g vko';d ugha gSA nksuksa ifjokjksa eas leHkko] oj dU;k ds dn] f'k{kk] vk; vkfn esa leHkko gks tkrk gSA dU;k ds ?kj ls oj dk ?kj vf/kd le`) gksuk fookg lq[k esa 'kqHk ekuk tkrk gSA tc dU;k o oj nksuksa dk p;u gks tkrk gS rks dU;k ds firk dks oj dk jksdk djuk gksrk gSA blds fy, oj dk pkanh] Lo.kZ ;k æO; ls fryd fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fe"VkUu f[kyk;k tkrk gSA oj ds firk Hkh dU;k dks Lo.kkZHkw"k.k ;k æO; o Qy] oL= çnku djrk gSA dksbZ 'kqHk eqgwrZ ns[kdj dU;k dk firk okXnku ¼dU;k nku dk opu½ djrk gSA blds fy, çFke dU;k ds firk oj ds firk dks vkeaf=r djrk gSA loZçFke x.ks'k iwtu i'pkr "kksM'kksipkj lfgr bUækf.k iwtu fd;k tkrk gSA rnqijkar ukfj;y o Qy fe"Bku lEeq[k j[k rhu ihf<+;ksa ds uke mPpkj.k lfgr oj dks

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Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA xzgksa ds fufeÙk nku fd;k tkrk gSA ;Kksiohr] Qy] Lo.kZ vaxwBh] oL=] æO; oj ds firk dks nh tkrh gSA oj ds cqtqxZ o cM+ksa dk æO; ¼feyuh½ }kjk eku fd;k tkrk gSA oj dh vksj ls lqgkfxu fL=;ka oL=] Lo.kZ vaxwBh] pwMh+ ] 'k`axkj dk lkeku o f[kykSus dU;k dks fn;s tkrs gS vkSj mldk 'k`axkj J`axkj fd;k tkrk gSA czkã.k dks fryd dj nf{k.kk çnku dj fonk yh tkrh gSA bl {ks= esa dU;knku lcls cM+k nku ekuk tkrk gSA ;gka yM+dh dk tUe gksuk y{eh dk ?kj vkuk ekuk tkrk gSA vxj igyh larku yM+dh gqbZ rks ?kj esa 'kqHk le>k tkrk gSA ij ;s Hkh tkfr O;oLFkk dk f'kdkj gaSA fdlh tkfr esa yM+dh dk gksuk flj >qdkus ds cjkcj ekuk tkrk gS vkSj eka dh vPNs ls ns[kHkky ugha gksrh gSA yM+dh ds iSnk gksrs gh iwjk ifjokj mldh 'kknh dh fpark lrkus yxrh gSA mldh 'kknh ds fy, /ku bdëk djus esa tqV tkrs gSA dHkh dHkh ;s ns[kk x;k gS fd cki lc cqjkbZ;ka NksM+ nsrk gS csVh ds iSnk gksrs gh vkSj dqN cki ,sls Hkh feysaxs ;gk¡ tks csVh iSnk gksrs gh mUgsa uhan ugha vkrh vkSj u'kk djus yx tkrs gS ;g lksp a dj fd ,d vkfFkZd cks> gks x;kA ;kfu ;gka yM+dh dks cks> Hkh le>k tkrk gSA ;s cks> dbZ rjg dk gksrk gSA bues ls ,d gS yM+ds okyksa ds lkeus ?kqVus Vsdus ds cjkcj] ngst dk na'k] fj'rksa dk tky] mYVk lh/kk fj'rksa dk tky ¼Qlu½A yM+dh dk jax :i] dn vkSj f'k{kk] vkfn oSls yM+dh vxj #iorh vkSj xq.korh gks vkSj vxj cki /kuh gks rks /kuorh Hkh cu tkrh gS vkSj yM+ds okys ,sls yM+dh okyksa dks [kkstrs gSaA vxj yM+dh ,dykSrh csVh gks rks ml yM+dh dk dn yksHkh yksx vkSj Åapk dj nsrs gS] vkSj vxj ,dykSrh larku gks rks yksHkh yM+ds okys rks ml yM+dh dks /kjrh dh y{eh gh eku ysrs gS vkSj fQj D;k jax D;k :i Þlc pyrk gSß okyh lksp esa cny tkrk gSA

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fookg lEiUu gksus ds le; ds jhfr&fjokt ,oa /kkfeZd d`R;7 v/;;u {ks= iksgjh ds ijEijkxr fookgksa esa ns[kk x;k gS fd fdlh Hkh lk/ku }kjk ckjkr tuekls esa igq¡p tkrh gS mlds ckn yM+d s okys izdk'k ds fy, viuh xSl oxSjg Hkh tykrs gSaA mlds ckn yM+dh okys ckjkr okykas dks uk'rk Hkh djkrs gSa uk'rk gks tkus ds ckn yM+dh dk firk tkdj vkxksuh nsrk gS vkSj yM+d s ds firk ls dgrk gS fd ckjkr p<+kvksA tc yM+ds dk firk ckts okyksa rFkk ykbV okyksa ls dgrk gS fd rS;kj gks tkvks] ckjkr p<+sxh xzkeh.k ifjokjksa esa tc ckjkr p<+uk 'kq: gksrh gS rc yM+ds dks ?kksM+h ij fcBk;k tkrk gS vkSj cS.M ckts ctkrs gSaA tc ckjkr p<+uk 'kq: gks tkrh gS rc yM+ds ds lkFkh ukprs gSa vkSj dqN cqtqxZ O;fDr Hkh ukprs gSaA ckjkr p<+r& s p<+rs yM+dh okyksa ds ?kj igq¡ p tkrh gSa rc nwYgs dks ?kksM+h ls mrkjus yM+dh okys vkrs gSa mlds ckn njokts dk izksxzke gksrk gSA ogk¡ ij crZu vkSj tks lkeku yM+ds okys yM+dh okyksa ls r; djrs gaS og Hkh ogha ij j[kk tkrk gSA mlds ckn yM+ds ds fy;s pkSdh Mkyh tkrh gS ml ij yM+ds dks fcBkdj yM+dh dk firk Vhdk djrk gS mlds ckn yM+dh okyk fcNk;h oxSjg Hkh djkrk gSA njokts dk izksxzke [kRe gksus ds ckn yM+dh okys ckjkfr;ka dks nkor ds fy;s fcBk nsrk gSA nkor f[kykus ds ckn yM+dh okys tks ogk¡ ls cprk gS mls okil ys tkrs gSaA fQj yM+dh okys vius fj'rsnkjksa dks Hkh nkor f[kykrk gSA mlds ckn yM+dh dk firk vius fj'rsnkj dks tuekls esa Hkk¡ojkas dk lkeku ysus ds fy;s Hkstrk gS ogk¡ tkdj yM+ds ds firk ls Hkk¡ojksa dk lkeku ysdj vkrk gS rc yM+dh dks Hkk¡ojksa ds fy;s rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA rS;kj gks tkus ds ckn yM+dh dk firk vius fdlh fj'rsnkj ls nwYgsa dks Hkk¡ojksa ds fy;s cqykrs gSa tc nwYgk vkrk gS mlds lkFk mldk cguksbZ rFkk nks pkj lkFkh vkrs gSa buds vk tkus ds ckj gh Hk¡oj iM+uk 'kq: gks tkrh gS yM+dh dk ekek tks eaMi xk<+rk gS mlds uhps gh Hk¡oj iM+rs gSa Hkk¡oj iM+us ls igys yM+ds dk cguksbZ yM+ds ds QsVs 7

Jherh larks"k dqdjsrh] fookg ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izHkko dk lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u] 'kks/k izcU/k] MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj] fo'ofo|ky;] vkxjk m-iz- 2002

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esa rFkk yM+dh dh pqujh esa xk¡B ck¡/krk gS tc lkr Qsjs iwjs gks tkrs gSa ] mlds ckn nwYgk] nqYgu dh ekax Hkjrk gS rFkk yM+dh i{k ds O;fDr dU;knku nsus ds fy;s vkrs gSa dU;knku gksus ds ckn nqYgu dks dejs esa ys tk;k tkrk gS mlds ckn nqYgs dk Vhdk gksrk gSA Vhdk jLe ds 'kq: esa igyss nqYgu ds ekrk&firk Vhdk djrs gSa mlds ckn fj'rsnkj vkrs gSaA fQj ?kj eksgYys ds O;fDr Hkh Vhdk djrs gSaA ckjkr fonk djuk & ckjkr fonk djus ls igys lcdh feyuh djkbZ tkrh gS mlds ckn yM+dh lHkh ls fonk ysdj xkM+h esa cSB tkrh gS vkSj fQj nwYgk Hkh cSB tkrk gSA mlds ckn lHkh ckjkrh yM+ds okys tks lokjh ys tkrk gS mlh esa cSB tkrs gSa vkSj ckjkr nqYgu lfgr nwYgs ds ?kj vk tkrh gSA mlds ckn yM+dh dk firk Hkh lHkh fj'rsnkjksa dks fonk djrk gSA fookg lEiUu gks tkus ds mijkUr izpyu jhfr&fjokt& tc ckjkr o/kq dks ysdj ;gk¡ okil vk tkrh gSA rc cgw dks xkM+h ls mrkjus yM+ds dh ek¡ vkSj fj'rsnkjksa dh efgyk;sa vkrh gSA mlds ckn nwYgk vkSj nwYgu dks [kM+k djds mudk Vhdk fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mlds ckn [kqqykbZ dh jLe ds rRi'pkr~ ?kj dh vkSjrs ml daxu dks fdlh ifo= unh esa fljokus tkrh gSA daxu [kqyus ds nwljs fnu cgw lss fdfpu eas dke djk;k tkrk gSA cgw ds }kjk cukbZ xbZ igys fnu dh jksVh [kkus ij mls lHkh usx nsrs gSaA oSokfgd thou ls lEc) v/kqukru izo`fÙk;k¡& vktdy ifr&iRuh ds e/; ik;s tkus okys lEcU/kksa esa fuf'pr :i ls ifjorZu gq, gSaA vkt dk oSokfgd thou O;fDr dh rkfdZd vkSj foosdiw.kZ 'kSyh ij vk/kkfjr gksrk tk jgk gSA vkt uxjh; ifjokjksa esa ifr&iRuh ,d nwljs dks viuk lPpk thou&lkFkh ekudj ikfjokfjd fu.kZ;ksa esa cjkcj dh fgLlsnkjh djus esa fo'okl j[krs gSA igys ;g dk;Z ifjokj ds cqtqxksZa }kjk gksrk FkkA thoulkFkh

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dk pquko gks ;k cPpksa dh f'k{kk&nh{kk vFkok ikfjokfjd foÙkh; izcU/ku vFkok fu"iknu dh fLFkfr vc ifjofrZr ifjn`'; dks izdV djrh gSA u;h ih<+h o iqjkuh ih<+h ds e/; lUrrh; vUrjky c<+rk tk jgk gSA ijEijkxr uSfrd vkpkj O;oLFkk ds LFkku ij vkS|ksfxd uSfrd vkpkj O;oLFkk] LFkkf;Ro ik jgh gS ifj.kker% ifjokj dks ,d m|ksx ds :i esa ekuk tkus yxk gSA tgk¡ mlh O;fDr dks LFkku feyrk gS tks jksth&jksVh dekus ds ;ksX; gksrk gS vU;Fkk mls v{ke le>dj ikfjokfjd O;oLFkk ls fuo`r dj fn;k tkrk gSA fookg lEcU/kh vk/kqfudhd`r ifjn`';& fookg lEcU/kh ijEijkxr deZ&dk.Mksa esa Hkh cgqr ls vkUrfjd lanHkksZ dks fu'iz;ksT; ekudj ek= ydhjh ihVh tkus yxh gSA vc dsoy mu dk;ZØeksa dks gh lEiUu fd;k tkrk gS tks lEcU/k dh etcwrh] euksjatu] izfr"Bk] igpku vFkok tkrh; vfLerk dh n`f"V ls mi;ksxh gSaA O;olk;hdj.k] uxjhdj.k ] vk/kqfudhdj.k tSlh izfØ;kvksa us bu yksxksa ds fy, Hkh os lHkh lk/ku ,oa oSpkfjd i{k lqyHk djk;s gSa tks bUgsa ijEijkxr thou'kSyh ds lUnHkZ LFkku ij vk/kqfud thou i)fr iznÙk djus esa lgk;d ;k vk/kkj gSA xzkE;kpy dh rqyuk esa uxjh; oSokfgd ifjn`'; vR;Ur vk/kqfudhd`r gksrk gSA fookg nks O;fä;ksa dk feyu gh ugha cfYd nks ifjokjksa dk feyu Hkh gksrk gSA bu nksuksa ifjokjksa ds fj'rsnkj] jgu&lgu] [kku iku vkSj lq[k nq[k esa lkFk cVkuk Hkh iM+rk gSA 'kknh ds ckn fj'rk LFkkbZ vkSj lR; cu tkrk gSA 'kknh dHkh&dHkh ,d le>kSrk Hkh gksrk gS vkSj dHkh&dHkh cks> Hkh cu tkrh gS A vxj nksuksa i{k ,d nwljs ds fy, viukiu le>sa vkSj nksuksa dh vksj ls lgkuqHkwfr vkSj lgk;rk dh >yd fn[ks rks ,slh 'kkfn;ka nksuksa ?kjksa dks LoxZ cuk nsrh gSA tgka 'kkfn;ka nks ?kjksa dks tksM+rh gS ogh dqN cqjkbZ;ka Hkh gksrh gS] nksuksa ifjokj esa [kycyh Hkh epk nsrh gSA iksgjh esa 'kknh ds fy, yM+ds okyk yM+dh ds 183

?kj dbZ ckj vkrk tkrk gSA dHkh ekek&ekeh ns[ksx a s] dHkh cqvk&QwQk ns[ksaxs] fQj yM+ds ds thtk&thth ns[ksaxs vkSj vc rks yM+ds ds nksLr dgk ihNs gSA ftruh ckj tk;saxs yM+dh okys dks ,d ls c<+dj ,d Lokxr djuk iM+rk gS A vxj fdlh dh lsok vPNh ugha gqbZ rks fj'rk rks nwj fQj ml yM+dh dk fj'rk vius fdlh fj'rsnkjh esa Hkh ugha gksus nsx a sA oSls vxj yM+dk gh viuh ethZ ls yM+dh ns[kdj 'kknh djs rks fj'rsnkj vkSj ikfjokfjd yksx yM+ds dk thuk nwHkj dj nsrs gS A ;s ,d lkekftd cqjkbZ gS ftls yM+dh okys dks >syuk iM+rk gSA gkykafd] yM+dh okyk Hkh yM+ds okyk gksrk gS vkSj yM+dh okyk Hkh fdlh yM+dh dk cki o fj'rsnkj gksrk gSA ysfdu tc viuh yM+dh dh 'kknh djrk gS rc mldks ;kn vkrk gS fd oks yM+dh okyk gSA vxj gj yM+dh okyk vkSj gj yM+ds okyk ;s ;kn j[ks dh oks Hkh ;s lc djuk pkgrk gS vkSj ugha djuk pkgrk rks 'k;n ;s ckr lkekftd cqjkbZ u yxsA ij tc eSa viuh cgu csVh dh 'kknh ds fy, ngst nsrk gwa rks ml ls dgha T;knk vius yM+ds dh 'kknh esa ysuk pkgrk gwa ;k tc eSa ngst nsrk gwa rks eq>s ngst cgqr Hkkjh iM+rk gS vkSj tc eSa ngst ysrk gw¡ rks ngst de yxrk gSA cgqr ls ,sls fdLls Hkh ns[ks tkrs gSa fd yM+ds okyk ;s Hkwy tkrk gS fd oks Hkh fdlh yM+dh dh 'kknh djsxkA lkekU;r% gj 'kknh esa pkj egRoiw.kZ jLesa gSa& Qynku ;k c;kuk ;k Nsaduk] frydksRlo] Vhdk o }kjkpkj] [kksjok nsuk tks yM+dh okyk djrk gS vkSj nks eq[; j'esa gS& xksn HkjkbZ ;k vksyh djuk vkSj xguksa dk p<+kok djuk tks yM+ds okyk yM+dh ds ;gka gh djrk gS A ;s lHkh jLesa ysu&nsu ij gh fVdk gksrk gSA gj ckj iSlksa dks ,sls fxuk tkrk gS tSls dksbZ cSad dsf'k;j yksu ns jgk gks vkSj yM+ds okyk dtZ ys jgk gksA fookg esa lkekftd cqjkbZ;ka vkSj Hkh gS & tSls cjkfr;ksa dk cUnwd vkSj vkfr'kckth ykuk] cjkfr;ksa dk Lokxr iSj /kqydj] eaMi ds uhps iSj iqtkbZ gksuk] dysok esa nwYgs dk ukjkt gksuk] ngst ds fy, uksd>ksd gksuk] yM+dh dh cgu dk nwYgk ds twrs pqjkuk fQj euekfQd ekax iwjk u gksus ij yM+dh okyksa dk yM+ds 184

okyksa ij çfrfØ;k djuk] bR;kfnA vkSj vxj 'kknh esa dksbZ xqLlk uk gks rks ekuks 'kknh lQy ugha gqbZA xqLlk gksus okyksa esa nwYgk&nqYgu dk thtk] QwQk vkSj ekek gksrs gSaA ckjkr esa cUnwd vkSj vkfr'kckth dk [krjukd [ksy gksrk gS ;gk¡ yM+dk okyk ;s fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS eSa fdruk iSlksa ls vkSj gfFk;kjksa ls 'kfä'kkyh gwAa vDlj lquk tkrk gS dqN yksxksa dh e`R;q 'kknh dh Qk;fjax ls gks x;hA vkfr'kckth dk [ksy rks vkSj [krjukd fn[krk gS tks fd /ofu çnw"k.k vkSj ok;q çnw"k.k nksuksa c<+krk gSA bldk [;ky ugha vatku yksxksa dks vkSj u gh fdlh i;kZoj.k fo}kuksa dks gksrk gSA D;k ;s jhfr dqjhfr ugha gSA D;k vc bldh t#jr iksgjh ds yksxksa dks gS tgk¡ f'k{kk dk fuEu Lrj vkSj efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa dk LokLF; Bhd u gks vkSj [kkus dks rjl tkrs gks vkSj lcls cM+h foMacuk ;g fd nksuksa i{k ds yksx dtZ rd ysdj ;s fn[kkok djrs gaSA [kpZ vkSj dtZ dk [ksy ;s tks [kpZ vkSj dtZ dk fj'rk gS cgqr gh isphnk cu tkrk gS mu xjhcksa ds fy, tks ;s lc ugha dj ldrsA dHkh&dHkh nksuksa i{k blfy, ek;wl gks tkrs gS D;ksfa d og vius iM+kslh ds yM+dk ;k yM+dh ds cjkcj [kpZ ugha dj ik, vkSj dqN yksx rkuk ekjrs gaS fd eSaus rks ikuh dh rjg iSlk cgk;k viuh yM+dh ;k vius yM+ds dh 'kknh esAa 'kknh esa t#jr ls T;knk [kpZ dgka rd dkjxj gS vkSj ;s fduds fy, gSA lkspus le>us dh ckr gS vkSj bu lc ijEijkvksa dk [kpZ gj lky c<+rk gh utj vkrk gSA

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oSokfgd jhfr;ka mudk oSKkfud vk/kkj lxkbZ esa vaxwBh igukuk 'kknh ls igys dh lcls [kkl jLe gksrh gS lxkbZA ftlesa fgUnw /keZ ds vuqlkj lxkbZ okys fnu oj&o/kw ,d nwljs dks ck,a gkFk dh pkSFkh maxyh ¼vukfedk maxyh½ esa vaxwBh igukrs gSaA lxkbZ dh jLe vaxwBh igukdj gh lEiUu gksrh gSA oSKkfud rdZ % 'kjhj foKku ds vuqlkj ck;sa gkFk dh pkSFkh maxyh esa ,d ,slh ul gksrh gS tks lh/ks fny ls tqM+h gksrh gSA bl maxyh esa vaxwBh iguus ij ml ul ij ncko iM+rk gS ftlls fny rd jä lapkj lqpk: :i ls gksrk gS vkSj fny etcwr gksrk gSA rFkk vaxwBh igukus okys dh ;kn fnyesa ges'kk jgrh gS vkSj mlds fy, I;kj cuk jgrk gSA 'kjhj ij gYnh dk ysi yxkuk 'kknh ls igys nwYgk vkSj nqYgu dks gYnh dk ysi yxk;k tkrk gSA ijEijk ds vuqlkj 'kknh ls igys gYnh yxkus ij psgjs ij fu[kkj vkrk gS rFkk oj&o/kw cqjh utj ls cps jgrs gSaA oSKkfud rdZ % gYnh esa cgqr lkjs vkS"k/kh; xq.k gksrs gSa rFkk gYnh ,aVh&lsfIVd Hkh gksrh gSA gYnh yxkus ls Ropk lEcU/kh jksx] bUQsD'ku ;k 'kkjhfjd nnZ cgqr tYnh Bhd gks tkrs gS rFkk psgjs vkSj Ropk ij çk—frd fu[kj vkrk gSA gYnh yxkus ls oj&o/kw dks 'kknh ds le; Fkdku eglwl ugh gksrh gSA

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gkFk iSjksa ij esga nh yxkuk 'kknh ls igys nwYgk rFkk nqYgu ds gkFk iSjksa esa esganh yxkbZ tkrh gSA ijEijk ds vuqlkj esganh yxkuk 'kqHk gksrk gSA ekU;rk ds vuqlkj gkFkksa esa esganh dk jax ftruk xgjkp<+rk gS] oj rFkk o/kw ds chp mruk gh xgjk I;kj gksrk gSA blfy;s esganh dks 'kxqu ekuk x;k gSA oSKkfud rdZ % foKku ds vuqlkj esganh esa ,afVlsfIVd xq.k gksrs gSaA esganh yxkus ls 'kjhj dks BaMd feyrh gS ftlls ruko] fljnnZ vkSj cq[kkj ls jkgr feyrh gSA blfy;s 'kknh ls igys bu chekfj;ksa ls cpkus ds fy, oj rFkk o/kw dks eganh yxkbZ tkrh gSA vfXu ds pkjksa vksj Qsjs ysuk 'kknh dh lcls eq[; jLe gS vfXu ds pkjksa vksj lkr Qsjs ysukA tc rd ;g jLe iwjh ugha gks tkrh rc 'kknh ugha ekuh tkrh gSA blhfy, oj rFkk o/kw vfXu ds pkjksa vksj pDdj yxkdj lkr Qsjs ysrs gSaA oSKkfud rdZ & vfXu tykus ls udjkRed ÅtkZ nwj gksrh gSA vfXu esa vke] pUnu dh ydfM+;k¡] ?kh] pkoy] lkexzh vkfn phtsa Mkyh tkrh gSa ftuds tyus ls vklikl dk okrkoj.k 'kq) gksrk gS rFkk 'kkafr dk ekgkSy curk gSA ftlls ogk¡ mifLFkr yksaxks ds LokLF; ij vPNk çHkko iM+rk gS rFkk ekufld 'kkafr feyrh gS rFkk oj o/kw esa ldkjkRed ÅtkZ dk lapkj gksrk gSA

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ekax esa flanwj Hkjuk fgUnw /keZ ds vuqlkj 'kknh ds fnu nwYgk] nqYgu dh ekax esa flanwj Hkjdj mls viuh iRuh Lohdkj djrk gSA ftlds ckn nqYgu ges'kk viuh ekax esa flanwj Hkjrh gSA ekax esa flanwj Hkjk gksuk 'kknh'kqnk gksus dk çrhd gSA oSKkfud rdZ & 'kjhj foKku ds vuqlkj ekax Hkjus okyh txg ij ;kfu ekFks ls ysdj flj ds chp rd fnekx dh ,d cgqr egRoiw.kZ rFkk laosnu'khy xzafFk gksrh gS ftls czãja/kz dgrs gSaA tc bl txg flanwj yxk;k tkrk gS rks ;g ,d vkS"kf/k dk dk;Z djrk gS ftlls fnekx 'kkar jgrk gSA 'kknh ds ckn efgyk ij x`gLFkh dk ncko vk tkrk gS ftlls mls ruko] fpark vfuæk] fljnnZ vkfn chekfj;k¡ ?ksj ysrh gSaA flanwj esa gYnh] pwuk rFkk ikjk gksrk gSA ikjk fnekx dks BaMk j[krk gSA blfy;s ekax esa flanwj Hkjk tkrk gSA rkfd bu chekfj;ksa ls cpk tk ldsA nwljk dkj.k ;s Hkh gS fd ikjs dh otg ls iRuh ds eu esa lsDl dh bPNk cuh jgrh gS tks 'kknh'kqnk ftUnxh ds fy, cgqr t:jh gS vkSj blh otg ls dq¡okjh yM+fd;k¡ rFkk fo/kok fL=;k¡ viuh ekax esa flanwj ugh Hkjrh gSaA gkFkksa esa pwfM+;k¡ iguuk Hkkjrh; laL—fr ds vuqlkj fL=;ksa dk 'kknh ds ckn pwfM+;k¡ iguuk cgqr t:jh gSA pwfM+;k¡ lqUnjrk esa Hkh pkj pk¡n yxk nsrh gSaA ekU;rk ds vuqlkj pwfM+;k¡ ifr ds uke dh iguh tkrh gSA oSKkfud rdZ & gkFkksa dh dykb;ksa esa dbZ ,D;wçs'kj fcUnq gksrs gSaA pwfM+;ksa ls bu fcanqvksa ij ncko iM+rk gS ftlls jDr izokg lgh jgrk gSA ftlls LokLF; vPNk jgrk gSA

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iSjkas dh maxfy;ksa esa fcNqos iguuk 'kknh ds ckn fL=;k¡ iSj dh nwljh maxyh esa fcNqos igurh gSaA tks /keZ ijEijk gS rFkk lqUnjrk dk çrhd gS vkSj ,d Jaxkj Hkh gSA oSKkfud rdZ & iSj dh nwljh maxyh esa ,d ul gksrh gS tks xHkkZ'k; ls gksrh gqbZ fny rd tkrh gSA fcNqos iguus ls bl ul ij ncko iM+rk gS ftlls xHkkZ'k; rFkk fny rd jä lapkj lqpk: :i ls gksrk gSA ftlls xHkkZ'k; etcwr curk gS rFkk ekfld /keZ dk pØ fu;fer jgrk gSA nwljk dkj.k ;s Hkh gS fd fcNqos pkanh ds gksrs gS vkSj pkanh ÅtkZ dk vPNk lzksr gSA tks i`Foh ls ÅtkZ xzg.k djds fL=;ksa ds 'kjhj esa çokfgr djrh gSA gekjs iwoZtks]a _f"k eqfu;ksa dks vk;qosZn] 'kkjhj foKku] çk—frd fpfdRlk vkfn ds ckjs esa Kku cgqr igys gks x;k FkkA blhfy, mUgksua s çk—frd fpfdRldh; ykHk ds fy, ;s fjokt 'kq: fd;s rkfd budk ikyu djds gekjk LokLF; Bhd jgsA

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