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Computer Hardware
Introduction to CAD/CAM/CAE
What is a computer?
A computer is a electromechanical device which can be programmed to change (process) information from one form to another. Do exactly as they are told. Digital devices: Understand only two different states (OFF and ON)
2
Traditional Types of Computers General purpose computers Mainframe Minicomputer Microcomputer (Personal Computer)
3
Traditional Types of Computers •
Mainframe Computers
First computers, introduced in 1950s Used by large businesses Typically supported 100 to 500 users Very expensive Used for very large processing tasks
4
Traditional Types of Computers •
Minicomputers
Typically supported 10 to 100 users Smaller and less expensive than mainframes The real difference is relative in terms of price, power, marketing.
5
Traditional Types of Computers •
Microcomputers (Personal Computer or PC)
Small, self-contained computers with their own CPUs Used by home and business users Uses a microprocessor, a CPU (Central Processing Unit) on a single chip.
6
Portable Computer
• • • •
What are these types of portable computers (a type of personal computer)? Desktop computers Laptop computers Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) 7
Networked computer
Networked computer = Computers connected to other computers or peripheral devices (printers, etc.) to share information. What is the difference between these two networked devices?
Intelligent terminal (computer)
Dumb terminal • No CPU (uses server’s) • No Operating system (uses server’s) • Input and Output only
8
Embedded Computers
Embedded computers – Computers found in consumer goods in order to enhance their function.
9
Special Purpose Computers
Special purpose or dedicated computers – A device with a specific purpose such as game system or information kiosk.
10
Hardware versus Software
Hardware = The physical components that make up a computer system. More in a moment… Much more on all of these items in later presentations!
11
Hardware versus Software
Software = The programs (instructions) that tell the computer what to do. System Software Application Software Stored on a storage media such as hard disk, CD-ROM, floppy disk, tape, etc.
More later… 12
Hardware Components INPUT
SYSTEM UNIT
OUTPUT
PERMANENT STORAGE
Know these!
13
The Processor circuit board = a board with integrated circuits (microchips) system board or motherboard interface boards or expansion boards system board or motherboard = a single circuit board with the components which make up the computer’s processor for a microcomputer, including the: CPU (Central Processing Unit) Memory RAM ROM or ROM BIOS expansion slots 14
15
16
The Processor: The CPU CPU (Central Processing Unit) = A complex collection of electronic circuits on one or more integrated circuits (chips) which: 1. executes the instructions in a software program 2. communicates with other parts of the computer system, especially RAM and input devices The CPU is the computer!
17
Input and Output Devices INPUT
SYSTEM UNIT
OUTPUT
PERMANENT STORAGE
18
Input Devices
Enter information into a computer Examples: Mouse Keyboard Trackball Touchpad Light pen Joystick Digital camera Microphone Bar code reader Scanner Digitizer
19
Output Devices
Send information out from a PC Examples:
Speakers Monitors
Visual Display Unit (VDU), Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
Printers, plotter 20
Other CAD hardware
21
Digitizer Tablet - The digitizer is a special electromechanical input device that resembles an electronic table. Digitizer can be used with light pen or a puck to control cursor. puck Light pen
22
An input device that enables you to enter drawings and sketches into a computer. A digitizing tablet consists of an electronic tablet and a cursor or pen. A cursor (also called a puck) is similar to a mouse, except that it has a window with cross hairs for pinpoint placement, and it can have as many as 16 buttons. A pen (also called a stylus) looks like a simple ballpoint pen but uses an electronic head instead of ink. The tablet contains electronics that enable it to detect movement of the cursor or pen and translate the movements into digital signals that it sends to the computer. For digitizing tablets, each point on the tablet represents a point on the display screen in a fixed manner. This differs from mice, in which all movement is relative to the current cursor position. The static nature of digitizing tablets makes them particularly effective for tracing drawings.
23
The plotter. (output devices) -is the output device which actually plot drawings and other type of documentation. (hardcopy)
24
A plotter is a vector graphics printing device to print graphical plots, that connects to a computer. There are two types of main plotters. Those are pen plotters and electrostatic plotters.
25
Pen plotters print by moving a pen across the surface of a piece of paper. This means that plotters are restricted to line art, rather than raster graphics as with other printers. Pen plotters can draw complex line art, including text, but do so very slowly because of the mechanical movement of the pens. Pen Plotters are incapable of creating a solid region of color; but can hatch an area by drawing a number of close, regular lines. 26
With the widespread availability of highresolution inkjet and laser printers, inexpensive memory and computers fast enough to rasterize color images, pen plotters have all but disappeared.
27
Plotters are used primarily in technical drawing and CAD applications, where they have the advantage of working on very large paper sizes while maintaining high resolution. Another use has been found by replacing the pen with a cutter, and in this form plotters can be found in many garment and sign shops.
28
29
System Unit - Revisited INPUT
SYSTEM UNIT
OUTPUT
PERMANENT STORAGE
System Unit: CPU (Central Processing Unit) Memory
RAM ROM or ROM BIOS
expansion slots 30
RAM (Random Access Memory) RAM (Random Access Memory) = integrated circuits (chips) used to temporarily store software (programs, instructions) and data “primary” storage for the CPU electronic switches, storing ON’s and OFF’s Temporarily stores for the CPU: Software operating system software application software Data data (documents, spreadsheets, etc.)
31
Inserting RAM
RAM is TEMPORARY memory RAM is volatile stores ON and OFF bits (software and data) electrically when power goes off, everything in RAM is lost
32
RAM: Speed Why does the CPU use RAM? The CPU is very FAST! The CPU needs the instructions (software) and data as quickly as possible If the CPU has to wait, so does the user Why doesn’t the CPU use permanent storage like disk drives? Too slow EXAMPLE: Spellchecker 33
RAM: Capacity
The amount of RAM determines: what software and data the user can work on how much software and data the user can work with Most computers have at least 256 MB (Megabytes, 256 million bytes) “out of memory” error message from the Operating System The more complex and sophisticated the software, the more instructions that software contains, which means larger software files.
34
ROM (Read Only Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory) = integrated circuits (microchips) that are used to permanently store start-up (boot) instructions and other critical information Read Only = information which: Cannot be changed Cannot be removed Cannot be appended (added to) Fixed by manufacturer 35
ROM (Read Only Memory)
ROM is sometimes known as ROM BIOS (Basic Input Output System software) ROM permanently contains: start-up (boot) instructions instructions to do “low level” processing of input and output devices, such as the communications with the keyboard and the monitor Firmware = software program which is stored permanently on a microchip, such as the software on the ROM chip 36
Graphic Card
A video card, also known as a graphics accelerator card, display adapter, or graphics card, is a hardware component whose function is to generate and output images to a display.
37
Some video cards offer added functions, such as video capture, TV tuner adapter, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 decoding, FireWire, light pen,TV output, or the ability to connect multiple monitors.
38
A common misconception regarding video cards is that they are strictly used for video games. Video cards instead have a much broader range of capability. Being specialized for video, output video cards improve what a computer monitor displays. As well, they play a very important role for graphic designers and 3D animators, who tend to require optimum displays for their work as well as faster rendering in order to efficiently tone up their work.
39
A modern video card consists of a printed circuit board on which the components are mounted. These include: Graphics processing unit A GPU is a dedicated graphics microprocessor optimized for floating point calculations which are fundamental to 3D graphics rendering. Video BIOS The video BIOS or firmware contains the basic program that governs the video card's operations and provides the instructions that allow the computer and software to interface with the card Video memory Video card will have its own video memory, called Video RAM. The memory capacity of most modern video cards range from 128 MB to 4.0 GB . 40
RAMDAC The RAMDAC, or Random Access Memory Digital-to-Analog Converter, converts digital signals to analog signals for use by a computer display that uses analog inputs such as CRT displays. OUTPUT The most common connection systems between the video card and the computer display are:
Video Graphics Array (VGA)
Digital Visual Interface (DVI) S-Video, Composite video
41
Looking at your computer
42
Storage Devices INPUT
SYSTEM UNIT
OUTPUT
PERMANENT STORAGE
Storage Devices:
Floppy disks CD-ROMs Hard disks Zip disks Tape drives 43
Floppy disks
Store up to 1.44 MB of data Usually 3.5" square disks Removable Write-Protect tab (Open means “write enabled”)
44
Hard disks
Fixed permanently in a hard disk drive inside a system unit Used to store the operating system, applications, and data Can not buy more expansion (easily)
45
CD-ROMs
Read-only memory devices (but CD-R and CD-RW discs are recordable) Store up to 650 MB of data Portable and can be used on any computer that has a CD-ROM drive CD-R (CD Recordable) CD-RW (CD Rewritable)
46
Flash sticks or memory
Storage Digital Player Voice Recorder
47
Zip disks
Store up to 250 MB of data Used for backing up files or transporting large files
48
Tape drives
Work like a tape recorder Vary in capacity and access speed Relatively expensive Generally used to back up data Good for “archiving” information Types Cartridge (slowest) DAT (Digital Audio Tape) 49
Computer Performance
CPU speed (and type) Amount of RAM (and speed) Hard disk capacity
50
Computer Performance
CPU Speed
Governed by a clock Measured in millions of cycles per second, or megahertz (MHz)
700 MHz means 700 million operations per second
Measured in billions of cycles per second, or megahertz (GHz)
1.133 MHz means 1 billion, 133 million operations per second
51
Software
System Software Application Software
52
Application Software
Performs specific tasks: Word processing Calculations Information storage and retrieval Accounting Cannot function without the OS (Operating System) Written for a specific operating system and computer hardware.
53
Operating System Software
Loads automatically when you switch on a computer Main roles: Controls hardware and software Permits you to manage files Acts as intermediary between user and applications
54
Operating System Software Software which manages the overall operation of the computer system including: hardware (CPU, RAM, I/O) security system interface application interface
55
GUI – Graphical User Interface Windows 3.1
Windows 95/98/XP
56
GUI – Graphical User Interface MAC OS
UNIX/LINUX with X-Windows
57
CLI – Command Line Interface
No GUI MS DOS ? Windows 97 ? 58
Assignment 1
Name the important hardware for CAD computer. Explain briefly the important of having the right computer hardware for CAD system computer. Why is graphics card, is consider to be important for all CAD application.? Explain. Write down the responsibly of CAD design engineer, in the area of automotive and aircraft manufacture. 59
Introduction to CAD/CAM/CAE
What is a computer?
A computer is a electromechanical device which can be programmed to change (process) information from one form to another. Do exactly as they are told. Digital devices: Understand only two different states (OFF and ON)
2
Traditional Types of Computers General purpose computers Mainframe Minicomputer Microcomputer (Personal Computer)
3
Traditional Types of Computers •
Mainframe Computers
First computers, introduced in 1950s Used by large businesses Typically supported 100 to 500 users Very expensive Used for very large processing tasks
4
Traditional Types of Computers •
Minicomputers
Typically supported 10 to 100 users Smaller and less expensive than mainframes The real difference is relative in terms of price, power, marketing.
5
Traditional Types of Computers •
Microcomputers (Personal Computer or PC)
Small, self-contained computers with their own CPUs Used by home and business users Uses a microprocessor, a CPU (Central Processing Unit) on a single chip.
6
Portable Computer
• • • •
What are these types of portable computers (a type of personal computer)? Desktop computers Laptop computers Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) 7
Networked computer
Networked computer = Computers connected to other computers or peripheral devices (printers, etc.) to share information. What is the difference between these two networked devices?
Intelligent terminal (computer)
Dumb terminal • No CPU (uses server’s) • No Operating system (uses server’s) • Input and Output only
8
Embedded Computers
Embedded computers – Computers found in consumer goods in order to enhance their function.
9
Special Purpose Computers
Special purpose or dedicated computers – A device with a specific purpose such as game system or information kiosk.
10
Hardware versus Software
Hardware = The physical components that make up a computer system. More in a moment… Much more on all of these items in later presentations!
11
Hardware versus Software
Software = The programs (instructions) that tell the computer what to do. System Software Application Software Stored on a storage media such as hard disk, CD-ROM, floppy disk, tape, etc.
More later… 12
Hardware Components INPUT
SYSTEM UNIT
OUTPUT
PERMANENT STORAGE
Know these!
13
The Processor circuit board = a board with integrated circuits (microchips) system board or motherboard interface boards or expansion boards system board or motherboard = a single circuit board with the components which make up the computer’s processor for a microcomputer, including the: CPU (Central Processing Unit) Memory RAM ROM or ROM BIOS expansion slots 14
15
16
The Processor: The CPU CPU (Central Processing Unit) = A complex collection of electronic circuits on one or more integrated circuits (chips) which: 1. executes the instructions in a software program 2. communicates with other parts of the computer system, especially RAM and input devices The CPU is the computer!
17
Input and Output Devices INPUT
SYSTEM UNIT
OUTPUT
PERMANENT STORAGE
18
Input Devices
Enter information into a computer Examples: Mouse Keyboard Trackball Touchpad Light pen Joystick Digital camera Microphone Bar code reader Scanner Digitizer
19
Output Devices
Send information out from a PC Examples:
Speakers Monitors
Visual Display Unit (VDU), Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
Printers, plotter 20
Other CAD hardware
21
Digitizer Tablet - The digitizer is a special electromechanical input device that resembles an electronic table. Digitizer can be used with light pen or a puck to control cursor. puck Light pen
22
An input device that enables you to enter drawings and sketches into a computer. A digitizing tablet consists of an electronic tablet and a cursor or pen. A cursor (also called a puck) is similar to a mouse, except that it has a window with cross hairs for pinpoint placement, and it can have as many as 16 buttons. A pen (also called a stylus) looks like a simple ballpoint pen but uses an electronic head instead of ink. The tablet contains electronics that enable it to detect movement of the cursor or pen and translate the movements into digital signals that it sends to the computer. For digitizing tablets, each point on the tablet represents a point on the display screen in a fixed manner. This differs from mice, in which all movement is relative to the current cursor position. The static nature of digitizing tablets makes them particularly effective for tracing drawings.
23
The plotter. (output devices) -is the output device which actually plot drawings and other type of documentation. (hardcopy)
24
A plotter is a vector graphics printing device to print graphical plots, that connects to a computer. There are two types of main plotters. Those are pen plotters and electrostatic plotters.
25
Pen plotters print by moving a pen across the surface of a piece of paper. This means that plotters are restricted to line art, rather than raster graphics as with other printers. Pen plotters can draw complex line art, including text, but do so very slowly because of the mechanical movement of the pens. Pen Plotters are incapable of creating a solid region of color; but can hatch an area by drawing a number of close, regular lines. 26
With the widespread availability of highresolution inkjet and laser printers, inexpensive memory and computers fast enough to rasterize color images, pen plotters have all but disappeared.
27
Plotters are used primarily in technical drawing and CAD applications, where they have the advantage of working on very large paper sizes while maintaining high resolution. Another use has been found by replacing the pen with a cutter, and in this form plotters can be found in many garment and sign shops.
28
29
System Unit - Revisited INPUT
SYSTEM UNIT
OUTPUT
PERMANENT STORAGE
System Unit: CPU (Central Processing Unit) Memory
RAM ROM or ROM BIOS
expansion slots 30
RAM (Random Access Memory) RAM (Random Access Memory) = integrated circuits (chips) used to temporarily store software (programs, instructions) and data “primary” storage for the CPU electronic switches, storing ON’s and OFF’s Temporarily stores for the CPU: Software operating system software application software Data data (documents, spreadsheets, etc.)
31
Inserting RAM
RAM is TEMPORARY memory RAM is volatile stores ON and OFF bits (software and data) electrically when power goes off, everything in RAM is lost
32
RAM: Speed Why does the CPU use RAM? The CPU is very FAST! The CPU needs the instructions (software) and data as quickly as possible If the CPU has to wait, so does the user Why doesn’t the CPU use permanent storage like disk drives? Too slow EXAMPLE: Spellchecker 33
RAM: Capacity
The amount of RAM determines: what software and data the user can work on how much software and data the user can work with Most computers have at least 256 MB (Megabytes, 256 million bytes) “out of memory” error message from the Operating System The more complex and sophisticated the software, the more instructions that software contains, which means larger software files.
34
ROM (Read Only Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory) = integrated circuits (microchips) that are used to permanently store start-up (boot) instructions and other critical information Read Only = information which: Cannot be changed Cannot be removed Cannot be appended (added to) Fixed by manufacturer 35
ROM (Read Only Memory)
ROM is sometimes known as ROM BIOS (Basic Input Output System software) ROM permanently contains: start-up (boot) instructions instructions to do “low level” processing of input and output devices, such as the communications with the keyboard and the monitor Firmware = software program which is stored permanently on a microchip, such as the software on the ROM chip 36
Graphic Card
A video card, also known as a graphics accelerator card, display adapter, or graphics card, is a hardware component whose function is to generate and output images to a display.
37
Some video cards offer added functions, such as video capture, TV tuner adapter, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 decoding, FireWire, light pen,TV output, or the ability to connect multiple monitors.
38
A common misconception regarding video cards is that they are strictly used for video games. Video cards instead have a much broader range of capability. Being specialized for video, output video cards improve what a computer monitor displays. As well, they play a very important role for graphic designers and 3D animators, who tend to require optimum displays for their work as well as faster rendering in order to efficiently tone up their work.
39
A modern video card consists of a printed circuit board on which the components are mounted. These include: Graphics processing unit A GPU is a dedicated graphics microprocessor optimized for floating point calculations which are fundamental to 3D graphics rendering. Video BIOS The video BIOS or firmware contains the basic program that governs the video card's operations and provides the instructions that allow the computer and software to interface with the card Video memory Video card will have its own video memory, called Video RAM. The memory capacity of most modern video cards range from 128 MB to 4.0 GB . 40
RAMDAC The RAMDAC, or Random Access Memory Digital-to-Analog Converter, converts digital signals to analog signals for use by a computer display that uses analog inputs such as CRT displays. OUTPUT The most common connection systems between the video card and the computer display are:
Video Graphics Array (VGA)
Digital Visual Interface (DVI) S-Video, Composite video
41
Looking at your computer
42
Storage Devices INPUT
SYSTEM UNIT
OUTPUT
PERMANENT STORAGE
Storage Devices:
Floppy disks CD-ROMs Hard disks Zip disks Tape drives 43
Floppy disks
Store up to 1.44 MB of data Usually 3.5" square disks Removable Write-Protect tab (Open means “write enabled”)
44
Hard disks
Fixed permanently in a hard disk drive inside a system unit Used to store the operating system, applications, and data Can not buy more expansion (easily)
45
CD-ROMs
Read-only memory devices (but CD-R and CD-RW discs are recordable) Store up to 650 MB of data Portable and can be used on any computer that has a CD-ROM drive CD-R (CD Recordable) CD-RW (CD Rewritable)
46
Flash sticks or memory
Storage Digital Player Voice Recorder
47
Zip disks
Store up to 250 MB of data Used for backing up files or transporting large files
48
Tape drives
Work like a tape recorder Vary in capacity and access speed Relatively expensive Generally used to back up data Good for “archiving” information Types Cartridge (slowest) DAT (Digital Audio Tape) 49
Computer Performance
CPU speed (and type) Amount of RAM (and speed) Hard disk capacity
50
Computer Performance
CPU Speed
Governed by a clock Measured in millions of cycles per second, or megahertz (MHz)
700 MHz means 700 million operations per second
Measured in billions of cycles per second, or megahertz (GHz)
1.133 MHz means 1 billion, 133 million operations per second
51
Software
System Software Application Software
52
Application Software
Performs specific tasks: Word processing Calculations Information storage and retrieval Accounting Cannot function without the OS (Operating System) Written for a specific operating system and computer hardware.
53
Operating System Software
Loads automatically when you switch on a computer Main roles: Controls hardware and software Permits you to manage files Acts as intermediary between user and applications
54
Operating System Software Software which manages the overall operation of the computer system including: hardware (CPU, RAM, I/O) security system interface application interface
55
GUI – Graphical User Interface Windows 3.1
Windows 95/98/XP
56
GUI – Graphical User Interface MAC OS
UNIX/LINUX with X-Windows
57
CLI – Command Line Interface
No GUI MS DOS ? Windows 97 ? 58
Assignment 1
Name the important hardware for CAD computer. Explain briefly the important of having the right computer hardware for CAD system computer. Why is graphics card, is consider to be important for all CAD application.? Explain. Write down the responsibly of CAD design engineer, in the area of automotive and aircraft manufacture. 59
