0_solenoid Engine Report-2.docx

SOLENOID ENGINE

2019

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Belagavi – 590014

A Seminar Report on

“SOLENOID

ENGINE”

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering. Submitted By DEEPAK.K.V (1CK15ME013)

Under the Guidance of Mr. CHOWDAREDDY.C Associate Professor,

Department of Mechanical Engineering C.BYRE GOWDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Thoradevanahalli village & post, Srinivaspur road, Kolar(t) &(d) 563101 2018-2019 Department of Mechanical Engineering, CBIT Page 1

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C.BYRE GOWDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Thoradevanahalli village & post, Srinivaspur road, Kolar(t) &(d) 563101 2018-2019 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Seminar entitled “SOLENOID ENGINE” has been carried out by DEEPAK.K.V(1CK15ME013), a bonafide student of the C.Byre Gowda Institute

of

Technology in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of Visveswaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 20182019. It is certified that all suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental library. The seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of seminar work prescribed for the said Degree of Bachelor of Engineering.

Signature of guide

Signature of seminar incharge

Mr.CHOWDAREDDY C ASSOCIATE Prof. DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CBIT

Mr. SRINATH K T ASSOCIATE Prof. DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CBIT

Dr. APPERMEAIN Head of Department Department of Mechanical Engineering, CBIT Page 2

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ABSTRACT The main objective of the work is to design and construct an electrically operated engine i.e. solenoid Engine. Our engine is totally different from ordinary IC Engine, because of the inventory advancement in operating principles. In this concept, changed the operating principle of IC Engine by using electromagnetic effect instead of combustion of fossil fuels. This engine works on the principle of magnetic repulsion between two magnets. This electromagnetic engine consists of two magnets, one of them is an Electromagnet and other one is a Permanent Magnet. Permanent Magnet acts as piston and Electromagnet is located at the top of the cylinder instead of spark plug and valve arrangement in IC Engines. In this way this engine does not contain any spark plug and fuel injection system. The Electromagnet is energized by a battery source of suitable voltage and the polarities of electromagnet are set in such a way that it will repel the permanent magnet i.e. piston from TDC to BDC, which will result in the rotary motion of crank shaft. When the piston is at BDC the supply of Electromagnet is discontinued, the permanent magnet which was repelled to BDC will come back to its initial position i.e. TDC. This procedure completes one revolution of crank shaft i.e. our output work. The total power supplied by battery will be just to fulfill the copper losses of winding and power required to magnetize the windings.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With ultimate joy and satisfaction, I submit this technical seminar report on “SOLENOID ENGINE”. This has been completed as a part of the curriculum of Visvesvaraya Technological University. The satisfaction that accomplishes the successful completion of my Technical seminar would be incomplete without mentioning the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement crowns all the efforts with success. I take immense pleasure in thanking our principal Dr.SRIRAMAREDDY , C BYRE GOWDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY , for being kind enough to provide me an opportunity to work on the seminar in this institution. I express my sincere regards and thanks to Dr. APPERMEAIN, HOD and professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, CBIT, for their support and valuable technical support have been immense help in this seminar work. I am thankful to my guide Mr.CHOWDAREDDY C, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical engineering, for their constant support and encouragement. I acknowledge Mr. SRINATH K T, Assistant Professor, Technical seminar coordinator, for their cooperation and constantly monitored the development of the seminar report. I wish to thank every teaching and non-teaching faculty of our department for being there for me always.

DEEPAK K V

(1CK15ME013)

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the seminar report entitled “SOLENOID ENGINE” submitted to the VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, Belagavi is a record of an original work done by me under the guidance of Mr. CHOWDAREDDY C, Associate professor of Department of Mechanical Engineering, The C Byre Gowda Institute Of Technology and this seminar report is submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering. The result embodied in this reporthas not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree.

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CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION

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PG NO

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1.1 IC ENGINE 1.1.1 APPLICATION 1.1.2 DISADVANTAGES

1.2 ELECTRIC VEHICLE 1.2.1 ADVANTAGES 1.2.2 DISADVANTAGES

1.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE 1.4.1 USE OF ELECTROMAGNET

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 3. OBJECTIVES 4. DESIGN CALCULATION 5. DESCRIPTION OF PARTS 5.1 CYLINDER 5.2 PISTON 5.3 CONNECTING ROD 5.4 FLY WHEEL 5.5 ELECTROMAGNET Department of Mechanical Engineering, CBIT Page 6

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5.6 PERMANENT MAGNET 5.7 BATTERY 6. FABRICATION & WORKING

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7. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

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8. CONCLUSION

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CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 IC ENGINE An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the hightemperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine. The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy. The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir around 1859 and the first modern internal combustion engine was created in 1864 by Siegfried Marcus. The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel rotary engine. A second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously described. Firearms are also a form of internal combustion engine. Internal combustion engines are quite different from external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, in which the energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, heated in a boiler. ICEs are usually powered by energy-dense fuels such as gasoline or diesel, liquids derived from fossil fuels. While there are many stationary applications, most ICEs are used in mobile applications and are the dominant power supply for cars, aircraft, and boats.

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Typically an ICE is fed with fossil fuels like natural gas or petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel fuel or fuel oil. There's a growing usage of renewable fuels like biodiesel for compression ignition engines and bioethanol for spark ignition engines. Hydrogen is sometimes used, and can be made from either fossil fuels or renewable energy.

1.1.1 APPLICATIONS Reciprocating piston engines are by far the most common power source for land vehicles including automobiles, motorcycles, locomotives and ships. Wankel engines are found on some automobiles and motorcycles. Where very high power-to-weight ratios are required, internal combustion engines appear in the form of combustion turbines. Powered aircraft typically uses an ICE which may be a reciprocating engine. Airplanes can instead use jet engines and helicopters can instead employ turbo shafts; both of which are types of turbines. In addition to providing propulsion, airliners employ a separate ICE as an auxiliary power unit.

1.1.2 DISADVANTAGES Air pollution Internal combustion engines such as reciprocating internal combustion engines produce air pollution emissions, due to incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuel. The main derivatives of the process are carbon dioxide CO2, water and some soot — also called particulate matter (PM). The effects of inhaling particulate matter have been studied in humans and animals and include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, and premature death. There are, however, some additional products of the combustion process that include nitrogen oxides and sulfur and some uncombusted hydrocarbons, depending on the operating conditions and the fuel-air ratio. Not all of the fuel is completely consumed by the combustion process; a small amount of fuel is present after combustion, and some of it reacts to form oxygenates, such as formaldehyde or acetaldehyde, or hydrocarbons not originally present in the input fuel mixture. Incomplete combustion usually results from insufficient oxygen to achieve the perfect stoichiometric ratio. The flame is "quenched" by the relatively cool cylinder walls, leaving behind unreacted fuel that is expelled with the exhaust. When running at lower speeds, quenching is Department of Mechanical Engineering, CBIT Page 9

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commonly observed in diesel (compression ignition) engines that run on natural gas. Quenching reduces efficiency and increases knocking, sometimes causing the engine to stall. Incomplete combustion also leads to the production of carbon monoxide (CO). Further chemicals released are benzene and 1,3-butadiene that are also hazardous air pollutants. Increasing the amount of air in the engine reduces emissions of incomplete combustion products, but also promotes reaction between oxygen and nitrogen in the air to produce nitrogen oxides (NOx). NOx is hazardous to both plant and animal health, and leads to the production of ozone (O3). Ozone is not emitted directly; rather, it is a secondary air pollutant, produced in the atmosphere by the reaction of NO"x" and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight. Ground-level ozone is harmful to human health and the environment. Though the same chemical substance, ground-level ozone should not be confused with stratospheric ozone, or the ozone layer, which protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet rays. Carbon fuels contain sulfur and impurities that eventually produce sulfur monoxides (SO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the exhaust, which promotes acid rain. In the United States, nitrogen oxides, PM, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, and ozone, are regulated as criteria air pollutants under the Clean Air Act to levels where human health and welfare are protected. Other pollutants, such as benzene and 1,3-butadiene, are regulated as hazardous air pollutants whose emissions must be lowered as much as possible depending on technological and practical considerations.

Non-road engines The emission standards used by many countries have special requirements for non-road engines which are used by equipment and vehicles that are not operated on the public roadways. The standards are separated from the road vehicles.

Noise pollution Significant contributions to noise pollution are made by internal combustion engines. Automobile and truck traffic operating on highways and street systems produce noise, as do aircraft flights due to jet noise, particularly supersonic-capable aircraft. Rocket engines create the most intense noise. Department of Mechanical Engineering, CBIT Page 10

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Idling Internal combustion engines continue to consume fuel and emit pollutants when idling so it is desirable to keep periods of idling to a minimum. Many bus companies now instruct drivers to switch off the engine when the bus is waiting at a terminal.

1.2 ELECTRIC VEHICLE

An electric bicycle, or more precisely, a "power-assisted bicycle" is a traditional bicycle to which a small electric engine and a battery have been added, with the aim of assisting the rider at ‘’difficult’’ moments: hills, headwind, recovery period …it’s enough to have you make friends with your bicycle again. The electric car (EV) is a relatively new concept in the world of the automotive industry. Although some companies have based their entire model of cars around being proactive and using electricity, some also offer hybrid vehicles that work off both electricity and gas. An electric car such as Nissan Leaf, Ford Focus Electric or Tesla Model S, Chevrolet Volt is a great way for you to not only save money, but also help contribute towards a healthy and stable environment. Cars produce a lot of carbon emissions that are ejected into our natural atmosphere, leaving us vulnerable to things like pollution and greenhouse gases. In order to help positively the environment we live in, an electric car is a great step forward. By buying an electric car, you can also receive government subsidies for being environmentally conscious. Although you may end up paying more for your vehicle, the positives greatly overshadow the negatives.

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However there are still two sides to consider when you’re thinking about investing in an electric vehicle. EV’s get their power from rechargeable batteries installed inside the car. These batteries are not only used to power the car but also used for the functioning of lights and wipers. Electric cars have more batteries than normal gasoline car. It’s the same kind of batteries that are commonly used when starting up a gasoline engine. The only difference comes in the fact that in electric vehicles, they have more of them which are used to power the engine.

1.2.1 ADVANTAGES  No Gas Required  Savings  No Emissions  Popularity  Safe Drive  Cost Effective  Low Maintenance  Reduced Noise Pollution

1.2.2 DISADVANTAGES  Recharge Points  Electricity isn’t Free  Short Driving Range and Speed  Longer Recharge Time  Normally 2 Seaters  Battery Replacement  Not Suitable for Cities Facing Shortage of Power

1.4 SOLENOID ENGINE An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by the flow of electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off. Department of Mechanical Engineering, CBIT Page 12

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Electromagnets are widely used as components of other electrical devices, such as motors, generators, relays, loudspeakers, hard disks, MRI machines, scientific instruments, and magnetic separation equipment, as well as being employed as industrial lifting electromagnets for picking up and moving heavy iron objects like scrap iron.

A simple electromagnet consisting of a coil of insulated wire wrapped around an iron core. The strength of magnetic field generated is proportional to the amount of current.

Current (I) through a wire produces a magnetic field (B). The field is oriented according to the right-hand rule. An electric current flowing in a wire creates a magnetic field around the wire (see drawing below). To concentrate the magnetic field, in an electromagnet the wire is wound into a coil with many turns of wire lying side by side. The magnetic field of all the turns of wire passes through the center of the coil, creating a strong magnetic field there. A coil forming the shape of a straight tube (a helix) is called a solenoid; a solenoid that is bent into a donut shape so that the ends meet is called a toroid. Much stronger magnetic fields can be produced if a "core" of ferromagnetic material, such as soft iron, is placed inside the coil. The ferromagnetic core increases the magnetic field to thousands of times the strength of the field

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of the coil alone, due to the high magnetic permeability μ of the ferromagnetic material. This is called a ferromagnetic-core or iron-core electromagnet.

Magnetic field produced by a solenoid(coil of wire). This drawing shows a cross section through the center of the coil. The crosses are wires in which current is moving into the page; the dots are wires in which current is moving up out of the page. The direction of the magnetic field through a coil of wire can be found from a form of the right-hand rule. If the fingers of the right hand are curled around the coil in the direction of current flow (conventional current, flow of positive charge) through the windings, the thumb points in the direction of the field inside the coil. The side of the magnet that the field lines emerge from is defined to be the north pole. The main advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet is that the magnetic field can be rapidly manipulated over a wide range by controlling the amount of electric current. However, a continuous supply of electrical energy is required to maintain the field.

1.4.1 USES OF ELECTROMAGNET

Fig: Industrial electromagnet lifting scrap iron, 1914 Electromagnets are very widely used in electric and electromechanical devices, including: Department of Mechanical Engineering, CBIT Page 14

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 Motors and generators  Transformers  Relays, including reed relays originally used in telephone exchanges  Electric bells  Loudspeakers  Magnetic recording and data storage equipment: tape recorders, VCRs, hard disks  Scientific instruments such as MRI machines and mass spectrometers  Particle accelerators  Magnetic locks  Magnetic separation of material  Industrial lifting magnets  Electromagnetic suspension used for MAGLEV trains

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CHAPTER 2

2. LITERATURE SURVEY Rithula, Jeyashruthi, Anandhi (2013): “Electric Vehicle with Zero-fuel Electromagnetic Automobile Engine” The main aim of the work is to design an electromagnetically reciprocating automobile engine. A four-stroke engine is used in the vehicle. The design involves the replacement of the spark plugs and valves by conductors and strong electromagnetic material. The piston is a movable permanent magnet and while an air core electromagnet is fixed at the top of the cylinder. When the electromagnet is excited by A.C. (Square Wave) supply, for same polarities these magnets will repel and for opposite polarities they will attract, thus causing the to and fro movement of the piston. So when the cylinders 1 &4 of the four-stroke engine experience attraction of magnets due to which the piston moves upwards, repulsion takes place inside cylinders 2 & 3 in which the piston moves downwards and then during the next stroke vice-versa occurs . The to and fro movement of the piston is converted into a rotary motion by the crank shaft, which in turn is coupled to the wheels which causes the wheels to rotate. So with the help of the electromagnets and permanent magnets, the to and fro movement of the piston is obtained using the alternating attractive and repulsive force of the magnets, which is responsible for the movement of the vehicle. Thus we can run the electric vehicle without a motor and the energy is extracted in a clean way as it does not require fuels reducing the air pollution. Shirsendu Das (Jun 2013): “An Electromagnetic Mechanism Which Works Like an Engine” Engine is the main power source of Automobiles, where combustion takes place & produces heat which converts into mechanical energy. We know IC-Engines are used in Automobiles, Aeroplane etc .But the incomplete combustion produces some harmful gasses, which is one main cause of air pollution. Modern Science & Technology has been taken many positive steps for emission control. Like, using CNGs & LPGs instead of petrol & diesel. Now technology brings Electrical bikes, scooters & cars. The battery of electrical vehicle can charge easily like mobile. They have less running cost & 100% emission free. But they have very less load carrying capacity & not suitable for long run. So basically we have to prefer Engines for more power

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& more running capacity. Here I have introduced a mechanism which has more load caring & running capacity then electrical vehicles but makes zero emission or pollution. Abil Joseph Eapen, Aby Eshow Varughese (Jun 2014): “ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE” Increasing fuel prices and pollution are the major demerits of Internal Combustion (IC) engines. Also presently the demand for fuel has increased and in the nearby future, shortage of fossil fuels is being expected due to the ever growing consumption. So need of alternative energy has become necessary. The main aim of the project is the zero point fuel consumption. The working principle of the engine is the magnetic force principle, i.e. magnetic repulsion between the same poles of two different magnets. When similar poles of two different magnets come in contact with each other they repel each other. This phenomenon of repulsion is used in this engine to create motion.

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CHAPTER 3

3. OBJECTIVES Nowadays the electromagnetic vehicle has high innovative compared with IC engine. And this engine has very cleaner and which is not produce any kind of the smokes.

The

maintenance cost of the type of electromagnetic engine is also low. The present day electric vehicle is efficient than petrol/diesel vehicles. They are 97% cleaner than gas-powered cars. The maintenance cost of electric cars is optimum. The main problems faced by electric vehicles are its inability to run long distances before being charged again and the high initial cost of the electric vehicles. Most production electric cars about to hit the market can only go about 100 miles (160.9kms). Also there is need for installation of charging stations as the energy densities of normal batteries is less for vehicles to travel over long distances and getting a full charge takes around eight hours.

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CHAPTER 4

4. DESIGN & CALCULATION Input voltage = 36 V Input current = 1 A Input Power = Voltage × Current = 36 × 1 = 36W Max. Force exerted by electromagnet on piston F1 = (N2I2KA)/2G2 Where, N = number of turns = 1000 I = Current flowing through coil = 1 A K = Permeability of free space = 4π×10-7 A = Cross-sectional area of electromagnet (radius r = 0.0175 m) G = Least distance between electromagnet and permanent magnet = 0.005 m On substitution, we get Max. Force F1 = 24.18 N Force exerted by permanent magnet Force F2 = (B2A)/2μ0 Where, B = Flux density (T) A = Cross-sectional area of magnet (radius r = 0.0125 m) μ0= Permeability of free space = 4π×10-7 Now flux density B = Br/2 × [(D + z)/(R2 + (D + z)2)0.5 – z/(R2 + z2)0.5] Where, Br = Remanence field = 1.21 T z = distance from a pole face = 0.005 m D = thickness of magnet = 0.012 m R = semi-diameter of the magnet = 0.0125 m On substitution we get flux density, B = 0.2547 T Now substituting B in the equation of force, F2 = 12.67 N Since, force F1 and F2 are repulsive, Total force F = F1 + F2 F = 36.85 N Torque T = F × r Department of Mechanical Engineering, CBIT Page 19

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Where, F = total force on piston r = crank radius = 0.01m Torque T = 0.3685 N-m Mass of Fly wheel ω = (2πN)/60, Where, N = speed = 200rpm Therefore ω = 20.94 rad/s Energy stored on flywheel E=T×θ Where, T = torque θ = Angle of rotation = 1800 = π radians On substitution we get energy stored E = 1.157 J Also E = 0.5 × I × ω2 Where, I = moment of inertia of flywheel ω = angular velocity on substitution we get moment of inertia, I = 5.277 × 10-7 Kg-m2 Moment of inertia, I = 0.5 × m × r2 Where, m = mass of fly wheel r = radius of fly wheel = 0.07 m On substitution, We get m = 2.154 Kg Output power P = (2πNT)/60 Where, N = speed = 200 rpm T = Torque = 0.3685 N-m On substitution, Department of Mechanical Engineering, CBIT Page 20

SOLENOID ENGINE we get Output power P = 7.718 W Efficiency = (Output/Input) × 100 = (7.718/36) × 100 Therefore, Efficiency = 21.44 %

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CHAPTER 5

5. COMPONENTS 5.1 CYLINDER Electromagnetic engine uses only magnets for its operation. The cylinder must take care of unwanted magnetic field and other losses further cylinder material itself should not get attracted to the magnet and resist the movement of the piston. To take care of above issues, the cylinder must be only made up of non-magnetic materials such as stainless steel, titanium or similar materials of high resistivity and low electrical conductivity. The cylinder of an electromagnetic engine is a simple rectangular block with a blind hole in it. The temperature within the electromagnetic engine cylinder is very low and so no fins are needed for heat transfer. This makes the cylinder easily manufacturable. Also the cylinder is made of aluminum, a non-magnetic material which limits the magnetic field within the boundaries of cylinder periphery. Usage of aluminium material makes the engine lighter unlike the cast-iron cylinder used in internal combustion engine.

5.2 PISTON The hollow piston casing is made up of non-magnetic stainless steel, titanium or similar materials of high resistivity and low electrical conductivity. Alternatively, piston casing can also be made up of non-metallic, thermal resistant materials as well or can be made by integrating both non-magnetic and non-metallic materials. One end of the hollow case is fitted with a powerful permanent magnet made of neodymium iron-boron (NdFeB), samarium-cobalt (SmCo) or similar high field strength magnetic materials. The permanent magnet acts as the core of the piston. The flat surface (which is also the pole of the magnet) of the piston that is nearer to the pole od the electromagnet is called the magnetic head of the piston or piston head. The flat surface of the piston head may be completely exposed or it may be covered by a thin layer of non-magnetic material of sufficient thickness. The other end of the piston case connects to the piston rod that connects to the crankshaft. The crankshaft and the piston rod convert the linear reciprocating movement of the piston to the circular movement.

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5.3 CONNECTING ROD In a reciprocating engine, the connecting rod is used to connect the piston to the crankshaft. This converts the linear motion or reciprocating motion of the piston to the circular motion of the crankshaft. The material of the connecting rod is cast iron and the magnetic fields are contained inside the cylinder and the connecting rod will not be affected much. so, the connecting rod is same as that of an Internal combustion engine. Hence, no modification is required.

5.4 FLY WHEEL Flywheel is made up of mild steel. It regulates the engine’s rotation and making it operate at a steady speed. so, that flywheels have a significant moment of inertia and thus resist changes it rotational speed and the amount of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed and energy is transferred to the flywheel by applying torque and It is used to store the rotation kinetic energy.

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5.5 ELECTROMAGNET An electromagnetic coil is formed when an insulated solid copper wire is wound around a core or form to create an inductor or electromagnet. When electricity is passed through a coil, it generates a magnetic field. One loop of wire is usually referred to as a turn or a winding and a coil consists of one or more turns. For use in an electronic circuit, electrical connection terminals called taps are often connected to a coil. Coils are often coated with varnish or wrapped with insulating tape to provide additional insulation and secure them in place. A completed coil assembly with one or more set of coils and taps is often called the windings.

5.6 PERMANANT MAGNET A neodymium magnet (also known as NdFeB, NIB or Neo magnet), the most widely used type

of rare-earth

magnet,

is

a permanent

magnet made

from

an alloy of neodymium, iron and boron to form the Nd2Fe14B tetragonal crystalline structure. Department of Mechanical Engineering, CBIT Page 24

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Developed in 1982 by General Motors and Sumitomo Special Metals, neodymium magnets are the strongest type of permanent magnet commercially available. They have replaced other types of magnet in the many applications in modern products that require strong permanent magnets, such as motors in cordless tools, hard disk drives and magnetic fasteners.

5.7

BATTERY

Where high values of load current are necessary, the lead-acid cell is the type most commonly used. The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄). In the application of battery power to start the engine in an auto mobile, for example, the load current to the starter motor is typically 200 to 400A One cell has a nominal output of 2.1V, but lead-acid cells are often used in a series combination of three for a 6-V battery and six for a 12-V battery.

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CHAPTER 6

6. FABRICATION & WORKING The working of the electromagnetic engine is based on the principle of magnetism. A magnet has two poles a north pole and a south pole. Magnetism is a class of physical phenomenon that includes forces exerted by magnets on other magnets. By principle of magnetism, when like poles of a magnet is brought together they repel away from each other. When unlike poles are brought near each other they attract. This is same for the case of an electromagnet and a permanent magnet too. So the idea is to modify the piston head and cylinder head into magnets so that force can be generated between them. This working of the electromagnetic engine is based on attraction & repulsive force of the magnet. The engine greatly resembles the working of a two-stroke engine. To start, let us begin from the situation, when piston is located in the lower position. The coil is connected through the battery, the copper coil is energized to produced the magnetic field the piston in side of the large power Neodymium Iron Boron magnets, the piston moved upper and lower the fly wheel connected through the piston link the copper coil energized the piston move upward and copper coil is de-energized the piston move to downward. With the help of relay and control unit. The continuous process through piston is move to (up and down) with also rotated the fly wheel. The arrangement has shown in the Electromagnetic engines working are based on the principle of interaction between the magnetic field Permanent magnet is fixed in the piston and iron material is connected to copper coil. So that the iron material is converted into electromagnet when the power supply is given to it. When piston is located in the lower position, the coil is connected through the battery. The copper coil is energized to produce the magnetic field. When the copper coil energized the piston move upward and copper coil is de- energized the piston move to downward, with the help of relay and control unit. The continuous process through piston is move to (up and down) with also rotated the fly wheel.

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CHAPTER 7

7. RESULTS & DISCUSSION The prototype of an electromagnetic engine which works on the principle of magnetism was successfully designed and fabricated. Experimental analysis was successfully performed on the prototype. The results obtained from the experiment are as follows.  Prototype of an engine which works on the principle of magnetism was successfully manufactured.  It uses electricity as its input. No fuel is consumed, which was the primary goal.  The prototype creates no pollution and is eco-friendly.  The prototype is a two stroke engine.  Only the repulsive force between the magnet and electromagnet is used for power generation.  Acceleration is done by controlling the timer which controls the relay.  Maximum efficiency obtained was 21.22% at 229 rpm for an input current of 1.2A.  Maximum output power obtained was 20.7W at 249 rpm for an input current of 1.7 A The efficiency and power output of the engine was less than what was expected. The reason for less power and efficiency are  The windings of the electromagnet are not perfect. The windings are not machine wound. It was wound with hands on a lathe. So windings are not tight and there is air gap. The field generated will not be as strong as expected.  The windings are not laminated. It will result in copper losses and hysteresis losses.  The use of relay limits the flow of current as it offers a resistance. So with less current flow, the field generated by the electromagnet will be less and results in less force.  The fabrication work and the design are not perfect. There might be some misalignments and it might cause a drop in output.

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CHAPTER 8

8. CONCLUSION The electromagnetic engine has various advantages over the internal combustion engines. The main advantage is, no fuel is being used in the engine. This results in no pollution which is very desirable in the present day situation. As there is no combustion taking place inside the cylinder there is only very little heat generation. This eliminates the need for a cooling system. As magnetic energy is being used the need for air filter, fuel tank, supply system, fuel filter, fuel injector, fuel pump, valves etc. are eliminated and the design of the engine is made simple. Also by the use of materials like Aluminum, titanium etc. we can reduce the weight of the engine. Also existing transmission systems can be used in the electromagnetic engine. Less noise is produce during working. The disadvantage of the electromagnetic engine is its high initial cost. The electromagnet and permanent magnet can be very costly. Also the power of the permanent magnet will decrease during time and the permanent magnet has to be replaced during regular intervals. The engine is not as flexible as the internal combustion engine. The power source is battery. The number of batteries will vary according to the requirement. In high power engines, the number of batteries will increase which may increase the total weight of vehicle and consume a lot of space. Also the batteries needs to be charged regularly which is difficult and time consuming. So the engine is not dependable The prototype is an idea which uses the property of an electromagnet by virtue of which it changes the polarity of its poles whenever the direction of current is changed. This variation in polarity is utilized to attract or repel the permanent magnet attached to the piston. The usage of relay and timer will limit the output of the engine. By using an ECU in the engine instead, power can be obtained on each stroke which will result in an increased output. Also, by inserting more permanent magnets in series on the piston will enhance the output of the engine. By slight modification in design and by the use of better hands the engine can be modified to generate more power, thereby increasing its efficiency, so that it can be used in commercial vehicles and other applications.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, CBIT Page 29