0405

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trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

urBmudk ajymif;vJaponfh 1979 ESihf 1989 aZmfjrifah usmf Ek d i f i H a &;a&mpG u f w J h b moma&; xºuG v mr_ t a=umif ; / uG e f j rLepf v G e f *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ta=umif;eJ@ armf'efacwfukd ckwfarmif;aewJh ‘avq,fzJ,m;’ pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;awG em;vnfcsi&f if axGvu D mvDawGe@J acgi;f ajcmufcrH aeyge@J ? urBm wcGif +yJ+yJpifatmif ajymif;vJapcJhwJh 1979 eJ@ 1989 ckESpf&JŒ jzpf&yfawGukdyJ jyefajymif; pOf;pm;=unfhyg? 1979 ckESpf[m EkdifiHwuma&;&mrSm xl;jcm;wJh orkdif;pmrsufESmopf zGifhvSpf EkdifwJhESpfyg? tD&efrSm &Sm;bk&ifukdðzwfcs+yD; t,mwkdvmckdareD tm%m&vmwJhaemuf urBmt h pPvmrfawmfveS af &;tcif;tusi;f wcGiv f ;Hk ajymif;vJapwJEh pS ?f qkAd , D uf,el , D u H tmz*epPwef a&aoacsmif;xJ usK;ausm0f ifa&muf+yD; =urRmiifjcif;u uGejf rLepftifyg,m aowGif;wl;zkd@ pcJhwJhESpf? 0ef}uD;csKyf rm*&ufoufcsmu +Adwdo#uGefqmaA;wpftkyfpkukd ºuGapmif; apmif; jzpfatmif yifhay;cJhwJhESpf? rm*&ufoufcsm&JŒ =oZmu taemufEkdifiHa&;rSm tajymif;tvJawGjzpfap±kHr#ru/ aemufquf aps;uGuf*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ukd ykHaz: ay;EkdifcJhygw,f? ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD; *|efaygvf(2)&JŒ 1979 ckESpf aEG&moD ykdveftdrftjyef omoemðyc&D;u ta&SŒOa&myeJ@ A[kdOa&myrSm 1989 txd qufwkdufqkdovkd t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@ 'Drkdua&pDtul;tajymif;awG ay:xGufapcJhw,f? 1979 rSmyJ wdef@a&Smifyif;u uGefjrLepfw±kwfjynf urBmhaps;uGufxJ0ifzkd@ yxrqkH; ajcvSrf;awG pvSrf;cJhwJh ESpfjzpfygw,f? 44

trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

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a,bl,stjrifrmS awmh oufcsm[m t,mwkv d m/ wde@f w@dk e@J rywfoufovkd ykyfeJ@vnf; qufEG,fr_udpP r&SdwJhykHyg? Ekd@ayr,fh olwkd@OD;aqmifwJh rwluGJjym;wJh vlxk toD;oD;ukd csdwfqufvrf;opfxGifay;&mrSm wlnDcJh=uw,f? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; EkdifiHa&;tcif;tusif;u v$rf;rkd;xm;wJh ±kyf0g'qefwJh wkd;wufr_&SmykHawmfukd ukd,fhenf; ukd,fh[efeJ@ arSmufvSefypfzkd@ pwifcJh=uw,f? ppfat;acwfrSm óuHawG@&wJh pD;yGm;a&;xkdif;r_dif;r_/ AsK±kdua&pD,E W,m; atmufrSm rGef;usyfr_/ A[kdOD;pD;pepfeJ@ tpkd;&&JŒ vufwHcsJŒum;vGef;r_wkd@atmufuae ±kef;xGuf+yD; ‘orkdif;ed*kH;’ yef;wkdifqD vlom;awGcsDwufzkd@ oufcsmwkd@wawGu t±Sdefjr‡ifh ay;cJhw,f? 1979 ckESpf tajymif;tvJjzpf&yfawGu wefjyefawmfvSefa&;awGay:atmif aphaqmf+yD;/ qkdAD,ufuGefjrLepf/ armf0g'/ qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vuf,mtm%m&Sifpepf awGukd qef@usifr_awG jzpfapcJhygw,f? 1979 wefjyefawmfvSefa&;awGu ppfat;acwfrSm eufeuf±_dif;±_dif; pGJepf0if aewJh ‘bkH0g'/ vlwef;pm;nDr#a&;/ qkd&S,fvpfrkcsatmifjrifa&;’ tdyfrufpdwful;awGukd wkdufckdufypfygw,f? 'Dt,ltqeJ@ pum;vkH;awGukd urBmhjynfolawG wef;wef;pGJ jzpfae &wmvnf; yxrurBmppft+yD; Oa&mytifyg,mòydvJr_/ ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;/ 1929 r[m pD;yGm;a&;uyfe@J 'kw, d urBmppfatmifyw JG @dk uae arG;xkwv f u dk w f hJ tjrifawGr@dk ygy?J aemuf ukdvkdeDpepfysufokOf;r_eJ@ urBmtESH@ rwfpf0g'D tpkd;&rsm; jyef@ESH@r_u 'DtjrifawGukd xyf+yD; avmifyifh csJŒum;ay;ygw,f? okd@aomf 1970jynfhvGefESpfrsm;a&mufawmh vlxkawGu [ef"gwfckwf avvkH; xGm;wJh tjrift,ltqawGukd pdwfukefae+yD? ESvkH;om;rJh wzufaygufwapmufuef; tkyfpkawG&JŒ ukd,fhwkdif;jynfxJ tHacsmfwJht,ltq ±kdufoGif;r_ukd atmfa=umvefae+yD? ±kd;&m,Ofaus;r_wefzkd;/ ,kH=unfukd;uG,fr_eJ@ vGwfvyfcGifhawG zsufqD;+yD; ±kyf0g'oufouf awG twif;rsKdcsckdif;r_ukd jyefaxG;tHvm=u+yD? 'Dvedk @J 1979 ckEpS f wefjyefawmfveS af &;awG&ŒJ &vm'fa=umifh wvGq J yH ifaumif; “,lwkdyD,m;’ pdwful;awGukd acgufxm;+yD;/ vufawG@usr_eJ@ ±kd;&mwefzkd;awGukd aygif;pyf zGifhqkd&if; 'Duae@urBmrSm aexkdifvm=uygw,f? vG,fvG,fav;awmhr[kwf 1979 wefjyefawmfvSefa&;rsm;&JŒ atmifjrifr_u ae@csif;ncsif; bGm;bGm;}uD; ay:xGuv f mrsK;d r[kwyf g? vrf;opfudk OD;aqmifazguo f rl sm;tzk@d tqJc&H csuu f renf;yg? &Sm;bk&if&JŒvlawGu ckdareDukd acwfaemufjyefqGJ bmoma&;orm;}uD;vkd@ pGyfpGJygw,f? 45

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trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

wdef@&JŒ&efolawmf vuf0JpGef;awGu ol@ukd t&if;&Sifv_dif;pD;olvkd@ wHqdyfuyfygw,f? qkdAD,ufwkd@u olwkd@ukd jyefcswJh tmz*efrl*sma['ifawGukd t±kd;&ifhya'o&mZf}uD;awG vkd@ acgif;pOfwyfygw,f? ykyf&rif;}uD;uawmh ukdvkdeDvufopf}uD; jzpf&jyefygw,f? rm*&ufoufcsmukdawmh ol@twkduftcHawGu azgufjyefol/ +Adwdefukd zsufqD;r,fholvkd@ rausrcsrf; jzpfae=uw,f? 1979 Zefe0g&D (1)&uf urBm}uD;taetxm;uvnf; 'Dv&dk ydS gw,f? qkAd , D uf rwfpf0g'u tuJqwfayr,fh t&m&mukd atmifyGJqifEkdifawmhr,fh[ef? pDtkdifat okH;oyfcsufu armfpukdtpkd;&ukd pD;yGm;a&;a&m ppfa&;yg plygyg0gwpfckvkd ,lqxm;wm a=umifh/ tar&dueforw *sifrDumwm&JŒ trsKd;om;vkHòcHa&;tzGJ@u zGHòzd;qJEkdifiHawGqD qkdAD,ufusL;ausmfrSmukd pkd;&drfylyefae&wJhtcsdef/ tar&duefwkd@&JŒ 'kdrDEkdoDtkd&Du AD,uferfuae eDum&m*Ggtxd ratmifjrifwJhtcsdef? wu,fvkd@rsm; tJh'DtcsdefrSm wpfOD;OD;u ykdvefu ykyfeJ@ tmz*efolykefawG a=umifh a&SŒvmr,fEh pS af wGrmS qkAd , D uf}uD; urBmZh mwfcaHk y:uae ðydqif;oGm;&vdrrhf ,fv@dk ajym&if/ 0kdif;t[m;cH&rSm taotcsmyg? 'geJ@ ajymif;jyef tJ'Dhumv w±kwfuGefjrLepfAm;&Sif;ukdawmh csdeJ@eJ@ jzLzwf jzLa&mfrkd@ urBmhplygjzpfvmr,fvkd@ b,folrS wpfray;yg? armf0g'Drsm;&JŒ ,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&; vqkwf&ufawGjzpfae+yD; w±kwfvlxkcrsm y&da'0rD;avmifòrduf cHpm; ae&csdefrkd@ygyJ? 1978 'DZifbmrSm wdef@a&Smifyif;u tajymif;tvJvkyfzkd@ tpkd;&ay:vpD taeeJ@ ‘vufawG@uswJh tcsuftvufawGxJuae trSefw&m;&Sm=u’ vkd@ a=unm vkdufygw,f? 'Dvkda=unmayr,fhvnf; t&ifu b,fuGefjrLepfwkdif;jynfrS ukd,fhbmom ðyjyifajymif;vJr_vkyf&if; atmifjrifzl;wmr&Sdvkd@ txifr}uD;=uyg? Oyrm- 1950 jynfhESpf awGrSm qkdAD,ufacgif;aqmif c±l;acsmhAf&JŒ pwmvif=oZmòzdcs ajymif;vJr_awGvkyfayr,fh &vm'fqkd;awGeJ@ olyJ yufvufvefoGm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifhvJ armf=oZmukdòzdr,fh wdef@ukd odyfxifrxm;=uyg? wu,f=uawmh wdef@u c±l;acsmhAfeJ@ uGmjcm;ygw,f? armfpDwkef; avmif;&dyf uae owd&Sd&Sd yg;yg;eyfeyf ±kef;xGufcJhygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwD xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifykdif; uae ESpf}udrftxkwfcH&ayr,fh 1977 rSm ZmwfckHay: taotcsm jyefwufvmEkdifol? armfuG,fvGef+yD;csdefeJ@ av;OD;*kd%f; tzrf;cH&+yD;csdefrSmvnf;/ armfukd t&rf;uma&m odumQ csypfwmrsK;d rvkyb f J vufawG@uswhJ jy\emcsO;f uyfre_ @J pwifcw hJ ,f? urf;±k;d wef; awGrSm txl;pD;yGm;a&;ZkHawGzGifh&if; tar&dueJ@ w&m;0ifoHwrefqufqHa&;ukd 1979 rSmyJ pwifcJhygw,f? 46

trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

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oufcsm/ a&*iftaemufwcGif tJ'Dhtcsdef taemufu wkdif;jynfawGrSmvnf; qkd&S,fvpft&dyfxkd;aewmygyJ? t&if;aps;uGufppfppfukd vufa&Smifxm;+yD; tpkd;&u¾ vufwHajcwHu wjznf;jznf; csŒJ &if; yk*v ~ u d ykid q f idk cf iG ahf wG usK@H aew,f? 1945 ckEpS f +Adwed af vbmygwu D pcJw h hJ qk&d , S f 'Drkdu&ufvrf;a=umif;eJ@ Oa&mywcGifvkH; 0JvfzJ,m;awG tav;uJaew,f? usef;rma&; apmihfa&Smufr_/ yifpifpm;axmufyHhr_/ or0g,r/ EkdifiHykdifpuf±kH pwmawGeJ@ EkdifiHawmfu vlxkukd zGm;zGm;}uD;ozG,f apmifha&SmufwJh nanny state rsKd;awG jzpfaew,f? 1979 a±G;aumufyGJuaep+yD; rm*&ufoufcsmu 'gawGtukefvkH; ajymif;jyef vSefypfw,f? ppf+yD;acwf ESpfaygif;(30) tom;usaewJh +Adwdo#EkdifiHa&;ukd oufcsmu Am;&Si;f topf csed ;f ypfw,f? ESpt f enf;i,ftwGi;f tcGeaf wGav#mch s+yD; Ekid if yH idk v f yk if ef;awG yk*~vduvufxJ pa&mif;w,f? wdef@a&Smifyif;ukd jrifovkdyJ oufcsmukdvnf; t}uD; tus,f ajymif;vJEdkifr,fh olvkd@ xifrxm;=u? oufcsmu +Adwdeftzkd@ pD;yGm;a&;awGru pdwf"gwfawGyg topfjr‡ifhwifzkd@ vkdtyfae+yDqkd+yD; aqmf=ovkyfaqmifygw,f? oufcsm&JŒ aoG;opfavmif;r_u 1979 tar&duefa±G;aumufyGJqD ul;pufoGm;+yD; a&mfe,fa&mifu *sifrDumwmukd tEkdif,l vkdufEkdifygw,f? a&*ifu 1980 rSmyJ tajymif;tvJawG pcsDygw,f? tar&du[m +Adwdef&JŒ qkd&S,fvpfeJ@ t&if;&Sifa&mpyfwJh pD;yGm;a&; (mixed economy) ykHpHrsKd; b,fwkef;urS r[kwfayr,fhvnf;/ 1979 rwkdifrD tar&du[m 'Duae@vkd jyif;&S&S *vkdb,ft&if;&SifrsKd; r[kwfao;yg? yk*~vdu ykdifqkdifcGifh ray;ao;wJh EkdifiHykdifvkyfief;tcsKdŒ &Sdaeygao;w,f? EkdifiHa&;&yf0ef;rSm qkd&S,f,drf;olawGu 'keJ@a';? 1929 urBmph ;D yGm;a&;ukd u,fr ay;wJh pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Si+f yD; *|eaf reyfued ;f &JŒ tpk;d &0ifuidk f ay;a&; rufc±kd=oZmuvnf; rao;? ol@wynfh pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif *|efuufeufof*Jvfba&of (John Kenneth Galbraith) &JŒ taemufu aumfykda&;&Sif;awGeJ@ qkdAD,ufqkd&S,fvpfpepf[m tem*wf wcsdefcsdef aygif;qkHpnf;oGm;r,fqkdwJh pdwful;awGuvnf; v$rf;aewkef;? 'geJ@ aumif;bGKdif rif;om;a&*if wufvmjcif;u *vkb d ,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f vrf;a=umif;ukd pwnfay;vku d w f ,f qkd&ygr,f?

47

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trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

ckdareDeJ@ ykyf tD&efu t,mwkdvmckdareDuawmh wrsKd;womom? ckdareDu urBmhrlqvif awmfvSefa&;ukd wif;rmwJh tawG;tac:eJ@ ykHazmfaeol? 1979 rwkdifrD q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm ta&SŒtv,fykdif;EkdifiHa&;rSmu tm&yf}uD;pkd;a&;0g'/ qkd&S,fvpf,drf; bwfof0g' (Baathism)/ rwfpf0g' pwJh avmuDoufouf tkdif'D,mawG acgif;axmifaeygw,f? rsKd;aphcsp tpPvmrf0g'DawGtzkd@ tJ'Dht,l0g'awGukd trsm;}uD;avhvm+yD;wJhaemuf tm;r&=ubl;? txl;ojzifh tpPa&;eJ@ taemufukdvkdeDvufopf0g'&JŒ pdefac:r_ukd 'Dt,ltqawGeJ@ vkH;0 rausmfEkdifrSef; oabmaygufvmcJh=uw,f? okd@ayr,fh aemufykdif;jzpfxGef;vmr,fh tpPvmrfawmfvSefa&;awGu rwfpf/ vDeif/ armfwkd@&JŒ t,ltqawGuae oaE<wnfcJhwmjzpfygw,f? rwfpf0g' tm;aumif; pOftcgu ynm&SiftcsKdŒ/ acgif;aqmiftcsKdŒ[m rdrdbmoma&;eJ@ rwfpf0g'ukd wef;!‡d azgufxGufzkd@ óud;pm;wmawG&Sdw,f? tD&efrSmvnf; ynmwwf tvD&S&uDqkd&if vuf0J tkdif'D,mawGeJ@ tpPvmrftajccH0g'ukd a&morar$+yD; wrefawmf rkd[mruftvkdus vlr_nDr#a&;/ w&m;r#wr_&Sda&;awGqD jyefoGm;zkd@ aqmf=ocJhygao;w,f? 'DvkdeJ@ 1979 rSm tar&duefukdifxm;wJh ‘&Sm;’ ukd ðzwfcs+yD;wJhaemuf t,mwkdvm ckdareD tm%m&vmawmh taemufu rsufvkH;jyL;ukefw,f? ckdareD[m vuf0J,drf; trsKd;om;a&;wyfOD;tzGJ@eJ@ eD;pyfolrkd@yg? okd@aomf ckdareDu tpPvmrfurBmh&JŒ *E
trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

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*sKd;Zufpwmvifu ajymygw,f? wcgu pwmvifu ykyfukd avSmifajymifzl;w,f? “ykyfvm;/ ol@rSm wyfawG b,favmuf&Sdvkd@vJ”? 1979 aEG&moDrSm *|efaygvf(2) ykdvefukd orkdif;0ifc&D;pwifawmh 'g[m ykdvef ukd ajymif;vJapr,fh ‘aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@’ (Solidarity) ay:xGufvmr,fvkd@ b,folrS wGufq rxm;yg? ta&SŒeJ@ A[kdOa&mywcGifrSm t&yfbufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;awG jyefvnfE;dk xvmr,f/ aemufq;Hk uGejf rLepftifyg,musq;Hk r_udk OD;wnfapr,fv h @dk b,fol rS rrSef;qcJh=uyg? orkdif;ynm&Sif wifrkdoD*gweftuf&Sfu “ykyf rygbJ 1980 ykdvefaoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&;&JŒ awmfvSefa&;rjzpf/ ykdvefaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; rygbJ a*:bmacsmhAf vufatmuf qkAd , D uf&ŒJ ta&SŒOa&myay:vpD xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rajymif;vJ/ tJ'hD tajymif; tvJawGrjzpfbJ 1989 uwWDygawmfvSefa&;awG qufwkdufrjzpf” vkd@ qkdygw,f? qkdAD,ufukd tmcHwJh ykyf*|efaygvf&JŒ bmoma&;E_d;qGr_ t"duaomhcsufu ‘t=urf;rzufa&;’yg? 1979 ckEpS f ZGev f ol&ŒJ ykv d efu;dk &uf tvnftywfc&D;twGi;f rSm/ ykdvefvlxk(13)oef;u vrf;rawGay:xGuf+yD; ol@ukdóudqkd=uw,f? 'g[m uufovpf ausmif;awGukd t+rJ'kuQay;aewJh qkdAD,ufukd wkduf±kduftmcHr_ygyJ? qk&d &if- 1979 ckEpS f jzpf&yfawGu wefjyefawmfveS af &;&JŒ ta&;ygyu Hk dk ajymae ygw,f? &Sm;/ armf/ qkAd , D ufe@J taemufw@dk rS uk, d ef nf;uk, d [ f efe@J trSm;rSm;t,Gi;f ,Gi;f awmfvSefa&;awGeJ@ wkd;wufr_&SmykHawmfzGifhaer_ukd/ ckdareD/ wdef@/ oufcsmeJ@ ykyfwkd@u urBmv h rf;a=umif;ukd jyefwnfah y;w,f? wefjyefawmfveS af &;tkypf [ k m a&S;±k;d vrf;a=umif; jyefajymwJh uGefqmaA;wpfawG jzpfaumif;jzpfr,f? okd@aomf 1979 ckESpf&JŒ wefjyefawmfvSefa&; tarGuae oifcef;pmay;wmu ‘vlxk[m t+rJwrf;tem*wfukd ar#mfvifhxm;w,f/ obm0ukd ausmfvGefzsufqD;wm/ ±kd;&mtpOftvmwefzkd;awGukd zsufqD;+yD; tarSmifxJoGif;wm/ ±kyf=urf;ZmwfoGif;wm rsK;d ukd onf;rcHEidk b f ;l ’ qkw d mygy?J ,ae@armf'efacwf[m 1979 wefjyefawmfveS af &;uae oifcef;pm,lp&m trsm;}uD;&Sdygao;w,f? 1989 1989 ckESpf ZGefv (3)&uf paeae@ ae@vnfcif;? tD&efacgif;aqmif}uD; t,mwkv d mckad reD&ŒJ use;f rma&;tajctaeu r[efawmhyg? noef;acgi;f ,HrmS wD[&D ef a&'D,kdu touf(86)ESpf&Sd ckdareD uG,fvGefa=umif; a=unmygw,f?

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aZmfjrifhausmf &nf!$ef;? Foreign Policy (May- June 2009) Shifting on Its Pivot by Michael Elliot

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