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CHAPT ER 1 Ne w Wo rld En counters

Na tiv e Am erica n Hi sto rie s Befo re Co nquest ■

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20,000 years ago—Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants 14,000 years ago—humans reached tip of South America These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases

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Ro ute s o f th e Fir st Americ ans

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The En viro nmenta l Ch alle nge: Foo d, Clima te , a nd Cu ltu re ■

Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat

Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the extinction of several large species ◆ Climatic warming probably played a much bigger role ◆

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5000 years ago—agricultural revolution Crops included maize, squash, and beans ◆ Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities ◆

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Myste rio us Disa ppear ances ■

Anasazi culture—Chaco Canyon Sophisticated irrigation ◆ Well-built roads for transportation ◆

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Adena and Hopewell peoples—Ohio Valley Large ceremonial mounds ◆ Extensive trade network ◆

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Cahokia—Mississippi Valley Large ceremonial mounds ◆ Far-flung trade network ◆

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Azte c Do min ance ■ ■ ■

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Aztecs settled valley of Mexico Center of large, powerful empire Highly organized social and political structure Ruled through fear and force

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Easte rn Wo odland Cu lture s ■ ■ ■

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Atlantic coast of North America Native Americans lived in smaller bands Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers

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Loca tions o f Ma jo r In dia n Gro ups a nd Cu ltu re A re as in th e 160 0s

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A W orld Tr ansf orm ed ■

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Large numbers of whites profoundly altered native cultures The rate of change varied from place to place Native traditions changed radically for cultural survival

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Cu ltu ral Ne gotia tio ns ■ ■ ■

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Diversity of language groups, ethnicities Place in society defined through kinship Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationships

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Co nfe deracies of Ea ste rn No rth Am erica ■

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Huron—southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie Iroquois—central New York Powhattan—Chesapeake

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Thr eats to S urviv al: Tr ade ■

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Native Americans were eager for European trade They became dependent on, and indebted to, Europeans Commerce also influenced warfare patterns

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Thr eats to S urviv al: Dise ase ■

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Contact brought population decline among American Indians Cause: lack of resistance to epidemic disease Smallpox ◆ Measles ◆ Influenza ◆

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Rate as high as 95%

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West A fr ica: An cie nt a nd Co mplex S ocieties ■

Diversity of sub-Saharan cultures Islam ◆ Strong traditional beliefs ◆

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A history of empires Mali ◆ Ghana ◆

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Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans

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Tra de Ro ute s in Afr ica

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Be ginnin gs o f t he Sla ve T ra de ■

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Fifteenth-century Portuguese charted sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa Native rulers sold prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves

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Ho w M any Sla ves? Seventeenth century—ca. 1000 Africans per year ■Eighteenth century—5.5 million transported to the Americas ■By 1860—ca. 11 million ■Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas ■

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Eu ro pe o n t he Ev e o f Co nquest ■ ■

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Tenth century—Leif Ericson settled “Vinland” Late fifteenth century—preconditions for overseas settlement attained ◆ Rise of nation-states ◆ Spread of new technologies ◆ Spread of old knowledge 1492—Columbus initiated large-scale European colonization

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Build in g Ne w Na tionSta te s ■ ■

Population growth after 1450 “New monarchs” forged nations from scattered provinces Spain ◆ France ◆ England ◆

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“Middle class” a new source of revenue Powerful military forces deployed

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Im agin in g a Ne w Wo rld ■

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Spain the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella 1492—Jews and Muslims expelled Conquest of Canary Islands provided rehearsal for colonization

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Myth s an d Re ality ■

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Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay” 1492—initial voyage Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China 1506—died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient Made possible Spanish dominion in America

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Th e Co nquista dores ■

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Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands By 1512—major Caribbean islands decimated By 1521—Cortés destroyed Aztec empire 1539-1542—de Soto explored Southeast 1540-1542—Coronado explored Southwest

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Voya ges o f Eu ropean Exp lo ratio n

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Fro m P lunder t o Se ttl eme nt ■

Encomienda System rewarded Conquistadors Large land grants ◆ Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute ◆

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Appointed officials answered only to crown Catholic Church Protected Indian rights ◆ Performed mass conversions ◆

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By 1650, half million Spaniards in New World Unmarried males intermarried ◆ Mixed-blood population emerged ◆

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The Fr ench Cla im Ca nada ■

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1608—Samuel de Champlain founded Québec French empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi French crown makes little effort to foster settlement Fur trade underpinned economy Indians became valued trading partners

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The En glish En te r t he Co mpetitio n ■

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Claimed New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) England achieved preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I

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Birth o f En glis h Pro te sta ntism ■

Protestant Reformation played a major role in England’s rise to dominance 1517—Martin Luther sparked reform in Germany ◆ 1536—John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva ◆

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Reformation pitted European Protestants against Catholics

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Th e E nglish Re fo rm atio n ■ ■

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Tudor monarchs brought political unity Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509-1547) strengthened Crown Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (r. 1547-1553) Death of Mary I (r. 1553-1558) cut short English Catholic Counter-Reformation Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) consolidated English Reformation

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Mil ita nt Pr ote sta ntism ■

Lutheran Reformation ◆ ◆

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Calvinist Reformation ◆ ◆

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God speaks through Bible, not through Pope or priests Justification by faith alone for salvation John Calvin stressed God’s omnipotence Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation

Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe ◆ ◆ ◆

France—Huguenots Scotland—Presbyterians England—Puritans

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Woman in P owe r ■ ■

Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) a very capable monarch Elizabeth introduced Via Media ◆ ◆ ◆

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Protestant Doctrine “Catholic” Ritual Ended religious turmoil in England

Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompted Spanish crusade against England England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers

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Re lig ion, W ar, a nd Na tio nalism ■

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Spanish hostility made Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes Elizabeth’s subjects raided Spain’s American empire 1588—Spanish Armada defeated

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Ir ish Re hear sal fo r Am erican Settle ment ■

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English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World To the English, the Irish were wild and barbaric ◆

They would view Native Americans the same way

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Englis h Co nquest o f Ire la nd ■

Ireland was a laboratory for English colonization Irish viewed as backward ◆ English under Elizabeth seized Irish land ◆

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Englis h B ru ta lity ■ ■

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English ethnocentrism benign when Irish docile English employed brutal methods, such as massacring women and children, to crush frequent Irish resistance English adventurers compared Native Americans with “wild” Irish

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An Un prom is ing Be gin nin g: Myste ry at Ro anoke ■

Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 ◆

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He named the region Virginia after the Virgin Queen

The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery

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Ca mpaig n to S ell Am erica ■ ■

By 1600, no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American colonization ◆

Claimed that England needs American colonies

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