trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
tm&S 0¶ke;f oke;f um; 'Dru dk a&pD 0ifx h ef; tm%m&Sifpepf}uD;pkd;rif;rlvGef;wJh tm&Sa'orSm xkdif;EkdifiHukd ‘'Drkdua&pD tkdatppf’ wpfcktjzpf t&ifwkef;u wifpm;csD;rGrf;=uygw,f? ,ae@umvrSmawmh 'Dta&SŒawmiftm&SEkdifiH[m tqkd;¶Gm;qkH; EkdifiHa&;tusyftwnf;awGeJ@ vl;vl;vdrfhvdrfh ygy?J 'Dru dk a&pDtwGuf jynfo@l r[mrdwt f zG@J PAD u (192)&uf=um qENjyv_y&f mS ;r_awG ðyvkyfcJh+yD;/ befaumufavqdyf}uD;ESpfckukd &Spf&uf=um ydwfqkdxm;cJhygw,f? 'DZifbm (3)&ufae@ jyef¶kwfodrf;wJhtcsdefrSmawmh EkdifiHawmfw&m;¶kH;u 'Drkdua&pDenf;us a¶G; aumufcH tpkd;&ukd y,fzsufypfygw,f? tpkd;&opfukd zGJ@pnf;twnfðy+yD;yg+yD? 'g[m 2008 ckESpftwGif; av;ckajrmuf tpkd;& jzpfygw,f? tpkd;&a[mif;ukd axmufcHolawG&J@ qlyluef@uGwfr_awGa=umifh/ 0ef}uD;csKyfopf tbDqpf 0dwf*sm*sD0 tzGifhay:vpDrdef@cGef;pwifzkd@ aESmifhaES;cJh&wm awG&Sdygw,f? PAD r[mrdwftzGJ@ [m 1992 ckESpf 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rSm yg0if=uwJh vlvwfwef;pm;eJ@ vlukHxHtv$mukd ausmaxmufaemufcHðyxm;ygw,f? olwkd@&JŒ tqkH;pGef &nfrSef;csufu r_efr_ef0g;0g; ‘EkdifiHa&;opf’ qkdwmjzpf+yD;/ ygvDrefae&mtwGuf 'Drkdu&ufwpf r[kwfwJh ajcvSrf;rsKd;awGeJ@ r=umc% tajymif;tvJ vkyfcsifwmrsKd;awG vnf; yg0ifygw,f? okd@aomf tpkd;&opfeJ@ 0ef}uD;csKyfopf b,favmufcHrvJqkdwmawmh aA'ifq&mawGeJ@ avmif;a=u;'kdifrsm; tvkyf¶_yfae=uygw,f? ,ae@tcg xkdif;vkd tvm;wl tajctaetusyftwnf;trSwfrsKd; tjcm; tm&SEkdifiHtrsm;pkrSmvnf; a&muf&SdvmEkdifygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; ukdvkdeD oHajc usif;u u|wfvGwfcJhwJh tm&S[m tck 21 &mpkrSm 'Drkdua&pD vqef;&ufrsm; óuHóudufcJh w,fvkd@ qkd&ygr,f? jrefrm/ ajrmufukd&D;,m;uae vmtkd/ AD,uferfeJ@ w¶kwftxd tm&Sa'o&JŒ tpdwftykdif;rsm;rSm tm%m&Siftkyfpkd;r_awG &Sdaeonfhwkdifatmif/ +yD;cJhwJh q,fpkESpfrsm;rSmawmh tm&S[m tjyifyef;tm;jzifh 'Drkdua&pD tawmfoef;cJhygw,f? vGefcJhwJh q,fESpfausmftwGif; tm&SEkdifiH 20 rSm a¶G;aumufyGJawGusif;y+yD;/ +idrf;csrf;pGm toGiful;ajymif;r_awGeJ@ tpkd;&awG ay:xGef;vmygw,f? 53
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
'gayr,fh 2008 ckESpf wESpfvkH;rSmawmh tm&Som;trsm;pku 'Drkdu&ufwpf EkdifiHa&;tay: ,kH=unfr_awG ykdrkdavsmhyg;oGm;+yD; pdwfukefvmykHaygufygw,f? xkdif;eJ@ awmifukd&D;,m;wkd@rSm r=umcif ESpfESpfurS a¶G;cs,fxm;wJh vlxkacgif;aqmifawGukd vl trsm;pkuyJ vrf;ay:xGuf aygufuGJjy=uygw,f? ygupPwefeJ@ ta&SŒwDarmwkd@uvnf; tvsiftjrefukdyJ ,kd@,Gif;csdeJ@ EkdifiHrsm; failed state tqifhqD acsmfxGufoGm;ygw,f? rav;&Sm;rSm aumif;rGefwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;ykHpH good governance tm;enf;r_ukd cHpm;ae&+yD;/ a¶G;aumufyGJusif;y¶kHeJ@ usef;rmoefpGrf;wJh 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf raocsmwm jyoaeygw,f? b*Fvm;a'h&Sfu 'DZifbm(29)&uf vlxkqENrJ&vm'faumif;awGeJ@ ppf wyf aemufcHðytpkd;&ukd awmajcmufarmif;xkwfzkd@ tm;xkwfaepOfrSmyJ/ a¶G;aumufyGJ vGeftxd w¶kwfawGu rGef*kdvD,m;ukd a&Smhcf0ifapygw,f? 1986 ckESpfrSm tm&Sa'o&JŒ yxrOD;qkH; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@ tm%m&Sif rm;ukdpf udk ðzwfcs+yD;/ pifay:wufvmwJh zdvpfykdif[m r=umrDu ta&;ay:tajctaeukd &ifqkdifcJh&ygw,f? vGefcJhwJh (11)ESpfu orwa¶G;aumufyGJawGusif;y+yD; w¶kwfvl@tzGJ@ tpnf;rSm olwkd@acgif;aqmifukd yxrqkH; wkduf¶kdufa¶G;cs,fjycJhwJh xkdif0rf[m tck orwopfukdðzwfcszkd@ tm;xkwfae=ujyefyg+yD? tdENd,vkd 'Drkdua&pDt&ifhrmqkH;EkdifiHrSmvnf; rGrfbkdif; t=urf;zufwkdufckdufcH &r_u 'Drkdua&pDa¶G;aumufcHtpkd;&&JŒ tajccHysufuGufr_awGukd azmfjyaeygw,f? EkdifiH om;awGtay: vkHòcHr_ ray;pGrf;Ekdifr_tm;enf;csufukd &Sif;&Sif;}uD;jrifawG@&ygw,f? *syef qkdwmuawmh tm&S&JŒ'Drkdua&pD t&ifhusufqkH; r[kwfygvm;? r=umcifESpfawGrSmawmh 0ef}uD;csKyftrsKd;rsKd; wc%csif; vJypfaewmukdu *syefzuf&Sifvkd jzpfaeygw,f? jynfol@qEN arhwwfwJh tm&Senf; tm&S[ef 'Dawmh jy\emenf;vrf;tzkHzkHukd òcHvkduf&if tm&S'Drkdua&pDtay: pdefac:cH ae&r_awG[m ol@&JŒoufwrf;Eke,fr_ukd a&mifjyefvSpfjyaeygw,f? taemuf'Drkdua&pD uawmh &mpkESpfrsm;pGm qifhuJwkd;wufjzwfoef;vmwm jzpfygw,f? taemufEkdifiHom; rsm;uvnf; 'Drkdua&pD&JŒtuef@towfawGukd em;vnfxm;=uygw,f? tm&SrSmawmh 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;jzpfpOf[m q,fpkESpfrsm;tqifheJ@om jzwfoef;aewkef;ygyJ? zGHòzd;p 'Drkdua&pDwkdif;rSm emusifcHcufa0'emaygif;pkH a&m¹yGrf;wwfygw,f? okd@aomf vuf&SdEkdifiHa&;rwnf+idrfr_awGukd vspfvsL¶_xm;vkduf&if/ tm&SEkdifiHrsm;[m 'Dru dk a&pDt,ltqtay: pdwu f ek o f mG ;Ekid yf gw,f? 'Dru dk a&pDqw dk m ody¶f y_ af xG; npfywf w,f/ avmfvDazmufjym; rormr_rsKd;pkHeJ@vkd@ awG;xifoGm;ygvdrfhr,f? 54
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
awmifukd&D;,m;/ rGef*kdvD;,m;/ xkdif0rf/ xkdif;eJ@ zdvpfykdifwkd@rSm EkdifiHom;awGu wkdif;jynf&JŒ 'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;r_[m olwkd@b0awGtwGuf bmwpfckrS wkd;wufrvm bl;vkd@ ,kH=unfvm=uygw,f? ðywfusoGm;wJh tm%m&Sifa[mif;rsm;&JŒ acwfukdawmif vGrf;woo jzpfaeygw,f? 1997 pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;t+yD; ajrmif;xJxkd;qkduf qif;oGm;wJh ‘tm&Swefzkd;’ ukdawmif jyef&Smvmygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDpepf&JŒ xdef;nd‡a&; ykHpH checks and balances ukd r&Ekdifawmh zcif}uD;pkd;tkyfxdef;a&;eJ@ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; a&morusifhokH;wJh ‘a&mif;&if;rdwfo[maumif;pm;a&;’ crony capitalism qkdwJh tm&Swefzkd;uyJ [kwfEkd;Ekd;? tm&SEkdifiHtrsm;pkvkdyJ xkdif;EkdifiHrSm ynmwwfvl@rvkdifwpfpku taemuf pwkid v f 'f rD u dk a&pDqw dk m ykpH cH u G f Ekid if aH &;pepf one-size-fit political system vk@d ,q l +yD; twGef@wwf=u+rJygyJ? PAD tzGJ@0if 0dcspfcsKdufuqkd&if “Oa&my okd@r[kwf tar&duef pwkdifvf 'Drkdua&pDukd usKyfwkd@ qDrSm&zkd@ rar#mfvifhygeJ@? usKyfwkd@rSm ukd,fykdifta&SŒwkdif; 'Drkdua&pDyJ &Sdoifhw,f” vkd@ ajymygw,f? 'Dvkd rausreyfaygufuGJoHawGu a'owGif; pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_E_ef; jrifhae wke;f awmh tk@H yek ;f jzpfaeygw,f? ok@d aomf urBmvk;H qkid &f m aiGa=u;tusyt f wnf;eJ@ tm&S yufyif;&ifqkdif&csdefrSmawmh vkdufavsmnDaxGwkef@jyef OD;aqmifay;r,fh acgif;aqmifr_u t"dujy\em jzpfvmygw,f? urBmvkH;qkdif&mpD;yGm;a&;usqif;r_[m tar&duef orwa¶G;aumufyGJtwGif; t"dutkwfatmfaomif;eif;tjzpfqkH;/ tkdbm;rm;twGuf acgif;tcJ&qkH; jzpfEkdifayr,fh/ tm&S 'Drkdua&pDrsm;uawmh rqkdifovkd aeomoyavnm u ygyJ? *syefygvDrefu pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;tay: rqkH;jzwfEkdif&Smovkd/ rav;&Sm;eJ@ xkdif;wkd@uvnf; taemufpD;yGm;a&;ðywfusr_uae olwkd@ykd@ukefusqif;r_ umuG,fzkd@ a,mif0g;0g;jzpfaeygw,f? wu,fawmh tm&S&JŒtkyfcsKyfa&;ykHpHrSm 'Drkdua&pD &JŒ trsm;qENukd ukd,fpm;ðyzkd@qkdwJh tajccHw&m;ukd,f aysmufaewmjzpfygw,f? jyef=unfh&if a'owGif;ppfyGJawGeJ@ iwfjywfpkwfzwfaewkef;uvnf; tm&S EkdifiHom;awGcrsm olwkd@acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ xdawG@ajymqkdEkdifwJh taetxm;r&SdcJhygbl;? pD;yGm;a&; wkd;wufr_awGu tJh'D[muGuf EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifr_awG wnfaqmufxm;oifhwm ayg?h ok@d aomf b,fvydk jJ zpfjzpf uae@ tm&Som;trsm;pk[m xrif;0+yD; t0wfvv S myg+yD? vlvwfwef;pm;awGeJ@ òrdifòrdifqkdifqkdif vwefaqmifwkdifjzpfvmyg+yD? 'ghxuf tm&Som;awG iwfrGwfawmifhwvmwmu zuf&Sif'DZkdif;qef;qef; r[kwfawmhbJ tpkd;&&JŒwm0ef,lr_/ yGifhvif;jrifom rxdefcsefr_eJ@ w&m;r#wr_wkd@ jzpfvm ygw,f? tm&SwwkdufvkH;&JŒ 'Drkdu&ufwpf prf;oyfaqmif¶Gufr_rSm tm;enf;nHhzsif;wJh 55
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
e,fy,fav;ck &Sdygw,f? atmufyge,fy,fav;ckrSm tm&SvkyfEkdifr,fht&mawG &SmazG =unfh&ygr,f? (1) wm0ef,lwwfaom acgif;aqmifrSef xdawG@a¶G;cs,fEkdifr_ tm&S[m urBmhvlOD;a& ig;ykHokH;ykH&JŒ tdrfjzpfygw,f? okd@aomf +yD;cJhwJh q,fpkESpf rSm b,fa¶G;aumufyGJwckwavurS ay:vpDukd qkH;jzwfaqmif¶GufEkdifzkd@ us,fjyef@wJh axmufcrH _ wnfaqmufEidk pf rG ;f wJh acgi;f aqmifwpfa,muf xkwrf ay;Ekid af o;ygb;l ? 'g[m bma=umifhvJ? wpfckwnf;aom tajzuawmh tm&Som;awGu olwkd@acgif;aqmifawG tay:xm;wJh tjrifoabmxm;awGtay:rSm trsm;}uD;wnfrSDaeygw,f? Asian Barometer Project &JŒawG@&Sdcsufuawmh tm&Som;trsm;pk[m 'Drkdu&ufwpf tkdif'D,mawGukd axmufcHw,fvkd@ ajym=uayr,fh/ acgif;aqmif wpf a,muf&JŒ tm%m=oZmuef@owfr_rSmawmh Oa&my okd@r[kwf qyfqm[m& u jynfol awGxuf trsm;}uD; tjriftod tm;enf;ygw,f? Oyrm- awmifukd&D;,m;rSm ppfwrf; aumuf,lr_&JŒ okH;ykHESpfykHu pm&dwWaumif;rGefwJhtkyfcsKyfolukd oltvkd&Sdwm bmrqkd vkyfykdifcGifh ay;oifhw,fvkd@ azmfjyygw,f? vkdtyf&if Oya'ukdawmif olcsKd;azgufEkdifyg owJh? t&m&mod tukefod/ olrwwfwmr&SdwJh tkyfpkd;olrsm;[m tm&Som;awGukd EkdifiHom;rsm;tjzpfxuf olwkd@tzdESdyfcHrsm;ozG,f ykdrkdðyrl=uygw,f? ppfwyfykdif;uvnf; vlx&k ŒJ òidjiifr_ odyrf sm;rsm;pm;pm;rcH&bJ Ekid if aH &;rSm 0ifpu G zf ufEidk yf gw,f? xkid ;f rSm 2006 ckESpf tm%modrf;awmh trsKd;orD;awGu ppfom;awGukd yef;pnf; urf;wmrsKd;awG &SdcJhyg w,f? ppfwyfukd vkdwmxuf ykdtxifw}uD;r$rf;wwfwmvnf; tm&Som;rsm;ygyJ? vlxk&JŒ tJh'Dvkd tawG;tjrif tcktcHa=umifhyJ ppfbuf[m t&yfbuftxufrSm t+rJ tompD;aeEkdifwm jzpfygw,f? okd@aomf tm&Som;awG[m olwkd@tpkd;&awGukd rsufrkef;usKd;vmjyef&ifvnf; tvGeftu|H? vrf;ay:xGuf a'gotkd;awGaygufuGJ+yD; awmfvSefa&;pwkdifvfeJ@ tòywf&Sif; a&;awG vkyfvm=ujyefygw,f? 'DrSm olwkd@&JŒ pdwftcHeJ@ aphaqmfpdwfukd em;vnf=unfhvkd@ &ygw,f? 1980 jynfhvGef tv,fykdif;avmufrSm vlxkyg0gv_yf&Sm;r_v_dif;u tm&S wwkdufvkH;ukd ajymif;ypfcJhygw,f? zdvpfykdifeJ@ awmifukd&D;,m;uae xkdif;eJ@ xkdif0rftxd ygyJ? tJh'D vlxkqENjyyGJawGu tm%m&SifawGðzwfcszkd@ tm;xkwfcJhwmcsnf;ygyJ? tm&Sa'otrsm;pkrSm EkdifiHa&;vkyfxkH;abmifu rJykH;xJuae nHhzsif;cspm;wJh tkyfcsKyfolukd z,f&Sm;ypfzkd@/ vkdtyf&if vrf;ay:xGuf vlpkzkd@ jzpfygw,f? cufwmu a¶G; 56
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
aumufyGJpepfawGu jynfh0rSefuefr_r&Sdwm qkd;ygw,f? ¶GmawGrSm rJ0,f rJckd;u tm&S EkdifiHrsm;&JŒ ykvdyfa&m*gwpfckygyJ? b,fvkdyJjzpfaeae 'Drkdua&pD}uHhckdif&ifhusufvmzkd@ AGufaygufaewJh a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;pGmuyJ jzwfoef;=u&ygr,f? a¶G;aumufyGJawGtay: vlxk&JŒ,kH=unfr_uif;rJhvmw,fqkdwmvnf; trSef ygyJ? 'gu EkdifiHa&;todynmtm;enf;r_&JŒ tusKd;qufjzpfygw,f? tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m;ukd pdwfysufaewJh v,form;/ aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfom;eJ@ acgif;¶GufAsufxkd;awGu rJ¶kHuae acgif;aqmifavmif; pDppfxdef;csKyfv$wfzkd@xuf/ vrf;ay:wuf vlpk tkHeJ@usif;eJ@ tpkd;& qef@usifa&;vkyf+yD; EkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJvkyfzkd@ukd ykdtm¶kHuswwfygw,f? rsm;aomtm;jzifh tm&Synma&;pepfawG[m aiGa=u;okH;pGJr_ usKHvSDyg;&Sm;+yD; tm*Hktxyfxyfaqmif ynma&;rsKd;awG jzpfygw,f? rJwpfjym;&JŒwefzkd;yg0g&Sdr_ukd EkdifiH om;awGtay: oGefoifr_/ wm0ef,lwwfaom acgif;aqmifr_&JŒ ta&;ygr_awGukd !$efjy Ekdifr_ tm;enf;ygw,f? xpfueJ&Sd vrf;ay:xGufzkd@xuf/ EkdifiHa&;todynm cGifus,fus,f jzef@usufEkdifzkd@u a&&Snf ykdta&;}uD;vmygvdrfhr,f? (2) xdef;nd‡a&;wnfaqmufr_
(Checks and Balances)
¶kd;&mtpOftvm tm&S¶kdaoukdif;!$wfr_u ygwDwpfckxJuae EkdifiHa&;ukd vnfòrd!‡pfxm;zkd@ vG,fulapygw,f? tm%mukdifxm;Ekdifr_u ygwDukd ykdtm;aumif;vm ap+yD; twkduftcHawG csdeJ@ ðywfxGwfapygw,f? rav;&Sm;eJ@ pifumylwkd@rSm vGwfvyfa&; &+yD;uwnf;u ygwDwpfckxJu xdef;csKyfxm;ygw,f? vpfb&,f'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD (LDP) u *syefukd v$rf;rkd;xm;ygw,f? wkdusKdu tajccHOya'u|rf;usifol tmeDz*sD ajymwmu “LDP [m ESpfaygif; 50 ausmf tm%mukdifxm;w,f? 'g 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf tvkyfrjzpfovkd/ wkdif;jynftwGufvnf; raumif;ygbl;”? tcsKdŒEkdifiHrsm;usawmhvnf; rsKd;¶kd;pOfquf 'Drkdua&pDjzpfaejyefygw,f? ygupPwefu blwkdZm'&pf rdom;pkvkd aqGpOfrsKd;qufarG;&myg OD;aqmifcGifh&bdouJhokd@ jynfoluvnf; r¶kd;rtDatmifukd rJay;+rJygyJ? oD&dvuFm/ tif'kdeD;&Sm;eJ@ zDvpfykdifwkd@rSm tm;vkH;u olwkd@,cifacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;&JŒ orD;awGukd wkdif;jynfyJhukdifzkd@ a¶G;cs,fcJh=u ygw,f? rav;&Sm;rSm vmr,fh rwfv xdyfwef;&mxl;,lzkd@ &mxm;cH&olu ,cif0ef}uD; csKyfa[mif;&JŒ om;ygyJ? *syefvuf&Sd0ef}uD;csKyf[m t&if0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;rsm;&JŒ ajr;eJ@ om;rufjzpfaeygw,f? ol@t&ifa&SŒu wm0ef,lcJhol 0ef}uD;csKyfESpfOD;uvnf; ,cif 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;rsm;&JŒ om;eJ@ajr;ygyJ?
57
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
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58
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
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59
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
(4) t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;zGHòzd;a&; atmufajceif;jym; vlxkawGukd OD;aqmifr_ay;wJh wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olawG&JŒ owWda=umifhyJ a'o&JŒtrsm;pkrSm vlxktiftm;eJ@ awmfvSefa&;awG jzpfcJhygw,f? okd@ay r,fh tJh'D aqmf=ov_yf&Sm;r_awGu tm&St&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGtwGif; rsm;rsm; wkd;aygufatmif rzrf;pm;Ekdifyg bl;? xkid ;f PAD ukd OD;aqmif ykaH zmfoal wGxu J wpfO;D jzpfwhJ csraf vmif; oD&ad rmif; [m Ak'
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
'D&mpkopfrSm pdwfv_yf&Sm;wufºuGzG,f a¶G;aumufyGJwpfck &SdcJhygw,f? 2008 ckESpf tar&duefa¶G;aumufyGJygyJ? tm&Swv$m;u EkdifiHom;awGuvnf; olwkd@EkdifiH uk, d pf rD mS tajymif;tvJawG o,faqmifay;r,f/h wppDjzpfaewJh vl@tzG@J tpnf;ukd uko ay;r,fh tkdbm;rmawG awmif;qkdzkd@ vkdtyfaeygw,f? armfrGef; tbf'lvf a*,Grf; [m tm&S&JŒoufwrf;t&SnfqkH;acgif;aqmiftjzpf ESpfaygif; 30 =um armvf'kdufu|ef;EkdifiHukd tkyfcsKyfcJhygw,f? 2008 Ekd0ifbmrSmawmh wkdif; jynf&ŒJ yxrqk;H ygwpD aHk ¶G;aumufyt JG +yD; tm%mukd +idr;f +idr;f csr;f csr;f eJ@ pGe@f vw $ cf yhJ gw,f? ol@ukdqufcHwJh rkd[mruf epf[d'f [m a*,Grf; r=umc%axmifcscJhwJh vl@tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;ol jzpfygw,f? touf 41 ESpf&Sd epf[d'fu ol@&mxl;vufcH tzGifhrdef@cGef;rSm ol@tpkd;&[m Ekid if w H umvl@tokid ;f t0kid ;f twGuf taumif;qk;H pHerlem jzpfap&r,fv@dk ar#mv f ifah =umif; a=unmoGm;ygw,f? 'g[m tm&StwGuf Oyrmaumif;jzpfovkd/ urBm}uD;u vkdtyfae wJh t&mvnf; jzpfygw,f?
0ifhxef; &nf!$ef; - Asia Democracy by Hannah Beech
tvif;&eHŒ*sme,foŒkd 'Dru kd a&pDavhvma&;/ Edik if w H nfaqmufa&;qdik &f mavhvma&;ESihf ywfoufaom pmrlrsm;udk atmufyg vdypf mtwdik ;f pmwdu k rf w S qifah omfvnf;aumif;/ tD;ar;vfjzifah omfvnf;aumif; ay;ydŒk Edik yf gonf? ay;ydŒk &mwGif pma&;ol. trnf&if;ESihf qufo, G &f ef vdypf mtjynft h pHu k kd wygwnf; xnfo h iG ;f ay;apvdyk gonf? wm0efcHt,f'Dwm P.O Box (294), CMU P.O, Chiang Mai 50202, Thailand E-mail:
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