0301

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

aemfZ;kd

jyifopftawG;tac:tajccH vlrv _ @l tzG@J tpnf;t,ltq vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; civil society ESifh ywfoufI acwfopfEdkifiHa&; tawG; tac:e,fy,fwGif tajccHt,ltq ESpf&yf&Sd.? yxrt,ltqwpf&yfrSm aps;uGuf rsufESmpmudk rlvtajccHðyo!fh zGifhqdk&Sif;vif;r_jzpfonf? t*FvdyfvlrsKd; EdkifiHa&; oabmw&m;ynm&Sif *|efavmhcf. a&;om;wifjycsufrsm;t& vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; qdkonfrSm vlom;wdk@. ukefxkwfvkyfr_/ zvS,fr_/ pm;oHk;r_jzpfpOfwGif jyifyoufa&mufr_ uif;pGmjzifh ud, k yf ikd Of ya'orsm;twdik ;f jzpfay:aeo!fh tjyeftvSef v_y&f mS ;aqmif¶u G rf _ rsm;tm;vHk;udk qdkvdkonf? TzGifhqdkr_rSm t*Fvdyf-tar&duef vpfb&,f0g'wGif vlr_ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifhywfoufI aomhcsufusaom t,ltqjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh yk*~vdue,fy,fwpf&yfjzpfonfh vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm; EdkifiHawmfpGufzufr_rS uif; vGwfap&ef twwfEdkifqHk;umuG,f&ef vdktyfonf[k qdk=uonf? 'kwd,t,ltqrSm rGefwuf(p)usLŒESifh tvufZENm;awmhcfAD;vf ponfh jyifopftawG;tac:q&mrsm;. a&;om;wifjycsufrsm;tay: tajcðyay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf[k tawG;tac:rsm; ordkif;wGif qdk=uonf? t*Fvdyf-tar&dueft,ltqESifh tjrifuGJjym;onf? xdkuJhodk@ jyifopftpOftvmtawG;tac:rS qif;oufvmonfh t,ltqt& vlr_vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;tm; aps;uGufe,fy,ftjzpf r±_jrifay? tenf;ESifhtrsm;qdkovdk EdkifiHawmf. trSDtcdkuif;+yD; wnf&Sdaeonfh apwemh0efxrf; toif;tyif;rsm;/ vGwfvyfaom tpnf;t&Hk;rsm;. tpkta0;tjzpf ,lqonf? Tt,ltqt& vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; tm; EdkifiHawmf.qef@usifbuftjzpf owfrSwfjcif;r&Sday? A[dktpdk;&ESifh tjcm;tm%m qHkcsufrsm;t=um; tm;r#ajcwpf&yftjzpf wnf&Sdaejcif;jzpfonf[k qdkonf? ,if;odk@ rwl u G J j ym;onf h tajccH t ,l t qES p f & yf t euf jyif o pf t pOf t vmvuf a wG @ rS qif;oufvm+yD; 18 &mpkwGif pwifvmcJhaom 'kwd,t,ltqtm; ,ckpmpkwGif avhvmwifjyoGm;ygrnf? xdkodk@wifjy&mwGif tawG;tac:ordkif;wGif vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; t,ltqaemufcHESifhywfoufI xif&Sm;onfh rGefwuf(p)usLŒ ESifh tvufZENm; awmhcfAD;vfwdk@ uJhodk@aom tawG;tac: '\eq&mrsm;. a&;om;wifjycsufrsm;ESifh xdktcsdefumv EdkifiHa&;aemufcHrsm;udk qufpyfwifjyoGm;rnf jzpfonf? 4

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

rGefwuf(p)usLŒ ESifh Oya'rsm;. 0dnmOf (Montesquieu & "Esprit des lois") tawG;tac:oabmw&m;ordkif;wGif vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifhywfoufI jyifopftpOftvmt,ltqudk avhvmrnfqdkygu rGefwuf(p)usLŒESifh ol. emrnf ausmf usrf;wpfapmifjzpfonfh 1748 ckESpfxkwf ‘Oya'rsm;. 0d^mOf’ The Sprit of the Laws (1748) udk aemufa=umif;jyefajc&mcH&ef vdt k yfayvdrrhf nf? od@k aomf rGew f uf(p) usLŒ taejzifh xdktcsdefu vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; civil society [lonfh a0g[m&udk oHk;E_ef; wifjycJhjcif; r[kwfay? aemifwGif vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;t,ltq. tajccHjzpfvmonfh tdkif'D,mopfw&yfudk olu wifjycJhjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;rSm EdkifiHawmfwpf&yfwGif “=um;cH qufoG,fonfh tm%mtaqmuftHkrsm;” intermediary powers . ta&;ygr_tm; wifjycJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ rif;qdk;rif;npfrsm;/ tºuGif;rJhtm%mydkifbk&ifrsm;ESifhywfoufI tajccHum pOf;pm;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tpOftvm t&pPwdkw,foabmw&m;t& rif;qdk;rif;npfrsm; odk@r[kwf tvGeftu|H tºuGif;rJhtm%musifhoHk;r_rsm;rSm bk&if wpfyg;csif;pD. yk*~dKvfa&;tay:tajccHIjzpf&aom tusifhysufr_wpf&yftjzpfom ,lq onf? odk@aomf rGefwuf(p)usLŒ.tqdkt& tkyfpdk;olwdkif;onf Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;u cGiðhf yxm;onhf twdik ;f twmxufausmv f eG I f ‚if;wd@k . tm%mudu k sio hf ;kH &ef t+rJwap óud;yrf;wwf=uonf? tkyfpdk;olwpfOD;wnf;. tkyfcsKyfr_wGif w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk xdef;odrf;Edkif&eftwGuf wenf;tm;jzifh Oya'ESifhtnD tkyfcsKyfap&eftwGuf pnf;rsOf; abmifowfrSwfr_rsm;/ taqmufttHkqdkif&m e,fy,ftuef@towfrsm; vdktyfonf? jyifopfEdkifiHuJhodk@ Oa&mybk&ifpepfEdkifiHrsm;wGifwnf&Sdaom rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,f txuf wef;v$m nobility rSm tkyfpdk;oltm; obm0t& xdef;csKyfuef@owfr_ðyonfh taqmuf ttHkrsm;jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,ftxufwef;v$mrsm;u bk&ifxHrS tcsKyf tjcmtm%mudk Oya't& cGJa0usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh&Sdjcif; r[kwfay? rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,f txuf wef;v$mrSm =um;cHtm%mtaqmufttHkw&yfjzpf+yD; EdkifiHa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m tvHk;pHkydkifqdkifonfhbk&if. vufatmufcHomjzpfonf? =um;cHtm%mtaqmufttHk rsm;onf tm%mpD;qif;onfhvrf;a=umif;udk =um;cHaqmif¶Gufay;&efjzpfonf[lI rGefwuf(p)usLŒu qdkonf? ol. tqdkyg tuef@towfjzifh tm%mydkifbk&ifpepfyHkpH wGif vufatmufcHtm%mtaqmufttHkwpf&yftm; pepfwusvnfywfapjcif;jzifh vGwfvyfr_ liberty udk xdef;odrf;umuG,fxm;onf? =um;cHtaqmufttHkrsm;u A[dktpdk;& (bk&ifhtm%m) udk tuef@towfðyEdkifonfrSm ‚if;wdk@taejzifh tm%mudk cGJa0&,lxm;jcif;a=umifh r[kwfay? ‚if;wdk@a=umifh tm%musifhoHk;r_udk tvG,fwul rjzpfapbJ/ ydkrdkcufcJapI jzpfonf? rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. tqdkt& bk&ifpepfw&yfwGif 5

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

vGwfvyfr_udkxdef;odrf;umuG,f&ef vlr_a&;t& tqifhtwef;cGJjcm;r_ (qdkvdkonfrSm txufwef;v$mvlwef;pm;wpf&yf) vdktyfonf? odk@rSom tqdkyg “=um;cHtm%m taqmufttHk” jzifh rif;usifhw&m;ESifhrnDaom tkyfpdk;ol. tºuGif;rJhtm%mudk uef@owfEdkifrSmjzpf+yD; vGwfvyfr_udk xdef;odrf;Edkifayvdrfhrnf? jyifopfawmfvSefa&;ESifh rGefwuf(p)usLŒ.t,ltqtay:oabmxm; vGwfvyfr_udk xdef;odrf;&ef vdktyfcsufwpf&yftjzpf rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,f txuf wef;v$mrsm;tm; tumtuG,fðycJhonfh rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. bk&ifpepfyHkpHt,ltqrSm 18 &mpk. 'kwd,&mpk0ufwav#mufvHk;wGif twdkif;twmwpfcktxd us,fus,f jyef@jyef@ =oZmv$rf;rdk;cJhonf? vl0D 15 ESifh vl0D 16 bk&ifrsm;vufxuf tºuGif;rJh oufOD; qHydkifusifhoHk;r_tm; qef@usifonfh tiftm;aumif;vmaom twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; wGif rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. =um;cHtm%mtaqmufttHkrsm;vdktyfjcif;t,ltqudk udkifpGJolrsm; trsm;tjym;&SdcJhonf? odk@aomf 1789 ckESpf jyifopfawmfvSefa&; t&S d e f t jrif h q H k ; umvwG i f rG e f w uf ( p)usLŒ. t&pP w d k c &uf w pf vpf b &,f 0 g' aristocratic liberalism tm; acwfaemufusaeaom t,ltqtjzpf jrifvmcJh =uonf? xdktajctaerSonf awmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; usrf;¶kd;&DywfbvDuef0g' (orwpepfvdkvm;onfh0g') classical republicanism ausmf=um;vmr_ESifhtwl rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. t&pPwdkc&ufwpf vpfb&,f0g'tm; rkef;wD;qef@usifr_rsm; }uD; xGm;vmcJhonf? awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;u t&pPwdkca&pDvlwef;pm; (rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,f txufwef;v$mrsm;) tm; vGwfvyfr_twGufvdktyfcsuftjzpf vufrcHonfhtjyif xdkvlwef;pm;tm; EdkifiHa&; vlr_a&; =oZmtm%mudk toHk;ðyzdESdyfolrsm;tjzpf owf rSwfvmcJh=uonf? rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. t,ltqrSm vHk;0uG,faysmufoGm; jcif; r&SdcJhay? orw*dk%f;om;rsm;. wdkuf¶dkuf'Drdkua&pD prf;oyfusifhoHk;r_ ratmifjrif o!fhtcg vGwfvyfr_udk umuG,fapmifha&SmufEdkifrnfh tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazG vm=uonf? vGwfajrmufr_[lonf “yk*~vdutrSDtcdkuif;r_udk +idrf;csrf;pGmcHpm;&jcif;” jzpf+yD;/ xdktajctaeudk udk,fpm;ðytaqmufttHkrsm;u umuG,fxdef;odrf;&rnf [laom t,ltqudk awmfvSefa&;vGefumv oabmw&m;a&;q&mrsm;u em;vnf vufcHvm=uonf? TwGif rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. t,ltqyHkpHudk jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom tjcm; enf;vrf;wpf&yftjzpf jyefvnfpOf;pm;vm=uonf? jyifopfawmfvSefa&;vGefumv 6

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:wGif t&pPwdkc&ufwpf vpfb&,f0g' ododomom jyefvnf 0ifa&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf? 1814 ckESpfwGif bk&ifpepfudk jyefvnf toufoGif;cJh+yD;aemuf rGefwuf(p) usLŒ. tjrifudk jyefvnftoHk;ðyolrsm;rSm bk&ifh*dk%f;om;rsm; jzpf=uonf? jyifopfwGif vGwfvyfr_udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;onf a'oE W&tvdkuf txufwef;v$mrsm; nobility tm; jyefvnfxlaxmifEdkifr_tay: wnfaeonf[k bk&ifh*dk%f;om;rsm;u ,Hk=unf=uonf? xdkuJhodk@aom t&pPwdkc&ufwpf vlwef;pm;wpf&yf r&SdcJhv#if tkyfpdk; olrSm rif;usifh0wfESifhtnD tkyfcsKyfjcif;r&SdyJ rif;qdk;tjzpf tvdktavsmuf ajymif;vJ oGm;rnfjzpf+yD;/ jyifopfawmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; }uHKcJh&aom rif;rJhtajctaeodk@ qdkufa&mufvdrfhrnf[k ,lq=uonf? t&pPwdkc&ufwpf vpfb&,ft,ltq jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;umvwav#mufvHk;wGif bk&ifh*dk%f;om;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;rSm twdkuftcHvpfb&,frsm;. jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefxdk;ESufr_ rsm;jzifh &ifqdkifcJh&onf? vpfb&,ftawG;tac:ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;u t&pPwdkc&ufwpfjyefvnftoufoGif;a&;udk rnfodk@r# rjzpfEdkifa=umif;/ 18 &mpkESifh awmfvSefa&;umvrsm;twGif; zGH@+zdK;vmaom vlr_ajymif;vJa&;oabmw&m;rsm;tm; udk;um;+yD; jyifopfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf tqifhwpfckodk@ jzpfay:wdk;wufvm+yDjzpfI wenf;tm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yfqDodk@ wufvSrf;ae+yDjzpfI bk&ifh*dk%f; om;rsm;yHkoGif;&ef óud;pm;aeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd; r[kwfawmha=umif; axmufjy jiif;ckefcJh=uonf? vpfb&,frsm;taejzifh bk&ifh*dk%f;om;rsm;. t,ltqtay: xdkuJhodk@ a0zefaxmufjycJ=h uaomfvnf; ‚if;wd@k u, kd w f ikd o f nfyif rGew f uf(p)usLŒ. =oZmv$r;f rd;k r_rS vGwfajrmufEdkifpGrf;r&Sd=uay? qef@usifbuf bk&ifh*dk%f;om;rsm;uJhodk@yif ‚if;wdk@ onfvnf; rif;usifhw&m;ESifhtnD tkyfcsKyfjcif;r&Sdonfh rif;qdk;rif;npfrsKd;udk tum tuG,rf hJ &ifqikd &f rnft h a&;tm; &ifav;cJ=h uonf? xdak =umifyh if awmfveS af &;vGeu f mv jyifopfwiG f vGwv f yfru _ kd xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufrnfh txufvm$ vlwef;pm;wpf&yf elite wnf&&dS ef (tpOftvmt& wnf&cdS ahJ om ajrydik &f iS f rSL;rsK;d rwfE, G t f xufwef;v$mrsK;d udk qdkvdkjcif;r[kwf) vdktyfa=umif; vpfb&,ftrsm;tjym;u ajymqdkvm=uonf? 7

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

TuJo h @kd vdt k yfcsuEf iS yhf wfoufI xdt k csed u f =oZmv$r;f rd;k cJo h rl mS Edik if aH &;ESihf ordkif;ynm&Sif bm&ef@wf Barante jzpfonf? bm&ef@wfrSmvnf; rGefwuf(p)usLŒtm; tvGefw&mrS =unfndKav;pm;oljzpfonf? rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. t,ltqrsm; txl; ojzifh rif;qdk;rif;npf ESifh ywfoufaom oHk;oyfcsufrsm;tay: axmufcHoljzpfonf? tu,fI EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;tm; woD;wjcm; txD;wnf;&Sdaeapygu olwdk@. tcGifh ta&;rsm; rqHk;±_H;ap&ef umuG,frnfhol uif;rJhaeayvdrfhrnf? tcGifhta&;rsm; csdK;azguf jcif;tm; ckcHumuG,f&efESifh y&rf;ywm r+idrfroufjzpfr_rS tpdk;&tm; tumtuG,f ay;&ef Om%ftajrmftjrif&adS om vGwv f yfonfh Edik if o H m;rsm;. txufwef;v$mwpf&yf vdktyfonf? odk@jzpfI vlr_a&;txufwef;v$mopfwpf&yf ay:xGef;&ef vdktyfae+yD;/ A[dkcsKyfudkifr_tm%mav#mhcsjcif; decentralization u jyifopfwGif ,if;odk@aom vlwef;pm;tv$mopfwpf&yfudk arG;zGm;vdrfhrnf[k bm&ef@wf u wifjycJhonf? A[dkcsKyfudkifr_tm%mav#mhcsjcif;tm; vlr_jyefvnfpkpnf;a&;twGuf ud&d,mwpf&yftjzpf bm&ef@wfu rlvu pdwf0ifpm;jcif; jzpfonf? ol. wifjycsufrSm ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwpf&yf jzpfay:vma&;r#om &nf¶G,fjcif; r[kwf ay? EdkifiHom;rsm;t=um; pnf;&Hk;pkzGJ@r_ pdwf"gwf the spirit of association between citizens udk tm;ay;jcif;jzifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm pkpnf;wnfaqmufxm;onfh vl@ tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yf jzpfay:vmap&ef &nf¶G,fjcif;jzpfonf? trsm;jynfol. vlr_ tusdK;pD;yGm;udk OD;xdyfyefqif&ef jzpfonf? a'oE W&qdkif&mtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;tm; vGwfvyfpGma¶G;aumufjcif;jzifh vlxkuvnf; xdkolwdk@udk rdrdwdk@. acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf todtrSwfðyvufcHvmrnf? xdka'oE W&tkyfcsKyfolrsm;rSm vlwef;pm;tv$mwpf&yf jzpfvmjcif;a=umifh xdkuJhodk@ A[dkcsKyfudkifr_tm%mav#mhcsjcif;u txufv$mvlwef;pm; opfwpf&yfudk ay:xGef;vmapvdrfhrnf? tqdkyg a¶G;aumufcH tkyfcsKyfa&;vlwef;pm;rSm wdk;wufaom vlr_txufwef;v$mtjzpf tkyfpdk;ol bk&ifESifh tkyfcsKyfcHjynfolwdk@t=um; qufoG,faygif;ul;onfh =um;cHwpfck jzpfvmrnf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; vlr_tqifh twef; ydkrdkjrifhrm;vmap+yD; EdkifiHa&;pepfwGif ae&may;jcif;jzifh ‚if;txufwef;v$m vlwef;pm;opfrSm tkyfpdk;olbk&iftwGuf *k%fxl;aqmif opPmcHrsm; jzpfvm+yD;/ wcsdef wnf;wGif tkyfpdk;ol. A[dktm%mtvGeftu|H usifhoHk;r_tE W&m,fudk umuG,fum trsKd;om;vGwfvyfr_ national liberty udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufolrsm; jzpfvmvdrfhrnf [k bm&ef@wfu a&;om;wifjycJhonf?

8

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

jyifopfwGif vGwfvyfr_ESifh wnf+idrfr_udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&eftwGuf txuf v $ m vl w ef ; pm;wpf & yf vd k t yf o nf [ l a om bm&ef @ wf . tqd k ð ycsuf u d k vpf b &,f r sm;u vuf c H c J h = uonf ? A[d k c sKyf u d k i f r _ t m%mav#mh c sjcif ; u Ed k i f i H . “'Drdkua&pD” odk@r[kwf blZGmtpdwftydkif;xJrS obm0t&yif txufwef;v$m wpf&yfudk ay:xGef;vmapvdrfhrnf? tqdkyg t&pPwdkca&pDvlwef;pm;opfu rif;qdk;rsm; ESifh rif;rJhtajctaersm;rS uif;a0;aprnf? odk@rSom tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf; the Charter t& xlaxmifxm;aom tpdk;& &Sifoefa&;udk tmrcHEdkifrnfjzpfonf? TonfrSm awmfvSefa&;vGefumv jyifopfEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:wGif acwfpm;cJhaom t&pPwdk c&ufwpf vpfb&,ft,ltqyif jzpfonf? awmhcfAD;vf ESifh t&pPwdkc&ufwpfvpfb&,f0g''Drdkua&pDtoGifajymif;jcif; bk&ifh*dk%f;om;rsm;todkif;t0dkif;wGif }uD;jyif;vm+yD; aemifwGif vpfb&,f wpfOD;jzpfvmonfh tvufZENm; awmhcfAD;vf Alexis de Tocqueville rSm jyifopf awmfvSefa&;vGef jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;umvaESmif;ydkif; &ifqdkifae&aom t"du jy\emrsm;ESifh tajzrsm;udk az:xkwfwifjycJholjzpfonf? ol. xif&Sm;aom usrf; jzpfonfh ‘tar&dum;&Sd 'Drdkua&pD’ Democracy in America rSm ,cif vpfb&,f0g'D wdk@. t,ltqrsm;tm; xif[yfum jyifopfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. vufawG@rsm;/ ol. tar&dum;tajctae avhvmcsufrsm;ESifh aygif;pyfI a&;om;ðypkcJhjcif;jzpfonf? jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;umv tjcm;vpfb&,frsm;uJhodk@yif ydkI 'Drdkua&pD usaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;opfwpf&yfqDodk@ jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;vkyfief;pOfrSm aemufjyef vSnfh&ef rjzpfEdkif[k awmhcfAD;vf u ,Hk=unfonf? odk@aomf t&pPwdkca&pD vlwef;pm; aysmufuG,fr_ESifhtwl A[dktm%mudk uef@owfo!fh a&S;tpOftvm taqmufttHk rsm; uG,af ysmufomG ;rnfh ta&;udv k nf; pd;k &drcf o hJ nf? xd@k a=umifh awmhcAf ;D vf u ppfaq; =uyfrwfxdef;!‡da&;pepfrsm; checks and balances zefwD;wnfaqmuf&ef vdktyf a=umif;/ topfjzpfxGef;vmo!fh t&pPwdkca&pDvGefacwfESifhtnD jzpf&efvnf; vdktyf a=umif; wifjycJhonf? awmhcfAD;vf u acwfopfordkif;udk }uD;jrwfaom 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&; vuQ%m owfrSwf&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ ‚if;awmfvSefa&;u vlr_tqifhtwef;udk jrifhwuf vmap+yD;/ EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;pDt=um; ydkI wef;wlnDr#r_tajctaeudk jzpfay:wdk;wuf 9

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

apa=umif; ponfjzifh a&;om;wifjycJhonf? wcsdefu oufOD;qHydkifbk&ifpepfudk xdef;csKyf&ef vdktyfr_t& jzpfwnfaeo!fh rSL;rwfEG,ftxufwef;v$mwdk@. tm%mESifh acwfa[mif;tpdk;&pepfatmuf jyifopfwGif wnf&SdcJhaom vGwfvyfr_yHkpHonf ,ckacwf tcgESifh ravsmfnDawmhojzifh jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef rvdktyfawmhay? xdk@a=umifh t&pPwdkc&ufwpf vGwfvyfr_qD aemufa=umif;jyefvSnfh&ef vHk;0rjzpfEdkifawmha=umif;/ “[ife&D 4 ESifh vl0D 14 uJhodk@ bk&ifpepfrsKd; jyefvnftoufoGif;&ef pOf;pm;olrsm;rSm rsufuef;rsm;omjzpfvdrfhrnf” [k ol. 1835 ckESpfxkwf ‘'Drdkua&pD’ usrf;wGif owd ay; axmufjycJhonf? awmhcfAD;vf . tqdkt& t&pPwdkc&ufwpf vGwfvyfr_rsKd; r[kwf onfh vGwfvyfr_yHkpHopfwpfrsKd; vdktyfae+yDjzpfonf? xdkpOfu tar&dum;wGif jynfolua¶G;cs,fo!fh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf vnfywf ae+yD;/ t&pPwdkca&pD vHk;0 r&Sdo!fh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yf jzpfxGef;aeonf? awmhcfAD;vf u xdkodk@aom tar&dum;&Sd jynfoltrsm;}udKuftkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpHudk oabmusv#uf &Sdaeonf? odk@aomf wcsdefwnf;wGif ol@taejzifh 'Drdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;onfyifv#if ppfaq;=uyfrwfr_ r&Sdv#if vGwfvyfr_udk +cdrf;ajcmufvmEdkifrnfh tajctae &Sdaeonf udkvnf; vufcH,Hk=unf.? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkuJhodk@aom 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwpfckwGif trsm;pku wu,fhtm;aumif;armif;oef tm%mudk ydkifpdk;=uonf? trsm;pk. oabmxm;tjrifpkpnf;r_ pGrf;tm;onfvnf; }uD;rm;vGef;vSonf? ta=umif;t&m udpP&yfwpfcktay: trsm;pk. oabmxm;tjrifpkpnf;&&Sdygu rnfo!fht&mur# xdktjrifudk &yfwef@EdkifpGrf;r&Sd/ taeSmuft,Sufay;EdkifpGrf;vnf; rwwfomay? xdkodk@ aom trsm;pk. tuef@owfrJh tºuGif;rJh tm%mydkifpdk;r_onf trsm;pku zdESdyfaom tm%m&Siftkyfpdk;oltajctaeodk@ tvG,fwulyif ul;ajymif;oGm;Edkifo!fh tE W&m,f &Sda=umif; awmhcfAD;vfu axmufjycJhonf? xdk@a=umifh awmhcfAD;vf. t,ltqu vlxk xHrS qif;oufonfh tcsKyftjcmtm%mudkyif t+rJwrf; uef@owfxm;oifhonf[k qdkonf? 'Drdkua&pDvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif; woD;wjcm;jyef@usJr_ESifh vlr_tqifh twef;rnDr#r_jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;a&;twGuf t&pPwdkca&pDudk jyefvnfzefwD; jcif;xuf oif;yif;pnf;&Hk;pkpnf;r_vkyfief;onfom ydkrdkta&;ygonf[k awmhcfAD;vfu qdo k nf? xd@k tjyif olu tar&dum;wGif tpd;k &. tkycf sKyfa&;tm%mtm; A[dck sKyfuikd rf _ tm%mav#mhcsa&;pepfu uef@owf xdef;ausmif;r_udk avhvmI Oa&my&Sd vGwfvyfr_udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufaomenf;vrf;yHkpHESifh Ed_if;,SOfwifjycJhonf? tm%monf ‚if;. 10

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

rlvtajccHt& tm;enf;aecsdefwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHawmf. vkyfydkifcGifhudk uef@owfEdkifor# uef@owfxm;v#ifaomfvnf;aumif; vGwfvyfr_udk umuG,f apmifh a&SmufEdkifrnf[k Oa&myom;wdk@u ,Hk=unf=uonf? qef@usifbuftm;jzifh tar&dum; wGifrl vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tcGifhta&;rsm;u tzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm;tay: ausmfvGefaer_udk vufc=H uonf? tm%mESiyhf wfoufIvnf; ‚if;.tajccHru l kd xdyg;jcif; rðyay? od@k aomf tm%musifhoHk;r_tydkif;wGifrl jzef@usuf cGJjcm;xm;onf? TuJhodk@ Ed_if;,SOfavhvm r_rSwqifh awmhcfAD;vfu tpdk;&rif;wdk@. tusifhysufjcpm;r_udk xdef;csKyfwm;qD;&ef a&S;,cifu txufwef;v$mrSL;rwfrsKd;EG,frsm;. vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk a'oE W& tkyfcsKyfa&;taqmufttHkrsm;/ toif;tyif;tpnf;t&Hk;rsm;u tvm;wl vkyfaqmif EdkifpGrf;&SdyHkudk ol. ‘'Drdkua&pD ('kwd,wGJ)’ wGif &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonf? awmhcfAD;vfu apwem0efxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. pum;twdkif; “omrefEdkifiHom; jynfolawGjzifh ,m,DpkzGJ@xm;onfh 'kwd,taqmufttHkrsm;” tjzpf az:!$ef;cJhonf? ‚if;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u EdkifiHom;rsm;. vGwfvyfr_udk ydkI vHk+cHKr_&Sdap+yD;/ olwdk@. wef;wl nDr#cGifhrsm;udk xdyg;jcif;vnf; r&Sday? Todk@ t&pPwdkca&pD &Sd&ef rvdkyJ vGwfvyfr_udk xdef;odrf;umuG,fEdkifa=umif; awmhcfAD;vfu wifjycJhonf? awmhcfAD;vf. txufygwifjycsufonf vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;oabmw&m; rsm;ord k i f ; wG i f ta&;}uD ; aom t,l t qa&;&m tcsd K ;tauG @ wpf & yf j zpf o nf ? ta=umif ; rS m a'ocH apwem0ef x rf ; taqmuf t tH k r sm; toif ; tyif ; rsm;. uGef,uftjzpf em;vnfxm;onfh vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm; tpdk;&rif;wdk@. tusifh ysufjcpm;r_udk xdef;csKyfwm;qD;&ef toifhavsmfqHk;tjzpf awmhcfAD;vfu OD;qHk; &yfcH wifjycJhI jzpfonf? awmhcfAD;vftaejzifh xdkt,ltqudk rGefwuf(p)usLŒxHrS tarGqufcHcJh+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;vGefumv jyifopfvufawG@tajctaeopfrsm;ESifhtnD wdk;csJŒcJhjcif;jzpfonf? A[dktpdk;& (tm%mydkifbk&if) udk uef@owfxdef;csKyf&ef =um;cH qufoG,fa&;tm%mtjzpf a&S;u &SdcJhonfh txufwef;v$mvlwef;pm;trsKd;rsKd;wdk@. ae&mwGif omrefEikd if o H m;jynfow l @kd . toif;tyif; tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk tpm;xd;k jcif;jzifh ta&;ygaom t,ltqopfw&yfudk wifjyEdkifcJhjcif; jzpfonf? rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. EdkifiHa&;yHkpHudk jyifopfawmfvSefa&;ESifhtwl ay:xGef;vmaom ydkrdkopfvGifo!fh 'Drdk ua&pDacwfESifhtnD yHkoGif;ðyjyifEdkifcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh awmhcfAD;vfonf rGefwuf(p) usLŒ. t&pPwdkc&ufwpfvpfb&,f0g'udk 'Drdkua&pDtoGifajymif;vdkufjcif;[k jyifopf ynm&Sif ,ef;uavmh vrfbmwD . wifpm;csufudk vufcH&ayrnf?

11

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

jyifopftawG;tac:rS qif;oufvmaom tajccHt,ltq awmhcfAD;vfESifh ol. vpfb&,faemufvdkufrsm;. t,ltqrSm acwfopf 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHawmfrsm; ay:xGef;vmr_udk aemufjyefvSnfhI rjzpfEdkif/ bk&m;ocif tvdk awmftwdkif; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_jzpfonf? xdkodk@wdk;wufr_jzpfpOfwGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf; twGif; woD;yk*~vtusdK;OD;wnfr_rsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;vm+yD; yk*~vdu0g' xGef;um;vm cJ h o nf ? Ed k i f i H o m;jynf o l r sm;twG i f ; trsm;jynf o l q d k i f & mb0rsm; wjznf ; jznf ; uif;rJhvm+yD; wpfOD;csif; wpfa,mufcsif; wppDjzpfaeonfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qDodk@ OD;wnf aev#uf&Sdonf? xdkuJhodk@aom tajctaersKd;atmufwGif A[dktm%mydkifrsm;. rif;usifhw&m;azgufzsufr_rsm; tusifhysufr_rsm;jzpfwwfonfh tvm;tvmrsm;udk umuG,fwm;qD;&ef A[dktm%mav#mhcsjcif;ESifh t&yfzuf EdkifiHom;toif;tyif;rsm; pnf;±Hk;pkzGJ@jcif;rsm; vdktyfa=umif; t,ltqudk awmhcfAD;vfESifh 'kwd,tifyg,m. ol@aemufvdkuf vpfb&,frsm;u a&S@aqmifcJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. t&pPwdkc&ufwpft,ltqrS pwifvmcJh+yD; jyifopfawmfvSefa&;aemufydkif; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmft,ltqay:xGef;vmcsdefwGif EdkifiH om;jynfolwdk@. vGwfvyfr_udk xdef;odrf;umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&efESifh 'Drdkua&pD vl@ tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd trsm;jynfolqdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm; tmrcHcsuf&Sdap&ef EdkifiHom;jynfol wdk@. toif;tyif;rsm; pnf;±Hk;pkzGJ@aqmif¶Gufa&;t,ltq jyifopf tawG;tac:wGif ay:xGef;vmjcif;onf vuf&Sd vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m t,ltq oabmw&m;rsm;. a&S@ajy;tajccHtawG;tac:rsm; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_jzpfpOf[k avhvmrdonfudk wifjyvdkuf ygonf?

aemfZdk; &nf!$ef; de Dijn, Annelien (2007): Civil Society in the History of Ideas: The French Tradition, Discussion Paper Nr. SP IV 2007-401, Social Science Research Centre Berlin (WZB). Taylor, Charles (1991): "Civil Society in the Western Tradition" in Ethel Groffier and Raymond Klibansky (eds.), The notion of tolerance and human rights: Essays in honour of Raymond Klibansky, Ontario. Alagappa, Muthiah (2004): "Civil Society and Political Change: An Analytical Framework" in Muthiah Alagappa (ed.), Civil Society and Political Change in Asia: Expanding and Contracting Democratic Space, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.

12