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vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ vlxktajcjyKvlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ t&yfzufvlr_vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;/ t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ vlxkvlwef;pm;tzGJ@tpnf; ponfjzifh jrefrmvdk a&;om; ajymqdkae=uwJh t*Fvdyfvdk Civil Society a0g[m&toHk;tE_ef;eJ@ t,ltq [m vlra_ &;odyeH` ,fy,frmS Ekid if o H m;jynfow l @kd &@J Edik if aH &;b0rsm;eJ@ywfoufv@kd avhvm oHk;oyfolynm&SifawG/ rl0g'a&;qGJolawG/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG/ EdkifiHa&;wufºuG v_yf&Sm;olawG/ vlr_a&;vkyfom;awG/ apwem0efxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;0ifawG/ owif; pme,fZif;avmuom;awG aqG;aEG;jiif;ckef=uwJhtcg/ avhvmoHk;oyf=uwJhtcg/ oabmxm;tjrifawG wifjy=uwJhtcg rjzpfrae oHk;&wJh a0g[m&/ &nf!$ef;&wJh t,ltq/ udk;um;&wJh vlr_a&;ody`Hoabmw&m; jzpfaeygw,f? toHk;jyK=uvGef;vdk@/ &nf!$ef;udk;um;=uvGef;vdk@ vltrsm;&J@ yg;pyfzsm;rSm a&yef;pm;ae+yD;/ ysdKwdkif;}udKufwJh ESif;qD vdkygyJ? aocsmwmuawmh vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; Civil Society &J@ oabmw&m; t,ltq[m us,fjyef@ovdk t,ltqa&;&m rwluGJjym;r_awGvnf; tawmfudk rsm;ygw,f ? xd k @ twl vl r _ v l @ tzG J @ tpnf ; toif ; tyif ; rsm; Civil Society Organizations - CSOs eJ@ywfoufvdk@ tpdk;&awG/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG/ EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;olawGxm;&SdwJh oabmxm;awGuvnf; trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHkygyJ? wcsdK@u tJh'Dvdk toif;tyif;rsm;udk 'Dru kd a&pDa&;tiftm;pkrsm;tjzpf owfrw S =f uayr,f/h wcsKd @uawmh txl;ojzifh tm%m&Siftpdk;&awGeJ@ ‚if;wdk@&J@ tvdkawmf&dawG ‚if;wdk@udk tm;ay; axmufcHolawGuawmh wnf+idrfat;csrf;r_udk xdyg;aESmuf,SufolawG/ olwdk@&J@ tem*wftjrifrsm; rl0g'rsm;az:aqmifa&;rSm ql;a!‡mifhcvkyfuefoif;awGtjzpf ±_jrif=uygw,f? 'gt h jyif tcsKd @ tcsKd @aom olrsm;uawmh olw@kd &@J tusKd ;pDymG ;rsm;twGuf vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm; CSOs . v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk uef@owfwm;jrpf&ef/ 0ifa&mufxdk;azguf&ef/ qGJaqmifodrf;oGif;&ef/ xdef;csKyf&ef 'grSr[kwf toHk;cs&ef enf; trsdK;rsdK;eJ@ }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf=uwmvnf; &Sdygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJh'Dvdk EdkifiHawmf tzGJ@tpnf;r[kwfwJh (non-state organizations)/ tpdk;&eJ@roufqdkifwJhtzGJ@tpnf; 1

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pwJ h toif ; tyif ; tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;u acgif;aqmifawG tzGJ@0ifawGeJ@ vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm yg0ifolawGuawmh olwdk@udkolwdk@ 'grSr[kwf olwdk@&J@tzGJ@tpnf;awG v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; Civil Society &J@ tpdwftydkif;tjzpf cH,l=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? (non-governmental organizations)

vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkwm tm%m/ rnDr#r_/ wdkufyGJ/ yÉdyuQjzpfr_/ yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufr_ pwJhudpP&yfawG&J@ e,fy,fjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;tjrif/ tusdK;pD;yGm;/ &nf&G,fcsuf/ t&if;tjrpf/ pGrf;&nf/ enf;emawG trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk rwluGJjym;wJh apwem0efxrf; toif; tyif;rsm;/ yHkpHtrsdL;rsdK;aom tpktzGJ@rsm; yg0ifv#uf&Sdaeygw,f? tJh'Dvdk toif;tyif; tpktzGJ@rsm;[m +rdK@jyrSma&m/ aus;vufawGrSmomru wcgw&H EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfawG rSmyg tajcpdkuf+yD; vGwfvyfpGm 'grSr[kwf uGef,ufrsm;ozG,f qufpyfum oufqdkif&m tusdK;pD;yGm;awG/ &nfrSef;csufawGtwGuf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufv#uf&Sdygw,f? tJh'Dvdk tusdK;pD;yGm;awG/ &nfrSef;csufawG rsdK;pHkjzpfaev#uf wcgw&H wzGJ@eJ@wzGJ@ yÉdyuQtoGif aqmifae=uwmawGvnf; &Sdwwfygw,f? vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ ta&;ygr_udk EdkifiHa&;tiftm;wpf&yftjzpf wurBmvHk; twdkif;twmtaeeJ@ ay:vGif xif&Sm;vmwmuawmh 1980 vGefESpfrsm;rSm jzpfygw,f? tJh'DumvawGrSm urBmvHk;qdkif&m yx0DEdkifiHa&;eJ@ pDyGm;a&;rSm tajccHupvdk@ tajymif; tvJawG t}uD;tus,f jzpfay:cJhygw,f? tm%m&SifEdkifiHawG uGefjrLepfEdkifiHawGuae 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHa&;pepfqDodk@ tvHk;t&if;eJ@ toGiful;ajymif;wJh umvvnf; jzpfygw,f? [efwifwefu “'Drdkua&pDwwd,v_dif;” vdk@ trnfwyfcJhwJh tJh'Dumvtajymif;tvJ/ zlul,m;rm;u “ordkif;ed*Hk;” qdk+yD; vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDatmifyGJtjzpf aºuG;a=umfcJhwJh tJh'Dordkif;jzpfpOfawGtwGif;rSm vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGu ta&;}uD;wJh tcef;u¾uae yg0ifcJhw,fqdk+yD; taemuftkyfpk EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG/ vpfb&,fynm&SifawG/ tJh'DjzpfpOfawGrSm udk,fwdkifudk,fusygcJholawGu todtrSwfjyK trSwfay;cJh=uygw,f? tJh'Dtcsdefupvdk@ vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; qdkwm tpOftvm pHerlemwpf&yfvdk jzpfvmcJh yg+yD? EdkifiHom;jynfolawG&J@ b0udk EdkifiHawmf&J@ zdESdyfr_awGuae vGwfajrmufapEdkifr,fh/ EdkifiHa&; pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfr_awG tjynfht0aqmifusOf;ay;Edkifr,fh taygif;vuQ%m aqmifr_tjzpf jrifvm=uygw,f? 'gqdk&if vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ b,fvdk qufpyfaevJ? EdkifiHa&; vGwfvyfr_toGifajymif;jcif; political liberalization 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;jcif; 2

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wdk@udk avhvmwJhtcg vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ tydkif;udk csefvSyf xm;cJhvdk@r&ygbl;? 'ghtjyif 'Drdkua&pDuspfvpfckdifrmzdk@qdk&if vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; zGH@+zdK; wdk;wuf&Sifoefvmzdk@ vdktyfw,fvdk@ ynm&Sifrsm;u wifjy=uygw,f? 'gayrJh vlr_ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ 'Drkdua&pD qufoG,fr_&Sdae&r,fvdk@awmh wxpfcsajymvdk@ r&jyefygbl;? vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGu 'Drdkua&pDudk tm;jzpfapr,fh tusdK;oufa&mufr_awG jzpfapEdkifovdk/ 'Drdkua&pDudkqef@usifwJh oufa&mufr_awGvnf; jzpfapwwfw,fvdk@ ajym=uygw,f? vufawG@rSm b,fvdkoufa&mufr_awG jzpfapEkdifovJqdkwmu vlr_ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;awGt=um; tm%mjyef@ESH@r_/ vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif; tyif;awG acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ EdkifiHa&;vl@tzGJtpnf; political society eJ@ EdkifiHawmf&J@ tzGJ@tpnf;awG acgif;aqmifawGt=um;u AsL[majrmuf tquftpyfawG/ EdkifiHwum taetxm;awGtay:rSm wnfaew,fvdk@ 0g&Sifweftajcpdkuf ta&S@-taemuf avhvma&; okawoeXme !$ef=um;a&;rSL; rloD&mtvm*wfyg Muthiah Alagappa u olwnf;jzwfxw k af 0wJh ‘tm&S. vlrv _ @l tzG@J tpnf;ESihf Edik if aH &;tajymif;tvJ’ Civil democratic transitions

Society and Political Change in Asia: Expanding and Contracting Democratic Space pmtkyfrSm a&;om;wifjyxm;ygw,f?

qufvuf+yD; olu vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;awGwdkif;rSm 'Drdkua&pD a&;twGuf OD;wnfcsuaf wG/ vkyif ef;pOfawG r&S=d uygb;l / 'Dru kd a&pDa&;twGuf taxmuf tuljzpfapwmvnf; r[kwfygbl;vdk@ qdkygw,f? wcsdK@qdk&if &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&SdeJ@udk 'Drdkua&pDqef@usifa&;vkyf=uwmawG/ olwdk@&J@vkyf&yfawGu 'Drdkua&pDa&;udk taESmuf t,SufjzpfapwmawGawmif &Sd=uw,fvdk@ ynm&Sif rmhcf0g&if; Mark E. Warren eJ@ udof0Spfwifwef Keith Whittington wdk@udk udk;um;+yD; wifjyxm;wmudk owdjyKp&m tjzpf awG@&ygw,f? rl o D & mtvm*wf y g &J @ a&;om;wif j ycsuf r S m avh v mp&mwpf c suf u 'Drdkua&pDa&;udk v_H@aqmfpnf;±Hk;aewJh vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tkyfpkawGtaeeJ@ EdkifiHa&; vl@tzGJtpnf; political society eJ@ Oya'jyKa&;taqmufttHk legislature awGeJ@ qufpyfEdkifcJh&if olwdk@&J@ v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_awG[m ydk+yD;xda&mufEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f? tJh'Dvdk vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tkyfpkawGeJ@ EdkifiHa&;vl@tzGJtpnf;=um; r[mrdwfzGJ@r_[m tm%m&Sit f pd;k &awGukd xda&mufwhJ pdeaf c:r_jzpfvmvdrrhf ,fv@kd avhvmrSwo f m;rdwmudk wifjyvdkuf&ygw,f? ÐÐÐÐÐ 3

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