Artemisininbased Combination Therapy: Indian Perspective Third Joint WHO/MMV Artemisinin Conference 28 30 September 2009, Mumbai, India
Neena Valecha M.D.
Scientist F National Institute of Malaria Research New Delhi
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Talk Overview • • • • • • • • • •
Global Malaria Scenario Malaria in India National Drug Policy / Antimalarials registered in India Chloroquine resistance leading to introduction of ACTs Efficacy of existing ACTs in India Efficacy of new ACTs ACT supply/availability in public & private sector Use of Artemisinin monotherapy & its implications: India & global Regulation in India to ban monotherapy SWOT Analysis
• • • • • • • • • •
Global Malaria Scenario Malaria in India National Drug Policy / Antimalarials registered in India Chloroquine resistance leading to introduction of ACTs Efficacy of existing ACTs in India Efficacy of new ACTs ACT supply/availability in public & private sector Use of Artemisinin monotherapy & its implications: India & global Regulation in India to ban monotherapy SWOT Analysis
Global Distribution of Malaria (2007)
Malaria free, No transmission for a decade Prevention of reintroduction Elimination Preelimination Control
GLOBAL ESTIMATES
Cases 189 327 million/ year Deaths 0.61.2 million/ year
37% of 6.6 billion population at risk World Malaria Report 2008
Countries that account for 90% cases 10 outside the African Region
19 in the African Region Estimated number of malaria cases (millions)
20
40
60
80
Estimated number of malaria cases (millions)
100
Nigeria
India
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Sudan
Uganda
5
10
15
Myanmar
Ethiopia United Republic of Tanzania
Bangladesh
Niger
Indonesia
Kenya
Papua New Guinea
Burkina Faso Ghana
Pakistan
Mali
Brazil
Cameroon
Somalia
Angola
Afghanistan
Côte d'Ivoire Mozambique Chad Guinea Zambia
:Top six malaria burden countries in the African Region Nigeria, DRC, Uganda, Ethiopia, Niger and Tanzania
Malawi Benin
World Malaria Report 2008
Countries that account for 90% deaths 18 in the African Region
7 outside the African Region
Estimated number of malaria deaths (thousands) Estimated number of 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 deaths (thousands)
Nigeria
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Estimated number of malaria deaths (thousands)
10
20
30
40
50
Sudan India
Uganda Ethiopia
Myanmar
United Republic of Tanzania
Bangladesh
Niger Kenya
Somalia
Burkina Faso
Indonesia
Ghana Mali
Papua New Guinea
Cameroon Angola Côte d'Ivoire Mozambique Chad Guinea Zambia Malawi
World Malaria Report 2008
• • • • • • • • • •
Global Malaria Scenario Malaria in India National Drug Policy / Antimalarials registered in India Chloroquine resistance leading to introduction of ACTs Efficacy of existing ACTs in India Efficacy of new ACTs ACT supply/availability in public & private sector Use of Artemisinin monotherapy & its implications: India & global Regulation in India to ban monotherapy SWOT Analysis
India’s contribution to malaria in SEA (2007)
Myanmar 9% Sri Lanka 0.1% Indonesia 15%
Thailand Timor Leste 1% Nepal 2% 0.2%
2%
Bhutan 0.1%
DPR Korea 0.3%
India 71%
India contributes to 71% of total malaria cases in the SEA region
Malaria in India N
W
N E
W
Ja m m u & K a s h m ir
Ja m m u & K a s hm ir
S
E S
Hi m a c h a l P r ad e sh
Hi m a c ha l P rad e sh P u nj a b Ch an di g a r h
P un j a b Ch an d i ga r h
Utta r a nc ha l
De lh i
Ha rya n a
S ik ki m Utta r Pr a d e s h
M eg h a la y a Jh ark ha n d
M ad hy a P r a de sh
M eg h a la y a
Na ga l an d M an ip u r
Jh ar k ha n d
M ad h y a P r a d e sh
T rip u ra W e st Be ng a l
Ass a m
Na g a l an d
Bi ha r
Ass a m
G u j a ra t
Utta r P r a d e s h
Ra ja s tha n
Bi ha r
M an ip u r
Tr ip u r a W e st Be n g a l
G u j a ra t
M izo ra m
Ch h a ttis g ar h
M izo ra m Da m a n & Di u
Ch h a ttis g ar h
O r is s a
Da dr a & N a g a r H a v el i M ah a ra s h tr a
Da m a n & Di u
API 2007 > 10 .00 5.01 10. 00 2.01 5.0 0 1.01 2.0 0 < 1.0 0
O ris s a
Da dr a & N a ga r H a v el i
M ah a ra s h tr a
API 1995 > 10 .00 5.01 10. 00 2.01 5.0 0 1.01 2.0 0 <= 1.00
A n d hra P ra d es h Goa
A nd h r a P ra d es h Goa Ka r n a ta ka
P o nd ic he r r y
Ka r na ta ka
Ta mil Ke r a la
P on d ic he r ry Ke ra la L a ks h ad w e e p
L a ks h ad w e e p
N a du An d am a n & N ic o b ar I sl a n ds
Tamil N adu An d am a n & N ic o b ar I sl a nds
199 5
Ar u n a c h a l P r ad es h S ik ki m
Arun a c h a l Pr ad es h
De lh i
Ra ja s tha n
Utta r a nc h a l
Ha r ya n a
200 7
Malaria in India
7 6
80
60
Pv cases
4 Pf %
3
70
SPR
50 40
2
30
1
10 7
5
3
2001
99
97
95
93
91
89
87
85
83
81
79
77
75
73
71
69
67
65
63
1961
0
20
ABER
0
Pv%,Pf%,SPR,ABER
Pv & Pf Cases in million
90
Pf Cases
5
100
Pv %
Malaria in India State wise distribution
Chandigarh 0% Uttaranchal 0%
Uttar Pradesh 5%
Daman & Diu 0% D & N Haveli
A.N. Islands 0%
0%
Andhra Pradesh 2% N.E. States 9%
Delhi 0%
Bihar 0%
West Bengal 10%
Tamil Nadu 2%
Chattisgarh 13%
Sikkim 0%
Goa 1%
Rajasthan 5%
Gujarat 6%
Punjab 0%
Haryana 0%
Orissa 23% Maharashtra 3%
Himachal Pradesh 0% Madhya Pradesh 7%
Kerala 0%
Karnakata 6%
Jharkhand 7%
Jammu & Kashmir 0%
Source: NVBDCP
Sufferings due to malaria
“Malaria kills more people than Maoists in Orissa”
The Times of India 21 Jun 2009 BHUBANESWAR: Killings by Maoists in Orissa attract a lot of attention, but malaria claims many more lives in the remote villages across the state and not much note is taken of them. Official sources said as many as 1255 people succumbed to malaria during the past 5 years, while 133 people became victims to Maoist violence in the state
Artemisia Annua
• • • • • • • • • •
Global Malaria Scenario Malaria in India National Drug Policy / Antimalarials registered in India Chloroquine resistance leading to introduction of ACTs Efficacy of existing ACTs in India Efficacy of new ACTs ACT supply/availability in public & private sector Use of Artemisinin monotherapy & its implications: India & global Regulation in India to ban monotherapy SWOT Analysis
National Drug Policy
•
All fever cases should preferably be investigated for malaria by microscopy or RDK
•
ACT is the first line of antimalarial drug for treatment of P. falciparum in resistant areas (4mg/kg bw artesunate daily for 3 days + 25mg/kg bw of sulphadoxine/ sulphalene + 1.25 mg per kg bw of pyrimethamine on the first day); cluster of PHCs surrounding CQ resistant PHC; 117 districts in high endemic tribal states & North East
•
Only in low risk areas, Pf cases to be treated with CQ 25mg/kg over 3 days + PQ 0.75 mg/kg bw on 1st day
•
Microscopically positive Pv cases to be treated with CQ 25mg/kg bw over 3 days + PQ 0.25 mg/kg bw x 14 days
http://nvbdcp.gov.in/
Antimalarial drugs registered in India
• • • • •
Chloroquine Amodiaquine Mefloquine Quinine Artemisinin derivatives (only injectable can(?) be
• • • •
AS+SP blister pack Artemetherlumefantrine AS+MQ blister pack Primaquine
marketed as single agent )
Journey of malaria treatment • • • • • • • • •
Drug Policy first drafted in 1982 Presumptive treatment at peripheral level 600mg of CQ as single dose and SP for resistant Pf at PCD and Radical treatment only if confirmed diagnosis In 1995 dose of CQ for presumptive treatment increased to 1500 mg but single dose continued in low risk areas PQ regimen for 5 days for vivax malaria Delay in diagnosis/ Radical treatment as only microscopy was available Artemisinin derivatives registered in 2004 SP replaced by ACT in 2004/5 AL registered in 2006/7 Presumptive treatment abolished & PQ dose revised in 2008
Challenges in Treatment • Lack of awareness of clinicians for rational treatment • Limited availability of effective antimalarial drugs • Over the counter availability of drugs leading to wrong/ subtherapeutic treatment • Inadequate referral services • Poor management information system for early warning signals • Issue of chemoprophylaxis in pregnant women • Issue of drug resistance monitoring and quality assurance and quality control of drugs, diagnostics
• • • • • • • • • •
Global Malaria Scenario Malaria in India National Drug Policy / Antimalarials registered in India Chloroquine resistance leading to introduction of ACTs Efficacy of existing ACTs in India Efficacy of new ACTs ACT supply/availability in public & private sector Use of Artemisinin monotherapy & its implications: India & global Regulation in India to ban monotherapy SWOT Analysis
Drug Resistance /Therapeutic Efficacy monitoring
•
First case of CQ resistance reported from Karbi Anglong in Assam in 1973 followed by Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh
•
Systematic monitoring initiated in 6 centers in 1978 later increased to 12
•
Increase in RII/RIII response observed in next decade in states of Assam, Nagaland, Orissa, West Bengal, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu
•
25% RII/RIII resistance was criteria for change at only PHC level
•
From 2001 onwards therapeutic efficacy protocol adopted
•
10% treatment failure used as cut off point
•
Only 1% population covered for 2nd line drug till 200405
Drug Resistance/ Therapeutic Efficacy monitoring
•
More than 80% of 143 studies conducted from 200107 showed failure more than 10%
•
Treatment failure of more than 10% observed in 71% of 473 studies conducted since 1973
•
Data from 16 in vivo studies for SP during 1992 to 2005 shows>10% failure in only 5
•
Evidence of progressive increase in DHPS and DHFR mutations from many parts of country
•
Policy revised in 2008 and ACT recommended for about 117 districts
•
Studies in 15 sites every alternate year will be taken up by NIMR/NVBDCP with WB support
Districts showing CQ resistance in P. falciparum
10% in any study and with treatment failure <10% in all studies between 19782007 P. falciparum endemic areas
Lancet Inf Dis (Under Review)
Chloroquine resistance in P.falciparum
Acta Tropica 2009; 111: 2128
Chloroquine resistance in P.falciparum
Pattern of Resistance to chloroquine over time
Studies for mechanism of chloroquine resistance in P. falciparum Mdr I gene : • Role of N86Y mutation in Pfmdr I in CQ resistance reported in some studies • Isolates with nil/single mutation generally are susceptible to chloroquine while those with two or more mutations are generally resistant • In NIMR study Pfmdr I mutations appeared not to be associated with clinical response Pfcrt : • K76T mutation in Pfcrt protein proposed as marker • Out of 274 isolates mutation detected in all chloroquine non responders and 96% responders (71/74) • Correlation of K76T mutation with in vitro chloroquine response variable
Trans Royal
Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004; 70:2569
•
Molecular genotyping for CQ resistance in Indian field Isolates
• •
• • •
•
Analysis of pfcrt mutations & haplotypes from low & high endemic areas High endemic regions Higher diversity in respect of pfcrt haplotypeSVMNT (S.Am), CVIET (SEA), CVMNK (wild) Low endemic regions SVMNT only
2 3
1
1 0
High prevalance of mutant alleles and haplotypes among the isolates of different regions reflect the presence of resistant strains in the country
9
6
Threonine at codon76 (76T) was prevalent in both chloroquine responders and non responders Lysine at codon76 (K76) was observed only in clinical responders (10%) and never in nonresponders
1 1
5
4
1 2
8 7 CVMNK
SVMNT
High Endemic
CVIET
Low endemic
1. Delhi 2. Dadri 3. Udaipur 4. Nadiad 5. Panna 6. Goa 7. Rameswarum 8. Chennai 9. Sundergarh 10. Antagarh 11. Sukna 12. Kamrup
Annals of Trop Med Parasitol 2008;102: 110
Sulfadoxinepyrimethamine resistance in P.falciparum
• Studies in 312 field samples • Rate of mutations higher for DHFR than DHPS • Number of isolates with double DHFR & single DHPS mutation increased over 5 years especially in NE
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 ;48:87989
Chloroquine resistance in P. vivax
Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100: 831837 Annals Trop Med Parasitol 2008; 102: 110
WHO treatment guidelines to combat drug resistance Combinations recommended: •
Artemisinin based combinations – Artesunate + amodiaquine – Artesunate + sulfadoxine pyrimethamine – Artesunate + mefloquine – Artemetherlumefantrine The efficacy of ACT depends on the efficacy of the partner drug
WHO calls for use of ACTs and careful monitoring of their efficacy
Artemisinin • Developed in china in 1960s • Free radical production in parasite food vacuole and inhibition of parasite calcium ATPase • Key advantage is rapid action against all erythrocytic stages including gametocytes • Till date resistance not common • Short half life leads to recrudescence • Combination with long acting partners suggested • FDCs are being developed
Combination therapy: Why? • Combination therapy is simultaneous use of two or more blood schizonticidal drugs with independent modes of action and different biochemical targets in the parasite • Artemisinin is most rapid acting antimalarial and combination with long acting partner is needed to prevent recrudescence • Falciparum malaria is the main domain of combination therapy, due to the development of drug resistance
ACT in National Drug Policy Sites with revised Drug Policy • 256 PHCs in 48 districts declared CQ resistant • SPArtesunate Combination Therapy (ACT) introduced as first line treatment in these foci and surrounding clusters of PHCs • ACT treatment to all Pf cases in 67 districts in NE states (Jan 08) • ACT approved for 50 endemic districts of 5 WB states (Jan 08)
Source: NVBDCP
• • • • • • • • • •
Global Malaria Scenario Malaria in India National Drug Policy / Antimalarials registered in India Chloroquine resistance leading to introduction of ACTs Efficacy of existing ACTs in India Efficacy of new ACTs ACT supply/availability in public & private sector Use of Artemisinin Monotherapy & its implications: India & global Regulation in India to ban Monotherapy SWOT Analysis
Efficacy of ACT (AS+SP) implemented in National Drug Policy (2006-08)
•
Artesunate 200 mg ODx 3 days with single dose of SP
•
Rapid parasite and fever clearance
•
Cure rates 96100%
•
Safe and well tolerated
Efficacy of Artemether – Lumefantrine in India
• Widely used FDC globally • Highly effective, well tolerated • Registered in India • 93% patients cleared parasites in 48 h
• 28 day cure rate 100% • No serious adverse effects • Dosing: twice daily for 3 days
Malaria J 2009; 8: 107
• • • • • • • • • •
Global Malaria Scenario Malaria in India National Drug Policy / Antimalarials registered in India Chloroquine resistance leading to introduction of ACTs Efficacy of existing ACTs in India Efficacy of new ACTs ACT supply/availability in public & private sector Use of Artemisinin monotherapy & its implications: India & global Regulation in India to ban monotherapy SWOT Analysis
Efficacy of new ACTs (200508)
ArtesunateAmodiaquine The treatment was administered to the two groups (A and B), using the predetermined randomization list Group A (AS/AQ Fixed Dose Combination tablets) The tablets were designed as • Pediatric / lower strength (L) 25mg/67.5mg • Adult / higher strength (H) 100mg/270 mg Administered by oral route, once daily for three days and dose titrated according to age (1 to 2 tablets of ‘L’ or ‘H’ strength) Group B (AQ tablets) •153 mg base • Administered by oral route, once daily for three days and the number of tablets titrated according to age and weight
ArtesunateAmodiaquine 100.0 95.0
Cure rates 92.4
88.3
90.0 % 85.0
97.5
83.0
ASAQ AQ
80.0 75.0
Before PCR correction (p = 0.014)
After PCR correction (p = 0.001)
ArtesunateAmodiaquine Safety • Hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC count, total WBC count, neutrophils and lymphocytes • Significantly improved towards normal ranges in each group over the followup visits • No difference among treatment groups
• Total bilirubin, AST, ALT, serum creatinine
• Significantly improved towards normal ranges in each group over the followup visits • No difference among treatment groups
ArtesunateAmodiaquine • ASAQ may be considered as an option for uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in India where appropriate • High Cure rates • Rapid parasite clearance • Well tolerated • Easy to administer • Cost effective • Results consistent with previous studies with ASAQ in Africa • Registration approved
Dihydroartemisinin Piperaquine • Randomized, noninferiority trial, to assess the efficacy
and safety of Dihydroartemisinin + Piperaquine (DHA+PQP, Eurartesim) in comparison with Artesunate + Mefloquine (AS+MQ) in children and adults with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria
• Countries and number of randomized patients:
Thailand (700), Laos (300), India (150). In total 1150 patients
• Followup for efficacy up to Day 63 with secondary
analyses at Days 28 and 42
Dihydroartemisinin Piperaquine Cure Rates at Day 28, 42 and 63 Uncorrected Cure Rate 100 90
98.2
100
91.2 93.8
PCRcorrected Cure Rate
85.4
% 80
90
97.6
98.7 97.0
70
60
60
50
50
Day 42
99.2
80 66.4
Day 28
97.9
%
75.5
70
99.9
Day 63
Day 28
Day 42
Day 63
DHA+PQP
Results in the other populations are similar in comparative terms
AS+MQ
Dihydroartemisinin Piperaquine New Infections up to Day 63
Results in the other populations are similar in comparative terms
Dihydroartemisinin Piperaquine
•
The study has demonstrated that DHA+PQP is non inferior to AS+MQ on the PCRcorrected cure rate at Day 63 (primary endpoint). Since performance of AS+MQ is consistent with expectations, this also demonstrates that DHA+PQP is efficacious
•
The study shows superiority of DHA+PQP vs AS+MQ on the uncorrected cure rate at Day 63. DHA+PQP reduces the rate of new infections in a statistically and clinically significant way as compared to AS+MQ
OZ 277/RBx11160(Arterolane) • OZ 277 first synthesized by Prof. Jonathan Vennerstrom • Further characterized in collaboration of Swiss Tropical Institute, Monash University & Roche Pharmaceuticals with support of MMV • Ranbaxy chosen as partner for further development of OZ 277 • RBx 11160 is the maleate salt that has been taken up for clinical development due to its better solubility
OZ 277/RBx11160(Arterolane) • Multicenter, Parallel group, Randomized, Open label study • Treatments
• Regimen A • Arterolane maleate 150 mg + PQP 750 mg tablet • Dose: Once a day for 3 days • Regimen B • Coartem® tablets (Artemether 20 mg and Lumefantrine 120 mg) • Dose: 4 tablets twice a day for 3 days
OZ 277/RBx11160(Arterolane) • No failures reported in the test arm • 1 failure in the comparator arm at D21 (PCR analysisrecrudescence) Parameter
Arterolane+PQP N=158
Coartem N=78
Median 2575 (hrs) percentile
Median 2575 (hrs) percentile
FCT
24
2424
24
2424
PCT
30
2340
30
2342
OZ 277/RBx11160(Arterolane) • • •
Both regimens well tolerated; Adverse events mild to moderate intensity Two SAEs 1 on Test and the 1 on Reference arm; both the SAEs judged to be not related to the study treatment S. No.
Event
Treatment
1
Malena
Coartem
2
Hyperventilation Arterolane + syndrome – Piperaquine agitation, hyperventilation & restlessness
Outcome Event reported on Day 1; Patient withdrawn; rescue treatment administered Event reported on Day 4 ; patient completed the 28 day follow up
Artesunate Mefloquine • • • • • •
Multicentric, singlearm, openlabel clinical trial Artesunate Mefloquine 100mg + 220mg tablets (2 tablets daily for 3 days) Followup was done on Day 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56 & 63 Total of 77 patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria were enrolled according to pre designed inclusion / exclusion criteria 10 Patients had recrudescence during 63 days follows up ( 7 had Pv) Overall the drug was effective and well tolerated
Fixed dose ACT for P.vivax Pyramax®
vs Chloroquine
EE Population 100
Cure rate (%)
PYR
50
99.5
0
Day 14
100
Cure rate (%)
100
95.2 93
99.5 99.5
97.1
Day 21
98
Day 28
ITT Population
93.489.5
88.685.5
75
95.5 92.1
Day 42
Noninferiority demonstrated at all time points
83.3 78.1 PYR
%
CHL
50
CHL
25 0
Day 14
Day 21
Day 28
Day 42
Pyramax® Phase III versus Chloroquine Parasite Clearance Time (EE Population) KaplanMeier estimates of parasite clearance time in hours % of patients with Parasite clearance 24 hours after 1st dose PYR: 71.6 % (95% CI: 65.6 – 77.5) CHL: 30.6% (95% CI: 24.4 – 36.9)
Parasite Clearance time (H) PYR: 23.1 (95% CI: 16.3 – 23.5) CHL: 32.0 (95% CI: 31.7 – 32) P: <0.0001
Pyramax®
Fever Clearance Time (EE Population) KaplanMeier estimates of fever clearance 24 hours after 1st dose PYR: 78.6 % (95% CI: 72.4 – 84.8) CHL: 58.4% (95% CI: 50.7 – 66.2) Time until fever clearance (H) 25th percentile PYR: 8.0 (95% CI: 8.0 – 15.3) CHL: 15.5 (95% CI: 8.0 – 15.8) Median PYR: 15.8 (95% CI: 15.5 – 16.0) CHL: 23.8 (95% CI: 16.0 – 24.0) Log rank test P = 0.0071
Pyramax® •
Pyramax® not inferior to chloroquine for parasite cure rate at all time points out to Day 42
•
Pyramax® was significantly faster at clearing parasite and fever than chloroquine
•
The safety profile was similar in both treatment groups
•
Pyramax® is a good option as an alternative to chloroquine
•
A good option in particular: • in chloroquineresistant areas • in mixed infection and in cases treated on the basis of clinical diagnosis
• • • • • • • • • •
Global Malaria Scenario Malaria in India National Drug Policy / Antimalarials registered in India Chloroquine resistance leading to introduction of ACTs Efficacy of existing ACTs in India Efficacy of new ACTs ACT supply/availability in public & private sector Use of Artemisinin Monotherapy & its implications: India & global Regulation in India to ban Monotherapy SWOT Analysis
ACTs registered in India
ACTs registered in India AS + MQ
0
A & N Islands
UP
Rajasthan
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Gujarat
Goa
Madhya Pradesh
Chattisgarh
AP
West Bengal
Orissa
Jharkhand
Tripura
Nagaland
Mizoram
Meghalaya
Manipur
Arunachal
Assam
No. of ACT treatments
State wise allotment of ACT (200910)
800000
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000 200000
100000
State
Source: NVBDCP
Estimated requirement in India (2010 – 2015) Figures in millions
Year
2010 11
201112
201213
201314
201415
Total population
1185
1204
1223
1243
1263
Number of Pf cases
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.49
Number of ACT courses required
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.49
25% buffer stocks
0.18
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.12
Deployment reserve stocks
1.94
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
Estimated requirements in public sector
2.82
1.78
1.72
1.66
1.58
25% to be issued for treatment of malaria cases in the nongovt facilities which will give regular reports on case management along with buffer stock and reserves
0.71
0.45
0.43
0.42
0.40
Total requirements (for public and private sector)
3.53
2.23
2.15
2.08
1.98
Strategic Action Plan, NVBDCP, 2009
ACT market in private sector (2008 09)
Manufacturer
Brand ARTEMETHER+LUMEFANTRINE
% Growth
13.54
108
LUMERAX
Ipca
4.91
156
FALCIGO PLUS
Zydus
0.13
NA
1.21
40
ARTESUNATE + SULPHADOXINE/ PYRIMETHAMINE
Value in crores
Global Status of ACT Implementation
Countries with ACT policy – not deploying yet Countries Deploying ACTs Countries with ACTs at Community level ACT policy Countries which need
Updated July 09
Source:WHO
80 countries have adopted ACTs Continent
Countries
Drug
Line
AS + AQ
1st
AFRICA
Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eq. Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Madagascar, Eritrea, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, Sao Tomé & Principe (ST&P), Sierra Leone, Sudan (S), Tchad, Zanzibar Angola, Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Comoros, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Uganda, S. Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe
AL
1st
Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Gabon, Sudan (N), ST&P, Zanzibar
AL
2nd
Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan (N)
AS + SP
1st
Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand
AS + MQ
1st
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Timor Leste, Vanuatu,
AL
1st
Indonesia
AS + AQ
1st
Afghanistan, India, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, Yemen
AS + SP
1st
Viet Nam, China
DP
1st
Iran, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Yemen
AL
2nd
Ecuador, Peru
AS + SP
1st
Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela
AS + MQ
1st
Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname
AL
1st
ASIA
SOUTH AMERICA
Source:WHO
• • • • • • • • • •
Global Malaria Scenario Malaria in India National Drug Policy / Antimalarials registered in India Chloroquine resistance leading to introduction of ACTs Efficacy of existing ACTs in India Efficacy of new ACTs ACT supply/availability in public & private sector Use of Artemisinin monotherapy & its implications: India & global Regulation in India to ban Monotherapy SWOT Analysis
Artemisinin monotherapy in India
Artemisinin alone
Chloroquine alone
Sulphadoxine Pyrimethamine alone
Assam
Goa
Gujarat
Delhi
States & districts
Jharkhand
Keonjhar
Sundergarh
Simdega
Ranchi
South
East
Panchamahal
Ahmedabad
South
North
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Nogaon
Majority of the Clinicians prescribe Chloroquine, Artemisinin or SP monotherapy
Clinicians prescribing antimalarial monotherapy to patients
Kamrup
•
Multiple responses were given by the doctors for antimalarial prescription
clinicians responses
•
Orissa
Prescription pattern of antimalarials (Diagnosed cases), n=1659 Other drugs 6%
Chloroquine 46%
Antimalarials with other drugs 29%
Combination of antimalarials 3%
AS alone 14%
AS+SP 1% Quinine 1%
SP 0%
Prescription pattern of antimalarials (Undiagnosed cases), n=166
Other drugs 5%
Antimalarials with other drugs 42%
AS+SP 1% SP 1%
Combination of antimalarials 2%
Chloroquine 25%
AS alone 20%
Quinine 4%
Artemisinin monotherapy in India Availability of Artemisinin Monotherapy in Chemist Shops (n = 530)
•
25%
• 75% Available
Not Available
•
Antimalarial sold without prescription (n = 530)
42% 58%
Selling without prescription
With prescription
Artemisinin monotherapy available in 75% of the chemists shop Antimalarials including artemisinin monotherapy are sold by 42% chemists without prescription The most commonly sold antimalarial without prescription is Chloroquine
Artemisinin monotherapy in Ghana • ACT introduced in 2005 • 33.1% prescribed monotherapy (n=2,574 patients) • 29% DHAAQ for children < 5 yrs
33% 58%
9%
AS Monotherapy
Others
ACT
Malaria J. 2009 ;Jan 5:8:2
Prescribing Practices in South East Nigeria • Prescribing practices in private and public similar (n=665 patient records) • 45% had diagnostic slides • 77% prescribed monotherapy • CQ 30.2% • SP 22.7% • Artemisinin – 15.8%
• Only 3% prescribed ACT
Malaria J. 2007;6:55
Is there a place for monotherapy?
•
Artemisinin monotherapy produces rapid recovery and fast parasite clearance, but recrudescence is frequent
•
Extending the duration of monotherapy from 5 days to 7 days does not reduce recrudescence
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001 ;65:6905.
Artemisinin monotherapy: Implications • Emergence of drug resistance /spread • Initial mutations • Selection process leading to survival advantages and peripheral transmission • Factors propagating drug resistance • Number of parasites exposed to drug • Concentration of drug • Kinetics of drug
•
Pattern of drug use
•
Immune profile of community
Drugresistant malaria in Thailand. India next? Times of India 25 April 2009
•
NEW DELHI: A new global threat has emerged a malaria strain that has become resistant to Artemisinin, the best and the latest drug available to fight the disease. Found first in 2007 in small pockets of the Mekong area (ThaiCambodia border), the World Health Organisation now perceives it as a major threat to global efforts to combat the vectorborne disease Till last year, WHO called this strain "tolerant" to Artemisinin. This year, the global health watchdog has declared it "resistant" to Artemisinin in the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, which causes the most deadly form of malaria Artemisinin is normally used in a combination therapy (ACT). While Thailand has been using it for over five years, India started ACT last year and at present has 117 districts using this drug combo to fight malaria
Artemisinin Resistance in Cambodia • • •
• • •
40 patients Parasite clearance times were 84 hours (interquartile range, 60 to 96) in Pailin & 48 hours (interquartile range, 36 to 66) in Wang Pha (P<0.001) Recrudescence confirmed by PCR in 6 of 20 patients (30%) receiving artesunate monotherapy and 1 of 20 (5%) receiving artesunatemefloquine therapy in Pailin, as compared with 2 of 20 (10%) and 1 of 20 (5%), respectively, in Wang Pha (P=0.31) Not explained by [PfMDR1] or mutations in the gene encoding sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase6 [PfSERCA]) NO corresponding reductions on conventional in vitro susceptibility testing Containment measures are urgently needed
NEMJ 2009;361 : 455467
Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates to artemether in vitro and point mutations of the SERCAtype PfATPase6
• Invitro susceptibility of 530 P falciparum isolates from three countries (Cambodia, French Guiana, and Senegal) with different artemisinin use was assessed with an isotopic microtest • Artemether IC50 up to 117 and 45 nmol/L was seen in French Guiana and Senegal, respectively • DNA sequencing in a subsample of 60 isolates lends support to SERCAPfATPase6 as the target for artemisinins • S769N PfATPase6 mutation, noted exclusively in French Guiana, was associated with raised (>30 nmol/L) artemether IC50s (p<0.0001} • All resistant isolates came from areas with uncontrolled use of artemisinin derivatives • Rise in resistance indicates the need for increased vigilance and a coordinated and rapid deployment of drug combinations
Lancet 2005 ;366:19089
No artemisinin resistance in India till date
Dihydroartesunate 12 IC 50 AS
10 8 6 4 2 0 0
20
40
60
80
100
P.falciparum isolates
• • •
Susceptibility of 108 Indian P. falciparum isolates to artemisinin, 200708 Cut off IC50 10.5 nmol/l Geometric mean of IC50 in • •
ACT areas 4.96 nmol/l (n=60) Non ACT areas: 3.13 nmol/l (n= 48)
120
Almost all new treatments are artemisinin based Global Portfolio of New Antimalarials
Drug
Partnership
Artemether 20 mg, lumefantrine 100 mg
Novartis, MMV
Artesunate 50 mg, amodiaquine 135 mg
Phase/ Status
Product name(s)
Launched 2008
Coartem, CoartemD
Sanofiaventis, DNDi
Prequalified 2008
Coarsucam
Mefloquine 220 mg, artesunate 100 mg
FarManguinhos, DNDi
Launched (Brazil) 2008
Dihydroartemisinin 10 mg, piperaquine 80 mg
SigmaTau, MMV, Chongqing, Holley
III
Eurartesim, Artekin; Duocotexcin(Holley and Cotect}
Pyronaridine 60 mg, artesunate 20 mg
Shin Poong, MMV
III
Pyramax
Azithromycin 250 mg, chloroquine 150 mg
Pfizer
III
Rbx11160 150 mg, piperaquine 800 mg
Ranbaxy
II
Arterolane
Tafenoquine
GSK
II
SSR97193, artesunate
Sanofiaventis
II
Ferroquine
Clin. Phar. Ther. 2009;85:58495
Almost all new treatments are artemisinin based Global Portfolio of New Antimalarials
Drug
Partnership
SAR 97276
SAR 97276
Sanofi
II
Sanofi aventis/CNRS aventis/CNRS
II
Fosmidomycin, clindamycin
Jomaa
II
Artemisone
Hong Kong University of Science and University of Technology, MMV Science and Technology, Ruprecht – Karls University, MMV
II
Artemefone (semisynthetic artemisinin derivative) (semisynthetic artemisinin derivative)
II
Ruprecht – Karls WRAIR University, Heidelberg, DSM
II
II
I
Tinidazole Isoquine
WRAIR GSK, MMV
III
AQ13
Immtech
I
GSK932121, 4pyridone Isoquine
GSK, MMV GSK, MMV
II
Fosmidomycin, clindamycin Artemisone
Methylene blue, chloroquine
Methylene blue, chloroquine
Tinidazole AQ13
CDRI 97/78
OZ439
Phase/ Status Product name(s)
Jomaa
Hong Kong
Heidelberg, DSM
Immtech
Ipca
MMV
CDRI 97/78
Ipca
GSK932121, 4pyridone OZ439
II II
I
I
Artemefone
I
GSK, MMV
I
MMV
I
Can use of multiple ACTs save artemisinin?
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 ;16;105:1421621
• • • • • • • • • •
Global Malaria Scenario Malaria in India National Drug Policy / Antimalarials registered in India Chloroquine resistance leading to introduction of ACTs Efficacy of existing ACTs in India Efficacy of new ACTs ACT supply/availability in public & private sector Use of Artemisinin monotherapy & its implications: India & global Regulation in India to ban monotherapy SWOT Analysis
Finally, govt to phase out malaria drug artemisinin Economic Times, Delhi, 22nd July 09
•
THE government has decided to take off the shelves an antimalarial drug, artemisinin, in India that is already banned the world over. Sold locally under several brands, the drug when used as a single drug can make malaria parasites resistant to the medicine
•
The country’s top drug regulator Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) has recently ordered all state drug regulators to phase out all oral single drug formulations of artemisinin and its derivatives by July 2009 “Since the drug is no longer considered a new drug, companies can get a licence from state drug regulators to manufacture and market the medicine. So, we have issued a directive to all the state drug regulators to grant no new licences to manufacture the drug and also withdraw the licences that were granted earlier,” DCGI Dr Surinder Singh said
•
Ban on AS Monotherapy in India
1. No new license should be granted for the said formulations. 2. Manufacturing licenses granted earlier should be withdrawn by March 2009 3. The formulations should be phased out from the market by July 2009
• • • • • • • • • •
Global Malaria Scenario Malaria in India National Drug Policy / Antimalarials registered in India Chloroquine resistance leading to introduction of ACTs Efficacy of existing ACTs in India Efficacy of new ACTs ACT supply/availability in public & private sector Use of Artemisinin monotherapy & its implications: India & global Regulation in India to ban monotherapy SWOT Analysis
ACT in India: SWOT Analysis •
Strengths
• High efficacy • Intensive monitoring initiated • Decision to make it available to Private sector • Regulations for stopping monotherapy
•
Weaknesses
• Artemisinin supply based on agricultural production • Limited data available on efficacy of partner drug • Evidence of DHFR and DHPS mutations • SP Not effective in vivax malaria
•
Opportunities
• New ACTs in pipeline • Synthetic analogues of artemisinin derivatives • Initiatives to promote rational treatment
•
Threats
• Use of monotherapy • Counterfeit artemisinin formulations • Artemisinin &/or SP resistance
Three Tiers of Action
Global (Think Globally)
National (Follow National Policies)
Local (Act Locally)
Coordination between 3 P’s
Professionals
Politicians
Policy Makers
Proposed Statewise allotment of Material and Equipment to be procured during the year 200910 through UNOPS
Sl. No.
Name of State/Consignee
ACT Combi Pack Adult (including buffer at various level)
ACT Combi Pack Children (for 0 to 1 years age group)
ACT Combi Pack Children (for 1 to 4 years age group)
ACT Combi Pack Children (for 5 to 8 years age group)
ACT Combi Pack Children (for 9 to 14 years age group)
129476
54489
58360
60942
63523
GFATM 1
Assam
2
Arunachal Pradesh
19171
9808
10384
10769
11153
3
Manipur
12558
7944
7993
8026
8059
4
Meghalaya
35584
14109
15537
16489
17441
5
Mizoram
7800
2933
3286
3520
3755
6
Nagaland
6961
4176
4204
4223
4242
7
Tripura
30639
13343
14328
14984
15641
8
Jharkhand (GFATM)
57000
17053
18054
30000
30000
9
Orissa (GFATM)
257897
40897
59470
61239
73990
10
West Bengal
56914
22248
24384
25808
27232
614000
187000
216000
236000
255036
SubTotal for GFTAM States EVBDCP
11
Andhra Pradesh
48729
22362
23559
24358
25156
12
Chattisgarh
95000
41441
29419
35330
52427
13
Jharkhand (EVBDCP)
37289
15000
18054
27000
20000
14
Madhya Pradesh
50000
22000
30392
31698
33005
15
Orissa (EVBDCP)
113692
25577
38758
30000
27000
16
Bihar
17
West Bengal
Cont.
18
Goa
19
2607
909
1004
1066
1129
Gujarat
31635
9992
11368
12283
13199
20
Karnataka
34356
15883
16877
17541
18204
21
Maharashtra
35055
14168
15306
16065
16824
22
Rajasthan
13678
6585
6925
7151
7378
23
Uttar Pradesh
6897
3602
3745
3840
3935
24
A & N Islands
2062
481
593
668
743
25
NVBDCP, HQ Delhi
25
Govt Medical Store Depot, Mumbai
26
Govt Medical Store Depot, Chennai
27
Govt Medical Store Depot, Kolkatta
28
Govt Medical Store Depot, Karnal
29
Govt Medical Store Depot, Guwahati
30
Govt Medical Store Depot, Hyderabad
GMSD
SubTotal for EVBDCP States Grand Total
471000
178000
196000
207000
219000
1085000
365000
412000
443000
474036