0204

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trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

aemfZdk; pD;yGm;a&;zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufa&;

Edik if aH wmf. tcef;u¾rsm; zGH@òzd;wdk;wufa&;&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifrsm;udk atmifjrifap&ef EdkifiHawmfonf EdkifiHom;wdk@tm; udk,fpm;ðyI t"duusaom tcef;u wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&ef vdktyf onf? ,if;odk@ udk,fpm;ðyvkyfaqmifjcif;onf EdkifiHawmf. t"duwm0efudk xrf;aqmif jcif;jzifh vlry_ Éd^mOfukd av;pm;vdu k ef mjcif; jzpfonf? TonfrmS Edik if aH wmf. tESpo f m& yif jzpfonf? EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;. udk,fpm; Twm0efudk xrf;aqmif&ef EdkifiHawmfrSvGJI tjcm;w&m;0ifo!fh tzGJ@tpnf; taqmufttHk r&Sday? ynm&Sif rmhcfwmem Mark Turner ESihf a';Apf[;l vfrf David Hulme wifjyouJo h @kd “trsm;jynfou l ¾ 0efaqmif r_rsm;onf zG@H òzd;wd;k wufa&;&nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik rf sm;udk atmifjrifapa&;ESihf wnf+idraf om vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yf wnfaqmufa&;wdk@twGuf t"du pGrf;aqmifr_ jzpfayvdrfhrnf? wnf+idrfaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkonfrSm jynfoltrsm;pk. ±kyfydkif;qdkif&mESifh pdwfydkif; qdik &f m/ vlra_ &;qdik &f m vdt k yfcsurf sm;udk jz!fq h ;D ay;Edik o f !fh tajctaeudk qdv k o kd nf?” Todk@qdko!fhtwGuf xdkwm0efudk EdkifiHawmfwpfOD;wnf;uom xrf;aqmif&rnf[k qdv k jkd cif; r[kwaf y? trsm;jynfoal vm od@k r[kwf yk*v ~ u d avm qdo k nfrmS t"durus? xdk@xufydkI ta&;}uD;onfrSm u¾ESpf&yfpvHk;u vlr_vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tjy!fh0qHk;ESifh txda&mufqHk; jz!fhqD;ay;Edkifa&;udk rnfodk@yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufrnfenf;/ rnfodk@ tjyef tvSef taxmuftulðyrnfenf; qdko!fhtcsufjzpfonf? urBmhb%f. 1997 ckESpf urBmhzGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_tpD&ifcHpmwGif az: jyxm;onf rSm “pGrf;aqmifr_xda&mufaom EdkifiHawmfwpf&yfrSm ukefypPnf;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;/ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;taqmufttHkrsm;udk jz!fhqD;&mwGif ta&;yg onf? odk@rSom aps;uGufrsm;vnf; }uD;xGm;pnfyifvm+yD;/ jynfolwdk@rSmvnf; usef;rm 28

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

aysmf±$ifo!fh b0rsm;udk cHpm;Edkifrnfjzpfonf?” xdktpD&ifcHpmt& EdkifiHawmf. xda&mufaom pGrf;aqmifrSKr&SdyJ tpOfwnfwHho!fh zGH@òzd;wdk;wufa&;rSm pDyGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;ESpfydkif;pvHk;wGif jzpfEdkifr[kwfay? odk@aomf zGH@òzd;wdk;wufa&;ESifhywfoufI acwfopfvpfb&,f csOf;uyfr_wGifrl EdkifiHawmftcef;u¾udk tajz[k rjrifyJ jy\em tjzpfom &SKjrif=uonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yfwGif EdkifiHawmfu xrf;aqmif&r!fh (txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;u¾rsm;&Sd) tajccHwm0efrsm;udk rvdktyf[k ,lq=uonf? “rjy!fhpHkaom aps;uGufonf rjy!fhpHkaomEdkifiHawmfxuf ydkIaumif;onf” [lI ajymavh&Sd=uonf? xdk@a=umifh wdkif;jynfwpfck. zGH@òzd;wdk;wufa&;twGuf xdxda&muf pGrf;aqmif Edkif&ef EdkifiHawmfu rnfo!fhwm0efrsm; xrf;aqmif&ef vdkrnfenf;/ rnfodk@aom tcef; u¾uaeI OD;aqmifyg0ifrnfenf; tp&Sdonfwdk@tm; avhvm&ef vdktyfonf? T pmpku pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufa&;twGuf EdkifiHawmfu rjzpfraexrf;aqmif&r!fh tcef; u¾rsm;udk ta&S@tm&SEikd if rH sm; txl;ojzifh awmifu&kd ;D ,m;Edik if . H tawG@tóuH rsm;jzifh avhvmwifjyoGm;rnfjzpfygonf? ,if;wdk@rSm (u) rufu¶kpd yD mG ;a&;ay:vpDrsm; a&;qGcJ srw S jf cif;ESihf taumiftxnfaz: jcif; (c) tzGJ@tpnf;taqmufttHktajccHtkwfjrpfrsm; xlaxmifjcif; (*) t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh 0ifaiGwdk@udk nDr#pGm jzef@cGJjcif; (C) ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;udk wnfaqmufjcif; (i) ±kyf0wˆKt&if;tESD;ESifh vlom;t&if;tESD;rsm;udk pkpnf;jcif; wdk@jzpfonf? rufu&dkpDyGm;a&;ay:vpDrsm; a&;qGJcsrSwfjcif;ESifh taumiftxnfaz: jcif; ay:vpDrsm; a&;qGJcsrSwfjcif;ESifh taumiftxnfaz: jcif;onf tpdk;&. t"duwm0efjzpfonf? aumif;rGefaom ay:vpDrsm; a&G;cs,fcsrSwfEdkifjcif;ESifh ‚if;wdk@udk xda&mufpmG taumiftxnfaz:Edik jf cif;wd@k onf 1965-90 umvrsm;twGi;f ta&S@EiS hf ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;jzpfxGef;atmifjrifr_wGif t"duusaomtcsuf jzpfonf? xdkEdkifiHwdk@Y wlnDo!fhtcsufrSm jynfwGif;rufu¶kdpDyGm;a&;pDrHcef@cGJr_wGif tm;aumif;csuf jzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@. wdk;wufr_rsm;onf ukefoG,fa&;ESifh pufr_vkyfief; u¾rsm;wGif tpdk;&. AsL[majrmuf 0ifa&mufpGufzufo!fh ay:vpDESifh qufEG,fv#uf &So d nf[k ynm&Siw f @kd u oH;k oyf=uonf? tqdyk gEikd if w H @kd . atmifjrifrr_ sm;ESihf ywfoufI ynm&SiftcsKdŒ. oHk;oyfcsufwGif xda&mufaom rufu¶kdpDyGm;a&;pDrHcef@cGJr_u (Oyrm - aiGa=u;azgif;yGr_avsmhenf;apjcif;/ oifhavsmfaom aiGvJvS,fr_E_ef;owfrSwfjcif;) yk*v ~ u d u¾zG@H òzd;a&;twGuf cdik rf m+yD; wnf+idraf om tajccHukd jzpfapcJo h nf? b%fpepf 29

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

qdkif&m ay:vpDrsm;u b%fpepf. *k%foduQmESifh ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&r_udk jrifhrm;vmap+yD;/ ,cifu b%frsm;wGif pkaqmif;avh r&So d rl sm;tm; b%fpepftoH;k ðy&ef tm;ay;ouJo h @kd jzpfvmonf? xdk@a=umifh aiGa=u;pkaqmif;r_tqifhudk jr‡ifhwifEdkifcJhonf? tajccHrlvwef; ESifh rlvwef;vGeftqifh ynma&;udk OD;pm;ay;o!fh rl0g'rsm;wGif vlom;t&if;tjrpf zGH@òzd;a&;tay: tav;xm;r_&SdcJhonfudk awG@&onf? pdkufysdK;a&; rl0g'rsm;u txGufwdk; a&;udk wGe;f tm;ay;cJ+h yD;/ aus;vufaejynforl sm;tm; cGjJ cm;I tav;rxm;r_rsKd ; r&Scd ahJ y? aps;E_ef;rwnfr+idrfjzpfjcif;udk uef@owfo!fh ay:vpDrsm;a=umifh t&if;tESD;ESifh vkyftm; aps;uGufrsm; ðyvG,fajymif;vG,ftaetxm;udk jzpfapcJhonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif EdkifiHjcm; tdkif'D,mrsm;ESifh enf;ynmrsm;twGuf vrf;zGifhay;cJhonf [k avhvmod&Sd&onf? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHawmftaejzifh pD;yGm;a&;u¾wGif tpðyvkyfaqmif&eftjzpf wdusaomOD;pm;ay;r_rsm;udk qHk;jzwf&rnf? ordkif;jzwfoef;r_t&ajym&v#if “vuf&Sd pufr_zGH@òzd;+yD;EdkifiHrsm;tm;vHk;onf tpueOD;umvtqifhwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; tm;vH;k udk w+ydKifwnf; wef;wl taumiftxnfaz:I r&Edik [ f o l !fh tajccH ay:vpDukd udkifpGJcJh=uonf?” ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;onf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_qdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; ESifhywfoufI trsdK;om;OD;pm;ay;pDrHcsufrsm;ESifhtnD jzpfap&ef b¾ma&;ay:vpDrsm;/ ukefoG,fa&;ay:vpDrsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_udk pDppfaomay:vpDrsm;/ pufr_vkyfief; qufqHa&; ay:vpDrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;r_tvdkuf aocsmpGm a&G;cs,fusifhoHk;cJh=uonf? xdk Edik if rH sm;onf aps;uGuu f t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; pDrcH ef@ct JG oH;k ðyjcif;udk cGirhf ðybJ OD;pm;ay; owfrSwfxm;aom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udkom tm;ay;jr‡ifhwifo!fh ay:vpDrsm;udk csrSwf usifhoHk;cJh=uonf? EdkifiHawmftaejzifh vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tm; xdkuJhodk@aom ay:vpD vrf; a=umif;twdkif; vdkufemaqmif&Gufap&ef wGef;tm;ay; vkyfaqmifEdkifonf? odk@rSom jynfwiG ;f pD;yGm;a&;vkyaf qmifrr_ sm;taejzifh rSeu f efaom vkyif ef;u¾rsm;qDo@kd OD;wnf Edkifrnfjzpfonf? awmifudk&D;,m;tpdk;&onf 1980 tvGeftapmydkif;umvrsm;wGif qrfaqmifukr`%Dtm; ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;rS wydkif;v#yful;ypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyf aomvkyfief;qDodk@ ajymif;vJvkyfaqmif&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf? xdkenf;wlpGmyif ppf+yD; umvwGif *syeftpdk;&onf jynfwGif;vkyfief;rsm;udk ‚if;wdk@. t&if;tESD;rsm;ESifh tvkyf orm;rsm;tm; ausmufrD;aoG;ESifh txnftvdyf po!fh usqif;aeaom vkyfief;rsm;rS xkwfI oHr%d/ a&eH"gwk/ armfawmfum;/ aemufydkif;wGif wydkif;v#yful;ypPnf;rsm;ESifh ZD0enf;ynm po!fh tvm;tvm&Sdaom vkyfief;rsm;qDodk@ ajymif;a&$@&ef wdkufwGef; cJhonf?

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trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

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trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

avsmhenf;apjcif;jzifh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;. vkyftm; pGrf;&nfudk jrifhwufapygonf? }uD;rm;us,fjyef@aom aps;uGufjzpfay:ap&efESifh xdk aps;uGuftm; wnfwHhap&ef owfrSwfxm;aom 0ifaiGjzef@cGJr_pepfwpf&yf vdktyfyg onf? 0ifaiGjzef@cGJr_ rnDr#jcif;u vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; vlr_a&;pkpnf;r_tajccHudk +cdrf;ajcmufae+yD;/ tqdkygvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. pD;yGm;a&;udkvnf; +cdrf;ajcmufaeygonf? awmifu&kd ;D ,m;tawG@tóuHukd ajym&v#if ajr,mðyjyifajymif;vJa&; tpDtpOf u zGH@òzd;wdk;wufa&;vkyfief;pOf tpysdK;&mY t&if;tjrpf tnDtr# jzef@cGJjcif;tajccHudk yHkaz: jycJhonf? pufr_zGH@òzd;a&;t}udKumvtqifhY vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. toHk;0ifaom t&if;tjrpfukd jzef@cjJG cif;vkyo f !fh Tod@k aom tpDtrHonf pDymG ;a&;w&Sed x f ;kd wd;k wufr_ . tajccHta=umif;&if;rsm;teuf wpfckjzpfcJhonf? twdkif;twmwpfcktxd 0ifaiG tnDtr#jzef@cGJjcif;udk jzpfapcJho!fh ta&;}uD;aomtcsufvnf; jzpfonf? jynfol trsm;pkrSm pdkufysdK;a&;u¾wGif toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ðy=uolrsm; jzpfo!fhtavsmuf xdktpDtpOfu ‚if;wdk@. 0ifaiGjrifhrm;vmap+yD; vlaer_tqifhtwef;udkvnf; jrifhwuf apcJhonf? pdkufysdK;a&;xkwfvkyfr_udk wdk;jrifhvmap+yD;/ t&Sdeft[kefjzifh pufr_ukefxkwf vkyif ef;od@k ajymif;vJa&;rwdik rf D ynma&;wGif }uD;rm;aom &if;ES;D jr‡KyfErHS u _ kd jzpfapcJo h nf? xdk@a=umifh 0ifaiGjzef@cGJr_nDr#jcif;onf wdkuf&dkuftm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_udk jzpfap±Hk omru/ oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk ynma&;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; vkyfapEdkifcJhonf? qif;&Jom;rsm;. 0ifaiGjrifhwufvmr_u ‚if;wdk@. pkaqmif;r_rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk wdk;jrifhapcJh+yD;/ usef;rma&;ESifh t[m&jy!fh0r_ tqifhtwef;udkvnf; wdk;wufapcJhonf? xdk@tjyif ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom 0ifaiGjzef@cGJr_u pufr_vkyfief;u¾&Sd udk&D;,m;tvkyform;tiftm;pkudk wufºuGapcJh+yD; xkwfvkyfr_ESifh t&nftaoG;rsm; vnf; jrifw h ufvmaponf? rnDr#r_ avsmhenf;+yD; 0ifaiGjrifhrm;jcif;rSm tvdktavsmuf jzpfrnf r[kwfay? oifhawmfaom ay:vpDrsm;u taxmuftulðy&ef vdktyfonf[k k &f u kd f tcsKdŒynm&Sifrsm;u axmufjy=uonf? xd@k a=umifh 0ifaiGtnDtr#jzef@cjJG cif;udk wdu ajz&Sif;&ef EdkifiHawmfu csrSwfo!fh ay:vpDrsm; vdktyfygonf? ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;udk wnfaqmufjcif; EdkifiHawmf.wm0efonf “aps;uGufcsJŒxGifa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;a&;wdk@wGif t"duaomhcsufusaom zufwmrsm;” jzpfo!fh tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;udk jz!fhqD; ay;&efjzpfonf[k abm*aA'ynm&Sif tJ&pf &D;emwf Erik Reinert u qdo k nf? wdik ;f jynf wpfck. pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_onf xdkwdkif;jynf. tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;ESifh

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trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

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tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

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