0202

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

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10

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;qdkonfrSm æ *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;onf xl;jcm;jzpfpOfopfw&yftjzpf pD;yGm;a&;t&/ EdkifiHa&;t&ESifh vlrSKa&;t& qufqHa&;rsm;wGif ajymif;vJrSK}uD;wpf&yfudk xif[yfjcif; jzpfonf? ,ae@umv urBmvHk;qdkif&m wdrf;!$wfrSKrsm;. xl;jcm;rSKrsm;ESifh twdkif; twmudk ,if;jzpfpOf. ¶_axmifhpHk oGifjyifvuQ%mESifhtwl em;vnf&ef vdktyfonf? Tokd@aom urBmvHk;qdkif&mjzpfpOftay: rwluGJjym;aom ¶_jrifrSK trsKd;trsKd;tzHkzHk &Sdaeonf? abm*aA'Edkb,fqk&Sif ygarmuQ *sdK;ZufpwpfvZf Joseph Stiglitz u *vdk b,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;xl;jcm;jzpfpOfonf “urBmhEdkifiHtoD;oD;ESifh jynfolrsm;t=um; ydkI eD;uyfaygif;pnf;vmrSKw&yfyif jzpfonf” [kqdk+yD;/ xif&Sm;aom owif;pmq&m aomrwfpfz¶dk'frif; Thomas Friedman url “aps;uGufrsm;/ trsKd;om;EdkifiHawmfrsm; ESifh enf;ynmrsm; a&Smifv$JIr&aom aygif;pnf;rSKjzpfpOf” [lI zGifhqdkonf? z¶dk'frif;u tcdkiftrm tqkdðy&mwGif urBmw0Srf; “vGwfvyfaom aps;uGuft&if;&Sifpepf jyef@ESH@vmjcif;” udk qdkvdkonf[lI jzpfonf? tifrefEsL&,fa0:vmpwdef;url jynfol rsm;tm; ‚if;wdk@ &ifqdkifae&aom vufawG@yuwdjy\emrsm;udk vSpfvsL¶_apr!fh/ ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkif yg0ifaeaom ordkif;t=uyftwnf;udk em;vnfrSKvGJrSm;apr!fh aqG;aEG; p&m ta=umif;t&mwpf&yftjzpf *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;udk =u!fhjrifonf? a0:vm pwdef;u vuf&Sdumvonf “toGifajymif;aeqJumvwpf&yf” jzpf+yD;/ “wdus&Sif;vif; aom pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifh twnfwusjzpfwnfae+yD;aom urBmhvHk;qdkif&m jzpfpOfopf umv” r[kwfa=umif; ajymqdkcJhonf? a0gvf'efbJvfvdk Walden Bello u ,ae@ *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;udk atmufygtwdkif; owfrSwf&rnf[k qdkcJhonf? acwfopfvpfb&,f0g'tawG;tac:u v$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,fvmjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;u yk*~vduydkifjyKvkyfjcif;/ pnf;rsOf;rsm;av#mhcsay;jcif;ESifh ukefoG,f a&;vGwfvyfcGifhjyKjcif;wdk@udk t&Sdefjr‡ifhum aps;uGufvGwfvyfa&;udk OD;wnf jcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf xdkodk@aom &Sif;vif;csuftrsKd;trsKd;udk zGifhqdkolrsm;u “‚if;wdk@. oufqdkif&m EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;tawG;tjrifudk tm;jzpfapr!fh pHwefbdk;rsm;ESifh t"dy`g,f owfrSwfcsufrsm;jzifh *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif; t,ltqudk enf;vrf;aygif;pHkjzifh zGifhqdkfae ayvdrfhrnf” [k ref;z&uf'f pwuf*g Manfred Steger u qdo k nf? *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;[lonf tajccHtm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;t& xl;jcm;jzpfpOf wpf&yfjzpf+yD;/ ,if;. tjcm;rsufESmpmrsm;rSm pDyGm;a&;b0jzpfpOfrsm;udk a&mifjyef[yf jcif;rsm; jzpfonf? xdkjzpfpOfrsm;onf t&if;pkpnf;a&;avm*spf. armif;ESifrSKjzifh 11

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

EdkifiHvGefaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;/ b%frsm;ESifh b¾maiGa=u;pD;qif;rSKrsm;. }uD;rm; ¶_yfaxG;aom uGef,ufrsm;ESifhtwl t&if;&Sifpepfjzef@usufrSKa=umifh jzpfay:vm&jcif; jzpfonf? xdo k @kd aom pD;yGm;a&;vSKyf&mS ;rSKus,jf yef@vmjcif;onf *vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f . tajccHoGifjyifjzpf+yD;/ ,if;. tvsiftjref zGH@xGm;vmjcif; aemufuG,fu armif;ESiftm; wpf&yfvnf; jzpfayonf? EdkifiHwumaps;uGufrsm; wjznf;jznf;ajymif;vJjzpfxGef;vm jcif;ESifh ukefoG,frSK/ enf;ynm/ b¾maiGa=u;pD;qif;rSKESifh EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡yfESHrSK wdk@udk ta=umif;jyKI trsKd;om;pDyGm;a&;rsm; qufpyfrSK wdk;jrifhvmjcif;wdk@u wurBmvHk; twdkif;twmaqmifaom tjyeftvSefrSDcdk&rSKtoGifodk@ OD;wnfapcJhonf? pD;yGm;a&; *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;. odomxif&Sm;aom toGiftjyifwdk@rSm ukefxkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOf yHpk aH jymif;vmjcif;ESihf aiGa=u;v$aJ jymif;rSKrsm; Edik if w H umoabmaqmifvmjcif;wd@k jzpfonf? EdkifiHvGefaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;onf aps;csdKaomvkyftm;ESifh obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tvG,fwul&Edkif+yD; tcGifhtvrf;omapr!fh xkwfvkyfa&;tajccHrsm;&Sd&m a'orsm;wGif vkyfief;rsm;udk wdk;csJŒvm=uonf? xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;tqifhqifhudkvnf; jzef@cGJum urBmhae&ma'otoD;oD;wGif woD;wjcm;pD xkwfvkyfvm=uonf? ,if;wdk@rSm ukef xkwfvkyfrSKjzpfpOf ajymif;vmjcif;yifjzpfonf? aiGa=u;aps;uGufrsm;udk vGwfvyfcGifh jyKvmjcif;ESifh owif;enf;ynmtqifhjrifhvmjcif;wdk@a=umifh b¾ma&; *vdkb,fvdkuf aZ;&Sif;jzpfpOfonfvnf; ododomom t&SdefjrifhvmcJhayonf? ynm&SiftcsKdŒurl *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;udk EdkifiHvGef ukefxkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOf ESifh EdkifiHvGef t&if;a¶GŒvsm;rSKwdk@a=umifh urBmhpD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufaygif;pnf;vmjcif;ESifh qufpyfaeaom EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfwpf&yftjzpf ¶_jrif=uonf? ref;z&uf'f pwuf*g Manfred Steger . tqdkt& “pD;yGm;a&;jzpfpOfwGif EdkifiHa&;ESifhoD;jcm;uif;vGwfaom/ w+ydKifwnf;wGif Edik if aH &;udk armif;ESiaf om twGi;f ydik ;f ,kww dW pf&yf &Sad eonf?” ygarmuQ plqefpx&def@csf Susan Strange uvnf; æ “tu,fI ajymif;vJrSKwpf&yf&SdcJhrnf? ,if;ajymif;vJrSKuvnf; t"du tm;jzif h tjrif h q H k ; tqif h w G i f Ed k i f i H a wmf r sm;t=um; Ed k i f i H a &;ud k oufa&mufaprnf? tjcm;tpGef;wzufwGif urBmw0Srf;vHk;&Sd vlwOD;csif;pD. b0tcGifhtvrf;tajctaersm;udk oufa&mufaprnf? ,if;odk@qdkygu ,if;onf urBmhpD;yGm;a&;. xkwfvkyfa&;yHkpHtaqmuftHk ajymif;vJrSKyif jzpfonf? ” Tajymif;vJr_u trsKd;om;EdkifiHawmfrsm;qDrS vGwfvyfaom aps;uGuftiftm;pkrsm; qDodk@ yg0gta¶GŒudk jzpfapcJhonf? tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifr_ oabmobm0ESifh yx0D e,fedrdwfwpfcktwGif; EkdifiHa&;tm%mjzef@usufr_wdk@onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh pyfqdkifr_ r&Sdawmho!fh oabmyifjzpfonf? Todk@aom wdrf;!$wfr_u EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlr_a&; ajymif;vJrj_ zpfpOfwiG f e,ferd w d q f o kd nfh t"dyg` ,u f kd ajymif;vJjyÏmef;ay;onf? xd@k a=umifh 12

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

*vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f onf wenf;tm;jzifh vlrq _ ufqaH &;wGif Edik if aH &;tm%m A[dck suf u EdkifiHawmftqifhrS urBmvHk;qdkif&mtqifhodk@ a¶GŒvsm;vmonfh EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfwpf&yf vnf; jzpfonf? urBmvHk;qdkif&mtqifh vlr_qufqHa&;qdkonfrSm EdkifiHwum xkwfvkyf a&; jzpfpOftwGif; t&if;pkpnf;r_jzpfay:aejcif; jzpfonf? urBmhae&ma'otESH@tjym;&Sd jynfolrsm;. vlr_qufqHa&;wGif tjyeftvSef qufE, G rf r_ sm; tjyeftvSerf cDS rkd r_ sm; }uD;xGm;vmr_a=umifh ynm&Sit f csKd @u tqdyk gjzpfpOf ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tajymif;tvJt=um; qufpyfru _ kd tm¶Hpk u kd v f m=uonf? urBmvH;k qdik &f m ,Ofaus;r_pD;a=umif;rsm;u jynfolwdk@. ae@w"l0 b0rsm;tay: oufa&mufr_ }uD;}uD; rm;rm; &Sdaea=umif; ynm&Sifrsm;u tcdkiftrmyif ajymqdkae=uonf? ,Ofaus;r_onf oufqdkif&ma'ot0ef;t0dkif; owfrSwfcsufESifh yHkaowGJqufr_rsKd; r&SdawmhbJ urBmvHk; twdkif;twmESifh v$rf;rdk;vmaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk xif[yfvmonf? =oZm tm%m}uD;aom EdkifiHwumrD'D,maumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;. armif;ESiftm;uvnf; urBmht&if;&Sifpepfudk OD;wnfonfh wpfpHkwnf;aompHE_ef;wefbdk;wnfaqmufr_udk tm;jznfhapcJhonf? acwfopfvpfb&,f0g'ay:xGef;vmjcif; t,fvDZbufrmwDeufZfESifh tmEdk'dk*gpD,m wdk@a&;om;+yD; ynm&Sif trsm; tjym;u &nf!$ef;udk;um;&aom 1997 ckESpfxkwf “acwfopfvpfb&,f0g'qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;” [lonfh aqmif;yg;wGif az: jyxm;onfrSm æ acwfopfvpfb&,f0g'qdkwm ukefvGefcJhwJh ESpftpdwfausmf oHk;q,ftwGif; xifay:us,fjyef@vmwJh pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'wpfpHk jzpfygw,f? tar&dum;rSm 'Da0g[m&udk t=um;&enf;yg;ayr,fhvnf; vlcsrf;omawGudk ydk}uD;yGm; vmap+yD; vlrGJawGudkawmh ydkrdkqif;&JrGJawvmapwJh acwfopfvpfb&,f0g'&JŒ tusKd;oufa&mufr_awGudkawmh txift&Sm; jrifawG@ae&ygw,f? urBmh ae&mtoD;oD;rSm 'D0g'udk taumiftxnfaz:usifhoHk;atmif vkyfaqmif olawGuawmh EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@/ urBmhb%feJ@ tar&duEdkifiH rsm;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;b%f tp&Sdo!fh tm%mt&Sdeft0g }uD;rm;aom b¾maiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;yJ jzpf=uygw,f? vGefcJhwJh tESpftpdwfausmf umvtwGif; tjrwftpGef;&&SdE_ef; usqif;vmr_ESifhtwl jzpfay:vmwJh t&if;&Sifpepft=uyftwnf;u pD;yGm;a&;vpfb&,f0g'tm; wenf;enf;eJ@ jyef v nf & S i f o ef }uD ; xG m ;atmif }ud K ;yrf ; aqmif ¶ G u f z d k @ aumf y d k a &;&S i f ; vl@rvdkifawGudk aphaqmfcJhwmyg? 'ga=umifhvnf; “acwfopf” odk@r[kwf “topf” vdk@ ac:a0: jzpfcJh=uygw,f? 13

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

acwfopfvpfb&,ftqdkjyKcsufrsm;rSm • aps;uGupf ;kd rd;k a&;Oya'o - qdv k o kd nfrmS t&if;/ xkwu f ek yf pPn;f ESihf 0efaqmif r_wdk@udk aps;uGufu vGwfvyfpGm pDrHcef@cGJEdkif&rnf? tqdkygtajctaewGif aps;uGufu ol@pnf;rsOf;twdkif; ol@bmom vnfywfoGm;rnfjzpf+yD; "ejzef@cGJ r_wiG f jrif&h mrS ESrd &hf mod@k v#u H sp;D qif;vdrrhf nf[I l qdo k nf? tvkyo f rm;or*~ rsm;pnf;¶kH; aqmif¶GufcGifhudk zsufodrf;ap+yD;/ t&if;a¶GŒajymif;pD;qif;r_udk tuef@towfjzpfaprnfh Oya'pnf;rsO;f rsm;z,f&mS ;a&;wd@k yg0ifonf? tajccH tm;jzifh aps;uGuftm; EdkifiHawmf odk@r[kwf tpdk;&. xdef;csKyfr_rS vGwfvyfcGifh &Sd&ef/ • usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;uJhodk@aom vlr_zlvHka&;ESifh vlr_0efaqmifr_twGuf tpdk;&toHk;pm;&dwfrsm; av#mhcs&ef/ • Oya'pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; y,fzsufay;&ef - odk@rSom aps;uGuftiftm;pk rsm;taejzifh ol@bmomol tvdktavsmuf pDrHoGm;r!fh ,E W,m;wpf&yf jzpfEdkif&ef/ • jynfol@vkyfief;rsm; (EdkifiHawmfydkifvkyfief;rsm;) tm; yk*~vduydkifjyK&ef - Oyrm a&ay;a0a&;/ v#yfppf"gwftm;/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;/ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; tp&Sdo!fh jynfol@0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;tm; yk*~vduvufodk@ v$Jajymif; ay;a&; • trsm;jynfolqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm; (jynfol@tusdK;aqmifvkyfief;rsm;) ESifh ywf o uf I woD ; yk * ~ v qd k i f & m vl w pf O D ; csif ; . ud k , f y d k i f w m0ef t jzpf oabmxm;tjrifajymif;vJa&; tp&Sdonfwdk@ jzpfonf? odk@jzifh vlom;tm;vHk;wdk@. vlr_pD;yGm;b0rsm;tm; apwvHk;ydkif&Siftjzpf aps;uGuf,E W,m;udk ,Hk=unfvufcHv#uf tvGwfvyfqHk;aom urBmhaps;uGuf jzpfay: vma&;onf acwfopfvpfb&,fwdk@. tE Wdr&nfrSef;csufyif jzpfonf? xdk&nfrSef;csuf ayguf a jrmuf a tmif j rif a pa&;twG u f Ed k i f i H w umtzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;u pD ; yG m ;a&; tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm; tyfESif;xm;aom vkyfydkifcGifhudk toHk;csI urBmw0Srf;vHk;wGif tonf;toef vHk;yrf;tm;xkwfcJh=uonf? urBmppfvGef pD;yGm;a&;tcif;tusif;udk yHkaz:&efESifh EdkifiHwumukefoG,fa&; twGuf 0ef;usifaumif;udk zefwD;&ef 1944 ckESpfwGif b&ufwef0k'f nDvmcHudk usif;ycJhonf? xdknDvmcHY EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;rsm;vJvS,fa&;pepf/ aiGvJE_ef;yHkao owfrSwfcsufESifh vGwfvyfaom ukefoG,fa&;wdk@yg0ifo!fh ppfvGefumv EdkifiHwum aiGa=u;pepfwpf&yfxlaxmif&ef oabmwlnDcJhonf? tqdkygoabmwlnDcsuft& 14

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

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EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HyHkaiGtzGJ@ (tdkiftrftufzf)/ aemifwGif urBmhb%f jzpfvmrnfh EdkifiHwum jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;b%fwdk@tm; tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh vkyfxHk; vkyfenf;qdkif&m ,E W,m;rsm;tjzpf zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJh=uonf? 1947 ckESpfwGif ukefoG,fa&;ESifh taumufcGefqdkif&m taxGaxGoabmwlnDcsuf (*wfoabmwlnD csuf) udk xlaxmifcJhonf? *wfoabmwlnDcsufrSm ukefoG,fa&;twm;tqD; tuef@ towfrsm; zsufodrf;&ef/ taumufcGefrsm;av#mhcs&efESifh tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;t=um; ukeo f , G af &;qdik &f m tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk ajz&Si;f a&; trsm;oabmwlvufco H !fh ,E , W m; wpf&yf zefwD;&efwdk@twGuf jzpfonf? xdkoabmwlnDcsufonf 1995 ckESpfwGif urBmu h ek o f , G af &;tzG@J ('AvsLwDt)kd tjzpf toGiaf jymif;vmcJo h nf? tqdyk g Ekid if w H um tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ay:xGef;vm+yD;aemuf wqufwnf;wGif Oa&mypD;yGm;a&;tm; b¾m aiGa=u;taxmuftyHhay;&ef tar&duefu rm&S,fpDrHudef;udk taumiftxnfaz:vm cJhonf? xdkodk@aom urBmhpDyGm;a&;tajccHtaqmufttHkESifh Oa&myjyefvnf evHxa&; pDrHcsufwdk@onf ppfvGefumvtcif;tusif;wGif taemuftkyfpk. pD;yGm;a&; tajccH taqmufttHktm; wnfaqmufjcif;jzpfonf[k ynm&Sifwdk@u ,Hk=unfxm;=uonf? 1980 vGefESpfrsm;Y EdkifiHjcm;aºuG;+rDt=uyftwnf;u wwd,urBmEdkifiH tpdk;&rsm;tm; tdkiftrftufzf. tultnD taxmuftyHhudk vufcH&ef zdtm;ay;cJh+yD;/ tdkiftrftufzf. “taqmuftHkqdkif&mjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;tpDtrH” ('Structural Adjustment Programmes' - SAP ) tm; vdkufemtaumiftxnfaz:&o!fh tajctaeodk@ wGef;ydk@cJhonf? tdkiftrftufzf. tqdkt& &nf¶G,fcsufrSm jynfwGif; pD;yGm;a&;wnf+idrfap&ef/ pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_udk Edk;qG&efESifh EdkifiHjcm;aºuG;+rD ajyvnf apa&;twGuf wdkif;jynf. EdkifiHjcm;aiG&EdkifpGrf;udk zefwD;&efwdk@ jzpfonf? odk@aomf “taqmuftHkqdkif&mjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;tpDtrH” . wu,fhtajccH&nf¶G,fcsufrSm yGifhvif;vGwfvyfaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf zGH@+zdK;ap&ef jzpfonf? “taqmufttHk qdkif&mjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;tpDtrH” atmuf&Sd tpdk;&toHk;pm;&dwfav#mhcsa&;/ yk*~vdu ydkif vGJajymif;a&;/ ukefoG,fa&;ESifh b¾maiGa=u;aps;uGuftm; xdef;csKyfr_ zsufodrf;a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;av#mhcsa&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;rSm acwfopfvpfb&,fwdk@. &nf¶G,fcsuf vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh wxyfwnf;yif jzpfonf? a&mfe,fa&*ifESifh rm*&ufoufcsmwdk@ tm%m&aeo!fh 1980 vGefESpfrsm; onf taemufwikd ;f t&if;&Sipf epfwiG f acwfopfvpfb&,fawmfveS af &;od@k tul;tajymif; umv jzpfonf? tar&duefESifh +AdwdefwGif vGwfvyfonfh aps;uGuftawG;tac:udk xlaxmifcJh=u+yD;/ tdkiftrftufzfESifh urBmhb%fwdk@rSwqifh wwd,urBmEdkifiHrsm;wGif tqdkygtawG;tac:ESifh rl0g'rsm;udk jyef@ESH@apcJhonf? xdkEdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u 1990 vGefESpfrsm;wGif tultnDtaxmuftyHhvufcHaom EdkifiHrsm;tm; acwfopf 15

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trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

vpfb&,frl0g'rsm;. vrf;!$efcsufrsm;udk vkdufem taumiftxnfaz:&ef zdtm;ay; awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? 2000 ckESpfxkwf ‘EdkifiHjcm;a&;rl0g'’ Foreign Policy pmapmifyg “0g&SifwefoabmwlnDr_vm;/ 0g&Sifwef &_yfaxG;r_vm;” aqmifyg;wGif rGdKufpfEdkrfu (tultnD,lrnfh) EdkifiHrsm;tzdk@ trSefwu,fyif jiif;qefEdkifpGrf; r&Sdavmuf atmif tdik t f rftufzEf iS hf urBmb h %fw@kd u 0g&iS w f efoabmwlnrD _ rl0g'qdik &f m jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; taumiftxnfaz:a&; pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufudk vufcHrSom acs;aiGtultnDay;rnf[k tcdkiftrm awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? [k axmufjycJhonf? xdkrl0g'rsm;tpHkvdkufrSm *|ef0DvsHqif oHk;E_ef;cJhonfhtwdkif; “0g&Sifwef oabmwlnDr_” [lI xif&Sm;onf? 2000 ckESpfxkwf The World Bank Research Observer pmapmif twGJ(15) trSwf(2)yg "What Should the World Bank Think about the Washington Consensus?" wGif *|ef0DvsHqif u xdkodk@aom (10)csufyg rl0g't}uHjyKcsufrsm;onf t"dutm;jzifh aps;uGufvGwfvyfcGifhjyKa&;udk OD;wnfaejcif; om jzpfonf[k qdkonf? ‚if;u “0g&SifwefoabmwlnDr_” tay: usaemf. zGifhqdkcsufrSm tajccHtm;jzifh rl0g'jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;tay: zdk;uyfpf vkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? tpdk;& tcef;u¾tm;av#mhcsa&;/ yk*~vduydkifvGJajymif;a&;ESifh ukefoG,fa&;/ b¾ma&;/ Ed k i f i H j cm;wd k u f & d k u f & if ; ES D ; jr‡ K yf E S H r _ / wd k i f ; jynf t 0if t xG u f tp&Sdonfwdk@tm; vGwfvyfcGifhjyKa&; rl0g'tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpf=uonf? xdk@a=umifh ,if;umv vdktyfcsufrsm;t& tqdkyg rl0g'jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; rsm;rSm aps;uGufvGwfvyf cGifhjyKa&;qDodk@ OD;wnfv#uf&Sdaeayonf? [k &Sif;vif;jycJhonf? xdk@tjyif 1999 ckESpf ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwpfckY wifoGif;aom “acwfopf vpfb&,f0g'ordkif;tusOf;” ("A Short History of Neo-liberalism") pmwrf;wGif ygarmuQ plqefa*smhcsf (Susan George)u acwfopfvpfb&,f0g'tm; rnfuJhodk@ wnfaqmufcJhyHkudk &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonf? ol. wifjycsufwGif acwfopfvpfb&,f0g'DawGu “r[majymif;vJr_}uD;”udk olwdk@tvdkus ajymif;jyefvSefvdkuf+yD; olwdk@&JŒ udk,fydkiftjzpf aiGay;0,f,lvdkufwm jzpf ygw,f? wdk;wufwJhtiftm;pkawGvdk r[kwfyJ/ olwdk@u tdkif'D,mawG&JŒ ta&;ygr_ u d k em;vnf c J h = uw,f ? tawG ; tac:eJ @ pD ; yG m ;a&;ynm&S i f “z±dkuf'&pfcfAGef[m,ufcf” Friedrich von Hayek eJ@ ol&JŒwy!fh “rDvw f ef z±du k 'f rf if;ef” Milton Friedman vdk ausmif;om;awGukd pkpnf;+yD; csDum*dkwuUodkvfrSm oaE<wnf tpjyKcJh&muae acwfopfvpfb&,f0g'D 16

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