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019-2721925 [email protected]
A simple microprocessor system.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) The central processing unit (CPU) is the heart of the system, performs the three basic functions: Data transfer - communication with its peripherals (memory and I/O) components and also with the outside world through input/output ports. Arithmetic and logic - perform the computing task specified in the program. Controls timing of information flow-decision making. The timing section governs all system timing and thus is responsible for the proper operation of all system hardware.
8051 CPU
The Bus System 1. ADDRESS BUS The address bus is used to hold the address of the part of the system or memory location The address bus is derived from the CPU and goes to every other part of the system. It is therefore unidirectional. 2. DATA BUS The data bus is used to carry information from the part addressed by the address bus between the CPU, memory and I/O devices. Therefore the data bus is bi-directional. 3. CONTROL BUS The control bus controls the operation of all other parts of the system. Most of the signals are derived from central processing unit. There are four major control signals, Read, Write, Memory request and Input/Output request.
CPU
8088
8051
Memory Basically memory is used to store program or data. Program memory is usually stored in a form of memory called ROM (Read Only
Memory). ROM is non-volatile memory, which it retains its contents when the system is powered down. The content of ROM cannot be altered. Types of ROMs are PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, FLASH.
Data memory is usually stored data called RAM (Random Access Memory). RAM is volatile memory, which is memory will be lost when power is turned off. The content of RAM can be altered. Types of RAM are SRAM, DRAM.
Memories are defined according to size, generally in terms of numbers of bytes (2x bytes). 1K (kilo) =210 bytes = 1024 bytes ,1M (mega) =220 bytes = 1 048 576 bytes.
Memory
ROM
RAM
HOW DOES MEMORY STORE INFORMATION ? Think the memory as array of mailboxes that each hold a number. Each mailbox also has an address that is used to locate the data stored in it. If we are to store the word "MICRO", we require five address locations. Data ASCII (Hex)
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Address
Location
M
4D
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
00H
I
49
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
01 H
C
43
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
02 H
R
52
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
03 H
O
4F
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
04 H
Machine Cycle The action of the microprocessor is synchronized to the clock generator, often based on a quartz crystal oscillator specified by the manufacturer. The most basic unit of time is called the machine cycle (or clock cycle time) which is the time required for one complete clock pulse. All instruction execution is made up of integer numbers of machine or instruction cycles.
Clock System Fetch/Decode/Execute Cycle
Fetch/Decode/Execute Cycle 1. Fetch - read the next instruction and put 2. 3.
it in the Instruction Register. Decode – translate what the instruction means Execute - do what is required by the instruction
INPUT/OUTPUT PORTS All microcomputer must be able to transfer
information between themselves and the external system. The communication between microcomputer and the outside world (external system) such as humans and machine is accomplished through its I/O port. The I/O devices or peripherals are connected to the I/O port which allow the computer system to interface with the outside world.
Input/Output Ports
8255 PPI
8251 USART
Types of Ports 1. Input port It is a device that accept an information/electrical signal from input devices (the outside world) to the microprocessor for processing. The input devices include keyboards, joysticks and sensors. 2. Output port It is a device that transfers an electrical signal/information from the microprocessor to output devices (the outside world) to accomplish work. The output devices include monitor screen, speakers, printer, robot arms, stepper motors and LED displays.
Tutorial Exercises 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
State the functions of microprocessor. List three types and function of each bus. List the examples of microprocessor applications. State the differences between SRAM and DRAM State the differences between PROM, EPROM, EEPROM and FLASH. List four common I/O devices (serial and parallel).
Terima Kasih, Ceria-ceria Selalu & Jumpa Lagiiiiii!!!
A simple microprocessor system.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) The central processing unit (CPU) is the heart of the system, performs the three basic functions: Data transfer - communication with its peripherals (memory and I/O) components and also with the outside world through input/output ports. Arithmetic and logic - perform the computing task specified in the program. Controls timing of information flow-decision making. The timing section governs all system timing and thus is responsible for the proper operation of all system hardware.
8051 CPU
The Bus System 1. ADDRESS BUS The address bus is used to hold the address of the part of the system or memory location The address bus is derived from the CPU and goes to every other part of the system. It is therefore unidirectional. 2. DATA BUS The data bus is used to carry information from the part addressed by the address bus between the CPU, memory and I/O devices. Therefore the data bus is bi-directional. 3. CONTROL BUS The control bus controls the operation of all other parts of the system. Most of the signals are derived from central processing unit. There are four major control signals, Read, Write, Memory request and Input/Output request.
CPU
8088
8051
Memory Basically memory is used to store program or data. Program memory is usually stored in a form of memory called ROM (Read Only
Memory). ROM is non-volatile memory, which it retains its contents when the system is powered down. The content of ROM cannot be altered. Types of ROMs are PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, FLASH.
Data memory is usually stored data called RAM (Random Access Memory). RAM is volatile memory, which is memory will be lost when power is turned off. The content of RAM can be altered. Types of RAM are SRAM, DRAM.
Memories are defined according to size, generally in terms of numbers of bytes (2x bytes). 1K (kilo) =210 bytes = 1024 bytes ,1M (mega) =220 bytes = 1 048 576 bytes.
Memory
ROM
RAM
HOW DOES MEMORY STORE INFORMATION ? Think the memory as array of mailboxes that each hold a number. Each mailbox also has an address that is used to locate the data stored in it. If we are to store the word "MICRO", we require five address locations. Data ASCII (Hex)
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Address
Location
M
4D
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
00H
I
49
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
01 H
C
43
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
02 H
R
52
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
03 H
O
4F
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
04 H
Machine Cycle The action of the microprocessor is synchronized to the clock generator, often based on a quartz crystal oscillator specified by the manufacturer. The most basic unit of time is called the machine cycle (or clock cycle time) which is the time required for one complete clock pulse. All instruction execution is made up of integer numbers of machine or instruction cycles.
Clock System Fetch/Decode/Execute Cycle
Fetch/Decode/Execute Cycle 1. Fetch - read the next instruction and put 2. 3.
it in the Instruction Register. Decode – translate what the instruction means Execute - do what is required by the instruction
INPUT/OUTPUT PORTS All microcomputer must be able to transfer
information between themselves and the external system. The communication between microcomputer and the outside world (external system) such as humans and machine is accomplished through its I/O port. The I/O devices or peripherals are connected to the I/O port which allow the computer system to interface with the outside world.
Input/Output Ports
8255 PPI
8251 USART
Types of Ports 1. Input port It is a device that accept an information/electrical signal from input devices (the outside world) to the microprocessor for processing. The input devices include keyboards, joysticks and sensors. 2. Output port It is a device that transfers an electrical signal/information from the microprocessor to output devices (the outside world) to accomplish work. The output devices include monitor screen, speakers, printer, robot arms, stepper motors and LED displays.
Tutorial Exercises 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
State the functions of microprocessor. List three types and function of each bus. List the examples of microprocessor applications. State the differences between SRAM and DRAM State the differences between PROM, EPROM, EEPROM and FLASH. List four common I/O devices (serial and parallel).
Terima Kasih, Ceria-ceria Selalu & Jumpa Lagiiiiii!!!
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