trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
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AD,uferfuay;wJo h i f ef;pm ifc ([ife&Dupfqif*sm;) aZmfjrifhausmf bmomjyefonf tar&dutzk@d awmh AD,uferfppfy[ JG m +yD;cJw h &hJ mpk 'kw, d ESp0f ufyidk ;f rSm pdwf rcsrf;ajrhzG,f&mtwdeJ@ }udrfrD;tkH;cJh&wJhjzpf&yfyg? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;t+yD; q,fpkESpf wckcaJG vmuf qef;opfwEhJ idk if jH cm;a&;ay:vpD atmifjrifra_ =umifh uk, d u hf , dk u f , dk =Hk unf r_awG rk;d ay:axmifwufrwwfjzpfaepOfrmS / usaemfw@dk &ŒJ AD,uferf tay:ukid w f , G rf u _ tar&duukd oabmxm;uGJr_awGeJ@ csefxm;cJhygw,f? tar&duefjynfwGif;ppf+yD; uwnf;uqkd&if 'g[m aemufxyfwkdif;jynftwGif; t}uD;tus,fpdwf0rf;uGJr_}uD;ygyJ? wyfawG¶kwfodrf;t+yD; ESpfESpft=umrSm uGef*&ufu AD,uferfukday;aewJh tultnDtaxmuftyHhtm;vkH; jzwfypfcJhygw,f? aemufqkH;usefcJhwJh tar&duefawG [m qkdif*kH (,ck [kdcsDrif;òrdŒawmf) u usaemfwkd@oH¶kH;acgifrkd;ay:uae &[wf,mOfeJ@ xGufajy;cJh=u&ygw,f? tJ'Dhtcsdefu pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,fjzpf&yf jyZmwfuGufrsKd; tckxd ray:aygufao;ygbl;? tck tJ'DhumvrSmyg0ifcJhwJh rsufjrifoufaota&twGuf[m wpwp avsmhyg;vm+yD;/ oHr_dESufcHxm;&wJhcHpm;csufawGu olwkd@ukdpdwfaxmif;ukd,fa=u pdwf '%f&m'%fcsufawGay;cJhygw,f? olwkd@&JŒtwdwfawGu tcsif;csif;=um; oabmxm; rwku d q f idk rf a_ wGe@J cGx J m;&pfcyhJ gw,f? ,ae@ Ekid if u H Odk ;D aqmifaewJh i,f&, G w f ahJ cgi;f aqmif rsm;tzkd@awmh olwkd@zcifrsm;&JŒ tjiif;yGm;cJhr_awGtay: em;vnfEkdifpGrf;r&Sd&SmbJ/ olwkd@ aqmif&u G af ewJh rsuaf rSmufay:vpDad wGrmS tvm;wltusyt f wnf;rsK;d awGxJ ra&Smif v$JombJ xyfacsmfusukefygw,f? tck a*:'Geftrf*kdpwdef;&JŒ “ab;qkd;xJuoifcef;pmrsm;/ rwfa*smhbef'DESifh AD,uferfppfyGJ wl¶_&mvrf;” (Lessons in Disaster: Mc Gcorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam) pmtkyfu tJ'Dh[muGufawGukd rjznfhay;Ekdifao;ygbl;? okd@aomf awmifAD,uferfukd tar&duefpepftwGuf ckcHr_twGif; 1961 - 1966 ig;ESpf wm umvukd trsm;}uD; rD;armifxkd;jyygw,f? tJ'Dhacwfxif&Sm;wJh tar&duefjynfol@ 0efxef;rsm;xJu wpfa,mufjzpfwhJ rufa*smb h ef'&D ŒJ óud;yrf;r_awGudk ajc&maumuf&if;/ tar&du&JŒ uHq;dk rk;d arSmifjzpf&yfx0J ifcyhJ u Hk dk 'Dpmtkyu f óud;pm;&SmazGwifjyxm;ygw,f? 59
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trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
rufa*smhbef'D b,folvJ usaemf [m;AwfwuUokdvfrSm&Sdaewkef;u/ rufa*smhbef'D[m wuUokdvf&JŒ r[mXmer_;jzpfygw,f? [m;Awfb@JG & rsK;d qufwckv;Hk twGuf a*smb h ef'q D w dk m ynm&Sif eJ@ wufºuGvy_ &f mS ;ol/ tm;vk;H &JŒ pHjytcspaf wmfyg? ol@&ŒJ xl;jcm;wufjrufwhJ ^m%fynm ukd jynfo@l tusK;d ðyvkyif ef;awGrmS vk;H vk;H vsm;vsm; ESpjf r‡Kyfxm;oljzpfygw,f? bef'[ D m olrwlatmifxufjrufol/ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;xkwfazmfwifjyEkdifol? abmfpwGefjA[Rm% tv$m ([m;Awfynmwwftokdif;t0kdif;) aemufuG,frSmawmh ol[m aEG;axG;+yD; qifjcifwkHw&m; tm;aumif;wJh vlom;wpfOD;ygyJ? [m;AwfaumfrwD&JŒ a¶G;cs,fr_a=umifh/ a'gufwmbGJ@&,ljcif;r&Sdao;bJeJ@ t&nftcsif;jynfhrDwJhXmer_;tjzpf ol@ukd cef@tyfcJhygw,f? Xmer_;jzpfwJhtcsdef ol@ toufu (34)ESpf? aemuftpkd;&tzGJ@ajymif;vJ&if &DywfAvpfuefjzpfjzpf 'Drkdu&uf jzpfjzpf bef'Dukd tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@xJ xnfhrSmyJvkd@ [m;Awftokdif;t0kdif;rSm ,kH=unfxm;=uygw,f? oleJ@acwfòydiftrsm;tjym;u ol@ukd tem*wfEkdifiHjcm;a&; 0ef}uD; (Secretary of State) avmif;vkd@ jrifcJh=uygw,f? 1961 ckESpfrSm orRw*|eftufzfuae'Du bef'Dhukd trsKd;om;vkH;òcHa&;t}uH ay; cef@tyfcJhygw,f? tJ'DhtcsdefrSm 'D&mxl;[m tpkd;&tzGJ@xJ tvGefta&;ygwJhae&m tjzpf ,lqxm;=uygw,f/ bef'Du trsKd;om;vkHòcHa&;t&m&Sdwm0efukd acwfrDwkd; wufatmif vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f? trsKd;om;vkHòcHa&;eJ@ywfoufwJh tjcm;XmeawG&JŒ rSwfwrf;rSwf&mpmcsKyfpmwrf;awG tvGefrsm;jym;vmwmeJ@tr#/ bef'Dh&JŒ¶kH;[m A[kd ¶kH;}uD; jzpfoGm;ygw,f? tJ'Dhuwnf;u trsKd;om;vkHòcHa&;aumifpD[m orwtwGuf a¶G;cs,f pOf;pm;vkyfukdif&r,fhenf;vrf;tzkHzkHukd pkpnf;wifjyxkwfvkyfay;&mXme jzpfvmyg w,f? 'Dvkyfief;}uD;awGukd vspfvsL¶_xm;cJh&if/ orw[m rsufrjrifykÀm;xufqkd; oGm;r,f? r[mAsL[mvrf;!$efcsufr&SdbJ tusyftwnf;awG wpfck+yD;wpfckqkdufrSm usdef;aoygw,f? bef'D[m [m;AwfrSm pDrHukdifwG,fcJhovkdrsKd;yJ/ ol@wm0eftopfawGrSm ig;ESpfwm yDjyifykdifEkdifpGm aqmif¶GufEkdifcJhygw,f? 'DtxJrSm bmviftusyftwnf;/ usK;bm;'k;H usnu f mveJ@ eLuvD;,m;prf;oyfr_ ydwyf ifa&;oabmwlncD suw f @dk yg0ifyg w,f? 'Dah emuf oly;l wGpJ rD u H idk w f , G cf w hJ hJ AD,uferfppfyJG uHq;dk rk;d arSmifusre_ @J twl =oZm usqif;oGm;cJh&w,f? 1966 ckESpfrSm ol t+idrf;pm;,lcJh+yD;/ aemuf b,fawmhrS tpkd;& 0efxrf;rvkyfawmhygbl;? tpkd;&Xmeukdausmckdif;vm+yD;aemuf bef'Dhcrsm trsm;&JŒa0zefp&m ypfrSwf jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? ‘taumif;qk;H eJ@tawmfq;Hk ’ (The Best and the Brightest) a&;wJh a';Apf[,fvfbmpwrf;uqkd&if bef'Dukd AD,uferfrSm tar&duefawGukd vrf;aysmuf 60
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apcJholvkd@ xkd;ESufa0zefygw,f? tJ'DhpmtkyfrSm AD,uferfppfyGJ&JŒ aemufqufwGJokH;oyf csuftrsm;pkukd azmfjycJhygw,f? bef'Du ol@tay: r_dcsKd;r#pfcsKd; uJh&JŒjypfwifr_rsm;ukd oduQm&SdpGmeJ@onf;cH w,f? a0zefra_ wGudk wku d ¶f u dk jf yefajz=um;jcif;rðybJ/ a0zefot l csKŒd eJ@ wpfO;D csi;f oabm wlcJhwmawG&Sdygw,f? ol@b0ae0ifcsdefrSm tar&duukd ar#mfvifhcsufuae pdwfysuf a=uuGJr_qD wGef;ykd@ay;cJhwJhjzpf&yfawGukd jyefvnfukpm;zkd@ tcsuftvufpkaqmif;r_awG okawoevufaxmuftulwa,mufeJ@ vkyfae&Smygw,f? pmrl=urf; rpwifEkdifao; cif ol uG,fvGefoGm;ygw,f?
uyfqkd;xJrS oifcef;pmrsm; bef'&D ŒJ okawoeorm; a*:'Get f rf*;dk vfpwde;f (Gordon M. Goldstein) u ol@q&meJ@ yl;aygif;ðypkxm;wmawG/ bef'Dukd,fwkdif&JŒ a&;om;csufrSwfpkwkd@eJ@twl pmtkyfxkwfvkdufygw,f? *kd;vfpwdef;ukd,fwkdif&JŒ tm;xkwfr_awGygovkd/ okawoe orm;&JŒtjrifawGvnf; wifjyxm;ygw,f? 'Dpmtkyf[m tawmfhukd xl;qef;pdwfv_yf &Sm;zG,faumif;ygw,f? pmtkyfrSm ol&Jaumif; b,folvkd@ rajymxm;ovkd/ okawoeorm;&JŒ ppf rSefr_ukdvnf; jyoxm;ygw,f? ‘uyfqkd;xJrSoifcef;pmrsm;’ pmtkyf[m q,fpkESpf tcsKdŒrSm vGefusK;rSm;,Gif;r_awGukd oHa0*&r_eJ@twl bef'D&JŒaqmif¶GufcsufrsufESmpm awG/ uHq;dk rk;d arSmifusra_ wGudk &Si;f vif;azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 'Dpmtky[ f m a&SŒqufomG ;& OD;r,fh c&D;twGuf jywif;wHcg;wcsyf vSpfjyvkdufjcif;jzpfygw,f? aemuf'Dpmtkyfu vGefcJhwJh rsKd;qufwckrSm tpdwfpdwftr$mr$mjzpfoGm;wJh tajctwifjzpfr_awGukd vGefajrmufzkd@&ef rpGrf;Ekdif&SmwJh tar&duukd aemufxyfoufaojyvkdufjcif;vnf; jzpfygw,f? bef'[ D m Oa&myeJ@ qkAd , D uf,el , D rH mS tar&du&JŒ ppf+yD;acwfay:vpDtarG ukd atmifjrifpmG pDrcH ef@cEJG idk o f jl zpfygw,f? olus¶;H_ oGm;wJah e&mu ta&SŒawmiftm&SrmS jzpfygw,f? ppf+yD;acwf Oa&myjyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;eJ@ aemufqkH;ppfat;wkdufyGJukd awmif atmifEidk cf w hJ hJ tar&duefr0l g'a&;&mawG[m ta&SŒawmiftm&SqjD zef@usu&f m rSmawmh cGufcGufvef ¶_H;edrfhoGm;cJh&ygw,f? t"du tcuftcJu ta&SŒawmiftm&SrmS rwljcm;em;wJrh [mAsL[m tcif; tusif; &Sdaeygw,f? Oa&myrSmu tpkd;&tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;[m 'kwd,urBmppf tysuftpD;ykHxJuukd jyefvnf&Sifoefvm=uw,f? Oa&my&ifqkdifcJh&wJh +cdrf;ajcmufr_ awGu olwkd@pD;yGm;a&; ar#mfvifhcsuf&Sifoefzkd@eJ@ olwkd@e,fpyfrsOf;wavsmuf qkdAD,uf wyfawG 0kid ;f ywfxm;r_jzpfygw,f? tar&duefrm&S,pf rD u H ed ;f u yxrjy\emukd ulnD EkdifcJh+yD;/ aewkd;r[mrdwftzGJ@u 'kwd,+cdrf;ajcmufr_ukd ajz&Sif;ay;EkdifcJhygw,f? 61
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trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
awmifAD,uferfrSm tJ'Dtaetxm;rsKd;awG r&Sdygbl;? AD,uferfukdcGJjcm;ykdif; jzwfxm;wJhrsOf;u ppfrJhZkHoabmrsKd;omjzpfygw,f? EkdifiHwume,ferdwfe,fpyfrsOf; wpfcktjzpf awmifAD,uferf[EGdKif;tpkd;&u b,fwkef;urSvufrcHcJhygbl;? [EGdKif;rSm aysmuf=um;ppfyGJawGa=umifh tpkd;&tifpwDusK;&Sif;rsm; csnfheJ@oGm;cJhygw,f? e,fedrdwf rsOf;r&SdwJh tJ'DhppfyGJrSm/ ppfa&;xdef;csKyfr_[m jcm;em;wJht"dy`g,faqmifcJhygw,f? Oa&myrSmawmh tajcckdifatmif xlaxmifxm;wJhEkdifiHrsm; (established states) &Scd yhJ gw,f? tpk;d &uk, d pf rD mS w&m;0ifr_ (legitimacy) ukd tckid t f rmxlaxmif xm;+yD;om; jzpf=uygw,f? awmifAD,uferfrSmu EkdifiHwckqkdwJhykdifqkdifr_tarG vkH;0r&Sd cJhygbl;? tpkd;&tifpwDusK;&Sif;awGqkdwmvnf; '&pyf ppfa&;wkdufckdufr_awGatmufrSm zefwD;,lae&um e,fajrykdifeufwnfwHckdif+rJr_ (territorial integrity) jzpf+yD;/ ta&SŒ awmiftm&SrSmpdefac:r_u tpkd;&&JŒw&m;0ifr_jzpfygw,f?
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trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
ta&SŒawmiftm&SqD wkdufckdufa&;wyfawGapv$wfzkd@ uae'Du qef@usif w,fvkd@ *kd;vfpwdefu qkdw,f? 1961 rSm vmtkdrSm tkdufpifa[mif0g&JŒ wyfcsxm;a&; t,ltqukd uae'Du tjywfjiif;y,fw,f? 1963 rSm AD,uferfeJ@ywfoufwJh tvm;wl tqkðd ycsuu f v dk nf; vufrcHcb hJ ;l ? 'Dvv dk yk w f m[m r[mAsL[mqk;H jzwfcsuf wpfckxuf aESmifhaES;=uef@=umr_ukdom ykd+yD;&v'fxifapcJhygw,f? ww,fawmh uae'D[m pdwfEScGjzpfaecJhygw,f? trsKd;om;vkHòcHa&;twGuf awmifA, D uferf[m r&Srd jzpf quf&iS o f efatmif vkyx f m;&r,fqw dk meJ@ tJ'yhD ef;wkid u f dk &zkd@qkd&if tar&duefwkdufckdufa&;wyfawG apv$wf&r,fqkdwJh ESpfckt=um; Asmrsm;+yD; a0cGrJ & jzpfaeygw,f? tJ'hD wyfawGy@dk a&; qk;H jzwfcsuu f dk 1963 rSm a¶$Œqkid ;f Ekid cf yhJ gw,f? okd@aomf *|efqiforwjzpfvm+yD; AD,uferfòydvkcgeD; 1965 rSmawmh qkH;jzwfcsuf[m vkH;0a&Smifvkd@r&atmif jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tm;vk;H jrifc&hJ wJt h wkid ;f ygy?J uae'D&ŒJ orwaemufq;Hk &ufowWywfawGrmS csrw S cf w hJ q hJ ;Hk jzwfcsuaf wG[m ol@aemuforwjzpfvmwJh *|eq f if&ŒJ a¶G;cs,rf e_ nf;vrf; awGudk yk+d yD;tusyt f wnf;awG jzpfapcJyh gw,f? trsK;d om;vkòH cHa&;aumifp&D ŒJ rwduswhJ vkyf&yfawGu =urRmiifr_awG jzpfapcJhygw,f? Ekid if aH &;tifpwDusL;&Si;f awG rwnf+idrw f hJ zGòH zd;qJEidk if aH wG&ŒJ aysmufusm;ppfu ra&Smifv$JombJ vkH;0ajz&Sif;vkd@r&wJh tusyftwnf;awG xkwfvkyfay;ygw,f? jynf wGi;f ppfqw dk m w&m;0ifr_ (legitimacy) eJ@ vk;H 0oufqidk af e+yD;/ w&m;0ifrq _ w dk m vk+H cKHr_ r&SdbJeJ@ r&&SdEkdifygbl;? tJ'Dh w&m;0ifr_eJ@ vkHòcHr_&&Sda&;vkdtyfcsufawGt=um;rSm t+rJ [ae wwfw,f? vkH+cKHa&;[m tm%mr&Sd&if rjzpfEkdifygbl;? w&m;0ifr_[mvnf; trsm; oabmwlnrD r_ &&if a&&Snx f ed ;f rxm;Ekid yf gb;l ? ok@d aomf 'Dru dk a&pDenf;us oabmwl nDr_ &&Sdzkd@ tcsdeftwkdif;twm yrm%[m vkHòcHa&;&atmifvkyfzkd@ twkdif;twmxuf ykd=umanmif;wwfygw,f?
vkyf}uHr_eJ@ aESmifhaES;wJhorw 1963 ckESpf AD,uferfrSmaysmufusm;ppf rD;&Sdefjrifhwufvmygw,f? awmifAD ,uferftkyfcsKyfa&;&JŒ csdeJ@r_u tm;vkH;xGufaygufr&Sd acsmifydwfrdapwJh tajccH ta=umif;w&m;yJvkd@ tar&dueft&m&SdawGu ,kH=unfvm=uygw,f? uae'DeJ@ bef'D ESpfOD;pvkH; awmifAD,uferfu jyefvm+yD;aemuf/ vufaxmufEkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;eJ@ trsKd;om;vkHòcHa&;0efxrf;awGu qkdif*kHu tar&duefoHtrwfukd !$ef=um;csufay; vkdufw,f? qkdif*kHrSm ppftm%modrf;r_tokH;ðy+yD; orwtopfajymif;ypfzkd@? orRw ‘ikd’ eJ@ ol@nD[m r=umrD vkyf}uHcH&ygw,f? tJ'Dh r[mAsL[mtwGif; awmifAD,uferfrSm tm%modrf;r_awG qufwkdufjzpfvm+yD; jy\emawG wavS}uD; wufygw,f? tJ'Dhvkd uaomif;ueif;tajctaeawGrSm ajrmufAD,uferf [EGKdif;buf 64
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
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atmifyGJ&JŒt"dy`g,f tar&duefjynfaxmifpk[m ppfyGJoGm;+yDqkd&if/ atmifyGJqkdwmb,fvkdvJ/ atmifyu JG dk b,fvedk nf;eJ@ atmifjrifatmifvyk rf mS vJqw dk mawG t"dyg` ,u f suseezGiq hf dk azmfjyxm;oifhw,f? 'grSr[kwfvJ olŒ&JŒppfa&;aqmif¶Gufr_ukd b,fvkdtqkH;owfrvJ/ b,fvkdoHwrefenf;awGeJ@ pcef;oGm;rvJqkdwm ususeetqkdðyxm;&r,f? AD,uferfukd tar&duefwyfawG apv$wfjyefawmhvnf; jynfoltrsm;&JŒ ,k=H unfu;dk pm;r_e@J rSeu f efwahJ phpyfaqG;aEG;a&;vrf;a=umif; rygcjhJ yefb;l ? aphpyfaqG;aEG; &if b,fvkdtcsufawGyg0if&r,fqkdwm b,fawmhrS t"dy`g,fzGifhrxm;bl;? ,kH=unfr_ trSwfeJ@ywfouf+yD; pOf;pm;=unfhzkd@ pma&;ol *kd;vfpwdef;u bef'D&JŒtH=ozG,fpum; wpfckukd ukd;um;azmfjyygw,f? ‘tar&duefwyfom;wpfodef;v$wf+yD; ¶_H;edrfhoGm;wm xufpm&if/ [EGKid b f ufu wku d v f mwmwpfcv k ;Hk ukd rckcEH idk w f mu tar&du&JŒ ,k=H unf r_twGuf ykdaumif;tkH;r,f’ wJh? qkdvkdwmu wyfawGapv$wfjcif;xuf 'Dtwkdif; ¶_H;edrfhvkdufwmu tar&duefjynfolvkxktjrifrSm ykdaumif;r,faygh? aemufxyf rdrdbmomysufpD;apwJh udpPuawmh tif'kdcsKdif;em;ukd wckwnf; aom r[mAsL[muGi;f jyiftjzpfjrifz@dk &ef aESmifah ES;aejcif;ygy?J 'Dae&mrSm tkid pf ifa[mif0g vkH;0rSefcJhygw,f? AD,uferfukd ckcHumuG,fzkd@twGuf vmtkd[m rjzpfraecHwyfvkd@ tkdufpifa[mif0gu ajymcJhwmyJ? okd@aomf bef'Du tJ'Dtqkdukd olvufrcHEkdifa=umif; uae'Dukd ajymcJhw,f? bef'D ajymykHu “vmtkd[m 1954 +yD;uwnf;u b,fawmhrS usaemfwkd@[m r[kwfawmhbl;? awmifAD,uferfom usaemfwkd@[meJ@ usaemfwkd@vkdcsif 65
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
wJh[myJ” vkd@ qkdcJhw,f? tJ'jhD cm;em;csuu f rlrrSew f t hJ ajctaeawG jzpfapygw,f? tJ'hD tjrifa=umifh yJ tar&duefoef;wpf0uf[m AD,uferfrSm ykdae+rJusm;ae+rJjyef&zkd@ wkdufckdufcJh=u& w,f? &efol@wyfawGu urBm'D;,m;rSm tajccHpcef;awGwnf+yD; vmtkdbufuae axmufyrhH _ vrf;a=umif;awG&,lomG ;vk@d tar&duefppfa&;AsL[m ratmifjrifEidk f jzpfc&hJ ygw,f? aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;udpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; bef'Dajymwmu [EGKdif;u uGefjrLepf awG&JŒ awmifAD,uferfukd v$rf;rkd;zkd@óud;pm;r_awG t&nfaysmfusqif;oGm;wmeJ@ tay; t,lvkyf n‡dE_dif;aqG;aEG;r_ (compromise) awG oHwrefenf;vrf;uwqifh ay:xGuf vmvdrfhr,f? wu,fawmh 'g[m oa&yGJtaetxm;ukd &Smwm/ atmifyGJr[kwfbl;? okd@aomf oa&yGJtaetxm;u ‘aysmufusm;wpfa,muf[m r&_H;&if Ekdif&r,f/ oa& qkdwm r&Sd’ qkdwJh tqkdtrdef@ukd csKd;azgufovkdjzpfaew,f? oHwrefenf;eJ@ tay;t,lnd‡E_dif;r,fqkdwJh xGufayguf}uHpnfr_[m tar &duefawG&JŒ aemifwrSm ykduJaew,f? &efol[EGKdif;bufjcrf;rSm tay;t,lvkyfzkd@ pdwful;xJawmif rxnfh=ubl;? olwkd@u tðywfwkdufa&;yJ? [EGKdif;u uGefjrLepfacgif; aqmifawG[m jyifopfudk q,fpEk pS w f pfck wku d cf u dk cf =hJ uw,f? tar&duefe@J q,fpw k pfck avmufyJ wkdufyGJawG jzpfcJh=uw,f? olwkd@t+rJvkdcsifwmu b,foleJ@jzpfjzpf EkdifiHa&; tay;t,lvkyfr_awG&zkd@ r[kwfbl;? atmifEkdifzkd@ wkduf=uwmom jzpfw,f? trSefu tay;t,ltav#mhtwif;jzpfvmzkd@ vkdtyfwJhóud;pm;&r_awG[m atmifyGJ&zkd@vkdtyfcsufawGeJ@ cGJjcm;xm;vkd@r&bl;? tay;t,l tav#mhtwif;vkyfzkd@ qkdwm atmifyGJtwGuf jzpf&rSm? aemufykdif; usaemftpkd;&tzGJ@xJ yg0ifxrf;aqmifvm awmh cg;oD;wJhtawG@tóuHawGuae oifcef;pmxkwf,lcJhygw,f?
a0'emawGuay;cJhwJ oifcef;pm 'Dpmtkyftay: okH;oyfcsufa&;&mrSm/ rsKd;qufwpfckóuHawG@cJh&wJh emusif cHcufa0'emawGukd tusOf;csKyfrazmfjybJ raeEkdifatmif jzpfrdygw,f? avhvmxkwf ,lvkd@ &or# tenf;i,fukd atmufygtwkdif; pDpOf=unfhygw,f? (1) orwukd ppfyGJqifE$Jzkd@ pOf;pm;ckdif;wJhtcg/ t}uHay;awGu urBmvkH;qkdif&m r[mAsL[mtajctaeawGukd twnfðycsuftay: tajccHokH;oyf+yD; ol@qD wifjyay;&r,f? (2) ppfy&JG ŒJ &nf¶, G cf suu f atmifyyJG ?J oa&yGq J w dk m aemufq;Hk a¶G;cs,rf o _ m jzpf oifhw,f? oa&eJ@ ykdae+rJusm;ae+rJqkdwm r[mAsL[mrSm qENr&SdoifhwJh t&m? (3) atmifyGJ&JŒt"dy`g,fukd zGifhqkdzkd@vkdr,f? tar&duefjynfolawG&JŒtjrifrSm a& &Snfxdef;xm;EkdifwJh atmifjrifwJh&v'fwcktjzpf atmifyGJukdzGifhqkdzkd@ vkdr,f? 66
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
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(4) a&&Snpf Ofqufrjywfxed ;f xm;Ekid rf ,fh oHwrefral bmifwpfck orwukd wifjy ay;&r,f? (5) oHwrefenf;vrf;eJ@ r[mAsL[mukd ay:vpD&JŒ tqifhqifhawGrSmomrubJ/ jzpf&yfwckvkH;&JŒ ta&;}uD;qkH;udpPtjzpf oabmxm;&r,f? (6) oHwrefenf;vrf;eJ@ r[mAsL[mtwGuf vkyfykdifcGifhtm%mukd &Sif;&Sif;vif; vif; wm0eftyfESif;ay;&r,f? (7) tpk;d &a&m a0zefoal wGyg aqG;aEG;yGJ 'Dbw d f aqmif¶u G o f ifw h ,f? usaemfw@dk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒnD!Gwfr_[m urBm}uD;&JŒar#mfvifhcsufyJqkdwJh todtjrif ay:tajccH+yD; aqG;aEG;yGJawGvkyf&ygr,f?
ed*kH; bef'[ D m tapm}uD;uwnf;u 'Dvrdk sK;d aumufcsuaf wG qGx J m;Ekid o f ifw h ,f vkd@ *kd;vfpwdef;&JŒpmtkyfu azmfjyaeygw,f? 'Dvkdvkyfzkd@qkd&if bef'D[m ol@t&if apmapmykdif; (15)ESpfavmufu orwx¶l;rif;&JŒ ruftmomeJ@tjiif;yGm;r_awGup+yD; rsKd;qufwck&JŒtjrifawGukd jiif;y,fEkdifpGrf;&Sd&vdrfhr,f? olwkd@ESpfOD;t=um; tjiif;yGm;r_tcsufawGu tiftm;ukd tao;tzGJudpP awGrSmawmif okH;oifhw,f? r[mAsL[meJ@ oHwrefenf;vrf;ukd t+rJwrf;cGJjcm;+yD; vkyfukdif&r,fh oD;jcm;e,fy,fawGjzpfw,f? r&Sif;rvif; AvkH;AaxG; urBmvkH;qkdif&m tðytrludk xlaxmifxm;jcif;[m atmifjrifwahJ y:vpDyq J w dk hJ tqkt d rde@f udk tar&duef rl0g'awGrmS tok;H ðyw,f? tJ'hD rl0g'awGudk olw@dk rsK;d quf&ŒJ taumif;qk;H enf;vrf;awG tjzpf 1960 jynfhvGeftapmykdif;rSm AD,uferfrSm taumiftxnfazmfcJh=uw,f? ay:vpDðyvkyo f al wGrmS tjrifrmS ;,Gi;f csKŒd wJo h mG ;&if/ a0zefoal wGuvnf; tm;emaevk@d r&awmhbl;? orkdif;wav#mufvkH; tar&du u todtrSwfðycJhwJh jy\emwkdif;ukd tar&du&JŒ&if;jrpfe@J tkid 'f , D muko d ;Hk +yD; ajz&Si;f Ekid cf w hJ m oufaoygy?J AD,uferfuawmh rvG,fvSwJh acgif;rmvGef;wJh wrsKd;wbmom jy\emyg? orwuae'D vkyf}uHcH&r_ tay: ikdaºuG;jcif;eJ@ rdrdbmomzefwD;wnfaqmufwJh oDtkd&DawGu *,faygufydwf t¶_yftaxG;awG jzpfvmjcif;/ acgif;aqmifawG&JŒrjynfh0r_eJ@ tawG@tóuHtm;enf;r_u tar&duukd ¶_H;edrfhr_acsmufxJ wGef;ykd@cJhygw,f? 'guae r+yD;EkdifrpD;EkdifwJh trsKd;om;a&; jiif;ckefyGJtxd awmufav#mufOD;wnfvmcJhygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm bef'D[m om;aumifjzpfcJh&ygw,f? ajymif;vJaewJhurBmwpfckeJ@ vku d af vsmnDaxG raqmif¶u G Ef idk cf w hJ t hJ wGuf bef'[ D m AD,uferfppfy&JG ŒJ w&m;cHtppfe@J w&m;usp&m jzpfcJh&ygw,f? &nf!Gef; 'What Vietnam teaches us' by Henry Kissinger 67