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ta&SŒawmiftm&SqD wkdufckdufa&;wyfawGapv$wfzkd@ uae'Du qef@usif w,fvkd@ *kd;vfpwdefu qkdw,f? 1961 rSm vmtkdrSm tkdufpifa[mif0g&JŒ wyfcsxm;a&; t,ltqukd uae'Du tjywfjiif;y,fw,f? 1963 rSm AD,uferfeJ@ywfoufwJh tvm;wl tqkðd ycsuu f v dk nf; vufrcHcb hJ ;l ? 'Dvv dk yk w f m[m r[mAsL[mqk;H jzwfcsuf wpfckxuf aESmifhaES;=uef@=umr_ukdom ykd+yD;&v'fxifapcJhygw,f? ww,fawmh uae'D[m pdwfEScGjzpfaecJhygw,f? trsKd;om;vkHòcHa&;twGuf awmifA, D uferf[m r&Srd jzpf quf&iS o f efatmif vkyx f m;&r,fqw dk meJ@ tJ'yhD ef;wkid u f dk &zkd@qkd&if tar&duefwkdufckdufa&;wyfawG apv$wf&r,fqkdwJh ESpfckt=um; Asmrsm;+yD; a0cGrJ & jzpfaeygw,f? tJ'hD wyfawGy@dk a&; qk;H jzwfcsuu f dk 1963 rSm a¶$Œqkid ;f Ekid cf yhJ gw,f? okd@aomf *|efqiforwjzpfvm+yD; AD,uferfòydvkcgeD; 1965 rSmawmh qkH;jzwfcsuf[m vkH;0a&Smifvkd@r&atmif jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tm;vk;H jrifc&hJ wJt h wkid ;f ygy?J uae'D&ŒJ orwaemufq;Hk &ufowWywfawGrmS csrw S cf w hJ q hJ ;Hk jzwfcsuaf wG[m ol@aemuforwjzpfvmwJh *|eq f if&ŒJ a¶G;cs,rf e_ nf;vrf; awGudk yk+d yD;tusyt f wnf;awG jzpfapcJyh gw,f? trsK;d om;vkòH cHa&;aumifp&D ŒJ rwduswhJ vkyf&yfawGu =urRmiifr_awG jzpfapcJhygw,f? Ekid if aH &;tifpwDusL;&Si;f awG rwnf+idrw f hJ zGòH zd;qJEidk if aH wG&ŒJ aysmufusm;ppfu ra&Smifv$JombJ vkH;0ajz&Sif;vkd@r&wJh tusyftwnf;awG xkwfvkyfay;ygw,f? jynf wGi;f ppfqw dk m w&m;0ifr_ (legitimacy) eJ@ vk;H 0oufqidk af e+yD;/ w&m;0ifrq _ w dk m vk+H cKHr_ r&SdbJeJ@ r&&SdEkdifygbl;? tJ'Dh w&m;0ifr_eJ@ vkHòcHr_&&Sda&;vkdtyfcsufawGt=um;rSm t+rJ [ae wwfw,f? vkH+cKHa&;[m tm%mr&Sd&if rjzpfEkdifygbl;? w&m;0ifr_[mvnf; trsm; oabmwlnrD r_ &&if a&&Snx f ed ;f rxm;Ekid yf gb;l ? ok@d aomf 'Dru dk a&pDenf;us oabmwl nDr_ &&Sdzkd@ tcsdeftwkdif;twm yrm%[m vkHòcHa&;&atmifvkyfzkd@ twkdif;twmxuf ykd=umanmif;wwfygw,f?

vkyf}uHr_eJ@ aESmifhaES;wJhorw 1963 ckESpf AD,uferfrSmaysmufusm;ppf rD;&Sdefjrifhwufvmygw,f? awmifAD ,uferftkyfcsKyfa&;&JŒ csdeJ@r_u tm;vkH;xGufaygufr&Sd acsmifydwfrdapwJh tajccH ta=umif;w&m;yJvkd@ tar&dueft&m&SdawGu ,kH=unfvm=uygw,f? uae'DeJ@ bef'D ESpfOD;pvkH; awmifAD,uferfu jyefvm+yD;aemuf/ vufaxmufEkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;eJ@ trsKd;om;vkHòcHa&;0efxrf;awGu qkdif*kHu tar&duefoHtrwfukd !$ef=um;csufay; vkdufw,f? qkdif*kHrSm ppftm%modrf;r_tokH;ðy+yD; orwtopfajymif;ypfzkd@? orRw ‘ikd’ eJ@ ol@nD[m r=umrD vkyf}uHcH&ygw,f? tJ'Dh r[mAsL[mtwGif; awmifAD,uferfrSm tm%modrf;r_awG qufwkdufjzpfvm+yD; jy\emawG wavS}uD; wufygw,f? tJ'Dhvkd uaomif;ueif;tajctaeawGrSm ajrmufAD,uferf [EGKdif;buf 64

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u awmifbufukd ykHrSefwyfawGeJ@0ifwkdufzkd@ tcGifhaumif;yJvkd@ ,lqvkduf=uygw,f? aemufo;Hk ywfavmuft=umrSm uae'D vky}f uHc&H ygw,f? tar&duefwu dk f cku d af &;wyfawG apv$wzf @dk q;Hk jzwfcsu[ f m 1963 ckEpS rf mS qkid ;f iHv h u dk &f +yD;/ orw*|eq f if vufxJ usa&mufvmygw,f? pma&;ol*kd;vfpwdef;u tdrfjzLawmftwGif;tajctae aqG;aEG;r_awGeJ@ jzpfay:wkd;wufr_awGukd ajc&mcH=unfhygw,f? t"dut}uHay;awG jzpfwJh 'if;&yfpf/ a&mbuf rufemrm;&m;/ bef'Dwkd@eJ@ ppfOD;pD;csKyftzGJ@u wkdufckdufa&; wyfawG apv$wfcsxm;zkd@ukd tckdiftrmaxmufcH=uygw,f? pma&;ol*kd;vfpwdef;u orRwuae'Dukd a0zefjyygw,f? uae'D[m ta&SŒ awmiftm&Stokdif;t0kdif;wpfckvkH; 0kdif&Hxdef;csKyfxm;a&; 'kdrDEkdoDtkd&Dukd vufcHxm;+yD;/ tJ'Dhaqmif¶Gufr_tusKd;qufawGeJ@yJ qufaer,fholjzpfvdrfhr,f? ta&SŒawmiftm&SqD tar&du&JŒ jynfyoGm;a&mufwkdufckdufa&;wyftrsm;tjym;ukd apv$wfcsifykHray:bl;? ok@d aomf olŒ&JŒaqmif¶u G cf suaf wG[m trsK;d om;vkòH cHa&;t}uHay;awG/ Ekid if jH cm;a&;rl0g' a&;&myk*K~ v d rf sm;&JŒtjrifawGu tckid t f rmaemufu, G u f &Sad eovm;qkw d m usaemfw@dk rodEkdif=uygbl;? bef'Dwkd@vkd t"dut}uHay;awGu aESmifhaES;=uef@=umwJhorw jzpfoGm;atmif 0kdif;vkyfcJhavovm;qkdwm ajymr&bl;?

atmifyGJ&JŒt"dy`g,f tar&duefjynfaxmifpk[m ppfyGJoGm;+yDqkd&if/ atmifyGJqkdwmb,fvkdvJ/ atmifyu JG dk b,fvedk nf;eJ@ atmifjrifatmifvyk rf mS vJqw dk mawG t"dyg` ,u f suseezGiq hf dk azmfjyxm;oifhw,f? 'grSr[kwfvJ olŒ&JŒppfa&;aqmif¶Gufr_ukd b,fvkdtqkH;owfrvJ/ b,fvkdoHwrefenf;awGeJ@ pcef;oGm;rvJqkdwm ususeetqkdðyxm;&r,f? AD,uferfukd tar&duefwyfawG apv$wfjyefawmhvnf; jynfoltrsm;&JŒ ,k=H unfu;dk pm;r_e@J rSeu f efwahJ phpyfaqG;aEG;a&;vrf;a=umif; rygcjhJ yefb;l ? aphpyfaqG;aEG; &if b,fvkdtcsufawGyg0if&r,fqkdwm b,fawmhrS t"dy`g,fzGifhrxm;bl;? ,kH=unfr_ trSwfeJ@ywfouf+yD; pOf;pm;=unfhzkd@ pma&;ol *kd;vfpwdef;u bef'D&JŒtH=ozG,fpum; wpfckukd ukd;um;azmfjyygw,f? ‘tar&duefwyfom;wpfodef;v$wf+yD; ¶_H;edrfhoGm;wm xufpm&if/ [EGKid b f ufu wku d v f mwmwpfcv k ;Hk ukd rckcEH idk w f mu tar&du&JŒ ,k=H unf r_twGuf ykdaumif;tkH;r,f’ wJh? qkdvkdwmu wyfawGapv$wfjcif;xuf 'Dtwkdif; ¶_H;edrfhvkdufwmu tar&duefjynfolvkxktjrifrSm ykdaumif;r,faygh? aemufxyf rdrdbmomysufpD;apwJh udpPuawmh tif'kdcsKdif;em;ukd wckwnf; aom r[mAsL[muGi;f jyiftjzpfjrifz@dk &ef aESmifah ES;aejcif;ygy?J 'Dae&mrSm tkid pf ifa[mif0g vkH;0rSefcJhygw,f? AD,uferfukd ckcHumuG,fzkd@twGuf vmtkd[m rjzpfraecHwyfvkd@ tkdufpifa[mif0gu ajymcJhwmyJ? okd@aomf bef'Du tJ'Dtqkdukd olvufrcHEkdifa=umif; uae'Dukd ajymcJhw,f? bef'D ajymykHu “vmtkd[m 1954 +yD;uwnf;u b,fawmhrS usaemfwkd@[m r[kwfawmhbl;? awmifAD,uferfom usaemfwkd@[meJ@ usaemfwkd@vkdcsif 65

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trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

wJh[myJ” vkd@ qkdcJhw,f? tJ'jhD cm;em;csuu f rlrrSew f t hJ ajctaeawG jzpfapygw,f? tJ'hD tjrifa=umifh yJ tar&duefoef;wpf0uf[m AD,uferfrSm ykdae+rJusm;ae+rJjyef&zkd@ wkdufckdufcJh=u& w,f? &efol@wyfawGu urBm'D;,m;rSm tajccHpcef;awGwnf+yD; vmtkdbufuae axmufyrhH _ vrf;a=umif;awG&,lomG ;vk@d tar&duefppfa&;AsL[m ratmifjrifEidk f jzpfc&hJ ygw,f? aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;udpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; bef'Dajymwmu [EGKdif;u uGefjrLepf awG&JŒ awmifAD,uferfukd v$rf;rkd;zkd@óud;pm;r_awG t&nfaysmfusqif;oGm;wmeJ@ tay; t,lvkyf n‡dE_dif;aqG;aEG;r_ (compromise) awG oHwrefenf;vrf;uwqifh ay:xGuf vmvdrfhr,f? wu,fawmh 'g[m oa&yGJtaetxm;ukd &Smwm/ atmifyGJr[kwfbl;? okd@aomf oa&yGJtaetxm;u ‘aysmufusm;wpfa,muf[m r&_H;&if Ekdif&r,f/ oa& qkdwm r&Sd’ qkdwJh tqkdtrdef@ukd csKd;azgufovkdjzpfaew,f? oHwrefenf;eJ@ tay;t,lnd‡E_dif;r,fqkdwJh xGufayguf}uHpnfr_[m tar &duefawG&JŒ aemifwrSm ykduJaew,f? &efol[EGKdif;bufjcrf;rSm tay;t,lvkyfzkd@ pdwful;xJawmif rxnfh=ubl;? olwkd@u tðywfwkdufa&;yJ? [EGKdif;u uGefjrLepfacgif; aqmifawG[m jyifopfudk q,fpEk pS w f pfck wku d cf u dk cf =hJ uw,f? tar&duefe@J q,fpw k pfck avmufyJ wkdufyGJawG jzpfcJh=uw,f? olwkd@t+rJvkdcsifwmu b,foleJ@jzpfjzpf EkdifiHa&; tay;t,lvkyfr_awG&zkd@ r[kwfbl;? atmifEkdifzkd@ wkduf=uwmom jzpfw,f? trSefu tay;t,ltav#mhtwif;jzpfvmzkd@ vkdtyfwJhóud;pm;&r_awG[m atmifyGJ&zkd@vkdtyfcsufawGeJ@ cGJjcm;xm;vkd@r&bl;? tay;t,l tav#mhtwif;vkyfzkd@ qkdwm atmifyGJtwGuf jzpf&rSm? aemufykdif; usaemftpkd;&tzGJ@xJ yg0ifxrf;aqmifvm awmh cg;oD;wJhtawG@tóuHawGuae oifcef;pmxkwf,lcJhygw,f?

a0'emawGuay;cJhwJ oifcef;pm 'Dpmtkyftay: okH;oyfcsufa&;&mrSm/ rsKd;qufwpfckóuHawG@cJh&wJh emusif cHcufa0'emawGukd tusOf;csKyfrazmfjybJ raeEkdifatmif jzpfrdygw,f? avhvmxkwf ,lvkd@ &or# tenf;i,fukd atmufygtwkdif; pDpOf=unfhygw,f? (1) orwukd ppfyGJqifE$Jzkd@ pOf;pm;ckdif;wJhtcg/ t}uHay;awGu urBmvkH;qkdif&m r[mAsL[mtajctaeawGukd twnfðycsuftay: tajccHokH;oyf+yD; ol@qD wifjyay;&r,f? (2) ppfy&JG ŒJ &nf¶, G cf suu f atmifyyJG ?J oa&yGq J w dk m aemufq;Hk a¶G;cs,rf o _ m jzpf oifhw,f? oa&eJ@ ykdae+rJusm;ae+rJqkdwm r[mAsL[mrSm qENr&SdoifhwJh t&m? (3) atmifyGJ&JŒt"dy`g,fukd zGifhqkdzkd@vkdr,f? tar&duefjynfolawG&JŒtjrifrSm a& &Snfxdef;xm;EkdifwJh atmifjrifwJh&v'fwcktjzpf atmifyGJukdzGifhqkdzkd@ vkdr,f? 66

trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

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(4) a&&Snpf Ofqufrjywfxed ;f xm;Ekid rf ,fh oHwrefral bmifwpfck orwukd wifjy ay;&r,f? (5) oHwrefenf;vrf;eJ@ r[mAsL[mukd ay:vpD&JŒ tqifhqifhawGrSmomrubJ/ jzpf&yfwckvkH;&JŒ ta&;}uD;qkH;udpPtjzpf oabmxm;&r,f? (6) oHwrefenf;vrf;eJ@ r[mAsL[mtwGuf vkyfykdifcGifhtm%mukd &Sif;&Sif;vif; vif; wm0eftyfESif;ay;&r,f? (7) tpk;d &a&m a0zefoal wGyg aqG;aEG;yGJ 'Dbw d f aqmif¶u G o f ifw h ,f? usaemfw@dk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒnD!Gwfr_[m urBm}uD;&JŒar#mfvifhcsufyJqkdwJh todtjrif ay:tajccH+yD; aqG;aEG;yGJawGvkyf&ygr,f?

ed*kH; bef'[ D m tapm}uD;uwnf;u 'Dvrdk sK;d aumufcsuaf wG qGx J m;Ekid o f ifw h ,f vkd@ *kd;vfpwdef;&JŒpmtkyfu azmfjyaeygw,f? 'Dvkdvkyfzkd@qkd&if bef'D[m ol@t&if apmapmykdif; (15)ESpfavmufu orwx¶l;rif;&JŒ ruftmomeJ@tjiif;yGm;r_awGup+yD; rsKd;qufwck&JŒtjrifawGukd jiif;y,fEkdifpGrf;&Sd&vdrfhr,f? olwkd@ESpfOD;t=um; tjiif;yGm;r_tcsufawGu tiftm;ukd tao;tzGJudpP awGrSmawmif okH;oifhw,f? r[mAsL[meJ@ oHwrefenf;vrf;ukd t+rJwrf;cGJjcm;+yD; vkyfukdif&r,fh oD;jcm;e,fy,fawGjzpfw,f? r&Sif;rvif; AvkH;AaxG; urBmvkH;qkdif&m tðytrludk xlaxmifxm;jcif;[m atmifjrifwahJ y:vpDyq J w dk hJ tqkt d rde@f udk tar&duef rl0g'awGrmS tok;H ðyw,f? tJ'hD rl0g'awGudk olw@dk rsK;d quf&ŒJ taumif;qk;H enf;vrf;awG tjzpf 1960 jynfhvGeftapmykdif;rSm AD,uferfrSm taumiftxnfazmfcJh=uw,f? ay:vpDðyvkyo f al wGrmS tjrifrmS ;,Gi;f csKŒd wJo h mG ;&if/ a0zefoal wGuvnf; tm;emaevk@d r&awmhbl;? orkdif;wav#mufvkH; tar&du u todtrSwfðycJhwJh jy\emwkdif;ukd tar&du&JŒ&if;jrpfe@J tkid 'f , D muko d ;Hk +yD; ajz&Si;f Ekid cf w hJ m oufaoygy?J AD,uferfuawmh rvG,fvSwJh acgif;rmvGef;wJh wrsKd;wbmom jy\emyg? orwuae'D vkyf}uHcH&r_ tay: ikdaºuG;jcif;eJ@ rdrdbmomzefwD;wnfaqmufwJh oDtkd&DawGu *,faygufydwf t¶_yftaxG;awG jzpfvmjcif;/ acgif;aqmifawG&JŒrjynfh0r_eJ@ tawG@tóuHtm;enf;r_u tar&duukd ¶_H;edrfhr_acsmufxJ wGef;ykd@cJhygw,f? 'guae r+yD;EkdifrpD;EkdifwJh trsKd;om;a&; jiif;ckefyGJtxd awmufav#mufOD;wnfvmcJhygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm bef'D[m om;aumifjzpfcJh&ygw,f? ajymif;vJaewJhurBmwpfckeJ@ vku d af vsmnDaxG raqmif¶u G Ef idk cf w hJ t hJ wGuf bef'[ D m AD,uferfppfy&JG ŒJ w&m;cHtppfe@J w&m;usp&m jzpfcJh&ygw,f? &nf!Gef; 'What Vietnam teaches us' by Henry Kissinger 67

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