trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
'Dru kd a&pD a&cHajrcHeJ w h pdww f nf;yJvm; armif7if u,fwif&Sif tar&duef 2005 wkef;u=unfhcJhzl;wJh Stealth qdkwJh pdwful;,Of ody`H¶kyf&Sifum;xJrSm tar&duefa&wyfrawmf&JŒ wdkufav,mOftkyfpk}uD; &efukefòrdŒv,facgifudk 0ifwdkuf wJhtcef;ygw,f? tJh'Dav,mOftzGJ@u tar&duef a&wyfrawmf}uD;u wDxGifxm;wJh EDI (Extreme Deep Invader) vdk@ v#KdŒ0SufoauFway;xm;wJh rSwf^m%ftwkeJ@ xdef;csKyfarmif;ESifwJh wdkufav,mOf (Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle) awGukd avhusifhzdk@ apv$wfxm;wJh tar&duefr&def;wyfom;awG? EDI qdkwmu armif;wJhvl rygbJ uGeyf sLwmpepfe@J xed ;f csKyfwhJ wdu k af v,mOfawG? 'D EDI avhusiahf &;vkyaf epOfrmS yJ 'DtzG@J ukd ta&;ay:wm0efay;csuef @J &efuek òf rdŒudk OD;wnfyso H ef;vmwm? olw@kd ppfqif a&;&nf¶G,fcsufu &efukefòrdŒxJrSm&dSaewJh t=urf;zuform;awG&JŒXmecsKyfudk 0ifwdkuf zd@k y?J 'Dppfqifa&;udk atmifatmifjrifjrif +yD;qk;H atmifwu dk t f +yD;rSm tJ'h D wdu k af v,mOf tzGJ@[m olwdk hvm&m av,mOfwifa&wyfoabFm}uD;qD jyefxGufcGmoGm;w,f? tJ'Dum;rSm jrefrmjzwfav#mufo¶kyfaqmifawG trsm;}uD;okH;xm;w,f vkd@qdkw,f? ¶kyf&SifxJrSm jrefrmawGudkjrifvdkuf&wmuawmh rdepf0ufpmavmuftcef; uav;yg? t"duajymcsifwmu 'D ¶kyf&Sifr[kwfygbl;? qufpyfawG;rdwJh acwfrD/ acwf vGefenf;ynmawGeJ@ vufeufwyfqifxm;wJh tar&duefa&wyfrawmfeJ@ jrefrmEdkifiH ta=umif;yg? 'D¶kyf&Siftjyif [dkwavmu toHawGawmfawmfnHvdkufao;wJh e,fpyfrSm wpfukd,fawmf0if}uJ+yD; jrefrmppfwyfudkqkH;roGm;wJh *|ef&rfbdk qdkwJhum;vnf; &dSao; w,f? 88 ta&;tcif;rSm tar&duefa&wyfawG &efukefjrpf0a&mufae+yDqdkvkd@ wu,fyJ 'Dppftm%m&SifawGudk awmajcmufarmif;xkwfay;awmhrvm; atmufarh rd=uao;wmvnf; trSwf&rdw,f? 41
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
aemufwpfcg r=umao;rDuyJ em*pfrkefwdkif;rSm vlom;csif;pmemwJhtul tnDay;zdk@ tar&duefa&wyfoabFmawG a&mufvmwkef;uvnf; jrefrmawmfawmf rsm;rsm;u wcgwnf; vrf;óuHwkef;av; jrefrmppftpdk;&udk ðzwfcsay;oGm;Edkifw,fqdk b,favmufaumif;rvJqdkwJhar#mfvifhcsufeJ@ tm;rvdktm;r&jzpf=uw,f? wu,f ðzwfcsay;EkdifcJhr,fqdk&ifawmh aumif;ygw,f? 'Dt&ifuvJ [d;k =uyfajy; aejynfawmfu acgi;f aqmif}uD;&JŒ pHtrd af wmft}uD; }uD;udk *l;*J(vf)qufwvdkuf ajrykHuae jrif&wkef;u/ omrmefvlawGrxdapbJ tJ'D ae&muGufuGufuav;udk tar&duef&JŒ wma0;ypf'kH;usnfav; wpfvkH;avmufrsm; vufaqmifay;vdkuf&ifrsm; aumif;avpGvdk@ usaemfwdk@awG tdyfrufawGruf+yD; acgif; aqmif}uD;udk arwWm0dkif;ydk@/ tar&duefudk ar#mfvifh=uao;w,f? 'Dvdkbma=umifh jrefrmawG jynfytultnD (txl;ojzifh tar&duef ppftiftm;) udk pdwful;ar#mfvifh=uovJ awG;=unfhrdawmh 'Drkdua&pDpepfazmfaqmif jcif;vdk@qdkvdkuf&if yxrqkH; ajy;jrif=uwmu 'Drdkua&pDOD;aqmifvrf;jyEdkifiH}uD; wpfcktjzpfowfrSwfxm;=uwJh trsm;odwJh tar&duefygyJ? ppfa&;t&0ifa&muf wdu k cf u kd af y;+yD; 'Dru kd a&pDazmfaqmifay;cJEh ikd w f mu 'D tar&duef&ŒJ a&wyfrawmfO;D pD; wJh ppftiftm;jzpfaevdk@ygyJ?
tar&duef&mpkESpf ordkif;aemufcHrSmvnf; wu,fhukdtar&duef&JŒtcef;u¾u ta&;ygcJh w,fqw kd m oGm;awG@ygw,f? +yD;cJw h &hJ mpkEpS u f jkd yef=unf&h if tm%m&Siaf wGcsKyfuikd x f m; wJh EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm; 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;oGm;cJhwmudk yufyif;óuHcJh&wJh rsufjrifoufaowpfa,mufudkjyygqdk tJ'g ESpfq,f&mpkESpfygyJ? 'Dvdk toGiful;ajymif;r_awGudk jyef=unfhvdkufawmh t"duyHhydk;ay;cJhwJhZmwf vdkufausmf}uD;u wu,fyJ tar&duefEdkifiH jzpfaeygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ ESpfq,f&mpkudk tar&duef&mpk (odk@r[kwf) 'Drkdua&pD&mpkvdk@vnf; wcsKdŒu ac:=uw,f? tJ'Dajymif;vJr_awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk ausmaxmufaemufcHðyxm;wmu awmh tar&duefppfwyf&JŒ 0ifa&mufxdef;odrf;r_eJ@ xdk;ppfqifEGJr_}uD;awGjzpfaewmygyJ? txif&Sm;qkH;uawmh tar&duef&JŒ t"duppfa=umif;okH;a=umif;cGJapv$wf+yD; wcsdefu pydeftifyg,m}uD;jzpfcJhwJh zdvpfydkif/ usL;bm;eJ@ ysL,mwdk&DudkEdkifiHawGrSm 'Drdkua&pD xGef;um;atmif tiftm;okH;0ifa&mufcJhwmygyJ? 'DvdkvkyfwJhae&mrSm t&if;tESD;u }uD;rm;wJh ppfp&dwfwifrubJ/ toufaoG;aygif;rsm;pGm ay;qyfcJh&ygw,f? 1899 - 1902 ckESpfrSm jzpfcJhwJh zdvpfydkif EkdifiHtm%m&SifawGudk 0ifa&muf wdkufcdkufðzwfcscJhwJhjzpf&yfudk=unfh&ifyJ tar&duefppfonfaygif; av;axmifausmf toufqkH;¶H_;cJh&+yD;/ olwdk@tpdk;&udk udk,fwdkifðzwfcszdk@wdkufyGJ0ifcJhwJh zdvpfydkifrsKd;cspf aysmufusm;ppfonfaygi;f wpfaomif;ajcmufaxmifausmef J h t&yfom;aygi;f ESpo f ed ;f eD; 42
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
yg;cef@ toufay;cJh=u&ygw,f? 'DppfyGJt+yD; q,fESpfeD;yg;=umwJhtcgrSm tar&duef&JŒ 28 a,mufajrmuforw 0D(vf)qif (Woodrow Wilson 1856 – 1924) u vufwif tar&duefEdkifiHrsm;pGmqD tar&duefa&wyfrawmf (US Marine) wyfawG yxr OD;qkH;apv$wfcJhwkef;u “awmiftar&duEdkifiHawGudk vlaumif;awGa&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufjcif; qkdwm oGm;oif=um;ay;jcif;” qdk+yD; w&m;0ifa=ujimcJhygw,f? aemuf ydkif;rSmawmh urBm}uD;udk 'Drkdua&pDpepfeJ@ ab;uif;ap&rnfqdkwJhtjrifeJ@/ tar&duef ppfwyf }uD;wpfckvkH;udk Oa&mywdkufxJtxd apv$wfcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dumvudk 'Dvrf;pOfeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDpDrHudef;csrSwfcJhwJh orw0DvqifudktpGJðy+yD; 0D(vf)qdkeD,H&mpk vdk@awmif trnfay;cJh=uao;w,f?
usnfqH=um;u rJwjym; 'Dvrkd sK;d usnq f =H um;u rJwjym;qdo k vkd ppftiftm;ok;H +yD; 'Dru dk a&pDaqmif usOf;ay;cJhwJh tar&duef&J hpGrf;aqmifr_awGxJu +yD;cJhwJhq,fpkESpfawGudkjyef=unfh&if t"duurBmha'o}uD; wdkuf}uD;av;wdkufrSm awG@&ygawmhw,f? yxr u 1900 uae 1930 twGif;rSm um&pfbD,efyifv,fa'oeJ@ tar &duwdu k t f v,fyikd ;f jzpfwhJ uwfpx¶dt k yk pf ;dk wJh usL;bm;/ 'drk eD u D ef &Dygb h vpf/ a[wDe@J eDum&m*Gm EdkifiHawGygyJ? 1960 u 1990 txd ESpfokH;q,ftwGif;rSm eDum&m*GmeJ@ a[wDawGudk xyfrH0ifa&mufcJh&+yD; 'DumvawGrSmawmh *&Dem;'g;eJ@ yem;rm;awGyg xyfygvmcJhygw,f? aemufo;Hk ae&muawmh 1940 uae 1950 twGi;f Oa&mytv,fyikd ;f jzpfwhJ taemuf*smr%D/ =op}wD;,m;eJ h tDwvDEdkifiH}uD;rsm;/ 1940 uae 1950 twGif; tm&Staemufyikd ;f jzpfw/hJ *syefe@J awmifu&kd ;D ,m;/ 1960 uae 1970 twGi;f usaemfw@kd ta&SŒawmiftm&SxJrSmudkjzpfoGm;cJhwJh AD,uferfyJjzpfygw,f? 1990 vGefESpfawG twGif;rSmawmh tar&duef'Drkdua&pDazmfaqmifay;wJh óud;yrf;csufawGudk òyduGJoGm;wJh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk}uD;twGif;eJ@ ta&SŒOa&myuGefjrLepfEdkifiHawGrSm awG@Edkifygao; w,f? 'gayr,fh 'Dae&mawGrmS awmh ukq d Akd ekd @J abmh(p)eD;,m;wd@k uvG+J yD; tar&duef[m ppftiftm;okH;cJhjcif; r&dSawmhygbl;? 'Dvt dk ar&duef&ŒJ ppftiftm;ok;H 0ifa&muf+yD; 'Dru kd a&pDpepfazmfaqmifay;cJh &mrSm ratmifjrifwmawGvnf;&do S vd/k tvkyrf jzpfcw hJ mawGvnf; &dcS yhJ gw,f? 'D tar &duef&ŒJ ppftiftm;ok;H 'Dru kd a&pDaqmifusO;f ay;cJw h EhJ ikd if aH wGxu J t"du atmifjrifr_ }uD;rsm;tjzpfokH;oyf=uwJh t"duatmifjrifr_}uD;ESpfckuawmh taemuf*smr%DeJ@ *syefEdkifiHygyJ? tar&duefaus;Zl;ruif;bl;qd&k ifawmif&Edik rf ,fh 'DEikd if }H uD;awGrmS 'Dru kd a&pD pepfxGef;um;+yD; pufr_ydkif;a&m/ pD;yGm;a&;omru vlaer_tqifhtwef;rSmyg/ xdyfwef; udk a&mufvmcJhwm rjiif;EdkifwJhtcsufyg? 43
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
'DrdktD&wfppfqifa&; rae@wae@uwifjzpfyGm;cJhwJh tD&wfEdkifiHudk ppftiftm;okH;0ifa&muf ae&m ,lcw hJ jhJ zpfpOf[m 0D(vf)qked , D H vrf;pOf&ŒJ teD;qk;H / txif&mS ;qk;H om"uygy?J tifrwef &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfwJh tm%m&Sifq'ef[lpdefudk z,f&Sm;+yD; 'Drdkua&pDaqmifusOf;ay;zdk@ vkyfaqmifwJh tar&duefeJ@ r[mrdwfwyfawG&JŒóud;yrf;csufu 'Duae@txdawmh tD&wfrSm 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk vSrf;rjrifEdkifao;bJ jzpfaeygw,f? tar&duefudk tD&wfppfyGJxJ wGef;ykd@cJhwJhaemufuG,fu t"duwGef;tm;udk vSrf;=unfhvdkufawmh tar&du&JŒ t"dutawG;tac:0g'D tkyfpk}uD;ESpfckjzpfwJh vpfb &,fvufopfawGeJ@ uGefqmaA;wpfvufopfawG jzpfaewmygyJ? vpfb&,fvufopf awG&JŒ ypfrSwfuawmh 'Drkdu&ufwpf+idrf;csrf;a&; Democratic Peace qdkwm}uD; azmf aqmifzdk@ tar&duefudk òydifbufuif;tm%meJ@ =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_ wnfaqmufEdkif &r,f vk@d qdw k ,f? wpfzufrSmawmh a&S;¶dk;pOfvmorm; uGefqmaA;wpfvufopfawG&JŒ t"du pdw0f ifpm;csuu f awmh “urBmv h òHk cHa&;rSm tar&duef&ŒJ tcef;u¾” qdw k myJjzpfw,f? uGefqmaA;wpfvufopfawG&JŒrlu 'Dvdk wkbufuif;zdk@vkyfaqmif&mrSm tar&duefeJ@ r[mrdwfEkdifiHawG&JŒ vkHòcHa&;udk +cdrf;ajcmufaewJh tE W&m,frSefor# z,f&Sm;ypfa&;ygyJ? 'DtxJrmS urBmay:rSm pdwrf cs&qk;H / rvkòH cHq;Hk a'ojzpfwhJ tpPa&;Edik if H vkòH cHa&;jy\em vnf; tygt0ifjzpfaeygw,f? 'DuGefqmaA;wpftrsm;pkuawmh bk&Sf ¶kH;tzGJ@u t&yf buf xdyfoD;t&m&dS}uD;awGjzpf+yD; umuG,fa&;Xmeu trsm;pkjzpfw,f? 'gayr,fh orm;¶dk;usydkqefwJh uGefqmaA;wpf}uD;awGjzpfwJh ppfwyfxdyfoD;t&m&dS}uD;awGr[kwf bJ umuG,fa&;Xmeu t&yfbufxdyfoD;t&m&dS}uD;awGjzpfaewmygyJ? a,bk,stm;jzifah wmh 'D uGeq f maA;wpfvufopfawGa&m/ vpfb&,fvuf opfawGa&m tkyfpkESpfckvkH; txl;tm¶kHuswJhae&muawmh ta&SŒtv,fydkif;eJ@ txl; ojzifh tD&wfygy?J vpfb&,fvufopfawGu ta&SŒtv,fyikd ;f [m 'Dru kd a&pDxeG ;f um; aewJh Oa&myeJ@ ta&SŒtm&St=um;rSm&dSaewJhtwGuf 'Drkdua&pDe,fy,ftopf}uD; tjzpf jrif=uw,f? urBmph ;D yGm;a&; pnf;csurf eS rf eS af jzmifjh zL;aeapzk@d 'D yg&eS yf ifv,fauG@ u a&eHwifydk@a&;wnf+idrfzdk@ ta&;ygwJhtcsufudkvnf; odxm;=uw,f? tu,fI a&eHeJ@ o,HZmwºuG,f0csrf;omvGef;wJh 'D ta&SŒtv,fydkif; a'oom tpkvdkuftòyHvdkufaoapr,fh vufeufawGwyfqifrd+yD;/ tpPvmrf ppfaoG; ºuG olykefawGeJ@ r[mrdwfðyrdcJhr,fqdk&ifawmh tpPa&;a'otygt0if tar&duefvkHòcH a&;udk +cdrf;ajcmufrSmjzpfwJhtwGuf tm%m&Sifq'ef[lpdeftpdk;&ukd ppfa&;t& ta&; ,l+yD;ðzwfcszdk@ ta&;}uD;vmw,fvdk@ uGefqmaA;wpfvufopfawGu jrifvmw,f? +yD;awmh tD&wfEdkifiH[m obm0o,HZmwºuG,f0+yD;om;jzpfwJhtjyif/ ynmwwf vl wef;pm;rsm;pGm&dSaewJhtwGufa=umifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfudkazmfaqmifzdk@ a&cHajrcHaumif; +yD;om;vdk@ okH;oyf=uw,f? 44
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
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uef 'DrdkpDrHudef;eJ@ tm&yfEdkifiHawG 'gayr,fh vGefcJhwJhq,fpkESpfawGrSm 'DaqG;aEG;csufawGu rlqvifeJ@ tm&yf urBmtxd us,jf yef@omG ;cJ+h yD; tar&duefawGatmifjrifr&_ cJw h hJ Edik if aH wGe@J rwlwt hJ csuf awGukd axmufjyvmvdu k =f uwm/ tD&wfu0kd ifa&mufwu kd cf u dk w f yhJ t JG +yD;rSm tJ'o D ;Hk oyf csufawGu ydkcdkifrmvmovdkjzpfoGm;w,f? t"duuawmh tD&wfrSm tar&duefeJ@ r[mrdwfwdk@aus;Zl;a=umifh q'ef[lpdef&JŒ tm%m&Siftpdk;& ðywfusoGm;cJhonfhwdkif atmif 'Dru dk a&pD ckxd razmfaqmifEikd af o;wm[m twdwu f tar&duefw@kd atmifjrif r_ &cJw h hJ taemuf*smr%D/ *syefw@kd e@J rwljcm;em;wJt h csurf sm;pGma=umifv h @kd ynm&Sirf sm;/ okaowDrsm;u axmufjyvm=uw,f? tJ'DtcsufawGxJu t"duokH;csufuawmh 'Drkdua&pDa&cHajrcH tawG@t}uKH&dSraejcif;/ jynfytœ&m,f+cdrf;ajcmufr_ t}uD;tus,f &dSraejcif;eJ@/ }uD;rm;wJh waoG;wom;wnf; vlrsKd;pkvlOD;a&&dSraejcif; qdkwmawGygyJ?
'Dru kd a&pD a&cHajrcH 2003 aEG&moDrSm tD&wfudk ppftiftm;okH;0ifa&mufcJhwJh &nf¶G,fcsuf tjzpf/ tar&duefu uwday;xm;cJw h muawmh ppftm%m&Sit f yk pf ;kd wJh tD&wfvEkd idk if H rsKd;rSm 'Drdkua&pDpepf &atmifazmfaqmifay;+yD; tm&yfurBmrSm 'Drdkua&pDazmfaqmif 45
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
ay;EdkifcJhwJh pHerlemjyEdkifiHwEdkifiHjzpfap&r,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? aemufwqifhtaeeJ@ 'Drdku &ufwpftD&wfu tajcðy+yD; ta&SŒtv,fydkif;a'otwGif;rSm 'Drdkua&pDpepf jyef@yGm; xGef;um;vma&;ygyJ? t"duuawmh qD;&D;,m;/ tD&efeJ@ aqmf'Dtma&Aswdk@ygyJ? 'gayr,fh tD&wfudk tar&duefeJ@ r[mrdwfawG 0ifa&muf+yD; tckcsdeftxd 'Drdkua&pD t&dyfta,mifawmif rjrif&Edkifao;wJhtcg a0zefolrsm;u 'g[m ppfa&;t& usL; ausmfzdk@ ta=umif;jycsufaumif;oufoufyJvdk@ okH;oyfvm=uw,f? 'gayr,fh tjcm; wzufrSm okH;oyfxm;wmawGuawmh 'D tm&yfurBmxJu tD&wfvdkEdkifiH[m 1940 ESpfawGwkef;u tar&duefawG atmifjrifr_&cJhwJh *smr%DeJ@ *syefvdkrsKd; r[kwfbl;qdkwJh tcsufygyJ? tar&duefwdk@ ppfa&;t&0ifa&muf+yD; 'Drdkua&pDtoufoGif;ay;EdkifcJhw,f qdkwJh *smr%DeJ@ *syef ( =op}wD;,m;eJ@ tDwvDvnf;tyg) &JŒ ordkif;udkjyef=unfhwJhtcg 'DEdkifiHawGrSm vGwfvyfwJh'Drdkua&pDtawG@tóuHawGu tar&duefppfwyfawG r0ifcif q,fpkESpftawmfrsm;rsm;uwnf;u &dScJh+yD;om;vdk@qdk=uw,f? *smr%DEkdifiHordkif;ukdjyef=unfh&if 1919 uae 1933 txd 0dkif;rm;&Dyghbvpf (Weimar Republic) qdkwJh 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ jynfolvlxku a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufwJh &Dyghbvpftpdk;&&dScJhwJh ordkif;0ifumvawG&dScJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? 'DvdkyJ yxrurBm ppfeJ@ olwdk@tiftm;t}uD;tus,fusqkH;cdsefrwdkifcif =um;umvawGudkjyef=unfh&if *syef[m liberalization qdw k hJ vGwv f yfwhJ pepfusio hf ;Hk cJw h t hJ awG@tóuHawG &daS ecJw h hJ tjyif 1920 ESpfawGrSm Democratization qkd+yD; 'Drdkua&pDpepfudkawmif a&SŒajy; usifhokH;cJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? =op}wD;,m;rSmvnf; 0dkif;rm;&Dyghbvpfvdk ykHpHcyfqifqif EdkifiHawmftm%m [m jynfol@vufrSm&dScJhzl;wJh tawG@tóuH&dSovdk tDwvDEdkifiHudk=unfh&ifvnf; vGwfvyfaom'Drdkua&pDpepf (liberal democracy) u touf0ifaecJhwm 1922 rSm tm%m&SifrlqdkvDeDvufcsufeJ@ tqkH;owfroGm;ciftxdygyJ? tJ'DvdkEdkifiHawGrSm vGwfvyfwJh'Drdkua&pDpepfeJ@ 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDawG xGef; um;cJ+h yD; 1940 aESmif;ydik ;f ESpaf wGrmS ppftm%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ zdEydS rf e_ @J ysupf ;D oGm;cJ&h ayr,fh 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk aumif;aumif;awG@óuHzl;cJhwJh jynfolvlxk}uD;&JŒrSwf^m%frSmawmh 'Dru dk a&pDpepf&ŒJ vGwv f yfwt hJ &om[m aumif;aumif;pGaJ ecJyh g+yD? 'Dxufyakd umif;wm uawmh tJ'D vpfb&,f'rD u kd a&pDacwfawGrmS xif&mS ;cJw h ahJ cgi;f aqmifawG[m tar&d uefppfwyfawG 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u kd o f rd ;f ydu k cf w hJ t hJ cdset f xdukd &daS eao;wmygy?J tar&d uefwyfawGord ;f ydu k 0f ifa&muf+yD; r=umcifrmS yJ 'Dacgi;f aqmifawGukd jyefa¶G;xkwcf w hJ m *smr%DrSm uGef&'ft'D;aem (Konrad Adenauer)/ =op}wD;,m;rSm um;(vf)&ef;em; (Karl Ranner) tDwvDrSm tvfcsD;'D; (Alcide de Gasperi) eJ@ *syefrSm &DS*sJ¶k ,dk&dS' (Shigeru Yoshida) wd@k ukd vpfb&,f'rD u kd a&pDpepf jyefvnfazmfaqmifz@kd acgi;f aqmif aumif;awGtjzpf jyefa¶G;xkwfEdkifcJhygw,f? 46
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
'gayr,fh tD&wfEdkifiH&JŒ twdwfudk=unfh&if 'DEdkifiHawGeJ@ vkH;0qef@usifae+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vGwfvyfjcif;qdkwJht&omudk tD&wfjynfolawGu enf;enf;av;rS jrnf; prf;cJ/h tawG@tóuH&cSd zhJ ;l wmr[kwyf g? tD&ef/ qD;&D;,m;eJ@ aqmf'aD wGvnf; xd@k twlygy?J tD&wfordik ;f rSm enf;enf;av;rqdpk avmuf vGwv f yfcyhJ gw,fv@kd ajymvd@k &Edik w f mav; wpfcu k awmh 'kw, d zdik q f ,fb&k if (King Faisal II) vufxufuav;yJv@kd qykd gw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dvdk pwd vpfb&,fa,mifa,mif vGwfvyfcGifhuav;uvnf; 1958rSm 'Db&k ifuðkd zwfcs+yD; tm%modr;f yGeJ @J edww dˆ efcyhJ gw,f? tD&efuawmh ydt k ajctaeqd;k +yD; ol@ordkif;rSm tar&duef&JŒ 'Drdkua&pD pDrHudef;twGuf a&cHajrcHjyp&mvkH;vkH;udk r&dScJhbl; qkdygw,f?
azm&de;f uay;wJh 'Drkd 'DvdkrsKd; jynfyuae twif;vkyf,lay;&wJh 'Drdkua&pD pepfazmfaqmifr_rSm atmifjrifjcif;/ ratmifjrifjcif;qdkwmu tJ'DEdkifiH&JŒ “jynfwGif;ordkif;rSm 'Drdkua&pD tawG@t}uKH a&cHajrcHaumif;raumif;” eJ@vnf; qdkifw,fvdk@vnf; okH;oyf=uw,f? tJ'D tar&duef&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDpepfazmfaqmifay;cJhwJh pDrHudef;awGxJu/ tm%m&SifEdkifiH awGrSm 'Drkdua&pDazmfaqmifay;EdkifcJhwJhtxJu usL;bm;/ 'dkrDeDuef&Dyghbvpf / a[wD/ eDum&m*GmeJ h yem;rm;EdkifiHawGudk om"ujyEdkifygw,f? 'gayr,fh 1900 uae 1930 ESpaf wGtwGi;f tar&duef&ŒJ ppftiftm;ok;H 'Dru kd a&pDazmfaqmifay;cJw h mawGu tqk;H owfrmS ratmifrjrifjzpfcw hJ mawG&ySd gw,f? tar&duefa=umifh 'Dru kd a&pDpepfqaD &muf vmcJh+yD;umrS aemufjyefoGm;+yD; tm%m&Sifvufatmufjyef a&mufoGm;cJhwJhEdkifiHawG uawmh/ 1930 rSm ppftm%m&Sif x¶l*sD vv kd ufcsuef @J 'Dru kd a&pDq;Hk ¶_;H oGm;wJh 'drk eD u D ef &DyghbvpfeJ@ 1936 uxJu ppftm%m&Sif qdkrdkZm rdom;pkvdkuf}uD;pdk;cJhwJh eDum&m*Gm Edik if aH wGyjJ zpfygw,f? ('gayr,fh 1979 rSmawmh taz qdrk Zkd mðzwfcsc&H +yD; om; qdrk Zkd m vnf; *GmwDrmvmEdkifiHqD acG;ajy;0ufajy; xGufajy;cJh&ygw,f)? 'Dvdk tm%m&Sifqdk;awGa=umifh tar&duef[m wcsKdŒEdkifiHawGudk wpf}udrf omru/ ESpf}udrfwdkif jyefvnftiftm;okH;0ifa&mufcJh&ygw,f? 1955-56 awGrSm tar&duef&JŒ ppftiftm;okH;0ifa&mufcJh+yD; q,fpkESpfumvwav#muf=umavmuf atmif 'Drdkua&pDukd aES;aES;av; ajz;ajz;csif;ajymif;vJvmEkdifwJhEdkifiHuawmh 'dkrDeDuef &DyghbvpfygyJ? tvsiftjreful;ajymif;oGm;EdkifcJhwJhEdkifiHuawmh yem;rm;yg? 1989-90 tar&duef 0ifa&muft+yD;rSmyJ 'Drdkua&pDpepf vsifjrefpGmazmfaqmifEdkif cJhw,f qdkyg w,f? tar&duefwyfawGvJ tJ'DESpfEdkifiHudk0ifa&muf+yD; wpfESpfawmifr=umwJh umv twGi;f rSm 'Dru dk a&pDpepfjyefq,fay;cJEh ikd v f @kd tcdsew f t kd wGi;f ol w h yfawGukd jyef¶yk o f rd ;f EdkifcJhygw,f?
47
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
usm;xufrqd;k wJh &Si}f uD; uef tar&duef&JŒ ppftiftm;okH; 'Drdkua&pDazmfaqmifay;a&; atmifjrifr_/ ratmifjrifru _ kd qk;H jzwfay;wJh 'kw, d tcsuu f awmh “}uD;rm;wJh jynfy tE &W m,f+cdr;f ajcmufcH&r_ &dS r&dS” qdkwmygyJ? 'Dtcsufu ydkta&;}uD;w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? 1940 aESmif; ydkif;umvawGu *smr%DeJ@ *syefudk=unfh&if ESpfEdkifiHpvkH;u 'D tar&duefppfwyf}uD; usL;ausmf0ifa&mufr_xuf ydkqdk;wJh jynfytE W&m,fawGeJ@ &ifqdkifaecJh&wm oGm;awG@yg w,f? tJ'guawmh qdkAD,ufwyf}uD;ygyJ? wyfeDawmfac:wJh Red Army [m *smr%D ta&SŒydkif;rSm xif&mpdkif;usL;ausmfaecJh+yD; tcGifhta&;&wmeJ@ wòydifeuf *smr%D taemufydkif;bufudkvnf; rsufpypfaewJhtcdsefjzpfovdk/ *syefEkdifiHtaeeJ@vnf; qdkAD ,ufppfwyf}uD;&JŒ usL;ausmfvmr,fh t&dyfta,mifawGeJ@twl *syefuGefjrLepfawG&JŒ awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJac:oHawGeJ@ &ifqdkifaecJh&ygw,f? ydkqdk;wmu refcsL;&D;,m;ppfyGJrSm zrf;rdwJh*syefppfom;awGtay: qdkAD,uf awG &ufpufjyvdkufykHudk jrifvkduf&+yD;wJhtcgrSmawmh/ tar&duefppfwyf&JŒ ta&;,l 0ifa&mufvmwmudk cHvdkufwmu ydkoufomr,fvdk@ oabmaygufcJhwmygyJ? 'DvdkeJ@ taemuf*smr%DeJ@ *syefawGtwGufawmh tar&duefukd usm;a=umufvdk@ &Sif}uD;udk; vdkuf &wJhtjzpfygyJ? wu,fvnf; &Sif}uD;jzpfwJh tar&duefu olwdk@¶GHcJhwJh qdkAD,uf usm;xuf rqdk;cJhwm rSefcJhwJhtjyif qdkcJh+yD;ovdk 'Drdkua&pDa&cHajrcHvnf; &dS+yD;om; jzpfwJhtwGuf ESpfEdkifiHvkH;&JŒtem*gwf[m ,ae@*smr%DeJ@ *syefqdkwm jzpfvmapwm ygyJ?
&Sif}uD;uefudk tD&wfrvdk Ed_if;,SOfcsuftaeeJ@ tD&wfEdkifiHukd=unfh&if tD&wfrSm jynfytE W&m,f+cdrf; ajcmufr_qdkvdk@ 1980 ESpfrsm;ujzpfcJhwJh tD&ef-tD&wfppfyGJ&v'ftjzpf teD;qkH; jynfy &efol tD&efyJ &dSygw,f? 'D tD&eftpdk;&[m &DS;,mhwfawGjzpf+yD; tD&wfEdkifiHwGif;u vlrsm;pkjzpfwJh &DS;,mhwfrlqvifawGeJ@vnf; eD;eD;uyfuyf&dSaewJh jynfy&efyg? aemuf xyf jzpfEikd af cs&w Sd hJ jynfy&efuawmh umh'af wGukd vufcu H sm;uefay;xm;wJh wl&uDygy?J 'Dvdk jynfwGif;u rD;cJawGa=umifh tD&wf[m jynfy&efpG,f tD&efwdk@ wl&uDwdk@xufudk jynfwGif;u &efpG,fawG&JŒ +cdrf;ajcmufr_u ydk}uD;aecJhygw,f? tJ'D jynfwGif;tE W&m,f awGxuf tar&duef0ifvmrSmudkvnf; ydkpdk;&drfae&jyefygw,fqdkawmh *smr%D/ *syef tjzpfawGeJ@ rwlawmhygbl;?
48
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
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wpfpw d w f nf; jzpf rjzpf tar&duef&ŒJ ppfa&;t&wdu k , f al y;cJw h hJ 'Dru kd a&pDpepfatmifjrifru _ kd tqk;H tjzwfay;wJh aemufqkH;tcsufuawmh/ waoG;wnf; wom;wnf;/ wpfpdwfwnf; nDnD!Gwf!GwfjzpfaewJh vlrsKd;pk vlOD;a&}uD; tJ'DEdkifiHrSm &dSaejcif;&dSr&dSqdkwmygyJ? *smr%De@J *syef (=op}wD;,m;/ tDwvD tygt0if) Edik if aH wGujkd yef=unf&h if ajymp&mrvdk atmif tvGefudk&Sif;ygw,f? *smr%Dqdk *smrefvlrsKd;/ *syefrSm *syefvlrsKd;pojzihf tJ'D EdkifiHawG[m urBmay:rSm vlrsKd;pkwpfrsKd;wnf;u vlOD;a& ta&twGuf trsm;qkH; &dSaewJh EdkifiHawGxJrSm xdyfqkH;u ygygw,f? wjcm;vlrsKd;pki,fuav;awGu ajymy avmufatmif &dSraebl;? 'gayr,fh tD&wfvdk EdkifiHrsKd;rSmawmh 'Davmuf r¶dk;&Sif;awmh bl;? b,fawmhrSvnf; wpfom;wnf;jzpfaewJh vlrsKd;pk}uD; &dSvmrSmr[kwfbl;vdk@ okH;oyf=uw,f? r[mppfy}JG uD;vd@k wiG cf w hJ hJ Great War rSm Ottoman ql(vf)wefukd awmfveS f +yD;/ bk&if tDrmzdkifq,f wnfcJhwJh tD&wfEdkifiHvdk@ pjzpfcJhwJh 1920 ckESpfawGwnf;u tD&wftv,fydkif;rSm qGefeDtm&yf (Sunni Arab)/ awmifydkif;rSm &DS;,mhwftD&wf (Shiite) eJ@ ajrmufyikd ;f rSm umh'f (Kurd) awGq+kd yD; tD&wf[m t"duvlrsK;d pk}uD; ok;H pke@J tydik ;f ok;H ydik ;f cGcJ jJG cm;jcm;&daS ecJ+h yD;jzpfw,f? 'Do;Hk pku urBmomysuo f mG ;r,f/ b,fawmh rS raygif;pnf;EkdifwJh vlrdsL;pk}uD;okH;pkvdk@qkd&avmufatmifudk rwnfhbl;? q'ef ppftm %m&SifvufatmufrSmom tD&wf[m twkta,mif wpfEdkifiHwnf;jzpfaeayr,fh/ tD&wf[m wu,fwrf;u EdkifiHokH;ydkif;ydkif;zdk@ t+rJapmifhqdkif;aewJhEdkifiHjzpfw,f? 'Dvdktajctaeatmuf&Sd tD&wfrSm/ tar&duefppftiftm;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pD pepfoGm; azmfaqmifjcif;udk teufzGifhwJhtcg 'DvlrsKd;pk}uD;okH;cktwGuf tD&wfEdkifiH[m ol@udk,fol okH;ydkif;/ 'grSr[kwf 'Dxufru jyefydkif;zdk@twGuf rJjyefay;zdk@yJ&dSawmhw,fvdk@ okawoDtcsKŒd u ok;H oyfxm;=uygw,f? qdak wmh tD&wf&ŒJ tem*gw[ f m 'Dru kd a&pDryg wJh tD&wfEdkifiH jzpfcsifjzpf/ r[kwf&if tD&wfrygwJh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHav;awGyJjzpfoGm; r,fvdk@ okH;oyf=uw,f?
0D(vf)qdek , D H rvdw k hJ Arm 'guawmh tar&duef&JŒ 0D(vf)qdkeD,Henf;t& urBm}uD;udk 'Drdkua&pD azmfaqmifa&;pDrHudef;&JŒ atmifjrifr_/ ratmifjrifr_awGudk EdkifiHwumynm&SifawG/ okawoDawG okH;oyfavhvmxm;csufawGyg? 'DokH;oyfcsufawGtay:rlwnf+yD; ta&; t}uD ; qk H ; tcsuf o k H ; csuf e J @ jref r mEd k i f i H u d k = unf h v d k u f r d w J h t cg jref r mEd k i f i H [ m ra0;awmhr,fhumvrSm 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHawmf jzpfudk jzpfvm&r,fhEdkifiHvdk@ okH;oyfvdk@ &aew,f? 49
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trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
ta=umif;u jrefrmEdik if [ H m taemuf*smr%D/ *syef/ =opwD;,m;eJ@ tDwvD wd@k vkd 'Dru kd a&pDt&omudk aumif;aumif;jrnf;prf;zl;xm;wJh tawG@tóuH&aSd ewmygy?J AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;csrSwfcJhwJh 'Drdkua&pDpepfudkoGm;ae&if;urS 1962 ckrSm ppf tm%m&Sif vufatmufa&mufoGm;&wmqdkawmh qdk&&if jrefrmEdkifiH[m 'Drdkua&pD pepf&JŒtawG@tóuHawGvnf; &dSxm;aeyg+yD? t&if 'Drdkua&pDacwfwkef;u acgif;aqmif vufusefawG jrefrmEdkifiHrSm &dSraeawmhayr,fh/ +idrf;csrf;a&;Edkb,fqk&SifvdkrsKd; vlxku tjynfht0axmufcHr_&xm;wJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfvdk 'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmifrsKd;/ 88 rsKd;qufausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGvdkrsKd;eJ@/ aemufqkH; Generation Wave vdk 'Drdkua&pDrsKd;qufopfawGudk &xm;+yD;yg+yD? aemufwcg ta&;t}uD;qkH;u olwdk@vdk tar&duefu 0ifwu kd af y;cJw h mawmif r[kwyf gb;l ? wpfurBmvk;H u tHt h m;oifh cs;D usL; rSww f rf;wifxm;cJ&h wJh 8888 vlxt k a&;awmfyeHk @J &[ef;oHCmawGO;D aqmifwu kd cf w hJ hJ 2007 pufwifbm a¶$0ga&mifawmfveS af &;awG ay:ayguv f mcJ&h wJt h xd jrefrmvlx[ k m ud, k w f ikd w f u kd , f cl w hJ mrd@k / 'Dru kd a&pD a&cHajrcHu ol@xufaumif;wmawmif ol@avmuf raumif;bl;vdk@awmif qdk&ygr,f? 'kwd,tcsufjzpfwJh }uD;rm;wJh jynfytE W&m,f &dSr&dSqdkwmeJ@ ta&;t}uD; qkH; wwd,tcsuf wpfaoG;wnf;wpfom;wnf;jzpfaewJh vlrsKd;pk vlOD;a&}uD; &dSr&dS qdkwJh tcsufawGrSmawmh tD&wfEdkifiHeJ@enf;enf; oGm;qifaewmawG@&ygw,f? tD&wf vdkyJ jrefrmEdkifiHrSm }uD;rm;wJh jynfy&ef+cdrf;ajcmufr_ r&dSvSygbl;? tiftm;}uD; EdkifiH}uD; ESpfEdkifiH=um;xJrSm aeae&wmrdk@ tJ'DEdkifiHawG&JŒ+cdrf;ajcmufppf jzpfEdkifavmufwJh tajctaeqd&k ifawmh *syef/ *smr%DEikd if aH wGvrkd sK;d tar&duefa&wyfrawmf&ŒJ tiftm; udk jrefrmppfwyfu, kd w f ikd yf g vSr;f ar#m&f r,ft h ajctaeawmif qdu k cf siq f u kd yf gvrd rhf ,f? 'gayr,fh jrefrmEdik if [ H m tdref ;D csi;f xkid ;f Edik if eH @J rxdcvkwx f cd vkwf tajctaeuvJv G @kd }uD;rm;wJh jynfy&ef &dSraewmawG@&+yD;/ tD&wfvdkyJ jynfy&efqdkwmxuf/ jynfwGif; vufeufudkifawmfvSefolawGudkyJ t"duypfrSwfxm;ae&wm awG@&ygw,f? aemufqkH; ta&;t}uD;qkH;tcsufjzpfwJh }uD;rm;wJh wpfaoG;wnf;wpfom; wnf;jzpfaer,fh vlrsKd;pkOD;a&qdkwmuawmh tD&wfeJ@wlw,fvdk@ ajymvdk@&ayr,fh tD&wfvrkd [kwb f ;l vd@k vnf; wpfzufrmS ajymEdik yf gw,f? tD&wftajctaeeJ@ qifw,f vdk@ ajym&wmu jrefrmEdkifiHrSm csif;/ ucsif/ u,m;/ u&if/ Arm/ rGef/ &cdkif/ &Srf;eJ@ vlrsKd;pki,fav;awGtygt0if 135 rsKd; (ppftpdk;&tqdkt&) &dSaew,fvdk@ qdkwJhtjyif tJ'D vlOD;a&rsm;wJh vlrsKd;pkwdkif;rSm vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@awG &dSaewJhtwGuf tD&wfxufawmif &_yfaxG;r,fqdk&r,fh tajctaeyg? 'gayr,fh wpfzufu jyefawG; =unfhawmh tD&wfvdk tpPvmrfbmoma&;tpGef;a&muf &DS;,mhwfrGwfqvif/ qGefeD rGwfqvif/ umh'folykef pwJhtzGJ@awGeJ@ ¶_yfaxG;aewJhtajctaeavmuf rqdk;bl;vdk@ qdk&ifvnf; &ygw,f? aemufwpfcsufu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vdk/ vlrsKd;pki,fav;awGtay: ¶dk;om; +yD; apwemxm;cJhwJhacgif;aqmifrsKd;&JŒ pnf;¶kH;r_atmufrSm yifvkHpmcsKyf csKyfqdk EdkifcJhwJh 50
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
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