0104

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

'Dru kd a&pDaz:aqmifa&;ESihf

vlxt k cef;u¾ armfpD acgif;aqmifrsm;t=um; aphpyfnd‡Ed_if;jcif;/ tay;t,lvkyfjcif;wdk@onf udk,f pm;ðy 'Dru kd a&pDpepfay:xGe;f pwGif tc&musc+hJ yD;/ vuf&u dS mvwGiv f nf; ta&;ygaeqJ jzpfonf? odk@aomf a&&SnfwnfwHhrnfh 'Drdkua&pDpepf wdk;wufjzpfxGef;a&;twGufrl jynfolwdk@u [email protected];csufrsm; taumiftxnfay:vmap&ef acgif;aqmifrsm; tay: rnfr#xdxda&mufa&muf zdtm;ay;EdkifpGrf; &Sd r&Sd [lonfhtay: wnfrSDv#uf&Sd onf? xdkuJhodk@ zdtm;ay;EdkifpGrf;qdkonfuvnf; jynfolwdk@u oufqdkif&m vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;&Sd t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; rnfr#&,loHk;pGJEdkifonf/ rdrdwdk@. udk,fydkif,Hk=unfcsuf rsm; tjrifrsm; t,ltqrsm;tm; rnfr#xkwfaz:usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh &Sdonf[lonfh jynfol rsm;.pGrf;&nfESifh vkyfydkifcGifhyifjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh jynfolrsm;. pGrf;&nfESifh vkyfydkifcGifh jrifhrm;vma&;/ wenf;tm;jzifh jynfol@pGrf;tm;jr‡ifhwifa&; human empowerment onf 'Drdkua&pDaz:aqmifa&;vkyfief;pOfwGif ta&;}uD;ayonf? 'Dru kd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;pEdik if rH sm;. 'Dru kd a&pDjzpfay:wd;k wufru _ kd avhvm ae=uonfh ynm&Sifwdk@. axmufjycsufrSm ,if;EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif 'Drdkua&pD jzpfxGef;r_ r&Sdjcif; jzpfonf? xdkodk@jzpf&jcif;rSm 'Drdkua&pDoD0&Drsm;.tqdktwdkif; jynfolvlxk . vdkvm;csufrsm;u tpdk;&.qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tay: =oZmoufa&mufaejcif; r&SdyJ/ EdkifiHa&;tay:v$m&Sd acgif;aqmifrsm;u vlxkqENvdkvm;csufrsm;udk t}uD;tus,f vpfvsL¶_aejcif;a=umifhjzpfonf[k qdk=uonf? odk@jzpf&m 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif; effective democracy qdkonfudk em;vnf&efvdktyfvm.?

'Dru kd a&pDjzpfxeG ;f jcif; Effective Democracy 'Dru kd a&pD. tESpo f m&udak jym&v#if 'Dru kd a&pD[o l nf Edik if o H m;jynforl sm; tm; vkyyf ikd cf iG ahf y;jcif;jzpfonf? a&G;aumufyrJG sm;usi;f yay;±Hjk zifh xdt k ESpo f m&udk r&Edik ?f xdk@twl jynfolwdk@tm; vkyfydkifcGifhay;onfh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; Oya'jyÏmef; owfrSwfay;±Hkwifru ‚if;jyÏmef;csufrsm;udk vufawG@taumiftxnfaz:&efvnf; vdktyfonf? EdkifiHom;wdk@. jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; tpd;k &ESihf tm%mydik t f zG@J tpnf;rsm; acgi;f aqmifrsm;u tmrcHjcif;/ av;pm;vdu k ef mjcif; wdk@onf 'Drdkua&pDtESpfom&rsm;yif jzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;r_ xda&mufap&ef/ wenf;tm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;ap&ef a¶G;aumufyGJrsm; yHkrSefusif;yjcif;/ a¶G;aumuf yGJrsm;u vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wr_&Sdjcif;/ t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm; jcpm;r_rsm; uif;rJhjcif;/ 34

trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

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EdkifiHom;rsm;. vdktyfcsufudk wm0ef,lEdkifpGrf; responsive to citizens' choices &Sdjcif;/ tm%mydkifrsm;u w&m;Oya'tay: av;pm;vdkufemr_&Sdjcif; ponfwdk@ vdktyf a=umif; ynm&Sirf sm;u qd=k uonf? 'Dru kd a&pDjzpfxeG ;f jcif;udk wdik ;f wm&ef t!$e;f ude;f rsm; owfrSwf=uonf? wdkif;wmaom t!$ef;udef;rsm;tay:rlwnfI EdkifiHrsm;tvdkuf 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;r_tajctae uGJjym;jcm;em;r_rsm;tm; E_dif;,SOfavhvm=uonf? xdk tcg avhvmr_rsm;t& vGwfvyf+yD;w&m;r#wonfh a¶G;aumufyGJrsm; yHkrSefusif;yjcif; tcsufjzifh 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;r_udkwdkif;wmygu rvHkavmufa=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? a¶G; aumufyGJESifh 'Drdkua&pDudk nDr#jcif;csI r&Edkif? t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm; jcpm;r_rsm;&Sdaeyg u/ tpdk;&u wm0ef,lEdkifpGrf;enf;ygu/ jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&; rsm;/ jynfol@vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; uef@owfcHae&ygu/ w&m;Oya't& tkyfcsKyfjcif;r&Sdygu vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wonfha¶G;aumufyGJrsm; yHkrSef&Sdaeapumrl 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef; aeonf[lI qdkEdkifrnf r[kwfay? xdk@a=umifh a¶G;aumufyGJ/ t*wdvdkufpm;r_/ jynfol@ vGwfvyfcGifhESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;/ tpdk;&. aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfa&;tqifh ponfwdk@onf 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif;udk wdkif;wmaom t!$ef;udef;rsm;jzpf=uonf? tqdyk gt!$e;f ude;f rsm;jzifh wdik ;f wmavhvmr_rsm;t& 'Dru kd a&pDjzpfxeG ;f jcif; onf 'Drdkua&pDtaqmufttHkrsm; v_yf&Sm;vnfywfr_ESifh acgif;aqmifrsm; *k%foduQm &Sdr_wdk@. &v'fjzpfonf[kqdk=uonf? odk@jzpf&m a¶G;aumufyGJtajcðy 'Drdkua&pD electoral democracy pHE_ef;rsm;xuf awmif;qdkr_ ydkIjrifhrm;onf? vl@pGrf;tm;zGH@òzd;r_ t!$ef;udef; human development index (HDI) tay: tajccHwdkif;wmr_u a¶G; aumufyGJ tajcðypHE_ef;rsm;xuf 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif; tqifh'D*&D uGJjym;jcm;em;r_udk ydkIodomxif&Sm;aponf? xdk@a=umifh 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif;onf oufqdkif&mvl@tzGJ@ tpnf;. zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_tqifhtaetxm;ESifh qufpyfaeonf[k qdk&rnfjzpfonf? zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_qdkif&m a=umif;csif;&mrsm; developmental factors u 'Drdkua&pD jzpf ay: jcif;ESihf wnfwchH ikd +f rJjcif; emergence and survival of effective democracy jzpfpOfwGif t"duusaomtcef;wGif &Sdaeonf? TwGif E_dif;,SOfr_t& twdkif;twm wpfcktxd vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm; zGH@òzd;wdk;wuf+yD;EdkifiHrsm; states with developed societal infrastructure wGif 'Dru kd a&pDjzpfxeG ;f r_ ydI k jzpfEikd o f nf[k qdk&ayrnf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm; zGH@òzd;wdk;wufjcif;qdk&mY pD;yGm;a&;t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ ¶ky0f wˆKrsm; wd;k wufjcif;udo k m qdv k jkd cif;r[kw?f jynfow l @kd . yg0ifr_jrifhrm;jcif;ESifh jynfol@vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/ jynfolwdk@. udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfydkifcGifhrsm; tyg t0ifjzpfonf?

jynfo@l prG ;f tm;jr‡iw hf ifa&; Human Empowerment wdkif;jynftm%monf jynfolvlxkxHrS qif;oufrSom 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef; atmifjrifEdkifayrnf? jynfolwdk@. vkyfydkifcGifhtm%m jrifhrm;vma&;twGuf jynfol@ 35

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trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

pGr;f tm;jr‡iw hf ifa&;onf 'Dru kd a&pDaz:aqmifa&;ESihf wd;k wufjzpfxeG ;f apa&;vkyif ef;wGif ta&;ygonf? odk@rSom oufqdkif&m vl@abmifvl@tzGJ@tpnf; toGifajymif;vJwnf aqmufa&;jzpfpOfwGif [email protected]_udk &&SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf? jynfol@pGrf;tm;jr‡ifh wifa&;ESifhywfoufI t"dutm;jzifh atmufygu¾oHk;&yfudk zGH@òzd;ap&efvdktyfonf? (1) t&if;tjrpfrsm; action resources (2) udk,fydkiftjrift,ltq xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtay: wefbdk;xm;r_rsm; self-expression values

(3) 'Drdkua&pDtaqmufttHkrsm; democratic institutions t&if;tjrpfrsm;[kqdk&mwGif jynfolwdk@taejzifh [email protected],fydkifb0rsm;udk rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif zefwD;jyÏmef;Edkif&efESifh pDrHcef@cGJEdkif&ef vdktyfaom ±kyf0wˆKypPnf;t&if; tjrpfrsm;ESihf todynm twwfynmqdik &f m t&if;tjrpfrsm; yg0ifonf? jynfow l @kd . qENvdkvm;csufrsm;tm; acgif;aqmifrsm; tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u wm0ef,laqmif¶Gufa&; zdtm;ay; =oZmv$rf;rdk;Edkif&ef wdkif;jynf. ¶kyfykdif;qdkif&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; zGH@òzd;wdk; wufap+yD; jynfol@wdk@vuf0,f&Sd&rnf? xdkrSwqifh jynfolwdk@. ynma&;tqifh twef;/ vlr_b0tqifhtwefrsm; jrifhwufvmEdkifrnfhtaetxm;odk@ a&mufEdkifrnf [lonfh t,ltqjzpfonf? odk@jzpf&m jynfolwdk@. t&if;tjzpfrsm; zGH@òzd;a&;onf jynfo@l prG ;f tm;jr‡iw hf ifa&;wGif t"dutpdwt f ydik ;f wpf&yfjzpfonf? ordik ;f tawG@tóuH t& acwfrzDS @HG òzd;a&;aqmif¶u G jf cif; modernization u jynfow l @kd .vuf0,f pDymG ;a&; t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk wdk;yGm;ap¶Hkomru/ ynma&;tqifhtwef;udkvnf; jrifhwufvm aponf? vGwv f yfpmG awG;ac: }uHqEdik pf rG ;f / pdwu f ;l pdwo f ef;rsm; xkwaf z:Edik pf rG ;f ponfh t&nftaoG;rsm;tjyif EdkifiHa&;wGifyg0ifaqmif¶GufEdkifpGrf;udk jr‡ifhwifay;onf? jynfolvlxkuudkifpGJaom pHE_ef;wefbdk;rsm;ESifh tjrifoabmxm;rsm;onf vnf; ta&;}uD;vSonf? EdkifiHrsm;tvdkuf EdkifiHa&;b0/ pD;yGm;a&;b0/ vlr_a&;b0 qdik &f m pHEe_ ;f wefb;kd rsm; tjrifoabmxm;rsm; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;v#u&f =dS uonf? ud, k yf ikd f tjrift,ltq xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtm; wefbdk;xm;onfh self-expression values vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif udk,fydkiftjrift,ltqxkwfaz: jcif;udk tav;xm;OD;pm;ay; jcif;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifaqmif¶Gufr_&Sdjcif;/ vlr_vdift&cGJjcm;r_r&SdbJ wef;wla&;udk axmufcHtm;ay;jcif;/ EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;/ vdifwlqufqHolrsm;ESifh tjcm; pnf;tjyifa&mufolrsm;tay: em;vnfonf;cHEdkifjcif;ESifh wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ,Hk=unfr_ jrifhrm;jcif;wdk@ &Sd=uonf? tjcm;wzufY b0&Sifoef&yfwnfa&; survival values udk OD;pm;ay;ae=u&onfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGifrl rsm;aomtm;jzifh qef@usifbuf tajctaersm;ESihf &ifqikd af e=u&onf? ud, k yf ikd t f jrift,ltqrsm; xkwaf z:ydik cf iG t hf m; ydkrdkwefbdk;xm;vmonfESifhtr# jynfol@vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/ vlr_vdifwef;wla&;/ tpdk;&.wm0ef&Sdr_ tp&Sdonfwdk@tm; awmif;qdkr_rsm; jrifhrm;vm onf? xdrk w S qifh ,if;wefb;kd rsm;tm; wm0ef,al qmif¶u G rf nfh tmrcHrnfh 'Dru kd a&pD 36

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taqmufttHrk sm; democratic institutions xlaxmifjcif;/ wnfwahH p&ef xde;f odr;f umuG,fapmifha&Smufjcif;rsm; &Sdvmrnfjzpfonf? odk@jzifh jynfolwdk@taejzifh rdrdwdk@. trsm;qdkif&mb0ESifh yk*~vdub0rsm;tm; udk,fwdkifpDrHcef@cGJEdkifrnfjzpfonf? tqdkyg wefb;kd rsm;rSm jynfow l pfO;D csi;f pD. ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;Edik af &; vGwv f yfpmG a¶G;cs,yf ikd cf iG u hf kd tmrcHonfhtwGuf 'Drdkua&pDaz:aqmifa&;wGif ta&;ygvSonf? tqdkyg u¾oHk;&yfvHk;udk wòydifeufwajy;nD zGH@òzd;vmapjcif;jzifh jynfol wdk@. pGrf;tm;jr‡ifhwifa&;udk aqmifusOf;Edkifrnfjzpfonf? udk,fydkiftjrift,ltqrsm; xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtm; tcdkiftrmwefbdk;xm;onfh/ jynfolwdk@twGuf t&if;tjrpfrsm; aygºuG,fonfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;wdk;wufavh&Sdonfudk awG@ &onf? jynfo@l vuf0,fwiG f t&if;tjrpfrsm;wd;k yGm;vmonfEiS t hf r# acgi;f aqmifrsm; tay:zdtm;ay;EdkifpGrf; jrifhrm;vmrnf? xdk@tjyif jynfol@wdk@taejzifh b0&Sifoef&yf wnfa&;twGuv f nf; txl;pd;k &draf =umih=f u&ef rvdak wmhay? xdt k cg rdrw d @kd . ud, k yf ikd f b0tjrif t,ltqrsm; xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtm; ydkItav;xm;vmEdkifrnf? xdkrSwqifh jynfolwdk@taejzifh EdkifiHa&;wGif vGwfvyfpGma¶G;cs,fydkifcGifhudk ydkItm¶HkpdkufvmEdkifrnf/ yg0ifaqmif¶Gufr_ jrifhrm;vmrnfjzpfonf? xdktcg acgif;aqmifrsm;tzdk@ 'Drdkua&pDaz: aqmifa&;ESihf jzpfxeG ;f wd;k wufa&;jzpfpOftm; jiif;y,fqef@usi&f ef tvGeyf ifcufcv J may vdrfhrnf?

udk,fydkiftjrift,ltqrsm; xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtay: wefbdk;xm;jcif; Self-Expression Values EdkifiHa&; ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&mpmayrsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf vlxkqENESifh tjrifoabmxm;vdt k yfonf[k trsm;tm;jzifh ,lqxm;avh&o dS nf? urBmv h Ol ;D a&. (90)&mE_ef;eD;yg;udkv$rf;òcHonfh EdkifiHaygif; (80)ausmfwGif aumuf,lcJhaomppfwrf;t& vlxkqENtjrifoabmxm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDrSm tcdkiftrmqufpyfaeonfudk awG@&Sd& onf? okawoe avhvmcsuftrsm;tjym;uvnf; vlxku 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;onfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif ydkI'Drdkua&pDjzpfEdkifonf[laom t,ltqtay:tajccH =uonf? trsm;tm;jzifv h nf; ppfwrf;aumuf,&l mY Edik if t H rsm;pkwiG f jynfot l rsm;pk u 'Drdkua&pDonf taumif;qHk;tkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpHjzpfa=umif; ajz=um;=uonf? odk@aomf r=umao;rDu avhvmr_wpf&yfwGif 'Drdkua&pDtm;vdkvm;onfhvlxk. tjrifoabm xm;rSm qGD'ifESifh qGpfZmvefEdkifiHrsm;xuf t,fab;eD;,m;ESifh tZmbdkif*sefwdk@wGif &mcdkifE_ef;ydkIrsm;a=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? odk@jzpfI xdkuJhodk@ vdkvm;r_&Sdonf[kqdkwdkif; eufeuf±d_if;±d_if; tjrpfwG,faeonf[lIvnf;aumif;/ pdwftm;xufoefr_ tcdkiftrm &Sdaeonf[lIvnf;aumif; rqdkEdkifay? urBmhtwdkif;twmt&qdk&v#if vlxk. 'Drdkua&pDtay:axmufcHr_ESifh vl@ tzGJ@tpnf;Y 'Drkdua&pDwnf&Sdr_wdk@ tjyeftvSefqufEG,fr_ tcdkiftrm&SdaeonfrSm 37

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trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

xif&Sm;onf? odk@aomf avhvmr_rsm;t& udk,fydkiftjrift,ltqrsm; xkwfaz:ydkifcGifh tay: wefbdk;xm;jcif;u 'Drdkua&pDudk wdkuf&dkuf!$ef;qdkjcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; 'Drdkua&pD tm; vdkvm;axmufcHjcif;xuf 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;EdkifpGrf; ydkItm;aumif;onf? 'Dru kd a&pDtm; vdv k m;axmufcjH cif;&So d nfq¶kd jkH zifh ud, k yf ikd t f jrift,ltqrsm; xkwaf z: ydik cf iG t hf ay: wefb;kd xm;jcif;. t"dutpdwt f ydik ;f rsm; tvdt k avsmuf wnf&v dS mjcif; r&Sday? vufawG@jzpfpOfrsm;t& udk,fydkiftjrift,ltqrsm; xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtay: wefbdk;xm;jcif;onf 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf ydkIa&cHajrcH oabm aqmifonfudk awG@&onf? udk,fydkiftjrift,ltq xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtay: wefbdk; xm;r_ESifh 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;[email protected],fr_ tcdkiftrmyif &Sdaeonf? xdk@tjyif avhvmr_rsm;t& udk,fydkiftjrift,ltq xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtay:wefbdk;xm;r_rS 'Drdk ua&pDjzpfxGef;r_odk@ jzpfay:wdk;wufjcif;jzpfonf[k qdk=u.?

'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf txufvm$ vlwef;pm; Democracy and Elites ynm&SiftcsKdŒu 'Drdkua&pDtm; ypPnf;OpPmydkifqdkifaom txufv$mvlwef; pm;rsm;ESihf qif;&Jom;jynfow l @kd . pD;yGm;a&;"e jyefvnfcaJG 0a&;ESiphf yfvsO;f I qef@usif buftusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;. v_H@aqmfr_wdkufyGJrS xGufay:vmaom&v'f[lI qdk=uonf? jynfolwdk@u "ejyefvnfcGJa0a&;twGuf a¶G;aumufyGJudk vdkvm;onf? txufv$mvl wef;pm;rsm;u OpPm"ersm; jyefvnfcGJa0&rnfudk pdk;&drf=uonf? odk@jzpfI a¶G;aumufyGJ rsm;jzifh tm%mcGJa0a&;udk rvdkvm;=uay? ynm&Sif bGdKifufpf Boix . t,ltqt& vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;wGif 0ifaiGjzef@cGJr_ ydkInDr#vm+yD;/ t&if;a&$@ajymif;Edkifr_ jrifhrm;vmygu txufvm$ vlwef;pm;rsm;tzd@k "ejyefvnfcaJG 0a&; pd;k &drrf a_ vsmeh nf;vmrnfjzpfonf? xdktcg a¶G;aumufyGJrsm; jzpfxGef;vmr_tajctaeodk@ a&mufvmEdkifrnf? jynfolwdk@. 'Drdkua&pDa&;vdkvm;r_udk zdESdyfrnfvm;/ vufcHvdkufavsmrnfvm;qdkonfudk txuf v$mvlwef;pm;rsm;u wenf;tm;jzifh tm%mvuf&Sdvlwef;pm;u tqHk;tjzwfðy onf [laom t,ltqjzpfonf? 0ifaiGnrD #rt _ qifEh iS hf t&if;a¶$Œajymif;Edik rf t _ qifrh sm; wpHkw&mjrifhrm;r_&SdrSom 'Drdkua&pDay:xGef;Edkifrnf[laom oD0&Dvnf;jzpfonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yfESifh wpf&yft=um; jynfol@vuf0,f t&if;tjrpfydkif qdik rf t _ ajctae/ ud, k yf ikd t f jrift,ltqrsm; xkwaf z:ydik cf iG t hf ay: vlx. k wefb;kd xm; r_ tajctae uGJjym;onfhtavsmuf oufqdkif&mjynfolwdk@. 'Drdkua&pDtaqmuf ttHrk sm;twGuf OD;pm;ay;r_tqifEh iS hf &,lEidk pf rG ;f tm;rsm;onfvnf; uGmjcm;aeonfukd awG@&onf? ¶kyf0wˆKt&if;tjrpfrsm; wwfodynm t&if;tjrpfrsm;u jynfolwdk@. pkaygif;pGrf;tm;udk ydkIjrifhrm;vmap+yD;/ txufv$mtm%mvuf&Sd vlwef;pm;tay: xda&mufaom zdtm;ay;EdkifpGrf;udkjzpfaponf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&pepfrsm; qufvuf &Sifoefaejcif;onf txufv$mtm%mvuf&Sdrsm;u jynfolwdk@tm; zdESdyfI tm%m wnf+rJa&;udk aqmif¶Gufaejcif;a=umifh r[kwfay? txufv$mtm%mvuf&Sd vlwef; 38

trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

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'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf "etiftm; Democracy and Wealth xdk@tjyif tjcm;ynm&Sifwdk@uvnf; csrf;omaomEdkifiHrsm;wGif qif;&Jaom EkdifiHrsm;xuf ydkI'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;aeonfh t&if;cHudk avhvmwifjycJhonf? "etif tm;wdk;yGm;r_u 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;r_. a&SŒajy;jzpfonff [laom t,ltqjzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@u pDyGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_ESifh 'Drdkua&pDay:xGufvmr_wdk@onf vrf;a=umif;wpfckwnf; jzpfonf[k oH;k oyf=uonf? vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygi;f (500)cef@u tcsKŒd Oa&myEdik if rH sm;ESihf ‚if;wdk@. udkvdkeDe,fajrrsm; 'Drdkua&pDESifh pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_wdk@jzifhqufpyfonfh zGH@òzd; wdk;wufa&;vrf;a=umif;ay:wGif wnf&SdcJhjcif;udkaxmufjy=uonf? odk@aomf oufqdkif &m EdkifiHrsm;. tjcm;xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;wGufcsufonfhtcg 0ifaiG tajymif; tvJESifh 'Drdkua&pDt=um; qufEG,fr_rSm rajymyawmhay? avhvmcsufrsm;t& oufqdkif&m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m a=umif;csif;&mrsm;uvnf; tqHk;t jzwf ðyaeonfh oabm&Sdonf? EdkifiHwpfckcsif;. xl;jcm;csufrsm;uvnf; ta&;ygae onf? odk@jzpf&m pDyGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_wpfckwnf;uom 'Drdkua&pDudk aqmifusOf;vmjcif; r[kw?f oufqikd &f m ,Ofaus;r_a=umif;csi;f &mrsm;ESihf aygi;f pyfro S m jzpfxeG ;f Edik v f rd rhf nf?

vlxo k nfom tc&m Orientation of Ordinary Citizens txufaz: jyyg t,ltqESpf&yfpvHk;u 'Drdkua&pDaz:aqmifa&;twGuf tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;tjzpf vlxku udkifpGJaom pHwefbdk;rsm;ESifh pnf;¶kH;v_H@aqmfr_ twwfynmrsm;tm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;r_ r&Sd=uay? vlxk. uef@uGufqENjyr_udk pD;yGm;a&; tajctaernDr#ra_ =umifh jzpfay:vm&jcif;[lI ¶d;k pif;pGm ¶_jrifavh&=dS uonf? ordkif;tcsuftvufrsm;t&vnf; xdkodk@¶_jrifcsufrSm rSefuefonf[kqdk&rnf? odk@aomf xdkt,ltqrsm;u r=umcifuay:aygufcJhaom 'Drkdua&pDtoGifajymif;jcif; 39

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trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

v_dif;ESifhywfoufI &Sif;jyEkdifrnf r[kwfay? jynfolvlxk. Edk;=um;wufºuGr_tajc taeu ododomomyif ajymif;vJvmcJhonf? pufr_vGefvl@tzGJ@tpnf; Postindustrial society rsm;wGif qENjyyGJrsm;Y vlxk.yg0ifr_onf 1970 vGefESpfrsm; xuf ESpfqru jrifhwufvmcJhonf? 1987 ckESpfrS 1995 ckESpftwGif; ordkif;wGif róuHpzl; ta&twGufrsm;jym;onfh qENjyv_yf&Sm;olrsm;. armif;ESiftm;a=umifh qdk;vfESifh reDvm rSonf armfpudkESifh ta&SŒbmvifxdwdkifatmif 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;jcif; jzpfpOfrsm; ay:aygucf =hJ uonf? tqdyk gjzpfpOfw@kd onf tajccHtm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;a=umifh r[kwaf y? Edik if aH &;vGwv f yfciG t hf wGuf jzpfonf? ,cifueG jf rLepfEikd if rH sm;wGif jzpfay:cJh aom 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;jcif;jzpfpOfrsm;rSm vlxku pD;yGm;a&;wef;wlnDr#cGifh twGuf v_y&f mS ;wdu k yf 0JG ifcjhJ cif;a=umifrh [kw?f vufawG@wiG f pD;yGm;a&;nDr#ru _ kd tav; xm;onfh txufv$mtm%m&Sdvlwef;pm;xHrS pD;yGm;a&;nDr#r_udk tav;xm;r_ enf; yg;onfhvlxkxHodk@ EdkifiHa&;tm%mv$Jajymif;onfh jzpfpOfrsm;jzpf=uonf? 'Dru kd a&pDonf usm;r ra¶G;/ vlrsKd ;ra¶G;/ bmomra¶G;/ tom;ta&mifra¶G;/ qif;&Jcsr;f omra¶G; t¶G,af &mufow l ikd ;f rJay;ydik cf iG hf a¶G;aumufcyH ikd cf iG t hf wGu/f "etif tm; jyefvnfcaJG 0a&;twGuf qENvv kd m;r_rsm;rS ay:xGuv f mjcif;r[kwaf y? vGwv f yf cGifhrsm;twGuf v_yf&Sm;¶kef;uefonfhwdkufyGJrsm;rS ay:xGef;vmjcif;jzpfonf? vl@ordkif; wav#mufwiG f rif;qd;k rif;npfrsm;/ tm%m&Sipf epfrsm; ay:xGe;f cJ=h uonf? txufvm$ tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm;rsm;u jynfolvlxktm; zdESdyftkyfcsKyfEdkifjcif;a=umifh tqdkygpepf rsm; wnf&SdcJh&jcif;r[kwfay? jynfolvlxk.vuf0,f t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD taqmufttHkrsm;tm; &,lEdkifrnfh pnf;¶kH;a&; twwfynmu|rf;usifr_r&SdcJhojzifh/ 'Dru kd a&pDtaqmufttHrk sm;&,la&;tm; xdyw f ef;OD;pm;ay;tqifw h iG f rxm;&Scd o hJ jzifh xdkuJhodk@aom tkyfcsKyfolrsm; tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsm;jzifh }uKHawG@cJh&jcif; jzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDtm; a¶G;aumufyGJtajccHay:wGifom usOf;ajrmif;pGm t"dy`g,f zGiq hf rkd nfqykd gu vlx. k tcef;u¾qdo k nfrmS ta&;r}uD;awmhay? od@k aomf ,cktcg 'Drdkua&pD. a,bk,spHE_ef;rsm;ESifh t"dy`g,frSm xdk@xufru rsm;pGmus,fjyef@onfudk vuf c H v m=u+yD j zpf o nf ? csKyf I qd k & v#if 'D r d k u a&pD a z:aqmif j cif ; qd k o nf r S m omrefEdkifiHol EdkifiHom;rsm;.vuf0,fodk@ EdkifiHa&;tm%m v$Jajymif;ay;tyfjcif; vkyf ief;pOfjzpfonf? od@k jzpf&m 'Dru kd a&pDaz:aqmifjcif;vkyif ef;wGif jynfov l x l . k pGr;f tm; jynfhyg0ifr_onf tc&musonf? vlxkudkom tajccH&rnfjzpfonf? &nf ! $ e f ; Welzel, Christian and Ronald Inglehart, "The role of ordinary people in democratization", Journal of Democracy (January 2008: Vol. 19, No. 1)

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