Wireless Networking Arabic

‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ‪ :‬دورة دراﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ أرﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺘ‪j‬ﺪ ﻧﻄ‪jj‬ﺎق ﺗﻘﻨﻴ‪jj‬ﺎت اﻟﺸ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻼﺳ‪j‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ ﺷ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺼ‪jj‬ﻮت واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‪jj‬ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣ‪jjj‬ﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘ‪jjj‬ﻲ ﺗﺴ‪jjj‬ﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ‪jjj‬ﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺘﺄﺳ‪jjj‬ﻴﺲ اﺗﺼ‪jjj‬ﺎﻻت ﻻﺳ‪jjj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﺒ‪jjj‬ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴ‪jjj‬ﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠ‪jjj‬ﺔ‪ ،‬إﻟ‪jjj‬ﻰ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ‪jjj‬ﺎت اﻟﻀ‪jjj‬ﻮء ﺗﺤ‪jjj‬ﺖ اﻷﺣﻤ‪jjj‬ﺮ واﻟﺘ‪jjj‬ﺮددات‬ ‫اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮة اﻟﻤﺪى‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻀ‪j‬ﻤﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻬ‪jjj‬ﺰة اﻟﺸ‪jjj‬ﺎﺋﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴ‪jjj‬ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸ‪jjj‬ﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻼﺳ‪jjj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ أﺟﻬ‪jjj‬ﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jjj‬ﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟ‪jj‬ﺔ‪ ،‬وأﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ‪ ،‬وأﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟ‪jj‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻴ‪jjjj‬ﺪ‪ ،‬وأﺟﻬ‪jjjj‬ﺰة اﻟﻤﺴ‪jjjj‬ﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﺨﺼ‪jjjj‬ﻲ اﻟﺮﻗﻤ‪jjjj‬ﻲ )‪ ،(PDA‬واﻟﻬﻮاﺗ‪jjjj‬ﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وأﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪة ﻟﻘﻠﻢ‪ ،‬وأﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻨﺪاء‪ .‬ﺗﺨﺪم اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻏﺮاض اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼً‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﺴ‪j‬ﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻟﻬ‪j‬ﺎﺗﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮي اﺳﺘﺨﺪام هﻮاﺗﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ‪j‬ﻲ‪ .‬آﻤ‪j‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ أﺟﻬﺰة آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ ﺧ‪jj‬ﻼل ﻣﺤﻄ‪jj‬ﺎت أﺳﺎﺳ‪jj‬ﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘ‪jj‬ﺔ ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ اﻟﻤﻄ‪jj‬ﺎرات‪ ،‬وﻣﺤﻄ‪jj‬ﺎت اﻟﺴ‪jj‬ﻜﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳ‪jj‬ﺔ‪ ،‬واﻷﻣ‪jj‬ﺎآﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻣ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻷﺧ‪jj‬ﺮى‪ .‬ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ اﻟﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜ‪jj‬ﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫وﺻﻞ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﻟﻤﺰاﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت وﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺄآ‪j‬ﺪ ﻣ‪j‬ﻦ ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻬ‪j‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ودﻋ‪j‬ﻢ اﻟﺘﺒﻨ‪j‬ﻲ‬ ‫واﺳ‪j‬ﻊ اﻻﻧﺘﺸ‪j‬ﺎر ﻟﻬ‪j‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓ‪j‬ﺈن ﻣﺆﺳﺴ‪j‬ﺎت ﻣﺜ‪j‬ﻞ ‪Institute of Electrical‬‬ ‫)‪ ،and Electronics Engineers (IEEE‬و ‪Internet‬‬ ‫)‪ ،Engineering Task Force (IETF‬و ‪Wireless Ethernet‬‬ ‫)‪ ،Compatibility Alliance (WECA‬و ‪International‬‬ ‫)‪ Telecommunication Union (ITU‬ﺗﺸﺘﺮك ﺑﻌﺪة ﺟﻬﻮد رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ‪ .‬ﻣ‪j‬ﺜﻼً‪ ،‬ﺗﻘ‪j‬ﻮم ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‪j‬ﺎت اﻟﻌﻤ‪j‬ﻞ ‪ IEEE‬ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳ‪j‬ﻒ آﻴﻔﻴ‪j‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺎز إﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ)ﺳﻮاء ﺗ‪j‬ﻢ اﺳ‪j‬ﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻮاﺟ‪j‬ﺎت رادﻳﻮﻳ‪j‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﻼ( وآﻴ‪jj‬ﻒ وﻣﺘ‪jj‬ﻰ ﻳﺠ‪jj‬ﺐ اﺳ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪام وﺳ‪jj‬ﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫أو اﻟﻀ‪jj‬ﻮء ﺗﺤ‪jj‬ﺖ اﻷﺣﻤ‪jj‬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣ‪jj‬ﺜ ً‬ ‫‪359‬‬

‫اﻹرﺳ‪jj‬ﺎل ﻟﻼﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎﻻت‪ .‬أﺛﻨ‪jj‬ﺎء ﺗﻄ‪jj‬ﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻘ‪jj‬ﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻟﺸ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻼﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ‪jj‬ﺈن‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ IEEE‬ﺗﻬ‪j‬ﺘﻢ ﺑ‪j‬ﺈدارة اﻟﻄﺎﻗ‪j‬ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋ‪j‬ﺮض اﻟﻨﻄ‪j‬ﺎق اﻟﺘ‪j‬ﺮددي‪،‬‬ ‫واﻷﻣﺎن‪ ،‬وﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ أﺧﺮى ﻓﺮﻳﺪة ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼ‪j‬ﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺸ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻼﺳ‪j‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺿ‪j‬ﻤﻦ أﻧ‪j‬ﻮاع‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﺳﺘﻨﺎدًا إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ إرﺳﺎل اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﺒﺮهﺎ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق )‪.(WWAN‬‬ ‫‪.Wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN) -2‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ )‪.(WLAN‬‬ ‫‪ Wireless personal area networks (WPAN) -4‬ﺷ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺎت‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق )‪(WWAN‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤ ّﻜ‪jj‬ﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ‪jj‬ﺎت ‪ WWAN‬اﻟﻤﺴ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ ﺗﺄﺳ‪jj‬ﻴﺲ اﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎﻻت ﻻﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣ‪j‬ﺔ اﻟﺒﻌﻴ‪j‬ﺪة أو اﻟﺸ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻ‪j‬ﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜ‪j‬ﻦ اﺳ‪j‬ﺘﺨﺪام ه‪j‬ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺪن واﻟﺪول‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺎت أو أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮة‬ ‫ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ ﻗﺒ‪jj‬ﻞ ﻣ‪jj‬ﻮﻓﺮي اﻟﺨﺪﻣ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻟﻼﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗُﻌ‪jj‬ﺮف ﺗﻘﻨﻴ‪jj‬ﺎت ‪ WWAN‬اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻈﻤ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻟﺠﻴ‪jj‬ﻞ اﻟﺜ‪jj‬ﺎﻧﻲ )‪ .(G2‬ﺗﺘﻀ‪jj‬ﻤﻦ أﻧﻈﻤ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻟﺠﻴ‪jj‬ﻞ اﻟﺜ‪jj‬ﺎﻧﻲ ‪Global‬‬ ‫)‪ ،System for Mobile Communications (GSM‬و‬ ‫)‪ ،Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD‬و ‪Code‬‬ ‫)‪ .Division Multiple Access (CDMA‬ﺗﺘﻀ‪jjj‬ﺎﻓﺮ اﻟﺠﻬ‪jjj‬ﻮد‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘ‪j‬ﻲ ﻳﻤﺘﻠ‪j‬ﻚ ﺑﻌﻀ‪j‬ﻬﺎ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴ‪j‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠ ‪j‬ﻮّل ﻣﺤ‪jj‬ﺪودة ﺑﺎﻹﺿ‪jj‬ﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ ﻋ‪jj‬ﺪم اﻟﺘﻮاﻓ‪jj‬ﻖ ﺑ‪jj‬ﻴﻦ ﺑﻌﻀ‪jj‬ﻬﺎ‪ ،‬إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ‪jj‬ﺎت‬ ‫‪360‬‬

‫اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ اﻟﺘ‪j‬ﻲ ﺳ‪j‬ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳ‪ًj‬ﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴ‪ًj‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺿ‪j‬ﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ‪j‬ﻰ ﺗ‪j‬ﻮﻓﻴﺮ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴ‪j‬ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻮّل ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﺠّﻊ ‪ ITU‬ﺑﻨﺸﺎط ﺗﻄ‪j‬ﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﻴ‪j‬ﺎس ﻋﻤ‪j‬ﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻴ‪j‬ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN) -2‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻜّﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت ‪ WMAN‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ن ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ )ﻣﺜﻼً‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺒﺎ ٍ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨ‪jj‬ﺔ أو ﺿ‪jj‬ﻤﻦ ﺣ‪jj‬ﺮم ﺟ‪jj‬ﺎﻣﻌﻲ أو ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ ﻣﻜ‪jj‬ﺎن ﻋ‪jj‬ﺎم ﻣﺜ‪jj‬ﻞ اﻟﻤﻄ‪jj‬ﺎر(‪ ،‬ﺑ‪jj‬ﺪون‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺪ آﺒﻼت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ أو اﻟﻜﺒﻼت اﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﻴﺔ وﺗﺄﺟﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت ‪ WMAN‬أن ﺗﻌﻤ‪j‬ﻞ آ‪j‬ﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺸ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل اﻟﺴ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻟ‪jj‬ﻚ ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ‪jj‬ﺔ ﺗﻌﻄ‪jj‬ﻞ اﻟﺨﻄ‪jj‬ﻮط اﻟﻤ‪jj‬ﺆﺟﺮة‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺷﺒﻜﺎت ‪ WMAN‬اﻷﻣ‪j‬ﻮاج اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳ‪j‬ﺔ‬ ‫أو اﻷﺷ‪jj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jj‬ﺖ اﻟﺤﻤ‪jj‬ﺮاء ﻟﻨﻘ‪jj‬ﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‪jj‬ﺎت‪ .‬ﻳ‪jj‬ﺰداد اﻟﻄﻠ‪jj‬ﺐ ﻋﻠ‪jj‬ﻰ ﺷ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺎت‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﺮﻳﻀﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﻮﺻ‪j‬ﻮل‬ ‫إﻟ‪jjj‬ﻰ إﻧﺘﺮﻧ‪jjj‬ﺖ ﺑﺴ‪jjj‬ﺮﻋﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻴ‪jjj‬ﺔ‪ .‬رﻏ‪jjj‬ﻢ اﺳ‪jjj‬ﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴ‪jjj‬ﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ‪jjj‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ‪jjj‬ﻞ‬ ‫‪multichannel‬‬ ‫‪multipoint‬‬ ‫‪distribution‬‬ ‫‪service‬‬ ‫)‪ (MMDS‬و ‪local multipoint distribution services‬‬ ‫)‪ ،(LMDS‬ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ‪ IEEE 802.16‬ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻲ ﻋﺮﻳﺾ اﻟﻨﻄ‪j‬ﺎق ﻓ‪j‬ﻲ ﺗﻄ‪j‬ﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻ‪j‬ﻔﺎت ﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴ‪j‬ﺪ ﺗﻄ‪j‬ﻮﻳﺮ ه‪j‬ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت‪.‬‬

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‫اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ‪WLAN‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﻜ‪jj‬ﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ‪jj‬ﺎت ‪ WLAN‬اﻟﻤﺴ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ ﺗﺄﺳ‪jj‬ﻴﺲ اﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎﻻت ﻻﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ )ﻋﻠ‪j‬ﻰ ﺳ‪j‬ﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜ‪j‬ﺎل‪ ،‬ﺿ‪j‬ﻤﻦ ﺑﻨ‪j‬ﺎء أو ﺷ‪j‬ﺮآﺔ‪ ،‬أو ﻓ‪j‬ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن ﻋﺎم ﻣﺜ‪j‬ﻞ ﻣﻄ‪j‬ﺎر(‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜ‪j‬ﻦ اﺳ‪j‬ﺘﺨﺪام ﺷ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺎت ‪ WLAN‬ﻓ‪j‬ﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺗ‪j‬ﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺘﺔ أو ﻓﻲ أﻣ‪j‬ﺎآﻦ أﺧ‪j‬ﺮى ﺣﻴ‪j‬ﺚ ﺗﻜ‪j‬ﻮن آﻠﻔ‪j‬ﺔ ﺗﺮآﻴ‪j‬ﺐ اﻟﻜ‪j‬ﺎﺑﻼت آﺒﻴ‪j‬ﺮة‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً‪ ،‬أو ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ‪ LAN‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن‬ ‫ﻣ‪j‬ﻦ اﻟﻌﻤ‪jj‬ﻞ ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ ﻣﻮاﻗ‪j‬ﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ‪jj‬ﺔ ﺿ‪jj‬ﻤﻦ اﻟﺒﻨ‪jj‬ﺎء وﻓ‪j‬ﻲ أوﻗ‪jj‬ﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ‪jj‬ﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜ‪jj‬ﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺸ‪jjjjj‬ﺒﻜﺎت ‪ WLAN‬أن ﺗﻌﻤ‪jjjjj‬ﻞ ﺑﻄ‪jjjjj‬ﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻓ‪jjjjj‬ﻲ ﺷ‪jjjjj‬ﺒﻜﺎت ‪WLAN‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻌﻤ‪j‬ﻞ اﻟﻼﺳ‪j‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ )أﺟﻬ‪j‬ﺰة ﻣ‪j‬ﻊ ﺑﻄﺎﻗ‪j‬ﺎت ﺷ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل رادﻳﻮﻳﺔ أو أﺟﻬﺰة ﻣﻮدم ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ( ﻣ‪j‬ﻊ ﻧﻘ‪j‬ﺎط اﻟﻮﺻ‪j‬ﻮل اﻟﻼﺳ‪j‬ﻠﻜﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ ‪j‬ﻲ ﺗﻌﻤ‪jj‬ﻞ آﺠﺴ‪jj‬ﺮ ﺑ‪jj‬ﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻄ‪jj‬ﺎت اﻟﻌﻤ‪jj‬ﻞ واﻟﺒﻨﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‪jj‬ﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺎت ‪ WLAN‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻧﻈﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻌ‪j‬ﺪة ﻣﺴ‪j‬ﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻓ‪j‬ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ‪j‬ﻞ ﻗﺎﻋ‪j‬ﺔ ﻣ‪j‬ﺆﺗﻤﺮات‪ ،‬أن ﻳﺸ‪j‬ﻜﻠﻮا ﺷ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل ﻣﺆﻗﺘ‪j‬ﺔ‬ ‫ع ﻟﻠﻮﺻ‪j‬ﻮل إﻟ‪j‬ﻰ ﻣ‪j‬ﻮارد‬ ‫دون اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻘﺎط وﺻﻮل‪ ،‬إذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ هﻨ‪j‬ﺎك دا ٍ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋ‪jjjjjj‬ﺎم ‪ ،1997‬ﺻ‪jjjjjj‬ﺎدﻗﺖ ‪ IEEE‬ﻋﻠ‪jjjjjj‬ﻰ ﻣﻘﻴ‪jjjjjj‬ﺎس ‪ 802.11‬ﻟﺸ‪jjjjjj‬ﺒﻜﺎت‬ ‫‪ ،WLAN‬واﻟ‪jj‬ﺬي ﻳﺤ‪jj‬ﺪد ﺳ‪jj‬ﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﻘ‪jj‬ﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‪jj‬ﺎت ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ ‪ 1‬إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ ‪ 2‬ﻣﻴﻐ‪jj‬ﺎ ﺑ‪jj‬ﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ‪ .‬وﻓﻘ‪ًjj‬ﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴ‪jj‬ﺎس ‪ b802.11‬اﻟ‪jj‬ﺬي ﻳﺒ‪jj‬ﺪو وآﺄﻧ‪jj‬ﻪ اﻟﻤﻘﻴ‪jj‬ﺎس اﻟﺠﺪﻳ‪jj‬ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻴﻄﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻗﺼﻮى ﻗﺪرهﺎ ‪ 11‬ﻣﻴﻐ‪j‬ﺎ ﺑ‪j‬ﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ‪j‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‪jj‬ﻰ اﻟﺘ‪jj‬ﺮدد ‪ 2.4‬ﺟﻴﻐ‪jj‬ﺎهﺮﺗﺰ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﻴ‪jj‬ﺎس ﺟﺪﻳ‪jj‬ﺪ ﺁﺧ‪jj‬ﺮ ه‪jj‬ﻮ ‪ ،a802.11‬اﻟ‪jj‬ﺬي‬ ‫ﻳﺤ‪jj‬ﺪد ﻧﻘ‪jj‬ﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‪jj‬ﺎت ﺑﺴ‪jj‬ﺮﻋﺔ ﻗﺼ‪jj‬ﻮى ﻗ‪jj‬ﺪرهﺎ ‪ 54‬ﻣﻴﻐ‪jj‬ﺎ ﺑ‪jj‬ﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ ﻋﻠ‪jj‬ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد ‪ 5‬ﺟﻴﻐﺎهﺮﺗﺰ‪.‬‬ ‫و ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺤﺪاث ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻟﺤﻔﻆ أﻣﺎن ‪802.11‬‬

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‫ﺗﺘﻀ‪jjj‬ﻤﻦ ﺧﻴ‪jjj‬ﺎرات اﻷﻣ‪jjj‬ﺎن ﻟ‪jjj‬ـ ‪ 802.11‬ﺧ‪jjj‬ﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺼ‪jjj‬ﺎدﻗﺔ وﺧ‪jjj‬ﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸ‪j‬ﻔﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺴ‪j‬ﺘﻨﺪة إﻟ‪j‬ﻰ اﻟﺨﻮارزﻣﻴ‪j‬ﺔ ‪Wired Equivalent Privacy‬‬ ‫)‪ .(WEP‬إن ‪ WEP‬ه‪jjj‬ﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‪jjj‬ﺔ ﻣ‪jjj‬ﻦ ﺧ‪jjj‬ﺪﻣﺎت اﻷﻣ‪jjj‬ﺎن اﻟﻤﺴ‪jjj‬ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳ‪jj‬ﺔ ﺷ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺎت ‪ 802.11‬ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ اﻟﻮﺻ‪jj‬ﻮل ﻏﻴ‪jj‬ﺮ اﻟﻤﺨ ‪j‬ﻮّل‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ‪jj‬ﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﺼ‪jj‬ﺖ‬ ‫)اﻟﺘﻘ‪jj‬ﺎط ﺣﺮآ‪jj‬ﺔ ﻣ‪jj‬ﺮور ﺷ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل اﻟﻼﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﺑﻮاﺳ‪jj‬ﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻜ‪jj‬ﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ أن ﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺳﻴﺴ‪j‬ﺘﺨﺪم ﻣ‪j‬ﻦ‬ ‫أﺟ‪jj‬ﻞ اﻟﻤﺼ‪jj‬ﺎدﻗﺔ ﻋﻠ‪jj‬ﻰ اﻟﺸ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨ‪jj‬ﻚ أﻳﻀ‪ًjj‬ﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ‪jj‬ﺪ أن ﻣﻔﺘ‪jj‬ﺎح اﻟﺸ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻚ وهﻲ ﺗُﻨﻘﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻨ‪j‬ﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜ‪j‬ﻮن ﺗﺤﺴ‪j‬ﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻤﻜّﻨﺎً‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ اﻟﺘﺸﻔﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ واﺳ‪j‬ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ ﻗﺒ‪jj‬ﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻄ‪jjj‬ﺔ اﻟﻤﺼ‪jj‬ﺪر واﻟﻤﺤﻄ‪jjj‬ﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺔ ﻟﺘﺒ‪jjj‬ﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﺘ‪jj‬ﺎت اﻹﻃ‪jjj‬ﺎر‪،‬‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺼﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح وﻣﺼﺎدﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﺔ‬ ‫ﻳ‪jj‬ﺪﻋﻢ ‪ 802.11‬ﻧ‪jj‬ﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻓ‪jj‬ﺮﻋﻴﻴﻦ ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ ﺧ‪jj‬ﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺼ‪jj‬ﺎدﻗﺔ اﻟﺸ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﻨﻈ‪jj‬ﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح واﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﺼ‪j‬ﺎدﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻈ‪j‬ﺎم اﻟﻤﻔﺘ‪j‬ﻮح‪ ،‬أي ﻣﺤﻄ‪j‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﺳ‪j‬ﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻄ‪j‬ﺔ اﻟﺘ‪j‬ﻲ ﺗﺤﺘ‪j‬ﺎج اﻟﻤﺼ‪j‬ﺎدﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‪jj‬ﻊ ﻣﺤﻄ‪jj‬ﺔ ﻻﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ أﺧ‪jj‬ﺮى إﻃ‪jj‬ﺎر إدارة ﻣﺼ‪jj‬ﺎدﻗﺔ ﻳﺤﺘ‪jj‬ﻮي ﻋﻠ‪jj‬ﻰ هﻮﻳ‪jj‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻹرﺳﺎل‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل إرﺳﺎل إﻃ‪j‬ﺎر ﻳﺸ‪j‬ﻴﺮ إﻟ‪j‬ﻰ‬ ‫ﻣ‪jj‬ﺎ إذا آﺎﻧ‪jj‬ﺖ ﻗ‪jj‬ﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻓ‪jj‬ﺖ ﻋﻠ‪jj‬ﻰ هﻮﻳ‪jj‬ﺔ ﻣﺤﻄ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻹرﺳ‪jj‬ﺎل‪ .‬ﺗﺤ‪jj‬ﺖ ﻣﺼ‪jj‬ﺎدﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺘ‪jj‬ﺎح اﻟﻤﺸ‪jj‬ﺘﺮك‪ ،‬ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﺘ‪jj‬ﺮض أن ﺗﻜ‪jjj‬ﻮن آ‪jj‬ﻞ ﻣﺤﻄ‪jj‬ﺔ ﻻﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻗ‪jjj‬ﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺒﻠﺖ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺳﺮي ﻋﺒﺮ ﻗﻨﺎة ﺁﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﺴ‪j‬ﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋ‪j‬ﻦ ﻗﻨ‪j‬ﺎة اﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ‪ .802.11‬ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺼﺎدﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك‪ ،‬ﻳﺠ‪j‬ﺐ‬ ‫أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻤﻜﻴﻦ ‪ ،WEP‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ‪j‬ﺪ أن ﻣﻔﺘ‪j‬ﺎح اﻟﺸ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺔ ﺳﻴُﺴ‪j‬ﺘﺨﺪم ﻣ‪j‬ﻦ أﺟ‪j‬ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻔﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺧﺎص ﺑﻚ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴًﺎ )ﻣﺜﻼً‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜ‪j‬ﻦ ﺗ‪j‬ﻮﻓﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤ‪j‬ﻮل ﺷ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل اﻟﻼﺳ‪j‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻ‪j‬ﺔ ﺑ‪j‬ﻚ(‪ ،‬أو ﻳﻤﻜﻨ‪j‬ﻚ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ‪j‬ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺴ‪j‬ﻚ‪ .‬إذا ﺣ‪j‬ﺪدت اﻟﻤﻔﺘ‪j‬ﺎح ﺑﻨﻔﺴ‪j‬ﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨ‪j‬ﻚ أﻳﻀ‪ًj‬ﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ‪j‬ﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح )‪ 40‬ﺑﺖ أو ‪ 104‬ﺑﺖ(‪ ،‬وﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح )أﺣﺮف ‪ASCII‬‬ ‫أو أرﻗﺎم ﺳﺖ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﺔ(‪ ،‬وﻓﻬ‪j‬ﺮس اﻟﻤﻔﺘ‪j‬ﺎح )اﻟﻤﻜ‪j‬ﺎن اﻟﻤﺨ‪j‬ﺰن ﻓﻴ‪j‬ﻪ اﻟﻤﻔﺘ‪j‬ﺎح‬ ‫‪363‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪد(‪ .‬آﻠﻤﺎ آﺎن ﻃﻮل اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح أﻃﻮل‪ ،‬آﻠﻤﺎ آﺎن اﻟﻤﻔﺘ‪j‬ﺎح ﺁﻣﻨ‪ًj‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻓ‪j‬ﻲ آ‪j‬ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‪jj‬ﺮة ﻳ‪jj‬ﺰداد ﻓﻴﻬ‪jj‬ﺎ ﻃ‪jj‬ﻮل اﻟﻤﻔﺘ‪jj‬ﺎح ﺑ‪jj‬ﺖ واﺣ‪jj‬ﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻀ‪jj‬ﺎﻋﻒ ﻋ‪jj‬ﺪد اﻟﻤﻔ‪jj‬ﺎﺗﻴﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ‪ ،802.11‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻔ‪j‬ﺎﺗﻴﺢ )ﻗ‪j‬ﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻬ‪jjj‬ﺮس اﻟﻤﻔﺘ‪jjj‬ﺎح ه‪jjj‬ﻲ ‪ ،2 ،1 ،0‬و‪ .(3‬ﻋﻨ‪jjj‬ﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻘ‪jjj‬ﻞ ﻧﻘﻄ‪jjj‬ﺔ اﻟﻮﺻ‪jjj‬ﻮل أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻄ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻟﻼﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ رﺳ‪jj‬ﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺸ‪jj‬ﻔﺮة ﺑﺎﺳ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻔﺘ‪jj‬ﺎح ﻣﺨ‪jj‬ﺰن ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ ﻓﻬ‪jj‬ﺮس‬ ‫ﻣﻔ‪jj‬ﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﻣﻌ‪jj‬ﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸ‪jj‬ﻴﺮ اﻟﺮﺳ‪jj‬ﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮﻟ‪jj‬ﺔ إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ ﻓﻬ‪jj‬ﺮس اﻟﻤﻔ‪jj‬ﺎﺗﻴﺢ اﻟ‪jj‬ﺬي ﺗ‪jj‬ﻢ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﺘﺸﻔﻴﺮ ﻧﺺ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﻤﻜ‪j‬ﻦ ﻟﻨﻘﻄ‪j‬ﺔ اﻟﻮﺻ‪j‬ﻮل اﻟﻤﺴ‪j‬ﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫أو اﻟﻤﺤﻄ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻟﻼﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﺳ‪jj‬ﺘﺮداد اﻟﻤﻔﺘ‪jj‬ﺎح اﻟﻤﺨ‪jj‬ﺰن ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ ﻓﻬ‪jj‬ﺮس اﻟﻤﻔ‪jj‬ﺎﺗﻴﺢ‬ ‫واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﻔﻚ ﺗﺸﻔﻴﺮ ﻧﺺ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﻔﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎدﻗﺔ ‪x802.1‬‬ ‫ﻣ‪j‬ﻦ أﺟ‪j‬ﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﺴ‪j‬ﻴﻦ اﻷﻣ‪j‬ﺎن‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨ‪j‬ﻚ ﺗﻤﻜ‪j‬ﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺼ‪j‬ﺎدﻗﺔ ‪.IEEE 802.1x‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻣﺼ‪j‬ﺎدق ﻋﻠﻴ‪jj‬ﻪ إﻟ‪j‬ﻰ ﺷ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺎت‬ ‫ﺗ‪j‬ﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﺼ‪j‬ﺎدﻗﺔ ‪ IEEE 802.1x‬وﺻ‪j‬ﻮ ً‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼ‪jjjj‬ﺎل اﻟﻼﺳ‪jjjj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ‪ 802.11‬وﺷ‪jjjj‬ﺒﻜﺎت ‪ Ethernet‬اﻟﺴ‪jjjj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻘ‪jjjj‬ﻮم‬ ‫‪ IEEE 802.1x‬ﺑﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ أﻣﺎن اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻼﺳ‪j‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ‪j‬ﻞ اﻟﻮﺻ‪j‬ﻮل‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺨ‪j‬ﻮّل إﻟ‪j‬ﻰ ﻣ‪j‬ﻮارد اﻟﺸ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﺼ‪j‬ﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘ‪j‬ﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳ‪j‬ﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ‪j‬ﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫وﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jjj‬ﻮﺗﺮ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺼ‪jjj‬ﺎدﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺮآﺰﻳ‪jjj‬ﺔ‪ ،‬وإدارة اﻟﻤﻔﺘ‪jjj‬ﺎح اﻟﺤﻴ‪jjj‬ﻮي‪ .‬ﻳ‪jjj‬ﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫‪ IEEE 802.1x‬ﺧﺪﻣ‪jjjj‬ﺔ ﻣﺼ‪jjjj‬ﺎدﻗﺔ إﻧﺘﺮﻧ‪jjjj‬ﺖ )‪ ،(IAS‬اﻟﺘ‪jjjj‬ﻲ ﺗﻄﺒ‪jjjj‬ﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﺗﻮآ‪jjjjj‬ﻮل ﺧﺪﻣ‪jjjjj‬ﺔ ﻣﺴ‪jjjjj‬ﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻄﻠ‪jjjjj‬ﺐ اﻟﻬ‪jjjjj‬ﺎﺗﻔﻲ اﻟﺒﻌﻴ‪jjjjj‬ﺪ اﻟﻤﺼ‪jjjjj‬ﺎدق‬ ‫)‪ .(RADIUS‬ﺗﺤ‪jj‬ﺖ ه‪jj‬ﺬا اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺳ‪jj‬ﻞ ﻧﻘﻄ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻟﻮﺻ‪jj‬ﻮل اﻟﻼﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮّﻧﺔ آﻌﻤﻴ‪j‬ﻞ ‪ RADIUS‬ﻃﻠ‪j‬ﺐ اﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل ورﺳ‪j‬ﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺴ‪j‬ﺎﺑﺎت إﻟ‪j‬ﻰ ﻣﻠﻘ‪j‬ﻢ‬ ‫‪ .RADIUS‬ﻳﻌ‪jj‬ﺎﻟﺞ ﻣﻠﻘ‪jj‬ﻢ ‪ RADIUS‬اﻟﻤﺮآ‪jj‬ﺰي اﻟﻄﻠ‪jj‬ﺐ وﻳﻤ‪jj‬ﻨﺢ ﻃﻠ‪jj‬ﺐ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼ‪jjj‬ﺎل أو ﻳﺮﻓﻀ‪jjj‬ﻪ‪ .‬إذا ﺗ‪jjj‬ﻢ ﻣ‪jjj‬ﻨﺢ اﻟﻄﻠ‪jjj‬ﺐ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜ‪jjj‬ﻮن اﻟﻌﻤﻴ‪jjj‬ﻞ ﻣﺼ‪jjj‬ﺎدﻗﺎً‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪة )اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح ‪ (WEP‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺘﻢ إﻧﺸﺎؤهﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺟﻞ ﺟﻠﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠ‪j‬ﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘ‪j‬ﺔ اﻟﻤﺼ‪j‬ﺎدﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘ‪j‬ﺎرة‪ .‬إن‬ ‫اﻟ‪j‬ﺪﻋﻢ اﻟ‪j‬ﺬي ﻳ‪j‬ﻮﻓﺮﻩ ‪ IEEE 802.1x‬ﻣ‪j‬ﻦ أﺟ‪j‬ﻞ أﻧ‪j‬ﻮاع أﻣ‪j‬ﺎن ﺑﺮوﺗﻮآ‪j‬ﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼ‪jjjj‬ﺎدﻗﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺑ‪jjjj‬ﻞ ﻟﻺﻟﺤ‪jjjj‬ﺎق )‪ (EAP‬ﻳﺴ‪jjjj‬ﻤﺢ ﻟ‪jjjj‬ﻚ ﺑﺎﺳ‪jjjj‬ﺘﺨﺪام أﺳ‪jjjj‬ﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼ‪jj‬ﺎدﻗﺔ ﻣﺜ‪jj‬ﻞ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻟﺬآﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺸ‪jj‬ﻬﺎدات‪ ،‬وﺧﻮارزﻣﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻟﺮﺳ‪jj‬ﺎﻟﺔ ‪5‬‬ ‫)‪.(MD5‬‬

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‫ﺑﻮاﺳ‪jjj‬ﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺼ‪jjj‬ﺎدﻗﺔ ‪ ،IEEE 802.1x‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨ‪jjj‬ﻚ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ‪jjj‬ﺪ ﻣ‪jjj‬ﺎ إذا آ‪jjj‬ﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jjj‬ﻮﺗﺮ ﻳﺤ‪j j‬ﺎول اﻟﻤﺼ‪jjj‬ﺎدﻗﺔ ﻣ‪jjj‬ﻊ ﺷ‪jjj‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪jjj‬ﺎل ﻓ‪jjj‬ﻲ ﺣ‪jjj‬ﺎل ﺗﻄﻠ‪jjj‬ﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮارد ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل ﺳ‪j‬ﻮاء ﺗ‪j‬ﻢ ﺗﺴ‪j‬ﺠﻴﻞ دﺧ‪j‬ﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم أو ﻻ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﺸﻐﻠﻲ ﻣﺮآﺰ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‪j‬ﺎت اﻟ‪j‬ﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻳﺮون اﻟﻤﻠﻘﻤﺎت ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ أﻧ‪j‬ﻪ ﻳﺠ‪j‬ﺐ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟ‪j‬ﺔ اﻟﻤﺼ‪j‬ﺎدﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻ‪j‬ﻮل‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮارد ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻘﻤﺎت‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨ‪j‬ﻚ أﻳﻀ‪ًj‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﻴ‪j‬ﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ إذا آﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟ‪j‬ﺔ اﻟﻤﺼ‪j‬ﺎدﻗﺔ إﻟ‪j‬ﻰ ﺷ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل ﻓ‪j‬ﻲ‬ ‫ﺣ‪jj‬ﺎل ﻋ‪jj‬ﺪم ﺗ‪jj‬ﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ‪jj‬ﺎت ﻋ‪jj‬ﻦ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ أو اﻟﻤﺴ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪم‪ .‬ﻋﻠ‪jj‬ﻰ ﺳ‪jj‬ﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻤ‪j‬ﻮﻓﺮي ﺧﺪﻣ‪j‬ﺔ إﻧﺘﺮﻧ‪j‬ﺖ )‪ (ISP‬اﺳ‪j‬ﺘﺨﺪام ﺧﻴ‪j‬ﺎر اﻟﻤﺼ‪j‬ﺎدﻗﺔ‬ ‫ه‪jj‬ﺬا ﻟﻠﺴ‪jj‬ﻤﺎح ﻟﻠﻤﺴ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺻ‪jj‬ﻮل إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ ﺧ‪jj‬ﺪﻣﺎت إﻧﺘﺮﻧ‪j‬ﺖ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ‪ ،‬أو‬ ‫إﻟ‪jjj‬ﻰ ﺧ‪jjj‬ﺪﻣﺎت إﻧﺘﺮﻧ‪jjj‬ﺖ اﻟﺘ‪jjj‬ﻲ ﻳﻤﻜ‪jjj‬ﻦ ﺷ‪jjj‬ﺮاؤهﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜ‪jjj‬ﻦ ﻟﻠﺸ‪jjj‬ﺮآﺔ أن ﺗﻤ‪jjj‬ﻨﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺰاﺋ‪jjj‬ﺮﻳﻦ ذوي وﺻ‪jjj‬ﻮل اﻟﻀ‪jjj‬ﻴﻒ )‪ (guest‬اﻟﻤﺤ‪jjj‬ﺪود‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴ‪jjj‬ﺚ ﻳﻤﻜ‪jjj‬ﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ إﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮارد ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Wireless personal area networks (WPAN‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﻜ‪jj‬ﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ‪jj‬ﺎت ‪ WPAN‬اﻟﻤﺴ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ ﺗﺄﺳ‪jj‬ﻴﺲ اﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎﻻت ﻻﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫آﺎﻓﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺰة )ﻣﺜ‪jj‬ﻞ ‪ ،PDA‬اﻟﻬﻮاﺗ‪jj‬ﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻮﻳ‪jj‬ﺔ‪ ،‬أو أﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ( اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺟ‪j‬ﺪة ﺿ‪j‬ﻤﻦ ﻓﻀ‪j‬ﺎء اﻟﻌﻤ‪j‬ﻞ اﻟﺸﺨﺼ‪j‬ﻲ )‪ .(POS‬اﻟﻔﻀ‪j‬ﺎء‬ ‫‪ POS‬هﻮ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 10‬أﻣﺘ‪j‬ﺎر‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‪j‬ﺎً‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت ‪ WPAN‬اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ه‪j‬ﻲ ‪ Bluetooth‬واﻷﺷ‪j‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪j‬ﺖ اﻟﺤﻤ‪j‬ﺮاء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ Bluetooth‬هﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺒﻞ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻷﻣﻮاج اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‪jj‬ﺎت إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ ﻣﺴ‪jj‬ﺎﻓﺎت ﺣﺘ‪jj‬ﻰ ‪ 30‬ﻗ‪jj‬ﺪﻣًﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜ‪jj‬ﻦ ﻧﻘ‪jj‬ﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧ‪jj‬ﺎت ‪Bluetooth‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺠﺪران واﻟﺠﻴ‪j‬ﻮب واﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋ‪j‬ﺐ‪ .‬ﻳ‪j‬ﺘﻢ ﺗﻄ‪j‬ﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ‪j‬ﺔ ‪ Bluetooth‬ﻣ‪j‬ﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺒ‪jj‬ﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‪jj‬ﺔ ﻣﻬﺘﻤ‪jj‬ﺔ ﺑﻬ‪jj‬ﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ ﺗﺴ‪jj‬ﻤﻰ ‪Bluetooth Special‬‬ ‫)‪ ،Interest Group (SIG‬اﻟﺘ‪jj‬ﻲ ﻧﺸ‪jj‬ﺮت ﻣﻮاﺻ‪jj‬ﻔﺎت ‪Bluetooth‬‬ ‫اﻹﺻﺪار ‪ 1.0‬ﻋﺎم ‪ .1999‬ﺑﺸ‪j‬ﻜﻞ ﺑ‪j‬ﺪﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺻ‪j‬ﻞ اﻷﺟﻬ‪j‬ﺰة ﺿ‪j‬ﻤﻦ ﻧﻄ‪j‬ﺎق‬ ‫ﺻ‪jjj‬ﻐﻴﺮ ﺟ‪jjj‬ﺪًا )‪ 1‬ﻣﺘ‪jjj‬ﺮ أو أﻗ‪jjj‬ﻞ(‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜ‪jjj‬ﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ‪jjj‬ﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ إﻧﺸ‪jjj‬ﺎء ارﺗﺒﺎﻃ‪jjj‬ﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴ‪jjj‬ﺪ ﺗﻄ‪jjj‬ﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ‪jjj‬ﺎت ‪ ،WPAN‬أﺳﺴ‪jjj‬ﺖ ‪ IEEE‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‪jjj‬ﺔ اﻟﻌﻤ‪jjj‬ﻞ‬ ‫‪ 802.15‬ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت ‪ .WPAN‬ﺗﻘﻮم ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ هﺬﻩ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ‬ ‫‪ ،WPAN‬اﺳ‪jjjjj‬ﺘﻨﺎدًا إﻟ‪jjjjj‬ﻰ ﻣﻮاﺻ‪jjjjj‬ﻔﺎت ‪ Bluetooth‬اﻹﺻ‪jjjjjj‬ﺪار ‪.1.0‬‬ ‫اﻷهﺪاف اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ هﻲ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ اﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗ‪jjj‬ﺔ‪ ،‬إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴ‪jjj‬ﺔ اﻟﺘﺸ‪jjj‬ﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺒ‪jjj‬ﺎدل‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻮاﻓ‪jjj‬ﻖ ﻣ‪jjj‬ﻊ ﺷ‪jjj‬ﺒﻜﺎت اﺗﺼ‪jjj‬ﺎل‬ ‫‪.802.11‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴ‪j‬ﻖ ﻧﻘ‪j‬ﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‪j‬ﺎت ﺑﺎﻷﺷ‪j‬ﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ وﺑﺮوﺗﻮآﻮﻻت اﻗﺘﺮان ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫‪366‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﻤ‪j‬ﺮاء )‪ .(IrDA‬ه‪j‬ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻘ‪j‬ﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻣﺼ‪jj‬ﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺴ‪j‬ﻤﺢ ﺑﻤﻜﻮﻧ‪j‬ﺎت ذات آﻠﻔ‪jj‬ﺔ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ وﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﺘﻤﻜﻴﻦ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﻤﺠﺮد ﺟﻌﻞ أﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫اﻷﺷ‪jjj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jjj‬ﺖ اﻟﺤﻤ‪jjj‬ﺮاء ﺗﺸ‪jjj‬ﻴﺮ إﻟ‪jjj‬ﻰ ﺑﻌﻀ‪jjj‬ﻬﺎ اﻟ‪jjj‬ﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﻜ‪jjj‬ﻞ ﺑﺴ‪jjj‬ﺎﻃﺔ‪ .‬إن‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺳ‪jj‬ﻼت ﻣﺴ‪jj‬ﺘﻘﺒﻼت اﻷﺷ‪jj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jj‬ﺖ اﻟﺤﻤ‪jj‬ﺮاء ﻣﺜﺒﺘ‪jj‬ﺔ ﻋﻠ‪jj‬ﻰ آﺎﻓ‪jj‬ﺔ أﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًﺎ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪j‬ﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺘ‪j‬ﻲ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺳﻼت ﻣﺴ‪j‬ﺘﻘﺒﻼت أﺷ‪j‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪j‬ﺖ ﺣﻤ‪j‬ﺮاء ﻣﻀ‪j‬ﻤّﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨ‪j‬ﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﺮﺳﻼت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼت ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‪.‬‬ ‫إن ‪ IrDA‬هﻮ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻳ‪j‬ﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧ‪j‬ﺎت أﺣﺎدﻳ‪j‬ﺔ اﻻﺗﺠ‪j‬ﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ذات ﻣ‪j‬ﺪى ﺻ‪j‬ﻐﻴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌ‪jjj‬ﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺗﻮآ‪jjj‬ﻮﻻت ‪ IrDA‬اﻹﺟ‪jjj‬ﺮاءات اﻟﺘ‪jjj‬ﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤ‪jjj‬ﺪ ﺗﻬﻴﺌ‪jjj‬ﺔ اﻻرﺗﺒ‪jjj‬ﺎط‪،‬‬ ‫واآﺘﺸ‪jj‬ﺎف ﻋﻨ‪jj‬ﻮان اﻟﺠﻬ‪jj‬ﺎز‪ ،‬وﺑ‪jj‬ﺪء ﺗﺸ‪jj‬ﻐﻴﻞ اﻻﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻔ‪jj‬ﺎوض ﻋﻠ‪jj‬ﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‪j‬ﺎت‪ ،‬وﺗﺒ‪j‬ﺎدل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‪j‬ﺎت‪ ،‬وﻗﻄ‪j‬ﻊ اﻻﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل‪ ،‬وإﻳﻘ‪j‬ﺎف ﺗﺸ‪j‬ﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط‪ ،‬وﺣﻞ ﺗﻌﺎرض ﻋﻨﺎوﻳﻦ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة‪.‬‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﺟﻬﺎز اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬ ‫ﻳ‪j‬ﺘﻢ ﺗ‪j‬ﻮﻓﻴﺮ وﻇﻴﻔ‪j‬ﺔ اﻷﺷ‪j‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪j‬ﺖ اﻟﺤﻤ‪j‬ﺮاء ﻣ‪j‬ﻦ ﺧ‪j‬ﻼل ﻣﻴ‪j‬ﺰة ﻧﻘ‪j‬ﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻔ‪j‬ﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺷ‪j‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪j‬ﺖ اﻟﺤﻤ‪j‬ﺮاء ‪،((IrLPT‬‬ ‫وﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺼﻮر ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء )‪ ،(IrTran-P‬وإﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎت ﺷ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺎت‬ ‫اﺗﺼ‪jjjj‬ﺎل اﻷﺷ‪jjjj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jjjj‬ﺖ اﻟﺤﻤ‪jjjj‬ﺮاء )‪ IrDial‬و ‪.(IrComm/IrNET‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿ‪j‬ﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ‪j‬ﻰ ذﻟ‪j‬ﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤ‪j‬ﺪ ‪ IrDA Winsock API‬اﻟﺒ‪j‬ﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘ‪j‬ﻲ ﺗ‪j‬ﻢ‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎؤهﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺮآﺎت ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ أﺧ‪j‬ﺮى ﻟﻠﺒ‪j‬ﺮاﻣﺞ واﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴ‪j‬ﺰات‪ .‬إن ه‪j‬ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺸ‪j‬ﺮآﺎت اﻟﻤﺼ‪j‬ﻨﻌﺔ ﺗﺒﻴ‪j‬ﻊ اﻟﺒ‪j‬ﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘ‪j‬ﻲ ﺗﺴ‪j‬ﺘﺨﺪم ‪) Winsock API‬أو‬ ‫واﺟﻬ‪j‬ﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟ‪j‬ﻚ( ﻟﺘ‪j‬ﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎﻻت اﻷﺷ‪j‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪j‬ﺖ اﻟﺤﻤ‪j‬ﺮاء ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌ‪jj‬ﺎت‪،‬‬ ‫وأﺟﻬ‪jjjj‬ﺰة اﻟﻤ‪jjjj‬ﻮدم‪ ،‬وأﺟﻬ‪jjjj‬ﺰة اﻟﻨ‪jjjj‬ﺪاء اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴ‪jjjj‬ﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺴ‪jjjj‬ﺎﻋﺪات اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴ‪jjjj‬ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻜﺎﻣﻴﺮات اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وأﺟﻬﺰة ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻮاﻋﻴ‪j‬ﺪ‪ ،‬وأﺟﻬ‪j‬ﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وأﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬ ‫إن اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬وأﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪j‬ﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟ‪j‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻵن ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﻣﺮﺳﻼت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼت أﺷ‪j‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪j‬ﺖ ﺣﻤ‪j‬ﺮاء واﻟﺘ‪j‬ﻲ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺗﺴﻠﺴ‪jj‬ﻠﻴًﺎ ﻏﻴ‪jj‬ﺮ ﻣﺘ‪jj‬ﺰاﻣﻦ ﻣ‪jj‬ﻊ ﺳ‪jj‬ﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﻘ‪jj‬ﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧ‪jj‬ﺎت ﻗﺼ‪jj‬ﻮى ﺗﺒﻠ‪jj‬ﻎ‬ ‫ﺗ‪jj‬ﻮﻓﺮ ﻧﻘ‪ً j‬‬ ‫‪367‬‬

‫‪ 115.2‬آﻴﻠﻮ ﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ أو ‪ 4‬ﻣﻴﻐﺎ ﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ‪16‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻐﺎ ﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎد )‪Serial IrDA 115.2 Kbps (SIR‬‬ ‫ﻳ‪jj‬ﻮﻓﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻖ )‪ Serial IrDA (SIR‬ﻟ‪jj‬ـ ‪ IrDA‬ﺳ‪jj‬ﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﻘ‪jj‬ﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧ‪jj‬ﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺼﻮى ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 115.2‬آﻴﻠﻮ ﺑ‪j‬ﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ‪j‬ﺔ‪ .‬إن اﻟﻔﺎﺋ‪j‬ﺪة اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‪j‬ﻴﺔ ﻣ‪j‬ﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘ‪j‬ﻪ‬ ‫ه‪jj‬ﻲ أن اﻷﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺰة اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴ‪jj‬ﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟ‪jj‬ﻮدة ﻳﻤﻜ‪jj‬ﻦ اﺳ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﺑ‪jj‬ﺪون ﺗﻜﻠﻔ‪jj‬ﺔ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻤ‪j‬ﺎد )‪ Fast IrDA 4.0 Mbps (FIR‬واﻋﺘﻤ‪j‬ﺎد ‪Very Fast‬‬ ‫)‪IrDA 16.0 Mbps (VFIR‬‬ ‫إن ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻖ )‪ Fast IrDA (FIR‬ﻟ‪jj‬ـ ‪ IrDA‬ﺗ‪jj‬ﻮﻓﺮ ﺳ‪jj‬ﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﻘ‪jj‬ﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ‪jj‬ﺎت ﻗﺼ‪jj‬ﻮى ﺗﺒﻠ‪jj‬ﻎ ‪ 4‬ﻣﻴﻐ‪jj‬ﺎ ﺑ‪jj‬ﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ ﻳﻤﻜ‪jj‬ﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻌ‪jj‬ﺪل ﻣ‪jj‬ﻊ ﺳ‪jj‬ﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺰة اﻷﺑﻄ‪jj‬ﺄ ﺑﺴ‪jj‬ﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ .‬آﻤ‪jj‬ﺎ ﻳﺠ‪jj‬ﺮي اﻋﺘﻤ‪jj‬ﺎد ‪Very Fast IrDA‬‬ ‫)‪ ،(VFIR‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت أﺣ‪j‬ﺎدي اﻻﺗﺠ‪j‬ﺎﻩ ﺑﺴ‪j‬ﺮﻋﺔ ‪ 16‬ﻣﻴﻐ‪j‬ﺎ ﺑ‪j‬ﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻷﺟﻬﺰة ‪ FIR‬و ‪ VFIR‬اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻊ أﺟﻬﺰة ‪.SIR‬‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ‪ IrComm‬و ‪IrDial‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳ‪jjj‬ﻄﺔ ‪ ،IrComm‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨ‪jjj‬ﻚ اﺳ‪jjj‬ﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jjj‬ﻮﺗﺮ واﻟﻬ‪jjj‬ﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻴ‪jjj‬ﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻬ‪jjj‬ﺰ ﺑﺎﻷﺷ‪jjj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jjj‬ﺖ اﻟﺤﻤ‪jjj‬ﺮاء ﻟﻼﺗﺼ‪jjj‬ﺎل ﺑﻤ‪jjj‬ﻮﻓﺮ ﺧﺪﻣ‪jjj‬ﺔ إﻧﺘﺮﻧ‪jjj‬ﺖ أو‬ ‫إرﺳ‪jj‬ﺎل رﺳ‪jj‬ﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻔ‪jj‬ﺎآﺲ ﺑ‪jj‬ﺪون ﺗﺠﻬﻴ‪jj‬ﺰات إﺿ‪jj‬ﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻮاﺳ‪jjj‬ﻄﺔ ‪،IrDial‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨ‪jj‬ﻚ ﺗﺄﺳ‪jj‬ﻴﺲ اﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل ﻧﻘﻄ‪jj‬ﺔ إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ ﻧﻘﻄ‪jj‬ﺔ ﺑ‪jj‬ﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺨ‪jj‬ﺎص ﺑ‪jj‬ﻚ‬ ‫وآﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ ﺁﺧ‪jj‬ﺮ أو ﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺎز ﺁﺧ‪jj‬ﺮ ﻣﺠﻬ‪jj‬ﺰ ﺑﺎﻷﺷ‪jj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jj‬ﺖ اﻟﺤﻤ‪jj‬ﺮاء‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨ‪jj‬ﻚ‬ ‫أﻳﻀ‪ًj‬ﺎ ﺗﺄﺳ‪jj‬ﻴﺲ اﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل ﺑ‪jj‬ﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺨ‪jj‬ﺎص ﺑ‪jj‬ﻚ وﻧﻘﻄ‪jj‬ﺔ وﺻ‪jj‬ﻮل إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ‪ IrLPT‬ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫إذا آﺎن ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻚ ﺟﻬ‪j‬ﺎز أﺷ‪j‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪j‬ﺖ ﺣﻤ‪j‬ﺮاء داﺧﻠ‪j‬ﻲ‪ ،‬أو إذا‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﺮﺳﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ أﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻤﺮاء‪ ،‬ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﺬ أﺷ‪j‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪j‬ﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺮاء آﻤﻨﻔﺬ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺤﻮار إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺮن ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪368‬‬

‫ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﻔ‪j‬ﺬ ﺛ‪j‬ﻢ ﺗﻘ‪j‬ﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋ‪j‬ﺔ إﻟﻴﻬ‪j‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳ‪j‬ﺘﻢ اﺳ‪j‬ﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮآ‪j‬ﻮل ‪IrLPT‬‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻣﻊ ‪IrTran-P‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺮوﺗﻮآ‪jj‬ﻮل ﻧﻘ‪jj‬ﻞ اﻟﺼ‪jj‬ﻮر ‪ IrTran-P‬ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ اﻟﻜ‪jj‬ﺎﻣﻴﺮات اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ‬ ‫وأﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺰة اﻟﺘﻘ‪jj‬ﺎط اﻟﺼ‪jj‬ﻮر اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻷﺧ‪jj‬ﺮى‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨ‪jj‬ﻚ اﺳ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪام ه‪jj‬ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻴ‪jj‬ﺰة‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﺻﻮر رﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ آﺎﻣﻴﺮا أو ﺟﻬﺎز ﺁﺧ‪j‬ﺮ ﻳﻌﺘﻤ‪j‬ﺪ ‪ IrTran-P‬إﻟ‪j‬ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺗﺼﺎل ‪ .IrDA‬إن اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ‪IrTran-P‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺒﻘﺔ آﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﺳﺘﻤﺎع ﻓﻘﻂ؛ وهﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺒﺪأ أﺑﺪًا اﺗﺼﺎل ‪.IrTran-P‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫إذا آﻨﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺰاﻣﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻴ‪j‬ﻚ اﻻﻧﺘﺒ‪j‬ﺎﻩ إﻟ‪j‬ﻰ أن ﺑﻌ‪j‬ﺾ اﻟﺒ‪j‬ﺮاﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻄ‪jjj‬ﻞ ﻧﻘ‪jjj‬ﻞ اﻟﺼ‪jjj‬ﻮر ﺑﺎﻷﺷ‪jjj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jjj‬ﺖ اﻟﺤﻤ‪jjj‬ﺮاء ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴ‪ًjjj‬ﺎ ‪.((Ir-TranP‬‬ ‫وآﻨﺘﻴﺠ‪jj‬ﺔ ﻟ‪jj‬ﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟ‪jj‬ﻦ ﻳﻜ‪jj‬ﻮن ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧ‪jj‬ﻚ اﺳ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪام اﻻرﺗﺒ‪jj‬ﺎط اﻟﻼﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻲ ﻟﻨﻘ‪jj‬ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺼ‪jj‬ﻮر ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ آ‪jj‬ﺎﻣﻴﺮا رﻗﻤﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ‪ .‬ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ ﻣﺜ‪jj‬ﻞ ه‪jj‬ﺬﻩ اﻟﺤ‪jj‬ﺎﻻت‪ ،‬ﻗ‪jj‬ﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘ‪jj‬ﺎج ﻹزاﻟ‪jj‬ﺔ ﺑﺮﻧ‪jj‬ﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺰاﻣﻨ‪jj‬ﺔ ﻗﺒ‪jj‬ﻞ أن ﺗ‪jj‬ﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ اﺳ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪام اﻻرﺗﺒ‪jj‬ﺎط‬ ‫اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻲ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺻﻮر آﺎﻣﻴﺮا رﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎ إذا آﺎن ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺰاﻣﻨ‪j‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻄﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺼﻮر ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‪ ،‬راﺟﻊ وﺛﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻤﻨ‪j‬ﺘﺞ ﻟﻠﺸ‪j‬ﺮآﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻻرﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬ ‫إن ﻧﻘ‪jj‬ﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‪jj‬ﺎت ﺑﻮاﺳ‪jj‬ﻄﺔ ارﺗﺒ‪jj‬ﺎط اﻷﺷ‪jj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jj‬ﺖ اﻟﺤﻤ‪jj‬ﺮاء ﻳﺤ‪jj‬ﺪث ﺑ‪jj‬ﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎزي أﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻤﺮاء‪ .‬ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ آﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻹرﺳﺎل ﻋﺒ‪j‬ﺮ اﻻرﺗﺒ‪j‬ﺎط‬ ‫ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ اﻟﺠﻬ‪jj‬ﺎز اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‪jj‬ﻲ )اﻟﻤﺮﺳ‪jj‬ﻞ( إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ اﻟﺠﻬ‪jj‬ﺎز اﻟﺜ‪jj‬ﺎﻧﻮي )اﻟﻤﺘﻠﻘ‪jj‬ﻲ(‪ .‬ﻳ‪jj‬ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺪور اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﻴﻮي ﻋﻨ‪j‬ﺪ ﺗﺄﺳ‪j‬ﻴﺲ اﻻرﺗﺒ‪j‬ﺎط وﻳﺴ‪j‬ﺘﻤﺮ إﻟ‪j‬ﻰ‬ ‫أن ﻳﺘﻢ إﻧﻬﺎء اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜ‪j‬ﻦ ﻷي ﻣﺤﻄ‪j‬ﺔ ﻗ‪j‬ﺎدرة ﺗ‪j‬ﻮﻟّﻲ اﻟ‪j‬ﺪور اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‪j‬ﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل وﺟﻮد ﺟﻬﺎزي آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻷي واﺣ‪j‬ﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤ‪j‬ﺎ أن‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻟّﻰ اﻟﺪور اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪء ﻧﻘﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻠ‪j‬ﻰ‬ ‫أي ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ ﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺎزي اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ‪ .‬ﻗ‪jj‬ﺪ ﺗﻜ‪jj‬ﻮن ﺑﻌ‪jj‬ﺾ اﻷﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺰة ﻗ‪jj‬ﺎدرة ﻓﻘ‪jj‬ﻂ ﻋﻠ‪jj‬ﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟّﻲ اﻟﺪور اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي‪.‬‬ ‫‪369‬‬

‫آﻴﻔﻴﺔ إﺟﺮاء اﺗﺼﺎل أﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻤﺮاء‬ ‫ﻳﻘ‪jj‬ﻮم اﻟﺠﻬ‪jj‬ﺎز ﺑﺈﻧﺸ‪jj‬ﺎء ارﺗﺒ‪jj‬ﺎط ﺑﻮاﺳ‪jj‬ﻄﺔ اﻟﻜﺸ‪jj‬ﻒ اﻟﺘﻠﻘ‪jj‬ﺎﺋﻲ ﻋ‪jj‬ﻦ اﻵﺧ‪jj‬ﺮ أو‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳ‪jj‬ﻄﺔ ﻃﻠ‪jj‬ﺐ ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ اﻟﻤﺴ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪم‪ .‬ﺗﺮﺳ‪jj‬ﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻄ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻵﻣ‪jj‬ﺮة ﻃﻠ‪jj‬ﺐ اﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ 9,600‬ﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻵﺧﺮ )ﻣﺘﻀ‪j‬ﻤﻨًﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ‪j‬ﺎت ﻣﺜ‪j‬ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨ‪jjj‬ﻮان‪ ،‬وﺳ‪jjj‬ﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‪jjj‬ﺎت‪ ،‬واﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴ‪jjj‬ﺎت اﻷﺧ‪jjj‬ﺮى(‪ .‬ﻳﺘ‪jjj‬ﻮﻟّﻰ اﻟﺠﻬ‪jjj‬ﺎز‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴ‪jjj‬ﺘﺠﻴﺐ اﻟ‪jjj‬ﺪور اﻟﺜ‪jjj‬ﺎﻧﻮي وﻳﻌﻴ‪jjj‬ﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‪jjj‬ﺎت اﻟﺘ‪jjj‬ﻲ ﺗﺘﻀ‪jjj‬ﻤﻦ ﻋﻨﻮاﻧ‪jjj‬ﻪ‬ ‫وإﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋ ٍﺬ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻄ‪j‬ﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‪j‬ﻴﺔ واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳ‪j‬ﺔ ﺳ‪j‬ﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‪j‬ﺎت‬ ‫وﻣﻌﻠﻤ‪jj‬ﺎت اﻟ‪jj‬ﺮﺑﻂ إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﻴ‪jj‬ﻴﻦ اﻟﻌ‪jj‬ﺎم اﻟﻤﻌ ‪j‬ﺮّف ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ ﺧ‪jj‬ﻼل اﻟﻨﻘ‪jj‬ﻞ اﻷوﻟ‪jj‬ﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‪jj‬ﺎت‪ .‬وأﺧﻴ‪jj‬ﺮَاً‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺳ‪jj‬ﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻄ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‪jj‬ﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧ‪jj‬ﺎت إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻄ‪jj‬ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺆآﺪ ًة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺘﻢ وﺻ‪j‬ﻞ اﻷﺟﻬ‪j‬ﺰة وﺗﺒ‪j‬ﺪأ ﺑﻨﻘ‪j‬ﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‪j‬ﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ‪ Winsock API‬اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﺒ‪j‬ﺮ ارﺗﺒ‪j‬ﺎط‬ ‫‪ IrDA‬واﺣ‪jj‬ﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺴ‪jj‬ﻤﺢ ه‪jj‬ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻴ‪jj‬ﺰة ﻟﻌ‪jj‬ﺪة ﺑ‪jj‬ﺮاﻣﺞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ‪jj‬ﺔ ﺑﺎﺳ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪام ﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺎز‬ ‫أﺷ‪jj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jj‬ﺖ ﺣﻤ‪jj‬ﺮاء واﺣ‪jj‬ﺪ ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ اﻟﻮﻗ‪jj‬ﺖ ﻧﻔﺴ‪jj‬ﻪ‪ .‬ﻣ‪jj‬ﺜﻼً‪ ،‬ﻗ‪jj‬ﺪ ﺗﻀ‪jj‬ﻊ آﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮًا‬ ‫ﻻ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺠﺎل آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﻹرﺳﺎل واﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﺑﺮﻳ‪j‬ﺪ‪ ،‬وﺗﺤ‪j‬ﺪﻳﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮ ً‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘ‪jj‬ﻮﻳﻢ واﻻﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎﻻت‪ ،‬وﻃﺒﺎﻋ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻟﻤﺴ‪jj‬ﺘﻨﺪات اﻟﻤﺆﺟﻠ‪jj‬ﺔ ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ اﻟﻮﻗ‪jj‬ﺖ ﻧﻔﺴ‪jj‬ﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜ‪jjj‬ﻦ اﻟ‪jjj‬ﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻜ‪jjj‬ﻞ ﻧﺸ‪jjj‬ﺎط ﻣ‪jjj‬ﻦ ﻗﺒ‪jjj‬ﻞ ﺑﺮﻧ‪jjj‬ﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺴ‪jjj‬ﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻠ‪jjj‬ﻰ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jjj‬ﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺪد ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ وﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺰة أﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻤﺮاء ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺠﻬﺎز أﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻤ‪j‬ﺮاء اﻻرﺗﺒ‪j‬ﺎط ﻣ‪j‬ﻊ أآﺜ‪j‬ﺮ ﻣ‪j‬ﻦ ﺟﻬ‪j‬ﺎز أﺷ‪j‬ﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤ‪jj‬ﺖ ﺣﻤ‪jj‬ﺮاء ﺁﺧ‪jj‬ﺮ ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ اﻟﻮﻗ‪jj‬ﺖ ﻧﻔﺴ‪jj‬ﻪ‪ .‬ﺑ‪jj‬ﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ ذﻟ‪jj‬ﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨ‪jj‬ﻚ ﺗﺜﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﺖ‬ ‫أﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺰة أﺷ‪jj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jj‬ﺖ ﺣﻤ‪jj‬ﺮاء ﻣﺘﻌ‪jj‬ﺪدة ﻋﻠ‪jj‬ﻰ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ ﻟﺘ‪jj‬ﻮﻓﻴﺮ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃ‪jj‬ﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺰاﻣﻨ‪jj‬ﺔ ﻷﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺰة أﺷ‪jj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jj‬ﺖ ﺣﻤ‪jj‬ﺮاء ﻣﺘﻌ‪jj‬ﺪدة‪ .‬ﻣ‪jj‬ﺜﻼً‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪام أﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺰة‬ ‫أﺷ‪jj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jj‬ﺖ ﺣﻤ‪jj‬ﺮاء ﻣﻨﻔﺼ‪jj‬ﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜ‪jj‬ﻦ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﺒ‪jj‬ﻲ ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ اﻟﻮﻗ‪jj‬ﺖ ﻧﻔﺴ‪jj‬ﻪ‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋ‪jj‬ﺔ إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ ﻣﻨﻔ‪jj‬ﺬ أﺷ‪jj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jj‬ﺖ ﺣﻤ‪jj‬ﺮاء‪ ،‬اﻻﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل ﺑﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺤﻤ‪jj‬ﻮل‪،‬‬ ‫وﻃﻠﺐ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل ﺑﺎﻷﺷ‪j‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪j‬ﺖ اﻟﺤﻤ‪j‬ﺮاء ﻷداء‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎم ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ إﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﺎم‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ إﻟ‪j‬ﻰ‬ ‫إذا آﻨﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻄﺎر‪ ،‬أو ﻓﻨﺪق‪ ،‬أو أي ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻠﻨﺎس وﺻﻮ ً‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺮﻧ‪jj‬ﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨ‪jj‬ﻚ اﻟﺠﻠ‪jj‬ﻮس ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ أي آﺸ‪jj‬ﻚ واﺳ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻤ‪jj‬ﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺨ‪jj‬ﺎص ﺑ‪jj‬ﻚ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﻤﺴ‪jj‬ﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﺨﺼ‪jj‬ﻲ اﻟﺮﻗﻤ‪jj‬ﻲ )‪ ،(PDA‬أو ﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺎز ﺁﺧ‪jj‬ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻷآﺸﺎك ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ أﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻤﺮاء ﻣﻀﻤّﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﻮﺟﻴ‪j‬ﻪ ﺟﻬ‪j‬ﺎزك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻬ‪jj‬ﺰ ﺑﺎﻷﺷ‪jj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jj‬ﺖ اﻟﺤﻤ‪jj‬ﺮاء إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ ﻧﺎﺣﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻔ‪jj‬ﺬ اﻟﻤﻀ ‪j‬ﻤّﻦ وﺗﺄﺳ‪jj‬ﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨ‪jj‬ﺪ إﺟ‪jj‬ﺮاء ه‪jj‬ﺬا اﻟﻨ‪jj‬ﻮع ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ اﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎﻻت ﺷ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل ﺑﺎﻷﺷ‪jj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ ‪j‬ﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء آﻀﻴﻒ‪ .‬اﻟ‪j‬ﺬي‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺎزك هﻮ اﻟﻤﻀﻴﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﺸﺘﺮآﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺎزي‬ ‫آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﺔ ﻋﻠ‪j‬ﻰ أﺣ‪j‬ﺪ ﺟﻬ‪j‬ﺎزي اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪j‬ﻮﺗﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣ‪jj‬ﺜﻼً‪ ،‬إذا آ‪jj‬ﺎن ﻟ‪jj‬ﺪﻳﻚ آﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺤﻤ‪jj‬ﻮل ﺗﺮﻳ‪jj‬ﺪ اﺳ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﻠﻮﺻ‪jj‬ﻮل إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻠﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒ‪j‬ﻲ اﻟﺨ‪j‬ﺎص ﺑ‪j‬ﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨ‪j‬ﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳ‪jj‬ﻴﺲ اﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل ﺷ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل ﺑﺎﻷﺷ‪jj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jj‬ﺖ اﻟﺤﻤ‪jj‬ﺮاء ﺑ‪jj‬ﻴﻦ ﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺎزي‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨ‪jj‬ﺪ إﺟ‪jj‬ﺮاء ه‪jj‬ﺬا اﻟﻨ‪jj‬ﻮع ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ اﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎﻻت ﺷ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل ﺑﺎﻷﺷ‪jj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jj‬ﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤ‪jj‬ﺮاء‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧ‪jj‬ﻚ ﺗﻘ‪jj‬ﻮم ﺑﺘﻜ‪jj‬ﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻤ‪jj‬ﻮل آﻀ‪jj‬ﻴﻒ واﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ آﻤﻀﻴﻒ‪.‬‬

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‫اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ و وﻳﻨﺪوز ‪XP‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ وﻳﻨﺪوز ‪ XP‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﺑﻴﻦ أﻧﻮاع ﺷ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل اﻟﻼﺳ‪j‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل )اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ(‬ ‫ﻓ‪jjj‬ﻲ ﺷ‪jjj‬ﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺗﺼ‪jjj‬ﺎل اﻟﻼﺳ‪jjj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻄ‪jjj‬ﺔ اﻟﻮﺻ‪jjj‬ﻮل‪ ،‬ﺗﻘ‪jjj‬ﻮم اﻟﻤﺤﻄ‪jjj‬ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻼﺳ‪jjjj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ )اﻷﺟﻬ‪jjjj‬ﺰة ذات ﺑﻄﺎﻗ‪jjjj‬ﺎت اﻟﺮادﻳ‪jjjj‬ﻮ ﻟﺸ‪jjjj‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪jjjj‬ﺎل‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ‪jjjj‬ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jjj‬ﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻤ‪jjj‬ﻮل اﻟﺨ‪jjj‬ﺎص ﺑ‪jjj‬ﻚ أو اﻟﻤﺴ‪jjj‬ﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﺨﺼ‪jjj‬ﻲ اﻟﺮﻗﻤ‪jjj‬ﻲ(‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻮﺻ‪j‬ﻮل ه‪j‬ﺬﻩ آﺠﺴ‪j‬ﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ وﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﻮزﻳ‪j‬ﻊ اﻟﺸ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟ‪j‬ﻮدة )أﺳ‪j‬ﺎس ﺷ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎل(‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻀﻌﻒ إﺷﺎرة ﻧﻘﻄﺔ وﺻ‪j‬ﻮل‬ ‫ﻻﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ واﺣ‪jj‬ﺪة‪ ،‬أو ﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺒﺢ ﻧﻘ‪jj‬ﺎط اﻻﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل ﻣﺰدﺣﻤ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻟﻤ‪jj‬ﺮور‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨ‪jj‬ﻚ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ وﺻﻮل ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼً‪ ،‬إذا آﻨﺖ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮآﺔ ﺿ‪j‬ﺨﻤﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺠﻬﺎزك اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻲ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻨﻘﺎط وﺻﻮل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻣﺘﻌ‪j‬ﺪدة وأﻧ‪j‬ﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤ‪jj‬ﺮك ﺑ‪jj‬ﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠ‪jj‬ﻒ ﻃﻮاﺑ‪jj‬ﻖ اﻟﺒﻨ‪jj‬ﺎء أو اﻷﺑﻨﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ‪jj‬ﺔ ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ اﻟﻤﺠّﻤ‪jj‬ﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﻘﻄﻊ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻤﻮارد ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ إﻟﻰ آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ )‪(ad hoc‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ إﻟﻰ آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺼ‪j‬ﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻄ‪j‬ﺎت‬ ‫ﻻ ﻣ‪j‬ﻦ أن ﻳﻜ‪j‬ﻮن ذﻟ‪j‬ﻚ ﻣ‪j‬ﻦ ﺧ‪j‬ﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀ‪j‬ﻬﺎ اﻟ‪j‬ﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﺒﺎﺷ‪j‬ﺮة‪ ،‬ﺑ‪j‬ﺪ ً‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼً‪ ،‬إذا آﻨﺖ ﻓ‪j‬ﻲ اﺟﺘﻤ‪j‬ﺎع ﻣ‪j‬ﻊ زﻣ‪j‬ﻼء اﻟﻌﻤ‪j‬ﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻻ ﺗﺤﺘ‪jjj‬ﺎج اﻟﻮﺻ‪jjj‬ﻮل إﻟ‪jjj‬ﻰ ﻣ‪jjj‬ﻮارد اﻟﺸ‪jjj‬ﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜ‪jjj‬ﻦ ﻟﺠﻬ‪jjj‬ﺎزك اﻟﻼﺳ‪jjj‬ﻠﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪372‬‬

‫اﻻﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل ﺑ‪j‬ﺎﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻼﺳ‪j‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺰﻣﻼﺋ‪j‬ﻚ‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﻜﻨ‪j‬ﻚ ﺗﺸ‪j‬ﻜﻴﻞ ﺷ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻳﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮة )ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻣﻔﻀّﻠﺔ(‬ ‫ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ ﺷ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل اﻟﻼﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﻀ‪jj‬ﻠﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻄ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻟﻮﺻ‪jj‬ﻮل‪ ،‬ﺗ‪jj‬ﺘﻢ داﺋﻤ ‪ًj‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل أوﻻً‪ ،‬إذا آ‪j‬ﺎن أي ﻣﻨﻬ‪j‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘ‪jj‬ﻮﻓﺮًا‪ .‬إذا ﻟ‪jj‬ﻢ ﺗﻜ‪jj‬ﻦ هﻨ‪jj‬ﺎك ﺷ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ ﻧﻘﻄ‪jj‬ﺔ وﺻ‪jj‬ﻮل ﻣﺘ‪jj‬ﻮﻓﺮة‪ ،‬ﺗ‪jj‬ﺘﻢ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟ‪jj‬ﺔ‬ ‫اﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل ﺑﺸ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ ﻻﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ آﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ آﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ‪ .‬ﻣ‪jj‬ﺜﻼً‪ ،‬إذا اﺳ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻤ‪jj‬ﻮل اﻟﺨ‪jj‬ﺎص ﺑ‪jj‬ﻚ ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ اﻟﻌﻤ‪jj‬ﻞ ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ ﺷ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ ﻻﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻄ‪jj‬ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻ‪jj‬ﻮل‪ ،‬ﺛ‪jj‬ﻢ أﺧ‪jj‬ﺬت اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻤ‪jj‬ﻮل إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ اﻟﻤﻨ‪jj‬ﺰل ﻻﺳ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ‬ ‫ﺷ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ ﻧ‪jj‬ﻮع آﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ آﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓ‪jj‬ﺈن اﻟﺘﻜ‪jj‬ﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﻘ‪jj‬ﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺸ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل اﻟﻼﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺳ‪jj‬ﻴﻐﻴﺮ إﻋ‪jj‬ﺪادات اﻟﺸ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻼﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨ‪j‬ﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜ‪j‬ﻮن ﻓ‪j‬ﻲ ﻣﺠ‪j‬ﺎل ﺷ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺔ ﻻﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﻈﻬ‪j‬ﺮ إﺷ‪j‬ﺎرة ﺑ‪j‬ﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣ‪j‬ﻦ رﻣ‪jj‬ﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮت و اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮة اﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺰر اﻟﻤ‪j‬ﺎوس اﻷﻳﻤ‪j‬ﻦ ﻓ‪j‬ﻮق‬ ‫رﻣﺰ اﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻹﻋﻼم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ اﻧﻘ‪j‬ﺮ ﻓ‪j‬ﻮق‬ ‫‪.View Available Wireless Networks‬‬ ‫ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ ‪ ،Connect to Wireless Network‬وﺗﺤ‪jj‬ﺖ ‪Available‬‬ ‫‪ ،Networks‬اﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮق ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل اﻟﻼﺳ‪j‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺘ‪j‬ﻲ ﺗﺮﻳ‪j‬ﺪ اﻻﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫إذا آﺎن ﻣﻔﺘﺎح ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑًﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺟ‪j‬ﻞ ‪Wired Equivalent‬‬ ‫‪ ،(WEP) Privacy‬ﻧﻔّﺬ أﺣﺪ اﻹﺟﺮاﺋﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬إذا آﺎن ﻣﻔﺘﺎح ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻮﻓّﺮًا ﻟﻚ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴًﺎ )ﻣﺜﻼً‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح ﻣﺨﺰن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤ‪j‬ﻮل ﺷ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل اﻟﻼﺳ‪j‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻄ‪j‬ﻰ ﻟ‪j‬ﻚ ﻣ‪j‬ﻦ ﻗﺒ‪j‬ﻞ اﻟﻤﺴ‪j‬ﺆول(‪،‬‬ ‫اﺗﺮك ‪ Network Key‬ﻓﺎرﻏًﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -2‬إذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻮﻓّﺮًا ﻟﻚ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎً‪ ،‬اآﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻔﺘ‪j‬ﺎح ﻓ‪j‬ﻲ‬ ‫‪ .Network key‬ﺛﻢ اﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮق اﺗﺼﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ إﻋﺪادات اﺗﺼﺎل ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ إﺿ‪j‬ﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬أو آﻨ‪j‬ﺖ ﺗﻮاﺟ‪j‬ﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ إﺟﺮاء اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻊ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺘ‪j‬ﻲ ﺣ‪j‬ﺪدﺗﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻧﻘ‪jj‬ﺮ ﻓ‪jj‬ﻮق ﺧﻴ‪jj‬ﺎرات ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣ‪jj‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛ‪jj‬ﻢ ﻗ‪jj‬ﻢ ﺑﺘﻜ‪jj‬ﻮﻳﻦ اﻹﻋ‪jj‬ﺪادات ﻓ‪jj‬ﻲ اﻟﺘﺒﻮﻳ‪jj‬ﺐ‬ ‫‪.Wireless Networks‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗ‪jj‬ﻨﺲ أﻧ‪jj‬ﻪ ﻳﺠ‪jj‬ﺐ ﻋﻠﻴ‪jj‬ﻚ اﺳ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺤ‪jj‬ﻮل ﺷ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل ﻻﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻳ‪jj‬ﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ‪.Wireless Zero Configuration‬‬ ‫ﻹﻋﺪاد ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻳﻨﺪوز ‪ XP‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻓﺘﺢ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫اﻧﻘ‪jj‬ﺮ ﺑ‪jj‬ﺰر اﻟﻤ‪jj‬ﺎوس اﻷﻳﻤ‪jj‬ﻦ ﻓ‪jj‬ﻮق اﻻﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل اﻟ‪jj‬ﺬي ﺗﺮﻳ‪jj‬ﺪ ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ أﺟﻠ‪jj‬ﻪ إﻋ‪jj‬ﺪاد‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ اﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮق ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺒﻮﻳﺐ ‪ ،Wireless Networks‬ﻧﻔّﺬ أﺣﺪ اﻹﺟﺮاﺋﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻟﺘﻤﻜ‪jjj‬ﻴﻦ ﺗﻜ‪jjj‬ﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﻠﻘ‪jjj‬ﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺸ‪jjj‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪jjj‬ﺎل اﻟﻼﺳ‪jjj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣ‪jjj‬ﻦ أﺟ‪jjj‬ﻞ ه‪jjj‬ﺬا‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‪ ،‬ﺣﺪد ﺧﺎﻧﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎر ‪Use Windows to configure my‬‬ ‫‪ .wireless network settings‬هﺬا اﻟﺨﻴﺎر ﻣﺤﺪد اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻴًﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻴ‪jj‬ﻞ ﺗﻜ‪jjj‬ﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﻠﻘ‪jj‬ﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺸ‪jjj‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل اﻟﻼﺳ‪jjj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣ‪jj‬ﻦ أﺟ‪jjj‬ﻞ ه‪jjj‬ﺬا‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل‪ ،‬اﻣﺴ‪j‬ﺢ ﺧﺎﻧ‪j‬ﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﻴ‪j‬ﺎر ‪Use Windows to configure‬‬ ‫‪.my wireless network settings‬‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل اﻟﻼﺳ‪j‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘ‪j‬ﻮﻓﺮة اﻟﺘ‪j‬ﻲ ﺗ‪j‬ﻢ اآﺘﺸ‪j‬ﺎﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‪jjj‬ﻦ ﻗﺒ‪jjj‬ﻞ ﺗﻜ‪jjj‬ﻮﻳﻦ ﺷ‪jjj‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪jjj‬ﺎل اﻟﻼﺳ‪jjj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jjj‬ﺖ ‪Available‬‬ ‫‪ .networks‬ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﻀﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔّﺬ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

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‫‪ -1‬ﻹﺿ‪jj‬ﺎﻓﺔ ﺷ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل ﻻﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ إﺿ‪jj‬ﺎﻓﻴﺔ إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤ‪jj‬ﺔ ‪Preferred‬‬ ‫‪ networks‬ﻟﻬﺬا اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ ‪ ،Available networks‬اﻧﻘﺮ ﻓ‪j‬ﻮق‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ إﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ اﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮق ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻹﺿ‪jj‬ﺎﻓﺔ ﺷ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل ﻻﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳ‪jj‬ﺪة إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤ‪jj‬ﺔ ‪Preferred‬‬ ‫‪ networks‬ﻟﻬﺬا اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ ‪ ،Preferred networks‬اﻧﻘ‪j‬ﺮ ﻓ‪j‬ﻮق‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬وﻓ‪j‬ﻲ ‪ ،Wireless Network Properties‬ﺣ‪j‬ﺪد اﺳ‪j‬ﻢ اﻟﺸ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫)ﻣﻌ‪jjj‬ﺮّف ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‪jjjj‬ﺔ اﻟﺨ‪jjjj‬ﺪﻣﺎت(‪ ،‬وإﻋ‪jjjj‬ﺪادات ﻣﻔﺘ‪jjjj‬ﺎح ﺷ‪jjjj‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪jjjj‬ﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻼﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Wired Equivalent Privacy‬وﻣ‪jj‬ﺎ إذا آﺎﻧ‪jj‬ﺖ ﺷ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎل هﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ إﻟﻰ آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ )‪.(ad hoc‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟ‪j‬ﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل ﺑﺸ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل اﻟﻤﻔﻀ‪j‬ﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌ‪j‬ﺪّة‬ ‫ﻟﻬ‪jjj‬ﺬا اﻻﺗﺼ‪jjj‬ﺎل‪ ،‬ﺗﺤ‪jjj‬ﺖ ‪ ،Preferred networks‬اﻧﻘ‪jjj‬ﺮ ﻓ‪jjj‬ﻮق ﺷ‪jjj‬ﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻜﻬﺎ إﻟ‪j‬ﻰ ﻣﻮﻗ‪j‬ﻊ ﺟﺪﻳ‪j‬ﺪ ﻓ‪j‬ﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤ‪j‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛ‪j‬ﻢ‬ ‫اﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮق ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻟﻸﻋﻠﻰ أو ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻟﻸﺳﻔﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻹزاﻟﺔ ﺷ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل ﻻﺳ‪j‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣ‪j‬ﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤ‪j‬ﺔ ﺷ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل اﻟﻤﻔﻀ‪j‬ﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬ‪jjj‬ﺬا اﻻﺗﺼ‪jjj‬ﺎل‪ ،‬ﺗﺤ‪j j‬ﺖ ‪ ،Preferred networks‬اﻧﻘ‪jjj‬ﺮ ﻓ‪jjj‬ﻮق ﺷ‪jjj‬ﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ إزاﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ اﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮق إزاﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮع ﺷ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل اﻟﻼﺳ‪j‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻ‪j‬ﻮل إﻟﻴﻬ‪j‬ﺎ‪ ،‬اﻧﻘ‪j‬ﺮ ﻓ‪j‬ﻮق‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺎرات ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛ‪j‬ﻢ اﻧﻘ‪j‬ﺮ ﻓ‪j‬ﻮق ﻧ‪j‬ﻮع ﺷ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل اﻟ‪j‬ﺬي ﺗﺮﻳ‪j‬ﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻋﻠ‪j‬ﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬إذا آﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ إﺟ‪j‬ﺮاء اﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل آﻤﺒﻴ‪j‬ﻮﺗﺮ إﻟ‪j‬ﻰ آﻤﺒﻴ‪j‬ﻮﺗﺮ ) ‪ad‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﺗﺼﺎل آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ إﻟﻰ آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ وﺷﺒﻜﺎت‬ ‫‪ ،(hoc‬وإذا آﺎن آ ً‬ ‫اﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل ﻧﻘﻄ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻟﻮﺻ‪jj‬ﻮل )اﻟﺒﻨﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴ‪jj‬ﺔ( ﺿ‪jj‬ﻤﻦ ﻧﻄ‪jj‬ﺎق اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ‪ ،‬اﻧﻘ‪jj‬ﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق ‪.Computer-to-computer (ad hoc) networks only‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬إذا آﻨﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻣﺴﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧ‪j‬ﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﻴ‪j‬ﺎر ‪Use Windows to configure my wireless‬‬ ‫‪.network settings‬‬

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‫ﻼ ﻣ‪j‬ﻦ ﺷ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪ -2‬إذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ‪ Preferred networks‬ﺗﺘﻀ‪j‬ﻤﻦ آ‪ً j‬‬ ‫اﺗﺼ‪j‬ﺎل ﻧﻘﻄ‪j‬ﺔ اﻟﻮﺻ‪j‬ﻮل )اﻟﺒﻨﻴ‪j‬ﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴ‪j‬ﺔ( وآﻤﺒﻴ‪j‬ﻮﺗﺮ إﻟ‪j‬ﻰ آﻤﺒﻴ‪j‬ﻮﺗﺮ ) ‪ad‬‬ ‫‪ ،(hoc‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﺗﺼﺎل آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ إﻟﻰ آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﺗﺼﺎل ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬إن اﻟﺘﻜ‪jjj‬ﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﻘ‪jjj‬ﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺸ‪jjj‬ﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ‪jjj‬ﺎل اﻟﻼﺳ‪jjj‬ﻠﻜﻲ ﻳ‪jjj‬ﺪﻋﻢ ‪IEEE‬‬ ‫‪ 802.11‬اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳ‪jj‬ﻲ ﻟﺸ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل اﻟﻼﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻨ‪jj‬ﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜ‪jj‬ﻮن اﻟﺘﻜ‪jj‬ﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻼﺳ‪j‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﻜّﻨ‪j‬ﺎً‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨ‪j‬ﻚ اﻟﺘﺠ‪j‬ﻮل ﻋﺒ‪j‬ﺮ ﺷ‪j‬ﺒﻜﺎت‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل اﻟﻼﺳ‪jj‬ﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ‪jj‬ﺔ دون اﻟﺤﺎﺟ‪jj‬ﺔ إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ إﻋ‪jj‬ﺎدة ﺗﻜ‪jj‬ﻮﻳﻦ إﻋ‪jj‬ﺪادات‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻚ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻣ‪jj‬ﺎ ﻟﺘﺄﺳ‪jj‬ﻴﺲ اﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل ﺷ‪jj‬ﺒﻜﺔ أﺷ‪jj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jj‬ﺖ ﺣﻤ‪jj‬ﺮاء ﻣﺒﺎﺷ‪jj‬ﺮ ﺑ‪jj‬ﻴﻦ ﺟﻬ‪jj‬ﺎزي‬ ‫آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻓﻲ وﻳﻨﺪوز ‪ XP‬ﻓﻘﻢ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻓﺘﺢ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫اﻧﻘﺮ ﻧﻘﺮًا ﻣﺰدوﺟًﺎ ﻓﻮق إﻧﺸﺎء اﺗﺼﺎل ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ اﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮع اﺗﺼﺎل ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‪ ،‬اﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮق إﻋﺪاد اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﺘﻘﺪم‪ ،‬ﺛ‪j‬ﻢ اﻧﻘ‪j‬ﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺧﻴﺎرات اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬اﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮق اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ًة ﺑﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺁﺧ‪j‬ﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺛﻢ اﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﻴﻒ أو اﻟﻀﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪد إذا آﺎن هﺬا اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣًﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ‪jj‬ﺎت ﻋﻠ‪jj‬ﻰ آﻤﺒﻴ‪jj‬ﻮﺗﺮ ﺁﺧ‪jj‬ﺮ أو آ‪jj‬ﺎن ﻟﺪﻳ‪jj‬ﻪ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‪jj‬ﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻠ‪jj‬ﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ أﺣﺪ اﻹﺟﺮاﺋﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬إذا آﺎن ﻟﺪى هﺬا اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪j‬ﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ‪j‬ﺎت ﺳ‪j‬ﻴﺘﻢ اﻟﻮﺻ‪j‬ﻮل إﻟﻴﻬ‪j‬ﺎ ﻣ‪j‬ﻦ ﻗﺒ‪j‬ﻞ‬ ‫آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﻀﻴﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬إذا آﺎن هﺬا اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻀﻴﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫‪376‬‬

‫اﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻔّﺬ أﺣﺪ اﻹﺟﺮاﺋﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬إذا آﻨ‪jjj‬ﺖ ﻗ‪jjj‬ﺪ ﺣ‪jjj‬ﺪدت ه‪jjj‬ﺬا اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jjj‬ﻮﺗﺮ آﻤﻀ‪jjj‬ﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓ‪jjj‬ﻲ ﺟﻬ‪jjj‬ﺎز ﻟﻬ‪jjj‬ﺬا‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‪ ،‬ﺣﺪد ﻣﻨﻔﺬ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬إذا آﻨﺖ ﻗ‪j‬ﺪ ﺣ‪j‬ﺪدت ه‪j‬ﺬا اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪j‬ﻮﺗﺮ آﻀ‪j‬ﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓ‪j‬ﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ‪j‬ﺪ ﺟﻬ‪j‬ﺎز‪ ،‬ﺣ‪j‬ﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﺬ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻔّﺬ أﺣﺪ اﻹﺟﺮاﺋﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬إذا آﻨ‪jjjj‬ﺖ ﻗ‪jjjj‬ﺪ ﺣ‪jjjj‬ﺪدت ه‪jjjj‬ﺬا اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jjjj‬ﻮﺗﺮ آﻤﻀ‪jjjj‬ﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓ‪jjjj‬ﻲ أذوﻧ‪jjjj‬ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓ‪j‬ﺎﺗﺒﻊ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬ‪j‬ﺎت ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳ‪j‬ﺪ اﻟﻤﺴ‪j‬ﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ اﻟ‪j‬ﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﺴ‪j‬ﻤﺢ ﻟﻬ‪j‬ﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬إذا آﻨ‪jjj‬ﺖ ﻗ‪jjj‬ﺪ ﺣ‪jjj‬ﺪدت ه‪jjj‬ﺬا اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪jjj‬ﻮﺗﺮ آﻀ‪jjj‬ﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓ‪jjj‬ﻲ ‪Default‬‬ ‫‪ ،Connection‬ﻓ‪jjjjjj‬ﺎﺗﺒﻊ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬ‪jjjjjj‬ﺎت ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳ‪jjjjjj‬ﺪ إﻋ‪jjjjjj‬ﺪادات اﻻﺗﺼ‪jjjjjj‬ﺎل‬ ‫اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أدﺧﻞ اﺳﻤًﺎ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ اﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮق إﻧﻬﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﺗﺼﺎل ﺷﺒﻜﺔ أﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻤﺮاء ﻗﻢ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫أﺳﺲ ارﺗﺒﺎط أﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻤﺮاء ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳ‪j‬ﻖ ﻣﺤ‪j‬ﺎذاة ﺟﻬ‪j‬ﺎزي اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴ‪j‬ﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻟ‪jjj‬ﺪﻳﻚ ﺑﺤﻴ‪jjj‬ﺚ ﻳﻜ‪jjj‬ﻮن اﻟﺠﻬ‪jjj‬ﺎزان اﻟﻤﺮﺳ‪jjj‬ﻼن اﻟﻤﺴ‪jjj‬ﺘﻘﺒﻼن ﻟﻸﺷ‪jjj‬ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ‪jjj‬ﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻣﺘﻮاﺟﻬﻴﻦ وﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻓﺘﺢ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫اﻧﻘ‪jj‬ﺮ ﻧﻘ‪jj‬ﺮًا ﻣﺰدوﺟ‪ًj‬ﺎ ﻓ‪jj‬ﻮق اﻻﺗﺼ‪jj‬ﺎل اﻟ‪jj‬ﺬي ﺗﺮﻳ‪jj‬ﺪ اﺳ‪jj‬ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﻠﻮﺻ‪jj‬ﻮل إﻟ‪jj‬ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ أن ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ اﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮق ﻣﻮاﻓﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻠﻒ‪ ،‬اﻧﻘﺮ ﻓﻮق اﺗﺼﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫‪377‬‬