Week-9
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Week-9 Information System Hardware and its types And Information System Software and its types
A-1
Computer Hardware Equipment Categories Input The act of entering information into a computer using a device that is best suited for the format of the data (i.e. a keyboard for character information) Processing Transforming inputs into outputs by use of highly specialized computer components that are integrated to communicate with input and output devices Output The act of receiving information from a computer using the device that best suits the application (i.e. a printer for a memo) Information Systems Today
A-2
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Computer Hardware
Output Device Monitor
Input Device Keyboard Information Systems Today
Processing Device The System Unit A-3
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Input Needs and Devices Entering Text and Numbers The keyboard is the primary entry device for this requirement. Ergonomic versions have been created to minimize repetitive stress injuries Pointing and Selecting These devices come in many shapes, sizes and styles including: mice, light pens, touch pads, touch screens, joysticks, etc., and are used for many applications from drafting documents to online gaming Entering Batch Data The most common device for this is the scanner used in conjunction with optical character recognition (OCR) software that can convert text into digital data quickly. Other techniques are optical mark recognition, barcode readers, magnetic ink character readers, etc. Information Systems Today
A-4
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Input Devices – Text and Pointing
Information Systems Today
A-5
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Input Needs and Devices Smart Cards A special kind of credit card with a magnetic strip, microprocessor, or memory circuits that can be used for many applications and is resistant to tampering Entering Audio Sound is digitized when stored and processed on a computer and generally comes in two categories • Voice Input – this is done by speaking into a microphone and can be made very powerful when coupled with voice recognition software enabling a voice conversion to text or other forms • Other Audio – this is done through connecting a computer to other audio transfer devices (e.g. musical instrument digital transfer (MIDI))
Information Systems Today
A-6
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Input Needs and Devices Entering Video Images are digitized and stored in both still and moving formats or “streaming video”. A number of devices can be used for this purpose Still Images These images are generally entered from digital cameras, devices that can read digital camera cards or chips, or CDs generated at the time of film camera processing Streaming Video and Streaming Media Steaming video images contain only video, while streaming media combine both audio and video. Images can be entered into a computer using VCR’s, video cameras, DVD, Web cams, etc.. These are extremely large files due to the dense nature of the video content Information Systems Today
A-7
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Input Needs and Devices
Information Systems Today
A-8
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing Processing The role of processing in a computer system is to translate inputs into outputs. This is done through a combination of language and system components Language Computers speak a language called binary or “machine language” which consists of 0s & 1s
Information Systems Today
System Unit The physical box that houses all of the working electronic components of the computer
A-9
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Language Binary or Machine Language • The language that all computers use • IT is expressed in 0s or 1s only (see below) • Binary utilizes Base-2 math to convert from normal characters to binary code (e.g. A = 0100 0001 in binary) Binary Example
How a Computer Uses it
A = 0100 0001 Bit A single 0 or 1
Byte (8 bits) Makes up one character
Information Systems Today
A-10
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – The System Unit The System Unit The physical box that houses all of the working electronic components of the computer Components • Support – electronic equipment to run the machine • Central Processing Unit (CPU) – the primary processor in a computer • Primary Storage – temporary and permanent storage used by the computer to operate • Secondary Storage – longer-term storage for data • Ports and Slots – mechanisms to connect devices and specialty processors Information Systems Today
A-11
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Motherboard, Power Supply, Fan Motherboard Contains all the of the components that do the actual processing work including • Central Processing Unit • • • •
RAM and ROM Secondary Storage Devices (e.g hard drive) Slots - connecting specialty processors Ports - connecting input/output devices
Power Supply Converts standard 110/240 volt AC to lower voltages such as 5/10 volt DC for use in the computer Fan Low voltage device designed to protect the computer from the high heat generated by the CPU Information Systems Today
A-12
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Mother Board Example
Information Systems Today
A-13
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Central Processing Unit Central Processing Unit (CPU) Called the “brains of the computer”, its role is to perform the operations of the computer using two components: • Control Unit – this device interprets instructions and transmits direction to the computer’s components • Arithmetic Logic Unit – this device performs math as well as logical operations by interpreting and executing instructions
CPU Operations
• Fetching - loading the next program instruction from memory • Decoding - determines the next operation by using registers (temporary storage) to store the instructions and memory location used • Retrieving – loading the necessary data from memory and telling the ALU to execute the required instructions • Storing – placing the results of the computations in a register or in memory
Information Systems Today
A-14
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Central Processing Unit Clock Speed The system clock generate pulses at a rapid rate regulating the speed of the processor. A clock tick is one pulse and the clock speed is measured in hertz (see below) Registers Provide temporary storage where data must reside while it is being processed or manipulated Cache Memory A small block of memory used by the processors to store those instructions most recently or most often. This significantly increases the speed of the processor. Cache memory comes in two types: • Internal – incorporated in the microprocessor’s design • External – is not built into the CPU but is located on the motherboard for easy access Information Systems Today
A-15
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Primary Storage Primary Storage This storage is used for temporary storage to support computer processing and come in RAM and ROM types Random Access Memory (RAM) This is the computer’s main processing storage and consists of several chips containing thousands of electronic circuits etched in silicon mounted on a small circuit board call a single inline memory module (SIMM). RAM has the following characteristics: • Provides temporary storage for computer operation • Stores data programs and data currently in use • CPU can randomly access the data stored in RAM • Instructions are considered volatile and will be lost when the computer is turned off Information Systems Today
A-16
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Primary Storage Read-Only Memory (ROM) This memory exists on a chip on the motherboard and contains information that can be read by the computer but not written to. ROM stores the instructions required to run the computer before the system software takes over Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM or also called Flash Memory) This is a variation of ROM that can be read and repeatedly written to and erased like RAM, but is different in that the information is retained after the power is turned off
Information Systems Today
A-17
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Secondary Storage Secondary Storage This nonvolatile storage is used to permanently store information and is not part of the CPU but is connected through the system bus. It comes in many types Hard Drives These devices use a thin layer of magnetic media on a plastic or steel disk and have a very high storage capacity. Redundant array of independent disks (RAID) is a storage technique using multiple hard disks to secure data against a single device failure or “crash” Diskettes These are portable magnetic media, similar to hard drives, written to by inserting the diskette into a diskette drive. A high-capacity diskette drive system that stores over 100 times a normal diskette is called a ZIP drive Information Systems Today
A-18
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Secondary Storage Optical Disk This technology uses a laser to: write by burning spots into a disk coated with a metallic substance representing a data package; read by interpreting the reflection of the light off the burned in data spots. These disks come in several types: • Magneto-Optical (MO) – this disk contains tiny magnetic crystals allowing the disk to be written to multiple times and is extremely high capacity • Compact Disk (CD) – this technology is standard equipment on PCs and comes in two types: (CD-R) write once; (CD-RW) allows to write multiple times • Digital Video Disk (DVD) – a common storage format used for movies and other video media but can also be used for data storage and holds over 7 times a CD’s capacity Information Systems Today
A-19
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Secondary Storage Magnetic Tape Used for storage of computer information consisting of a narrow tape coated with a magnetic substance, Unlike all other secondary storage mediums, this technology reads and writes data sequentially. Tape is commonly used for backing up data from other secondary storage technologies Secondary Storage – A Comparison
Information Systems Today
A-20
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Ports and Slots These are devices used to provide hardware interfaces – plugs and sockets - to connect devices to computers and components to provide a fully functional computer
Information Systems Today
A-21
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Output Devices Video A visual display of data that supports motion using a monitor (black and white or color) coming in two types: • Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) – a boxy device…like a television • Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) – a flat screen used in notebooks or as a stand-alone device • Projection – A device that projects a picture onto a screen
CRT
LCD Information Systems Today
A-22
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Output Devices Printers and Plotters A visual display that is presented on hard copy (e.g. paper) • Dot Matrix – older technology using a series of dots to create characters, typically in black and white • Ink-jet – newer technology that sprays ink onto paper in character or image format in color or black-and-white • Laser – a very high-quality technology that uses an electrostatic process that burns ink into characters or images and also comes in black-and-white or color (very expensive)
Information Systems Today
A-23
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Output Devices Audio Audio is transmitted using a sound card connected to speakers that is inserted into one of the motherboard’s slots. The computer translates digits into sound by sending the data to the sound card that interprets these data into tones
Information Systems Today
A-24
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Information System Software and its types
Information Systems Today
A-25
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Classes of Software System Software The collection of programs that control the basic functions of computer hardware Application Software Programs that let the user perform a specific task or operation by interacting with the system software Development Languages and Environments Automated software tools used by system developers to design and implement information systems
Information Systems Today
A-26
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Software – a.k.a. Operating Systems
Information Systems Today
A-27
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Operating System Operating System Manages common tasks for computers including getting input from a device, reading and/or writing data from a storage device, and presenting information to the user Common Functions • Booting or (starting) the computer • Reading programs into memory and managing memory allocation • Managing where programs and files are located in secondary storage • Maintaining the structure of directories and subdirectories • Formatting disks • Controlling the computer monitor • Sending documents to the printer Information Systems Today
A-28
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Operating System
Information Systems Today
A-29
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Common Operating Systems
Information Systems Today
A-30
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Application Software Application Software This software performs specific user functions (e.g. e-mail) Customized Application Software Software that is developed to meet the specification of an organization. This can be developed “in-house” by IS staff or by an outside vendor. Advantages include: • Customizability – tailored to meet specific needs • Problem specificity – pay for only those functions that are developed for and used by the organization
Off-the-Shelf Software Packaged software developed by a vendor for a particular problem or industry but is not specific to an organization. This is a lower cost approach that may be combined with custom development to tailor it Information Systems Today
A-31
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Types of Application Software Types of Application Software Application software come in two types for use by organizations: 1) large business systems and office automation; 2) personal productivity tools Business Systems
Personal Productivity
These large systems support enterprise-wide operations such as:
Used by individuals or groups to support a variety of common tasks such as:
• Accounting -A/P, A/R, general ledger, payroll • Operations - inventory management, order processing, shipping, etc. Information Systems Today
• Communication – e-mail, word processing • Scheduling – group calendars • Analysis - spreadsheets A-32
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Application Software Examples
Information Systems Today
A-33
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Open Source Software Open Source A special class of software that includes operating systems, application software, and programming languages in which the source code (the actual program code) is freely available to the general public for use and/or modification Popular Open Source Applications A number of mainstream open source applications can be found across many organizations. Here are just a few: • Operating systems – Linux • Web browsers – Mozilla • Web servers – Apache • E-mail processing – Sendmail • Internet domain naming service – BIND • Secure connection standard - OpenSSL Information Systems Today
A-34
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Open Source Software Open Source Initiative (OSI) The OSI is a certification process developed by the open source community to ensure that open source software meets a set of standards OSI Standards • The author or holder of the license of the source code (SC) cannot collect royalties on the distribution of the program • The distributed program must make the SC accessible to the user • The author must allow modifications of the work under the program’s original name • No person, group, or field of endeavor can be denied access to the program • The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program’s being part of a particular software distribution Information Systems Today
A-35
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Compilers, Programming Languages Compilers and Interpreters Software designed to translate programming languages into machine code or binary in order to allow the computer to execute the program instructions
Programming Languages Languages used to write program instructions that have evolved from early “machine language” to higher-level languages that are easier to write and understand
Information Systems Today
A-36
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Open Source Software Compilers These highly-specialized software applications are used to convert program instructions (source code) into the machine code (object code) prior to being loaded into a computer’s secondary storage Compiler Example
Information Systems Today
A-37
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Compilers and Interpreters Interpreter These specialized software applications are similar to compilers but instead of translating the source code to machine language prior to loading, it reads, translates, and executes one line of source code at a time during operation Interpreter Example
Information Systems Today
A-38
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Programming Languages - Generations Programming Languages These languages are used to write program instructions and have evolved over time making them more powerful, easier to read and write, and more natural language-focused Generations of Programming Languages 1940s
1950s
mid 1950s
1st
2nd
3rd
Machine Binary
Symbolic Use of symbols
High-Level Use English like words for procedures
Information Systems Today
A-39
1970s
1990s
4th Outcome Oriented Use outcome focused words
5th Artificial Intelligence Natural language (spoken English) (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Popular Programming Languages
Information Systems Today
A-40
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
A-1
Computer Hardware Equipment Categories Input The act of entering information into a computer using a device that is best suited for the format of the data (i.e. a keyboard for character information) Processing Transforming inputs into outputs by use of highly specialized computer components that are integrated to communicate with input and output devices Output The act of receiving information from a computer using the device that best suits the application (i.e. a printer for a memo) Information Systems Today
A-2
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Computer Hardware
Output Device Monitor
Input Device Keyboard Information Systems Today
Processing Device The System Unit A-3
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Input Needs and Devices Entering Text and Numbers The keyboard is the primary entry device for this requirement. Ergonomic versions have been created to minimize repetitive stress injuries Pointing and Selecting These devices come in many shapes, sizes and styles including: mice, light pens, touch pads, touch screens, joysticks, etc., and are used for many applications from drafting documents to online gaming Entering Batch Data The most common device for this is the scanner used in conjunction with optical character recognition (OCR) software that can convert text into digital data quickly. Other techniques are optical mark recognition, barcode readers, magnetic ink character readers, etc. Information Systems Today
A-4
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Input Devices – Text and Pointing
Information Systems Today
A-5
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Input Needs and Devices Smart Cards A special kind of credit card with a magnetic strip, microprocessor, or memory circuits that can be used for many applications and is resistant to tampering Entering Audio Sound is digitized when stored and processed on a computer and generally comes in two categories • Voice Input – this is done by speaking into a microphone and can be made very powerful when coupled with voice recognition software enabling a voice conversion to text or other forms • Other Audio – this is done through connecting a computer to other audio transfer devices (e.g. musical instrument digital transfer (MIDI))
Information Systems Today
A-6
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Input Needs and Devices Entering Video Images are digitized and stored in both still and moving formats or “streaming video”. A number of devices can be used for this purpose Still Images These images are generally entered from digital cameras, devices that can read digital camera cards or chips, or CDs generated at the time of film camera processing Streaming Video and Streaming Media Steaming video images contain only video, while streaming media combine both audio and video. Images can be entered into a computer using VCR’s, video cameras, DVD, Web cams, etc.. These are extremely large files due to the dense nature of the video content Information Systems Today
A-7
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Input Needs and Devices
Information Systems Today
A-8
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing Processing The role of processing in a computer system is to translate inputs into outputs. This is done through a combination of language and system components Language Computers speak a language called binary or “machine language” which consists of 0s & 1s
Information Systems Today
System Unit The physical box that houses all of the working electronic components of the computer
A-9
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Language Binary or Machine Language • The language that all computers use • IT is expressed in 0s or 1s only (see below) • Binary utilizes Base-2 math to convert from normal characters to binary code (e.g. A = 0100 0001 in binary) Binary Example
How a Computer Uses it
A = 0100 0001 Bit A single 0 or 1
Byte (8 bits) Makes up one character
Information Systems Today
A-10
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – The System Unit The System Unit The physical box that houses all of the working electronic components of the computer Components • Support – electronic equipment to run the machine • Central Processing Unit (CPU) – the primary processor in a computer • Primary Storage – temporary and permanent storage used by the computer to operate • Secondary Storage – longer-term storage for data • Ports and Slots – mechanisms to connect devices and specialty processors Information Systems Today
A-11
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Motherboard, Power Supply, Fan Motherboard Contains all the of the components that do the actual processing work including • Central Processing Unit • • • •
RAM and ROM Secondary Storage Devices (e.g hard drive) Slots - connecting specialty processors Ports - connecting input/output devices
Power Supply Converts standard 110/240 volt AC to lower voltages such as 5/10 volt DC for use in the computer Fan Low voltage device designed to protect the computer from the high heat generated by the CPU Information Systems Today
A-12
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Mother Board Example
Information Systems Today
A-13
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Central Processing Unit Central Processing Unit (CPU) Called the “brains of the computer”, its role is to perform the operations of the computer using two components: • Control Unit – this device interprets instructions and transmits direction to the computer’s components • Arithmetic Logic Unit – this device performs math as well as logical operations by interpreting and executing instructions
CPU Operations
• Fetching - loading the next program instruction from memory • Decoding - determines the next operation by using registers (temporary storage) to store the instructions and memory location used • Retrieving – loading the necessary data from memory and telling the ALU to execute the required instructions • Storing – placing the results of the computations in a register or in memory
Information Systems Today
A-14
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Central Processing Unit Clock Speed The system clock generate pulses at a rapid rate regulating the speed of the processor. A clock tick is one pulse and the clock speed is measured in hertz (see below) Registers Provide temporary storage where data must reside while it is being processed or manipulated Cache Memory A small block of memory used by the processors to store those instructions most recently or most often. This significantly increases the speed of the processor. Cache memory comes in two types: • Internal – incorporated in the microprocessor’s design • External – is not built into the CPU but is located on the motherboard for easy access Information Systems Today
A-15
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Primary Storage Primary Storage This storage is used for temporary storage to support computer processing and come in RAM and ROM types Random Access Memory (RAM) This is the computer’s main processing storage and consists of several chips containing thousands of electronic circuits etched in silicon mounted on a small circuit board call a single inline memory module (SIMM). RAM has the following characteristics: • Provides temporary storage for computer operation • Stores data programs and data currently in use • CPU can randomly access the data stored in RAM • Instructions are considered volatile and will be lost when the computer is turned off Information Systems Today
A-16
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Primary Storage Read-Only Memory (ROM) This memory exists on a chip on the motherboard and contains information that can be read by the computer but not written to. ROM stores the instructions required to run the computer before the system software takes over Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM or also called Flash Memory) This is a variation of ROM that can be read and repeatedly written to and erased like RAM, but is different in that the information is retained after the power is turned off
Information Systems Today
A-17
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Secondary Storage Secondary Storage This nonvolatile storage is used to permanently store information and is not part of the CPU but is connected through the system bus. It comes in many types Hard Drives These devices use a thin layer of magnetic media on a plastic or steel disk and have a very high storage capacity. Redundant array of independent disks (RAID) is a storage technique using multiple hard disks to secure data against a single device failure or “crash” Diskettes These are portable magnetic media, similar to hard drives, written to by inserting the diskette into a diskette drive. A high-capacity diskette drive system that stores over 100 times a normal diskette is called a ZIP drive Information Systems Today
A-18
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Secondary Storage Optical Disk This technology uses a laser to: write by burning spots into a disk coated with a metallic substance representing a data package; read by interpreting the reflection of the light off the burned in data spots. These disks come in several types: • Magneto-Optical (MO) – this disk contains tiny magnetic crystals allowing the disk to be written to multiple times and is extremely high capacity • Compact Disk (CD) – this technology is standard equipment on PCs and comes in two types: (CD-R) write once; (CD-RW) allows to write multiple times • Digital Video Disk (DVD) – a common storage format used for movies and other video media but can also be used for data storage and holds over 7 times a CD’s capacity Information Systems Today
A-19
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Secondary Storage Magnetic Tape Used for storage of computer information consisting of a narrow tape coated with a magnetic substance, Unlike all other secondary storage mediums, this technology reads and writes data sequentially. Tape is commonly used for backing up data from other secondary storage technologies Secondary Storage – A Comparison
Information Systems Today
A-20
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Processing – Ports and Slots These are devices used to provide hardware interfaces – plugs and sockets - to connect devices to computers and components to provide a fully functional computer
Information Systems Today
A-21
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Output Devices Video A visual display of data that supports motion using a monitor (black and white or color) coming in two types: • Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) – a boxy device…like a television • Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) – a flat screen used in notebooks or as a stand-alone device • Projection – A device that projects a picture onto a screen
CRT
LCD Information Systems Today
A-22
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Output Devices Printers and Plotters A visual display that is presented on hard copy (e.g. paper) • Dot Matrix – older technology using a series of dots to create characters, typically in black and white • Ink-jet – newer technology that sprays ink onto paper in character or image format in color or black-and-white • Laser – a very high-quality technology that uses an electrostatic process that burns ink into characters or images and also comes in black-and-white or color (very expensive)
Information Systems Today
A-23
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Output Devices Audio Audio is transmitted using a sound card connected to speakers that is inserted into one of the motherboard’s slots. The computer translates digits into sound by sending the data to the sound card that interprets these data into tones
Information Systems Today
A-24
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Information System Software and its types
Information Systems Today
A-25
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Classes of Software System Software The collection of programs that control the basic functions of computer hardware Application Software Programs that let the user perform a specific task or operation by interacting with the system software Development Languages and Environments Automated software tools used by system developers to design and implement information systems
Information Systems Today
A-26
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Software – a.k.a. Operating Systems
Information Systems Today
A-27
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Operating System Operating System Manages common tasks for computers including getting input from a device, reading and/or writing data from a storage device, and presenting information to the user Common Functions • Booting or (starting) the computer • Reading programs into memory and managing memory allocation • Managing where programs and files are located in secondary storage • Maintaining the structure of directories and subdirectories • Formatting disks • Controlling the computer monitor • Sending documents to the printer Information Systems Today
A-28
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Operating System
Information Systems Today
A-29
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Common Operating Systems
Information Systems Today
A-30
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Application Software Application Software This software performs specific user functions (e.g. e-mail) Customized Application Software Software that is developed to meet the specification of an organization. This can be developed “in-house” by IS staff or by an outside vendor. Advantages include: • Customizability – tailored to meet specific needs • Problem specificity – pay for only those functions that are developed for and used by the organization
Off-the-Shelf Software Packaged software developed by a vendor for a particular problem or industry but is not specific to an organization. This is a lower cost approach that may be combined with custom development to tailor it Information Systems Today
A-31
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Types of Application Software Types of Application Software Application software come in two types for use by organizations: 1) large business systems and office automation; 2) personal productivity tools Business Systems
Personal Productivity
These large systems support enterprise-wide operations such as:
Used by individuals or groups to support a variety of common tasks such as:
• Accounting -A/P, A/R, general ledger, payroll • Operations - inventory management, order processing, shipping, etc. Information Systems Today
• Communication – e-mail, word processing • Scheduling – group calendars • Analysis - spreadsheets A-32
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Application Software Examples
Information Systems Today
A-33
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Open Source Software Open Source A special class of software that includes operating systems, application software, and programming languages in which the source code (the actual program code) is freely available to the general public for use and/or modification Popular Open Source Applications A number of mainstream open source applications can be found across many organizations. Here are just a few: • Operating systems – Linux • Web browsers – Mozilla • Web servers – Apache • E-mail processing – Sendmail • Internet domain naming service – BIND • Secure connection standard - OpenSSL Information Systems Today
A-34
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Open Source Software Open Source Initiative (OSI) The OSI is a certification process developed by the open source community to ensure that open source software meets a set of standards OSI Standards • The author or holder of the license of the source code (SC) cannot collect royalties on the distribution of the program • The distributed program must make the SC accessible to the user • The author must allow modifications of the work under the program’s original name • No person, group, or field of endeavor can be denied access to the program • The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program’s being part of a particular software distribution Information Systems Today
A-35
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Compilers, Programming Languages Compilers and Interpreters Software designed to translate programming languages into machine code or binary in order to allow the computer to execute the program instructions
Programming Languages Languages used to write program instructions that have evolved from early “machine language” to higher-level languages that are easier to write and understand
Information Systems Today
A-36
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Open Source Software Compilers These highly-specialized software applications are used to convert program instructions (source code) into the machine code (object code) prior to being loaded into a computer’s secondary storage Compiler Example
Information Systems Today
A-37
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Compilers and Interpreters Interpreter These specialized software applications are similar to compilers but instead of translating the source code to machine language prior to loading, it reads, translates, and executes one line of source code at a time during operation Interpreter Example
Information Systems Today
A-38
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
Programming Languages - Generations Programming Languages These languages are used to write program instructions and have evolved over time making them more powerful, easier to read and write, and more natural language-focused Generations of Programming Languages 1940s
1950s
mid 1950s
1st
2nd
3rd
Machine Binary
Symbolic Use of symbols
High-Level Use English like words for procedures
Information Systems Today
A-39
1970s
1990s
4th Outcome Oriented Use outcome focused words
5th Artificial Intelligence Natural language (spoken English) (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Popular Programming Languages
Information Systems Today
A-40
(©2006 Prentice Hall)
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