Water Resources Indicators

Appendix A – page A1

I.

SNAPSHOT INDICATORS

1. This Appendix defines and describes the indicators adopted for the analysis of water sector status. As the water sector is so vast, and as the status assessment needs to cover the whole country of Viet Nam, a comprehensive but focused approach was required to present the status. It was therefore decided to use a set of core indicators – “Snapshot Indicators” - to define water sector status in terms of its key attributes as follows: (i)

Water Resources (13 indicators): quantity, international linkages, dry season effects, water use, water storages and flooded areas.

(ii)

Groundwater (3 indicators): groundwater potential, water use, and groundwater assessment.

(iii)

Social (15 indicators): population, population structure, poverty, ethnicity, employment, water services (clean water, sanitation), and flood impacts.

(iv)

Economic (12 indicators): GDP, economic structure, sector production (industry, agriculture, irrigation, hydropower, navigation) and economic value for water use.

(v)

Environment (15 indicators): forest cover, biodiversity, conservation areas, cultural heritage areas, natural river flows, water quality, and river obstructions.

2. The Indicators generally depict the current position and only a few use future projections. Data for the indicators comes from a wide range of sources and documents but the information provided by the General Office of Statistics formed the basis for core data sets, such as population, area, GDP, etc. Great care has been made to ensure the data are as up to date and accurate as possible. However, it should be appreciated that for the purpose of this review, absolute accuracy is not essential, and achieving this would have required many more months, if not years, of data collection and verification. What is important for this report is that the data illustrates the approximate magnitude of issues and challenges, and the relativity of these between the basins covered by this report. The basins to which this report applies make up more than 91% of the total area of Viet Nam (Map 1). 3. The most important function of the Snapshot Indicators is as a policy tool to assist with the strategic analysis of issues that deserve greater attention within national and provincial water management programs. The indicators also provide a way of identifying those river basins that are at a critical stage with regard to any particular issue. This information is useful in identifying management priorities and may help to guide thinking on what is required to make policy progress. The indicators provide a useful national policymaker’s guide to the status of the water sector and water resource management challenges, highlighting where each particular river basin might benefit from investments of funding and political attention. 4. A more detailed document containing greater explanation of the indicators, the sources of data, and data limitations is available from the project.

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Appendix A – page A2

A.

Surface Water Resources Snapshot 1.

WRI-1: National Water Indicator

5. WRI-1 shows the average annual discharge from each basin as a proportion of the total average annual discharge from all basins in Viet Nam, expressed as a percentage. The total surface water volume available nationally is 829,000 million m3. The Cuu Long dominates this Indicator - nearly 60% of the surface water available nationally occurs in this river. The Red River Basin makes the second largest contribution - 16%. The next largest contribution is from the Dong Nai Basin at 4%. 6. The average annual surface water discharge originating from within Viet Nam is 311,500 million m3, only 37% of the total discharge from all sources. If we only consider this water, then the picture of the contributions from each river basin changes dramatically. The Red – Thai Binh Basin makes up 27% of the total internal water, and the Cuu Long only 8%. The Dong Nai Basin contributes 9% of this water and the other river basins less than this.

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Chart 1.

WRI-1

Chart 2.

WRI-1b

Appendix A – page A3

2.

WRI-2 & WRI-3: International Water Indicators

7. WRI-2 shows WRI-3: International Contribution WRI-2: International Dependency Indicator the proportion of a Indicator basin’s average 0 20 40 60 80 100 100 80 60 40 20 0 annual surface water Bang Giang – Ky Cung Data not available Red - Thai Binh resources that are Ma Ca generated outside of Gianh Thach Han Viet Nam. It indicates Huong Thu Bon & Vu Gia the dependence of Tra Khuc this basin on external Kone Ba water inflows Dong Nai SERC compared to water Se San Sre Pok generated within the Cuu Long Basin. Six Basins % water in basin flowing from other countries % water in basin flowing from Viet Nam to other countries depend on water inflows from other Chart 3. WRI-2 & WRI-3 countries. The Cuu Long has by far the greatest dependency with over 95% of its water generated external to Viet Nam. Nearly 40% of the Red River water originates in China. Almost 17% of the water of the Dong Nai River comes from Cambodia, and 19% of the Bang Giang – Ky Cung from China. These figures demonstrate the importance to Viet Nam of good water management decisions in those countries, and the need for effective cooperation on these shared resources. 8. WRI-3 is the proportion of the total surface water resources of a shared international river basin that comes from a river basin within Viet Nam. It indicates the dependence of other countries on water flows from Viet Nam. Water originating in the Sre Pok and the Se San basins provides significant water flows to Cambodia and then to the Mekong River, which in turn runs to the Cuu Long delta. Nearly 75% of the total discharge in the Se San basin originates in Viet Nam. The corresponding figure for the Sre Pok is about 50%. These figures demonstrate the importance to the lower Mekong countries of good water management decisions in Viet Nam and the need for cooperation for these shared resources. Water from the Bang Giang-Ky Cung basin also flows to China, but there is no data to quantify the discharge from this basin in China. 3.

WRI-4: Dry Season Water Indicator

9. Analysis was undertaken of the average dry season discharge from each basin as a proportion of the total average annual discharge from the basin, expressed as a percentage. Consistent with normal practice in Viet Nam, the length of the dry season was defined as including those months wherein the average discharge for that month was less than the average monthly discharge for all months of the year. Where a major reservoir exists in the basin, flow figures prior to the construction of the reservoir were used to calculate “near natural” dry season discharge. To better reflect the dry season surface water availability situation on the ground, dry season figures have also then been adjusted to recognise the availability of surface water during the dry season from inter-basin transfers and from storages in each basin, and storages under construction that are expected to be in operation by 2010.

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Appendix A – page A4

10. WRI-4 shows the average dry season surface water discharge from a basin (including releases from storages, and any dry season interbasin water transfers) as a percentage of the total annual discharge from the basins, and the number of months typically in the dry Chart 4. WRI-4 season. Most demands for water occur in the dry season. Rainfall varies from season to season in a year, and neither the wet seasons nor the dry seasons occur simultaneously from one part of the country to another. In the north of the country the dry season starts in Nov/Dec and in central and southern Viet Nam it starts later, in January. The dry season ranges in length from 6 to 9 months. This is shown in the central part of the Chart with the basins in central Viet Nam having the longest dry seasons. Six basins receive less that one third of their total yearly surface water flow in the long dry period. The lowest Indicator values are for the Cuu Long (23%), Bang Giang – Ky Cung (26%), the Gianh (29%), and the Sre Pok and Ma (30%). The Se San, Huong, Dong Nai, and Ba have percentages above 40%. The Cuu Long on average receives in each dry season month only 3.2% of the yearly total water (compared to 8% if the water was uniformly distributed to each month of the year). 4.

WRI-5: Annual Water Availability Indicator

11. WRI-5 shows the average annual surface water discharge from a basin divided by the population of that basin. It indicates the relative abundance of surface water resources for the population of the basin. Nationally, and based on the total surface water discharge in Viet Nam, the surface water resources equate Chart 5. WRI-5 to 9,856 m3 per person a year. The international standard for having adequate water per person is 4,000m3 a year, with the possibility remaining of having irregular or local water shortages with annual water

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Appendix A – page A5 availability of between 1,700m3 and 4,000m31. According to this standard, on an average yearly basis the Dong Nai and the SERC basins both run the risk of irregular or local water shortages at current population levels. The Ma and Kone basins are approaching this level. This position will further deteriorate as populations grow. For example, based on current population growth rates, the water availability in the Dong Nai basin will reduce to less than 1,700 m3 of water per person a year by 2025. By comparison the water resources of Lao PDR, Cambodia, Thailand and China are 63,180, 36,330, 6,530 and 2,260 m3 of water per person a year respectively.2 5.

WRI-6: Dry Season Water Availability Indicator

12. WRI-6 shows the dry season surface water discharge of a basin divided by the population of that basin. This indicator shows that, at current levels of development and in the dry season, many river basins across the country are likely to experience irregular or local water Chart 6. WRI-6 shortages. Note that the water available in the dry season is the natural runoff in the basin adjusted for water diversions to and from the basin, and including water from the reservoirs in the basin. During the dry season four basins have adequate water to support their communities (Cuu Long, Se San, Thu Bon & Vu Gia and Gianh), and, based on the standard, another two (the Huong and Ba basins) are unlikely to experience water shortages. In the remaining basins, all but the SERC and Dong Nai basins could have irregular or local water shortages. In the SERC and Dong Nai basins, however, according to the standard, water shortages are likely to be more regular and severe. With significant population growth forecast for most basins, particularly for the Dong Nai and SERC, dry season water availability is becoming an increasingly critical issue in many parts of Viet Nam.

1

Based on the Falkenmark Water Stress Indicators

2

These figures include both surface water and groundwater resources. Sources: FAO: Review of World Water Resources by Country, 2003

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Appendix A – page A6

6.

WRI-7: Annual Water Exploitation Indicator

% of average annual flow extracted

13. WRI-7 is the WRI-7a: Annual Water Exploitation Indicator total estimated 30.00 Moderate annual water water 25.00 demand in a river stress 20.00 basin divided by the total average 15.00 Low annual surface 10.00 Water water discharge stress 5.00 (including any inter0.00 basin transfers). Ca Gianh Thach Huong Thu Tra Kone Ba Dong SERC Se San Sre Cuu Bang Red - Ma The indicator Han Bon Khuc Giang Thai Nai Pok Long & Vu – Ky Binh combines Gia Cung information about water demands and Chart 7. WRI-7 water availability, and shows the intensity of use of surface water resources. The international standard for water exploitation stress is that moderate stress begins at an indicator value of 20%, and high water stress is felt for indicator values above 40%. Chart 7 shows that the Ma, Huong and the SERC are in the moderate stress range, and the Dong Nai is nearing this range. On an annual basis, all other rivers are at low stress levels. Nationally, water demands are almost 10% of the total average annual surface water discharge. Note that direct measurements of water use are generally not made, so the figures used are water demand estimates. 14. However, consideration of yearly averages hides the dry season situation. Estimates of dry season water demands have been made assuming that all irrigation and aquaculture demands are in the dry season and that the other demands are generally uniform per month. These dry season water demands were Chart 8. WRI-7 for Dry season including water in storages compared in each and dry season inter-basin transfers basin to the dry season river flows adjusted for diversions to and from the basin, and with the active storage volumes added in. This assumes that water is stored in the wet season, and then released during the dry season to satisfy demands. The results show that nationally, about 34% of the dry season flow is extracted, placing Viet Nam overall well into the moderate stress range. Basin indicator values show that five basins are in the high stress range (in the red zone) with the Ma the highest (79%) and SERC next (75%). This means that in the dry season three quarters of the total available water in these basins is required to meet demands for water. The Huong, Ba and Dong Nai also have high stress levels, and the Red – Thai Binh has almost reached the high stress range. These 6 basins need urgent attention

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Appendix A – page A7

in terms of sharing access to water and ensuring river health is actively managed. It is generally unsustainable for extraction levels to continue at such a high level during the dry season. In contrast, four basins have indicator values showing that they remain at low stress in the dry season, suggesting room for additional exploitation without putting stress on river health. 7.

WRI-8: Water Exploitation per Capita Indicator

15. WRI-8 is the estimated yearly total water use divided by the population, and indicates the average total water use per person in each basin. The water use for all basins per person is 985 m3 a year. Water use in the Cuu Long is over twice the national average, and the Ma, Huong, and Ba also exceed the national average. All other basins are less than the average with the Gianh at only 15% of the average, and another four basins are at less than half of the average. 8.

Chart 9.

WRI-8

WRI-9: Sector Water Use Indicator

16. WRI-9 is the WRI-9: Sector Water Use Indicator water use in the basin by % 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 sub-sector - it identifies Bang Giang – Ky Cung 84 8 5 3 the major extractive Red - Thai Binh 83 4 4 9 Ma uses of water in the 88 22 8 Ca 81 14 1 5 basin. Accurate data Gianh 67 9 11 13 Thach Han 71 5 14 9 and information on water Huong 88 7 1 4 Thu Bon & Vu Gia use in Viet Nam is not 82 3 8 7 Tra Khuc 94 11 4 available, except for the Kone 93 3 22 Ba 96 12 2 urban sub-sector where Dong Nai 72 8 6 14 most use is metered. SERC 58 5 26 11 Se San 84 4 6 6 The indicator values are Sre Pok 87 7 2 5 Cuu Long 81 16 11 therefore based on best available estimates. Irrigation Industry Cities, towns,villages Aquaculture Nationally, over 80% of total water use is for Chart 10. WRI-9 irrigation, 11% is for aquaculture, 5% for industry, and 3% for urban areas. In three basins, irrigation comprises over 90% of water use - 96% in the Ba. In only four basins does irrigation account for less than 80% of water use. In the Dong Nai and the SERC basins irrigation makes up a far smaller portion. Industry makes up 14% of total water use and in the Dong Nai and 11% in the SERC (including Ba Ria - Vung Tau). Water use for aquaculture makes up a surprisingly high proportion - up to 16% in the Cuu Long, and more than 26% in the SERC.

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Appendix A – page A8

WRI-10: Water Storage Indicator

17. WRI-10 is the total active reservoir volume of the basin as a proportion of total (T) volume of reservoir storage across the country, and the total basin active reservoir volume of the basin as a proportion of the basin average annual discharge (including interbasin transfers) (B). It indicates the national significance of storage in the basin, and the proportion of surface water flows in a basin that can be controlled by infrastructure. The total reservoir storage volume in Viet Nam is about 37,000 million m3 (or about 4.5% of the total average annual surface water discharge). Of this, over 45% is located in the Red – Thai Binh basin. The Dong Nai has almost 22% of the total storage and the total storage and the Ca, Ba, and Se San between 5% and 7% each. The other basins have only a small proportion of the total reservoir storage.

WRI-10a: Water Storage Indicator [Total] (Basin active storage as % total country active storage)

Sre Pok , 1.4

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Other, 0.5 Bang Giang – Ky Cung, 0.2

Se San, 6.6

Dong Nai , 21.5 Red - Thai Binh, 45.0

Ba, 5.3

Kone , 1.2 Tra Khuc, 0.2 Thu Bon & Vu Gia, 3.8 Huong, 3.4

Ca, 5.8

Thach Han, 0.8

Gianh, 0.4

Chart 11.

Ma, 3.4

WRI-10 T

WRI-10b: Water Active Storage Indicator [Basin] 25

23 20

20

20

18

15

12

National = 4.5%

9

10

7

6

18. In the Dong Nai basin, the active storage volume is 23% of the total average annual discharge. This high indicator value means that river flows are already highly controlled by dams. In all other basins indicator values are less that 20% - 12 basins are below 10%.

Cuu Long , 0.0

SERC , 0.7

Percent

9.

7

6

5 2

1

2

4

1

0

1

0 Bang Red Giang Thai – Ky Binh Cung

Ma

Ca

Gianh Thach Huong Thu Tra Kone Han Bon Khuc & Vu Gia

Ba

Dong SERC Se San Sre Nai Pok

Active storage as a proportion of average annual basin discharge

Chart 12.

WRI-10 B

Cuu other Long

Appendix A – page A9

10.

WRI-11: Basin Diversion Indicator

19. WRI-11 is the water diverted to or from a river basin as a proportion of the average annual basin discharge of the donor or receiver basin. Only three basins divert water to other basins – the Ba (where 3.1% of the available water is diverted), the Dong Nai (2.3%) and the Se San (2.9%). Three basins receive water and have an increase in their available water because of this – the Tra Khuc (3.9%), the Kone (4.5%) and the SERC (8.7%). 11.

WRI-11: Inter-basin Diversion Indicator 0.0

%

2.0

Bang Giang – Ky Cung Red - Thai Binh Ma Ca Gianh Thach Han Huong Thu Bon & Vu Gia Tra Khuc Kone Ba Dong Nai SERC Se San Sre Pok Cuu Long

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

3.9 4.5 3.1 2.3 8.7 2.9

% Average annual discharge increase from diversions in

% Average annual discharge diverted out

Chart 13. WRI-11

WRI-12: Flood and Hydropower Storage Indicator

20. WRI-12 is the proportion of total reservoir active storage volumes in a basin (at 2010) used for flood mitigation, and for hydropower generation. Only three river basins have reservoirs with a flood mitigation component - the Red – Thai Binh, the Ma, and the Huong basins. In the Red Thai Binh basin, storages have a total volume of 16,733 million m3, and 38% of this is used for flood retention, and 93% for hydropower generation. There is sufficient flood storage to mitigate the 1 in 125 year flood at Son Tay, and achieve a maximum water level at Hanoi of 13.3m (using the new datum). The corresponding figures for the Ma basin are 1,255 million m3, 24% and 69%, and for the Huong basin are 1,258 million m3, 59% and 0%.

WRI-12: Flood and Hydropower storage indicator

Percent active storage

Proportion of active storage for hydropower and flood control 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

93

90 69

89

84

67 59

57 49

48

38 24 11 01 Bang Red Giang Thai – Ky Binh Cung

0 Ma

Ca

00

0

0

0

00

0

Tra Kone Gianh Thach Huong Thu Han Bon & Khuc Vu Gia

Flood control

Ba

Hydropower

Chart 13b. WRI-12

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0

0 Dong Nai

00

0

0

SERC Se San Sre Pok

NA Cuu Long

Appendix A – page A10

12.

WRI-13: Flood Crop Damage Indicator

Percent

21. WRI-13 is the average WRI-13: Flood Crop Damage Indicator annual planted area of paddy 20 18 17 18 field damaged by flood (ha) 16 16 16 16 14 compared to the total average 14 13 annual planted area of paddy 12 10 10 9 10 field in the river basin (ha). An 8 7 indicator was originally sought 5 6 4 to assess the proportion of the 3 4 2 2 2 basin area that is inundated by 0 floods of varying magnitudes Bang Red - Ma Tra Kone Ba Dong SERC Se San Sre Cuu Ca Gianh Thach Huong Thu Giang Thai Nai Pok Long Han Bon & Khuc (for example 1 in 10 year and – Ky Binh Vu Gia Cung 1 in 100 year flood events). Average annual planted area of paddy damaged by flood/total average annual However, data on the extent of planted area of paddy (1997-2004) floodplain inundation under Chart 14. WRI-13 these flooding scenarios was not available. Therefore, the ratio of rice areas lost to flooding compared to the total rice area was adopted as a surrogate. This indicator shows that the central region of the country has the greatest proportion of paddy in the basins seriously damaged by land flooding, with the most affected being the Thach Han (almost 18%) and the Tra Khuc (17%). B.

Groundwater Snapshot

22. Groundwater aquifers do not always physically align themselves with river basins, and although the geological structures within which groundwater occurs are known, a detailed delineation of aquifers has not been undertaken. Information on groundwater occurrence and use in Viet Nam is generally compiled on economic regions as follows: North-East, North-West, Red River Delta, North Central Coast, South Central Coast, Central Highlands, South-East and the Mekong River Delta. 1.

GWI-1: National Groundwater Indicator

23. GWI-1 is the GWI-1: National Groundwater Indicator proportion of the total (% of country groundwater potential) national groundwater Mekong River potential (estimated to Delta, 2 North-west, 16 South-East, 9 be almost 63,000 million 3 m per year) in each region. For the purpose Central Highlands, 20 of the project, North-east, 25 ‘groundwater potential’ is the dynamic reserve (or recharge) to the nation’s South Central Coast, 11 aquifers. It does not Red River Delta, 4 include any groundwater North Central storage component Coast, 14 which, if extracted, Chart 15. GWI-1 would result in the unsustainable mining of groundwater over time. The distribution of groundwater potential on a per capita basis ranges from 3,770 m3/pers/year in the North-West, to as low as 84 m3/pers/year in the Mekong Delta. Note, however, that although there appear to be large volumes of

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Appendix A – page A11

groundwater available in some areas, in particular the North-West and North-East, the geological nature of the aquifers may be such that groundwater yields from bores and wells are generally small, making these areas less suitable for extractions if high yields are required. 2.

GWI-2: Groundwater Assessment Indicator

Percentage

24. GWI-2 is the GWI-2: Groundwater Assessment Indicator proportion of the % of GW potential studied with different levels of confidence 18 estimated groundwater 16 potential of a region for 14 12 which more detailed 10 assessments have 8 been undertaken. 6 4 Class A is most 2 detailed and fully 0 North-west North-east Red River North Central South Central Central South-East Mekong River surveyed reserve in Delta Coast Coast Highlands Delta terms of quantity and A - high confidence B - moderate confidence C1 - lower confidence quality and has the highest accuracy. It is Chart 16. GW-2 generally based on detailed mapping, observation wells and pumping tests. It can be used for technical design for construction and exploitation of groundwater. Class B is the reserve derived from detailed survey and mapping, and pumping tests. This assessment level allows preliminary design of groundwater exploitation. Class C1 reserve is based on large scale mapping and short pumping tests only, and is used as the basis for planning groundwater use. Class C2 reserve (the least accurate estimation) is generally estimated from large scale mapping, contributions to surface water and rainfall. It mainly provides a basis for further detailed determination of groundwater potential or reserves. The snapshot only provides information for Classes A, B and C1. It shows that only a very small proportion of the country’s groundwater resources have been assessed in any detail. Only in the Red River and Mekong deltas have there been any substantial assessments, and even in these regions the proportions are low – 16% Class A, 10% Class B, and 16% Class C1 in the Red River delta, and in the Mekong delta less than 1% Class A, just over 2% Class B, and 6% Class C1 assessments. 3.

GWI-3: Groundwater Use Indicator

25. GWI-3 is the use of groundwater in each region as a proportion of the groundwater potential in the region, and as a proportion of the total country groundwater use. Most groundwater extraction in Viet Nam occurs from the higher yielding alluvial and basalt aquifers, which

GWI-3: Groundwater Use Indicator

% 35

29

30

27 24

25 19

20

19 17

15 11 9

10

7 3

5 1

4

2

2

0

North-west North-east

Red River Delta

North South Central Central Coast Coast use as % groundwater potential in region

Chart 17.

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11

9

Central Highlands

South-East

Use as % total country use

GWI-3

Mekong River Delta

Appendix A – page A12

also correspond to the large demands for domestic and industrial uses in and around Hanoi and HCMC, and significant irrigation of trees (mostly coffee) in the South Central Coast and Central Highlands. In the Red River Delta area, about 29% of the groundwater potential is used, which represents about 19% of the total use nationally. The corresponding figures for the Mekong Delta are 27% and 11%. In the South-East, use is 24% of the region’s groundwater potential. C.

Social Development Snapshot

26. The Social Development Snapshot seeks to show the relationship between the social conditions in Viet Nam and river basins, and the provision of basin water services to people. It also shows the impacts of extreme water events on communities. 1.

SDI-1: National Population Indicator

27. SDI-1 is the proportion of the national population that lives in each river basin. About a third of the total population of more than 84 million lives in the Red - Thai Binh basin, mostly in and around Hanoi. Nearly 21% of people live in the Cuu Long and 15% in the Dong Nai. The remaining 31% are spread over the rest of the country with the Ma and Ca having around 5% each of the national population.

SDI-1: National Population Indicator Other, 2.3

Bang Giang – Ky Cung, 1.6

Cuu Long , 20.6 Red - Thai Binh, 32.9 Sre Pok , 2.6 Se San, 0.9 SERC , 4.2 Ma, 5.2

Dong Nai , 15.2

Ca, 4.6 Gianh, 0.7

Ba, 1.8 Kone , 1.9 Tra Khuc, 1.5

Thu Bon & Vu Gia, 2.1

Chart 18. 2.

Thach Han, 0.7 Huong, 1.4

SDI-1

SDI-2: Population Growth Indicator

Percent per year

28. SDI-2 is the SDI-2: Population Growth Indicator average annual 3.0 2.7 population growth in 2.4 2.5 each basin from 2001 to 2006. The Se San 1.8 2.0 1.6 and the Dong Nai 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 basins have the fastest 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.8 growing populations (around 2.5% a year), 0.5 with the Ba and SERC 0.0 next. The higher Bang Red - Ma Ca Gianh Thach Huong Thu Tra Kone Ba Dong SERC Se San Sre Cuu Giang Thai Han Bon & Khuc Nai Pok Long population growth in – Ky Binh Vu Gia the Se San may reflect Cung migration of workers to coffee growing areas, Chart 19. SDI-2 and in the Ba, migration of workers to mining areas. Likewise, the higher population growth in the Dong Nai reflects migration of workers to industrial areas. Most basins have a population growth rate of between 1% and 1.5% a year.

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Appendix A – page A13

3.

SDI-3: Population Density Indicator

People per square kilometer

29. SDI-3 is the SDI-3: Populaton Density Indicator population density of 500 466 National 430 450 a river basin. This population 400 369 density gives some indication 345 350 319 of the pressure that 300 250 247 245 the basin population 250 190 178 173 200 puts on land, water 132 150 119 119 107 and other resources. 100 64 The Cuu Long has 50 the greatest 0 Bang Red - Ma Ca Gianh Thach Huong Thu Tra Kone Ba Dong SERC Se San Sre Cuu population density, Giang Thai Han Bon & Khuc Nai Pok Long 466 people per – Ky Binh Vu Gia Cung square kilometre, significantly more Chart 20. SDI-3 than the national average of 254 persons per km2. Indicator values for the Red-Thai Binh, Huong, Kone and the Dong Nai basins are also all above the national average. The mountainous basins and those without a major coastal area have a much lower population density. 4.

SDI-4: Rural Urban Indicator

30. SDI-4 is the proportion SDI-4: Rural Urban Indicator of people of a river basin that Urban population Rural population live in the rural and urban Bang Giang – Ky… 17 83 areas. Populations in all basins Red - Thai Binh 21 79 Ma 11 90 are predominantly rural. The Ca 11 89 only exception to this is the Gianh 14 86 Dong Nai basin, where more Thach Han 25 76 than 55% of the population is Huong 32 69 Thu Bon & Vu Gia 29 71 urban. Other basins with Tra Khuc 14 86 significant urban population Kone 25 75 include the basins of the SERC Ba 25 75 (about 40%), and the Huong Dong Nai 55 45 SERC 39 61 and Se San (both more than Se San 31 69 30%). Urban areas require Sre Pok 20 80 intensive water services such Cuu Long 21 79 as water supply, sanitation, Percent drainage and protection from Chart 21. SDI-4 flooding. Half the river basins have a rural population of about 80% or more of the total population, indicating difficulties in providing basic water services such as water supply and sanitation.

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Appendix A – page A14

SDI-5: Ethnic Minority Indicator

31. SDI-5 is the proportion of the total population in each river basin that is ethnic minority people. 97% of the population of the Bang Giang - Ky Cung and the Se San basins are of an ethnic minority group suggesting that these basins may need special consideration for provision of water

SDI-5: Ethnic Minority Indicator 100

97

97

90 80 70

Percent

5.

60 50 40

33 26

30 20

15

10

10

26

20 9

9

24 14

4

7

2

7

0 Bang Red Giang Thai – Ky Binh Cung

Ma

Ca

Gianh Thach Huong Thu Tra Kone Han Bon & Khuc Vu Gia

Chart 22.

Ba

Dong SERC Se San Sre Nai Pok

Cuu Long

SDI-5

services. A more typical percentage is between 10% and 25%. 6.

SDI-6: Poverty Indicator

32. SDI-6 shows the SDI-6: Poverty Indicator number of people and the 0 20 40 60 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 percentage of households in 40 Bang Giang – Ky … 532 21 Red - Thai Binh 6,509 the basin community 48 Ma 2,771 41 assessed as living in poverty. Ca 675 39 Gianh 373 In terms of the number of 29 Thach Han 196 23 Huong 255 people living in poverty, the 28 Thu Bon & Vu Gia 559 38 Tra Khuc Red-Thai Binh, the Ma and 524 20 Kone 327 the Cuu Long have by far the Ba 29 514 Dong Nai 10 1,289 greatest numbers compared SERC 471 15 Se San to other basins, and together 646 41 Sre Pok 713 38 represent almost 65% of the Cuu Long 3,408 19 total poverty affected people. Percentage of households Number of people ('000) When the percentage of households in a basin is Chart 23. SDI-6 considered, the Ma has the greatest proportion of households that are poverty affected (48%). The Ca, Se San, Bang Giang – Ky Cung, Gianh, Sre Pok, and Tra Khuc all have more than 35% of households assessed as living in poverty. 7.

SDI-7: Ethnic Poverty Indicator (not available)

33. There was an intention to include SDI-7, being the percentage of people assessed as living in poverty who are of ethnic origin. However there was not sufficient information to compile this indicator.

EEW702-SCR-RPT-001-Rev. 0 29 April 2008

Appendix A – page A15

8.

SDI-8: Employment Indicator

34. SDI-8 is the percentage of people employed in the agricultural (A), industry (I) and services (S) sectors. Seven basins have at least 70% of people working in the agricultural sector. Four basins have less that 50% of employment in that sector (Huong, Thu Bon & Vu Gia, Dong Nai, and the SERC). These basins have a much greater percentage of people working in the industrial sector (typically around 20% or more) and the services sector (typically around 30% or more).

SDI-8: Employment Indicator %

0

20

40

Bang Giang – Ky …

60

100

82

Red - Thai Binh

5

71

Ma

17

8

73

Gianh Huong

29

26 45

42

19

36

61

Kone

12

56

Ba

27

21

23

70

Dong Nai

46

SERC

46

11

19

21

33

20

Se San

14

11

32

Tra Khuc

16

14

60

Thu Bon & Vu Gia

13

11

73

Thach Han

14

13 79

Ca

34

68

Sre Pok

8 76

Cuu Long

24

6

57

14

Agriculture (A)

Chart 24.

Industry (I)

18 28

Services (S)

SDI-8

SDI-9: Unemployment Indicator

35. SDI-9 is the percentage of people unemployed in each river basin. Five basins have more than 4% unemployment – SERC (6.8%), Gianh (5.9%), Thu Bon & Vu Gia (4.7%) Dong Nai (4.3%) and the Cuu Long (4.4%).

SDI-9: Unemployment Indicator 8 6.8

7

Percentage of population

9.

80

5.9

6

4.7

5 3.6

4

3.9

2.7

3 2.0 2

2.0

2.0

1.9

1.9

2.2

1.4

1 0 Bang Red Giang – Thai Binh Ky Cung

Ma

Ca

Tra Kone Gianh Thach Huong Thu Han Bon & Khuc Vu Gia

Chart 25.

EEW702-SCR-RPT-001-Rev. 0 29 April 2008

4.4

4.3

3.8

Ba

SDI-9

Dong Nai

SERC Se San Sre Pok Cuu Long

Appendix A – page A16

10.

SDI-10: Urban Clean Water Indicator

36. SDI-10 is the SDI-10: Urban Clean Water Indicator proportion of people % 0 20 40 60 80 0 10 20 30 with access to clean Bang Giang – Ky … 49 10 water according to Red - Thai Binh 58 18 the Ministry of Health Ma 62 25 standard in urban Ca 58 16 Gianh 53 19 areas under direct Thach Han 60 12 control of the central Huong 70 28 or provincial Thu Bon & Vu Gia 60 17 governments, and in Tra Khuc 55 14 Kone 60 21 district level urban Ba 58 18 areas. The basin Dong Nai 62 22 with the greatest SERC 69 22 Se San 56 access to clean 16 Sre Pok 58 22 water is the Huong Cuu Long 63 21 with 70% in the Urban areas controlled by central District level urban areas urban areas under or provincial governments direct control of the Chart 26. SDI-10 central or provincial governments, and 28% in district level urban areas. In contrast, in the Bang Giang - Ky Cung, less than half the people in the provincial urban areas, and only 10% in the district level urban areas, have access to clean water. In urban areas under direct control of the central or provincial governments, most basins have an indicator value of around 50% to 60%, and at the district level between 15% and 22%. 11.

SDI-11: Rural Clean Water Indicator

37. SDI-11 is the proportion of people in rural areas with access to clean water in their home and at a public facility. These indicator values are much less than those at SDI-10. Typically, using the Ministry of Health standard, 25% to 30% of rural people have clean water available in their homes, and up to an additional 2% of people have access to a public facility. The indicator values are fairly uniform across the basins.

EEW702-SCR-RPT-001-Rev. 0 29 April 2008

SDI-11: Rural Clean Water Indicatior

0 Bang Giang – Ky Cung Red - Thai Binh Ma Ca Gianh Thach Han Huong Thu Bon & Vu Gia Tra Khuc Kone Ba Dong Nai SERC Se San Sre Pok Cuu Long

10

20

40 0

30

2

4

8

2.1

27 31 30 31 31 29 24 29 26 31 28 30 29

1.1 0.85 2 0.6 0 0.1 0.6 1.05 1.3 1.1 2.9 7 0.1

24

2.7

26 31

0.4

% Home access

Chart 27.

6

% Public access

SDI-11

Appendix A – page A17

12.

SDI-12: Urban Sanitation Indicator

38. SDI-12 is the proportion of urban households with access to sanitation (a hygienic latrine). Note that these figures do not mean that the sewerage is taken away or treated – see Environmental Indicator EVI-12. In urban areas under direct control of the central or provincial governments, sanitation services are provided to 98% or 99% of households, a very high indicator value which is uniform across the country. At the district level, 70% to 90% of households have access to a sanitary latrine in the home. An additional 1% or 2% have access to public facilities. Again, the indicator values are fairly uniform across the country.

SDI-12: Urban Sanitation Indicator 0

50

100

Bang Giang – Ky …

90

Red - Thai Binh

85

Ma

80

Ca

81

Gianh

81

Thach Han

74

Huong

82

Thu Bon & Vu Gia

79

Tra Khuc

70

Kone

75

Ba

71

Dong Nai

76

SERC

74

Se San

71

Sre Pok

72

Cuu Long

71

% Access at district level

Chart 28. 13.

SDI-12

SDI-13: Rural Sanitation Indicator

39. SDI-13 is the proportion of people with access to sanitation in rural areas, both in the home and with public access. The Bang Giang - Ky Cung basin had by far the lowest indicator value at only 6%, way below the other basins. Most basins have an indicator value of between 30% and 45% - the Ca the highest at 50%. 3.6% of rural people have public access to sanitation in the Gianh basin, compared with less than 1% in most basins.

EEW702-SCR-RPT-001-Rev. 0 29 April 2008

SDI-13: Rural Sanitation Indicator 0 Bang Giang – Ky Cung

20

60 0.0

40

6

Red - Thai Binh

0.3

44

Ca

0.5

50

Gianh

3.6

45

Thach Han

0.0

40

Huong

45

Thu Bon & Vu Gia

0.0 0.0

41

0.0

30

2.1

Kone

32

Ba

32

0.1

Dong Nai

2.1

47

SERC Se San

4.0

0.1

36

Ma

Tra Khuc

2.0

0.0

0.2

44

0.0

29

Sre Pok

35

Cuu Long

35

1.8 0.5

% Public access

% Home access

Chart 29.

SDI-13

Appendix A – page A18

14.

SDI-14: Human Life Disaster Indicator

40. SDI-14 is the average number of disaster related deaths per year per million people in each basin, over the period 1997 to 2006. Disaster related deaths include deaths from all disasters. The majority of these are associated with typhoons, and the flooding and storm surges associated with these. The Huong River has by far the largest indicator value with 36 people per million residents killed on average each year. The next three most affected basins are the Tra Khuc (24), the Thu Bon & Vu Gia (23) and the Kone (22). These are the main rivers in the central parts of Viet Nam which are regularly hit each year by numerous typhoons and associated rain, and other heavy rainfall events. The SERC and Thach Han also have relatively high indicator values, each averaging 15 people per million per year. 15.

SDI-14: Disaster Human Life Indicator 0.0

10.0

Bang Giang – Ky …

20.0

30.0

40.0

4.6

Red - Thai Binh

2.1

Ma

0.8

Ca

6.2

Gianh

12.5

Thach Han

15.0

Huong

36.3

Thu Bon & Vu Gia

22.5

Tra Khuc

23.9

Kone

22.2

Ba

6.9

Dong Nai

2.0

SERC

15.4

Se San

3.4

Sre Pok

3.4

Cuu Long

8.5

Average Number killed per year per million people (1997-2006)

Chart 30.

SDI-14

SDI-15: Disaster Cost Indicator

41. SDI-15 is the average yearly cost of natural disasters in each basin for the 10 years 1997 to 2006, expressed as a percentage of the basin GDP. Indicator values are high in central Viet Nam river basins, particularly the Thach Han with average yearly costs of the basin 8.4% of the basin GDP, the Thu Bon & Vu Gia (6.9%) and the Huong (6.0%). These losses are not much less than the annual growth rates in GDP for these basins. Most of the other basins, except the Bang Giang - Ky Cung, Red-Thai Binh and Dong Nai, experience losses around 0.4% to 1.6% of GDP.

SDI-15: Disaster Cost Indicator 0

2

Bang Giang – Ky …

0.26

Red - Thai Binh

0.15

Ma

4

6

8

0.49

Ca

0.89

Gianh

1.28

Thach Han

8.37

Huong

5.96

Thu Bon & Vu Gia

6.86

Tra Khuc

1.23

Kone

0.95

Ba

1.59

Dong Nai

0.08

SERC

0.4

Se San

0.7

Sre Pok

0.6

Cuu Long

10

1.14

Average annual cost of disaster damage as % GDP (1997-2006)

Chart 31.

EEW702-SCR-RPT-001-Rev. 0 29 April 2008

SDI-15

Appendix A – page A19

D.

Economic Snapshot

42. The Economic Snapshot seeks to show the economic conditions in the river basins of Viet Nam. The indicators focus on the overall economic performance, economic structure, and productivity from water and its uses. 1.

EDI-1(a): National GDP Indicator

43. EDI-1(a) shows the proportion of the national GDP3 that is generated in each basin. Three river basins account for over 70% of Viet Nam’s GDP (using a standardised 1994 baseline) and form the economic hub of the nation - the Red-Thai Binh (25%), the Cuu Long (17%), and the Dong Nai (28%). The SERC accounts for about 11% of national GDP, while all other river basins each account for less than 3% of GDP. Seven basins each contribute less than 1% of national GDP. 2.

Other, 4%

Bang Giang – Ky Cung, <1%

EDI-1: National GDP Indicator (1994 baseline, % total)

Cuu Long , 17% Sre Pok , 2% Se San, <1%

Red - Thai Binh, 25% Ma, 3%

SERC , 11%

Ca, 3% Gianh, <1% Thach Han, Huong, <1%

Dong Nai , 28%

<1% Kone , 1% Ba, <1%

Chart 32.

Tra Khuc, <1%

Thu Bon & Vu Gia, 1%

EDI-1

EDI-1(b): GDP per Capita Indicator

44. EDI-1(b) shows the 2005 GDP of each basin in millions of VND per person. The SERC has by far the highest indicator value (over 40 million VND per person), which in turn is dominated by the economic activities in Ba. Ria – Vung Tau4.

3

Chart 33.

EDI-3

Some economic activities and transactions are not confined to a basin or province. Highly centralised corporations (e.g. telecommunication, electricity) are typical examples. There are a number of complexities associated with these and the data collection and reporting at a provincial level of the associated productivity. As those corporations are headquartered in Hanoi, their production values are in some instances recorded in Hanoi or at a national level. As a result, it makes difficult to see the true picture of the development status of river basins, and indeed at the provincial level. 4 With Ba Ria-Vung Tau removed, the SERC GDP per capita falls dramatically to just over 10 million VND per person.

EEW702-SCR-RPT-001-Rev. 0 29 April 2008

Appendix A – page A20

Only this basin and the Dong Nai (nearly 20 million VND per person), have indicator values greater than that considered low by international standards (equivalent to 12 million VND a person)5. The indicator values for the other basins are around 5 million VND per person. EDI-2: GDP Growth Indicator

45. EDI-2 is the average yearly GDP growth over the last 5 years, expressed as a percentage. The GDP growth rate is remarkably consistent across the basins, ranging from a low of almost 9% a year for the Thach Han basin, to a high of over 13% a year for the Dong Nai. 4.

EDI-2: GDP Growth Indicator

16

13

14

Percent growth per year

3.

12 12

12 10

10

10

12

11 10 9

10 9

12 11

10

8 6 4 2 -

Bang Red Giang – Thai Ky Cung Binh

Ma

Ca

Tra Kone Gianh Thach Huong Thu Han Bon & Khuc Vu Gia

Chart 34.

Ba

Dong Nai

SERC Se San Sre Pok Cuu Long

EDI-2

EDI-3: Economic Structure Indicator

46. EDI-3 is the percentage EDI-3: Economic Structure Indicator contribution to basin GDP of the 20 40 60 80 100 agriculture (A), industry (I) and services (S) sectors. Agriculture Bang Giang – Ky Cung 39 42 19 Red - Thai Binh 39 24 37 is the dominant sector in the Ma 33 35 32 Sre Pok (53%), Se San (50%), Ca 36 38 26 Cuu Long (46%), Ba (45%), Gianh 38 30 32 Bang Giang – Ky Cung (42%), Thach Han 40 37 24 Huong 44 21 35 and the Kone (38%). The SERC Thu Bon & Vu Gia 38 25 37 has an agricultural indicator Tra Khuc 38 34 28 value of only 8%, and the Dong Kone 34 38 28 Ba 32 45 24 Nai 11%. The industry sector is Dong Nai 43 11 46 dominant in the SERC (a SERC 19 8 73 massive 73%) and the Dong Nai Se San 31 50 19 (46%). The industry sector Sre Pok 29 53 18 Cuu Long 31 46 23 provides a lesser contribution to GDP in the Se San (19%), the % Agriculture (A) % Industry (I) % Service (S) Sre Pok (18%) and the Bang Giang – Ky Cung (19%). The Chart 35. EDI-3 GDP contribution from the services sector is fairly constant at about 30% to 40%, and is lowest in the SERC (19%).

5

World Development Report, World Bank, 2000

EEW702-SCR-RPT-001-Rev. 0 29 April 2008

11

9

Appendix A – page A21

5.

EDI-4: Industry Production Indicator

'000 VND per cubic meter of water used

47. EDI-4 shows EDI-4: Industry Production Indicator the value of industrial 500 441 450 production per unit of 393 400 water used for 351 350 industrial activities (in 300 250 thousands of VND per 206 200 3 200 171 167 151 m of water used). 129 128 150 110 109 104 95 This indicator is limited 76 100 62 50 by the difficulty in 0 obtaining accurate Bang Red Ma Ca Gianh Thach Huong Thu Bon Tra Kone Ba Dong SERC Se San Sre Pok Cuu Giang – Thai Han & Vu Khuc Nai Long data on industrial water Ky Cung Binh Gia use, which is extracted Chart 36. EDI-4 from both surface water and groundwater. The SERC (441,000 VND/m3 of water use), Dong Nai (393,000 VND/m3), and the Tra Khuc (351,000 VND/m3) have significantly greater economic returns from industrial production per unit of water input compared to the other basins. A high indicator value may, but does not necessarily, reflect more efficient use of water, which is highly dependent on the industry type, the value of outputs, and an industry’s water use. The lowest indicator value was for the Thach Han basin at 62,000 VND/m3 of industrial water use, which still however represents returns that are significantly higher than the returns for water use from other water uses (e.g. irrigation). 6.

EDI-5: Craft Village Production Indicator

48. There was an intention to include EDI-5, the craft village production indicator, being the value of craft village production per unit of water used for craft village activities. Unfortunately, there was insufficient data to compile this indicator. 7.

EDI-6: Agricultural Indicator

49. There was an intention to include EDI-6, the agricultural indicator, being the proportion of total agricultural production value from the major agricultural sub-sectors of irrigation (Ir), farming (F), livestock (L) and aquaculture (Aq). It was to indicate the significance of the various agricultural sub-sectors within the basin for economic production. Unfortunately, there was insufficient data to compile this indicator. EDI-7: Irrigation Production Indicator

50. EDI-7 shows the value of irrigation production per unit of water used for irrigation activities (in thousands of VND per m3 of water used). Note that the water used includes both surface water and groundwater. A high production

EEW702-SCR-RPT-001-Rev. 0 29 April 2008

EDI-7: Irrigation Production Indicator

16.0

'000 VND per cubic meter of water used

8.

14.1

13.5

14.0 12.0 10.0

9.2 8.1

8.0

6.9 5.9

6.0 4.0

4.6 2.9

2.5 1.4

2.0

1.0

1.4

2.7

1.8

2.2

1.8

0.0 Bang Red Giang – Thai Ky Cung Binh

Ma

Ca

Tra Gianh Thach Huong Thu Han Bon & Khuc Vu Gia

Chart 37.

Kone

EDI-7

Ba

Dong Nai

SERC

Se San Sre Pok Cuu Long

Appendix A – page A22

value per unit of water use may, but does not necessarily, indicate more efficient use of water, and the indicator value is highly dependent on the crop type, the value of products, and crop water requirements. The indicator values range from a low in the Gianh basin (just over 1,000 VND/m3 to a high in the Se San basin (more than 14,000 VND/m3). The Thach Han (over 13,500 VND/m3) and the Sre Pok (more than 9,200 VND/m3) also have high indicator values, while the Ma and Huong basins (both about 1,400 VND/m3), the Thu Bon & Vu Gia and the Cuu Long basins (both about 1,800 VND/m3) and the Ba basin (about 2,200 VND/m3) have relatively low indicator values. 9.

EDI-8: Irrigation Development Indicator

Percent

51. EDI-8 is the EDI-8: Irrigation development indicator proportion of the 84 90 81 79 78 77 design area of 80 67 67 65 70 62 60 60 irrigation schemes in 54 54 60 53 44 50 a basin that is 40 currently irrigated. It 30 20 indicates the current 10 NA development of 0 Bang Red Ma Ca Gianh Thach Huong Thu Tra Kone Ba Dong SERC Se San Sre Pok Cuu irrigation schemes Giang – Thai Han Bon & Khuc Nai Long Ky Cung Binh Vu Gia compared to their design potential. Chart 38. EDI-8 The Thach Han (84%), Dong Nai (81%), Cuu Long (79%), and Tra Khuc (78%) basins have the highest indicator values, while the Se San (44%) has a value much less than the other basins. 10.

EDI-9: Hydropower Indicator

Percent capacity

52. EDI-9 is EDI-9: Hydropower Indicator (2010) 28.4 30 the hydropower capacity of the 23.4 25 basin (in 20 15.9 megawatts at 2010 15 12.3 10.9 levels, including 9.0 10 6.1 any small 5.8 5 4.6 4.3 5 3.0 2.2 1.8 hydropower 1.7 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 capacity) as a Bang Red Ma Ca Gianh Thach Huong Thu Tra Kone Ba Dong SERC Se San Sre Pok Cuu Small Giang – Thai Han Bon & Khuc Nai Long hydro proportion of the Ky Cung Binh Vu Gia total national Basin HP/Total electricity capacity % Basin HP/Total VN generated HP capacity % electricity capacity Chart 39. EDI-9 (including imported electricity), and of total national hydropower capacity (excluding any imported hydropower). National hydropower capacity at 2010 is expected to be just over 10,000MW, and total electricity capacity over 26,000MW. The indicator values show the importance of each basin to national electricity availability, and to national hydropower generation. The indicators are dominated by three basins: the Red – Thai Binh which has over 28% of the national hydropower capacity, and nearly 11% of the total national electricity capacity, the Dong Nai with over 23% of total hydropower capacity, and 9% of national electricity capacity, and the Se San with nearly 16% of total hydropower capacity, and 6% of nation electricity capacity. Hydropower in the Red-Thai Binh and Dong Nai basins together accounts for roughly 20% of all energy capacity in Vietnam. The figures indicate that hydropower nationally makes up about a third of all electricity.

EEW702-SCR-RPT-001-Rev. 0 29 April 2008

Appendix A – page A23

11.

EDI-10: Future Hydropower Indicator

Percent capacity

53. Given the EDI-10: Future Hydropower Indicator (2025) importance of hydropower, and 45 40.6 40 its potential 35 impacts on rivers 30 and flows, EDI25 10 shows the 20 15.1 14.7 projected 15 9.2 hydropower 10 6.5 6 4.3 capacity as a 5 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.2 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.10.4 0.1 00 0 0 0.1 00 00 0 proportion of the Tra Kone Ba Dong SERC Se San Sre Cuu Small Ca Gianh Thach Huong Thu Bang Red - Ma total projected Nai Pok Long hydro Han Bon & Khuc Giang Thai Vu Gia – Ky Binh national Cung Basin HP / Total electricity capacity (2025) Basin HP / Total VN generated HP capacity (2025) electricity capacity, which is planned to be Chart 40. EDI-10 over 180,000MW in 2025. It also shows the projected hydropower capacity as a proportion of the total projected national hydropower (including small hydropower, but excluding any imported hydropower), which is planned to be almost 28,000MW in 2025. The indicator values show that over time hydropower will be providing a significantly smaller proportion of national electricity – 18% compared to he current 42%. They also shows that the Red – Thai Binh will have a greater future role in hydropower provision – over 40% of total hydropower generating capacity, and that more basins will be making hydropower contributions. 12.

EDI-11: Navigation Indicator

'000 VND per kilometer of navigable channel

54. EDI-11 is EDI-11: Navigation Value Indicator 1200 the economic 1076 value of inland 1000 navigation divided 800 728 725 by the length of 600 532 navigable 443 442 425 376 400 This channel. 314 indicator 200 128 106 86 82 illustrates the 0 0 0 0 value of cargo Bang Red Ma Ca Gianh Thach Huong Thu Tra Kone Ba Dong SERC Se San Sre Pok Cuu Giang – Thai Han Bon & Khuc Nai Long and passenger Ky Cung Binh Vu Gia navigation per Chart 41. EDI-11 navigable kilometre in each river basin. The highest calculated values are for the Dong Nai (1,076,000 VND/km), the Red-Thai Binh (728,000 VND/km), and the Cuu Long (725,000 VND/km) basins. The mountainous areas in the Bang Giang – Ky Cung, Se San and Sre Pok obviously have very poor navigation conditions, and therefore no recorded navigation industries.

EEW702-SCR-RPT-001-Rev. 0 29 April 2008

Appendix A – page A24

13.

EDI-12: Aquaculture Indicator

'000 VND per cubic meter of water use

55. EDI-12 EDI-12: Aquaculture Production Indicator - (a) water use is the economic 18.0 value of 15.3 16.0 aquaculture (in 14.0 12.4 fresh and 12.0 brackish water) 9.3 10.0 divided by (a) 8.0 water used in 5.3 6.0 5.1 4.3 production 3.8 3.6 3.4 4.0 3.0 2.8 2.3 (surface water 2.0 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.4 and groundwater) Bang Red Ma Ca Gianh Thach Huong Thu Tra Kone Ba Dong SERC Se San Sre Pok Cuu Giang – Thai Han Bon & Khuc Nai Long and (b) the area Ky Cung Binh Vu Gia (ha) of aquaculture Chart 42. EDI-12 (a) water volume activities. The Kone basin has the highest value per water use - an aquaculture production value of 15,300 VND/m3 of water used. The Gianh (12,400 VND/m3) and the Tra Khuc (9,300 VND/m3) are the next highest. The Cuu Long, which accounts for the vast majority of aquaculture production by weight, has an indicator value of 3,800 VND/m3 of water used. In terms of returns per area of aquaculture, the Tra Khuc has the highest value at 198 million VND/ha. The SERC (93 million VND/ha) has the next highest indicator value.

Mill VND per hectare of aquaculture production

EDI-12: Aquaculture Production Indicator - (b) area 250

198

200

150

100

70 41

50 22

26

46

59

46 25

22

33

24 10

8 Bang Red Giang – Thai Ky Cung Binh

Ma

Ca

Gianh Thach Huong Thu Tra Han Bon & Khuc Vu Gia

Chart 43. E.

93

84

Kone

Ba

Dong Nai

SERC

Se San Sre Pok Cuu Long

EDI-12 (b) area

Environmental Snapshot

56. The Environmental Snapshot seeks to show the use of natural and environmental resources of river basins, the condition of important resources, and the impacts of human activities on the natural environment of river basins.

EEW702-SCR-RPT-001-Rev. 0 29 April 2008

Appendix A – page A25

1.

EVI-1: Land Use Indicator

57. EVI-1 is the proportion of land area of each river basin used for forests, agriculture, residential, special purposes and ‘other’ uses. Typically a river basin has about 40% to 50% of forest area, 20% to 30% of agricultural area, less than 3% residential area, about 5% of specific purpose area, and 20% to 30% of ‘other’ land use area. The exceptions to this are:

EVI-1: Land Use Indicator 0

Bang Giang – Ky Cung Red - Thai Binh Ma Ca Gianh Thach Han Huong Thu Bon & Vu Gia Tra Khuc Kone Ba Dong Nai SERC Se San Sre Pok Cuu Long

% Forestry

20

40

60

55

80 12

12

41 44

30

2 5

21

31

3 4

20

40

29

14

16

39

72

8 13

53 10

49

11

48

3 3 33

35 23

2 5

46 39

1

29 62

23 12

% Residential

15

13

34 63

16 19

8 21

49

21 13

31

28

% Agriculture

25

14

22

50

14

34

22

52

16

23

28

50

8

100

3 5

% Specific Purpose

13 20

% Other

(i) higher proportions Chart 44. EVI-1 of forest area in the Gianh (72%), Se San (62%) and Bang Giang-Ky Cung (55%) basins, with the Cuu Long (8%) and Dong Nai (28%) having the lowest forest cover; (ii) higher proportions of agricultural land in the Cuu Long (63%) and Dong Nai (46%), with the Gianh (8%), Huong (10%), Thu Bon (11%), and Bang Giang-Ky Cung (12%) having the lowest proportion of agricultural land use; and (iii) higher proportions of ‘other’ land use in the Huong (34%) and Thu Bon & Vu Gia (35%) basins. 2.

EVI-2: Native Forest Indicator

Percent

58. EVI-2 is the EVI-2: Native Forest Indicator proportion of the 100 basin area that is 90 native forest, and the 80 percentage of native 70 64 forest nationally that 59 60 is in each basin. A 46 46 50 42 42 38 38 high proportion 40 34 34 33 32 31 31 28 indicates good 30 21 20 quality natural 8 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 10 4 forests and therefore 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 good catchment Tra Kone Ba Dong SERC Se San Sre Pok Cuu Ma Ca Gianh Thach Huong Thu Bang Red Nai Long Han Bon & Khuc Giang – Thai processes for water Vu Gia Ky Cung Binh runoff and water % basin area % national native forest quality. Twelve of the basins have Chart 45. EVI-2 more than a third of the basin area as native forests, with the Gianh (64%), the Se San (59%), and the Sre Pok (46%) having the highest proportion. The Cuu Long has by far the lowest proportion of native forests – only 1% of the basin area.

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Appendix A – page A26

The Red – Thai Binh has the greatest absolute area of native forest, representing 28% of the total native forest nationally. 3.

EVI-3: Species Indicator

Number of species 'Red Book' species

59. EVI-3 is the EVI-3: Species Indicator number of flora and Flora Fauna fauna in the Red Book 100 that have been 86 90 80 identified in each 68 70 basin. Red Book 59 60 49 45 species include those 50 44 43 38 40 34 32 that are endangered, 29 28 27 26 30 24 17 17 threatened, 20 14 12 11 9 7 6 5 10 4 4 2 vulnerable, near 1 0 0 0 0 0 threatened, or rare. A Tra Kone Ba Dong SERC Se San Sre Pok Cuu Ma Ca Gianh Thach Huong Thu Bang Red Nai Long Han Bon & Khuc Giang – Thai high number suggests Vu Gia Ky Cung Binh that a basin or parts of Chart 46. EVI-3 it need special care and protection as it makes a significant contribution to national bio-diversity. The Huong basin has the highest number of identified flora species (86), twice the number of any other basin. The Ca (43), Gianh (38) and Dong Nai (34) have the next highest number of flora species. The Gianh (68) and the Dong Nai (59) have the most fauna species. For the combined flora and fauna numbers, the Gianh (106), Huong (103) and Dong Nai (93) have most species. The Thach Han and the Tra Khuc, having no declared conservation areas, have no species listed in the Red Book. 4.

EVI-4: Conservation Area Indicator

% conservation area

60. EVI-4 shows EVI-4: Conservation Area Indicator the area of national 30 parks, significant 25 25 wetlands, or other 20 18 conservation areas in 16 each basin as a 15 13 12 12 percentage of the 9 10 7 7 total basin area, and 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 as a percentage of 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 the total area of 0 Kone Ba Dong SERC Se San Sre Pok Cuu Ma Ca Gianh Thach Huong Thu Bon Tra Bang Red national parks, Nai Long Han & Vu Khuc Giang – Thai Gia Ky Cung Binh significant wetlands or other conservation % basin area % total country conservation area areas in the country. Chart 47. EVI-4 More than 18% of the Gianh basin is conservation area, representing just over 5% of the total country conservation areas. The Red – Thai Binh is the basin with the largest area of conservation areas, but being a very large basin, this represents less than 5% of the basin. Other basins with high indicator values include the Sre Pok (12% of the basin, and 13% of total), the Ca (about 11% of both the basin, and the total country areas), and the Dong Nai. These conservation areas represent large environmental assets and values in these basins. Two basins have no assessed conservation areas.

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Appendix A – page A27

EVI-5: Heritage Indicator

61. EVI-5 is the number of water related significant heritage sites in each basin. A high number suggests that there are significant heritage assets in the basin. The Red-Thai Binh basin has by far the greatest number of identified sites (12), with the next highest the Dong Nai (5). Most basins have only one or zero identified sites. 6.

EVI-5: Heritage Indicator 14 12

Number of heritage sites

5.

12 10 8 6

5 4

4

3 2

2

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0 Bang Red Giang – Thai Ky Cung Binh

Ma

Ca

Gianh

Thach Huong Thu Bon Tra Han & Vu Khuc Gia

Chart 48.

Kone

Ba

Dong Nai

SERC

Se San Sre Pok

Cuu Long

EVI-5

EVI-6: Natural Flow Indicator

Percent basin area above major reservoirs

62. EVI-6 is the EVI-6: Natural Flow Indicator proportion of the basin 90 84 area within Viet Nam 80 79 80 that is located above 67 70 62 major dams. It indicates 59 58 60 53 the degree to which 49 49 50 44 43 surface flows in the 40 34 33 catchments and sub27 30 catchments of the basin 20 are not impacted by 10 major reservoirs. In the NA 0 areas upstream of the Bang Red Ma Ca Gianh Thach Huong Thu Tra Kone Ba Dong SERC Se San Sre Pok Cuu Giang – Thai Han Bon & Khuc Nai Long major dams, flows are Ky Cung Binh Vu Gia unregulated, and are Chart 49. EVI-6 likely to be relatively “natural” in terms of their timing and variability. The Cuu Long is influenced by international works and is not counted here. Three basins have indicator values at about 80% or more – the Gianh, Bang Giang – Ky Cung and Thu Bon & Vu Gia, and another five are over 50%. The basin with the lowest indicator value (that is, the least natural flowing rivers) is the Ba (27%). 7.

EVI-7: Dead River Indicator

63. There was an intention to include EVI-7, the dead river indicator, to show the length of a river that is now considered unable to support any life. The aim of this indicator was to identify areas of river severely polluted or now effectively dry because of water diversions from a river or river section. However there was insufficient data to compile this indicator, particularly for water diversions.

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Appendix A – page A28

EVI-8: River Obstruction Indicator

64. EVI-8 is the length of river above the most downstream fixed structure on the main rivers in a basin, compared to the total length of the main rivers in the basin, expressed as a percentage. Fixed structures include significant barrages, weirs or dams. A high number indicates long

EVI-8: River Obstruction Indicator Percent river length above fixed structures

8.

120 98

98

100

83 78

80

64

64

62

60 38

40

43 34

20 0

0

0

5

0

0

0 Bang Red Giang Thai – Ky Binh Cung

Ma

Ca

Tra Kone Gianh Thach Huong Thu Han Bon & Khuc Vu Gia

Chart 50.

Ba

Dong Nai

SERC Se San Sre Pok

Cuu Long

EVI-8

lengths of river above a fixed blockage. This will restrict movement of aquatic fish/animals and also reduce navigation passage. The major rivers of the Huong and Ba basins have indicator values of almost 100%, meaning that the river networks are blocked by structures close to the mouths, having a significant effect on the navigability of the river, and on fish passage and spawning. 9.

EVI-9: Saline Intrusion Indicator

65. There was an intention to include EVI-9, the saline intrusion indicator, to show the length of river affected by saline intrusion today compared to the affected length 10 years ago. A high number would indicate that the salinity effects are moving up river and more people and land are affected. Mostly this is caused by reduced natural flows in the river. However, there was insufficient data to calculate this indicator. 10.

EVI-10: Biological Water Quality Indicator

BOD5 reading / TCVN Standard

66. EVI-10 is the EVI-10: Biological Water Quality Indicator ambient water quality 3.5 in a for BOD5 2.9 3.0 representative river in 2.5 2.3 2.5 the mid to lower part of 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.0 each basin, compared 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 to the corresponding 1.2 1.0 1.0 TCVN 5942:1995 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 standard value. It is a 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 factor calculated by Tra Kone Ba Dong SERC Se San Sre Pok Cuu Ma Ca Gianh Thach Huong Thu Bang Red Nai Long Han Bon & Khuc Giang – Thai dividing the monitored Vu Gia Ky Cung Binh result by the standard A Class TCVN comparison B Class TCVN comparison numerical limit. BOD5 concentrations used to Chart 51. EVI-10 calculate the indicator values are from part of the river that is not nearby a known problem area or discharge point. All basins have indicator values in excess of the A-Class standard – up to 3 times the standard - meaning that the water should not be used for domestic water supply. All basins are at or below half the B-Class standard. For the Thach Han and the Se San basins, there was insufficient information to calculate the indicator.

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Appendix A – page A29

11.

EVI-11: Metals/toxic water quality Indicator

67. EVI-11 compares the concentrations of various heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pb and As) to the corresponding TCVN 5942:1995 values (Class B). The indicators have been calculated by dividing the monitored result by the standard limit. However, as heavy metals are not monitored in almost all the local monitoring programs, obtaining data for this indicator was difficult. The metal/toxic water quality indicator calculated based on the few available data shows that the surface water in all river basins in general meets the requirements for drinking (with treatment) based on the standard. The average concentration of Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg) and Cadmium (Cd) measured in most river sections are still much lower than TCVN standards for both class A and B. In view of the limited data, no chart has been prepared. 12.

EVI-12: Domestic wastewater treatment Indicator

Percent treated

68. EVI-12 is the EVI-12: Domestic Wastewater Treatment Indicator percent of domestic 25 22 wastewater that is treated 20 before discharge to water 15 sources. The indicator also shows the level of 10 8 7 domestic wastewater 5 treatment - primary (P), 0.5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 secondary (S), tertiary 0 Bang Red Ma Ca Gianh Thach Huong Thu Tra Kone Ba Dong SERC Se San Sre Pok Cuu (T). Eleven out of the 16 Giang – Thai Han Bon & Khuc Nai Long Ky Cung Binh Vu Gia basins have no domestic Secondary treatment Primary treatment only wastewater treatment at all. The treatment of Chart 52. EVI-12 domestic wastewater in the remaining basins is also extremely low. Four basins have secondary treatment with the SERC the best, but having only just over 8% of domestic wastewater treated to secondary level. One basin has primary treatment only – the Thu Bon – Vu Gia, which has nearly 22% of domestic wastewater treated to this level. There is no treatment of rural domestic wastewater.

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Appendix A – page A30

13.

EVI-13: Hospital wastewater treatment Indicator

69. EVI-13 is the percentage of EVI-13: Hospital Wastewater Treatment Indicator the hospital wastewater that is (m3/day wastewater generated, % treated) treated before discharge to a water 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 % source. The indicator also shows Bang Giang – Ky Cung (2.043) the total daily volume of hospital Red - Thai Binh (30,778) Ma wastewater generated (bracketed (4,730) Ca (3,136) number), and the level of hospital Gianh (585) wastewater treatment - primary (P), Thach Han (790) Huong (930) secondary (S), tertiary (T). Two Thu Bon & Vu Gia (2,653) basins have no hospital wastewater Tra Khuc (1,282) Kone treatment – Bang Giang – Ky Cung (1,316) Ba (1,045) and the Gianh. The other basins Dong Nai (16,657) have both primary and secondary SERC (3,423) Se San (1,380) but no tertiary wastewater Sre Pok (1,620) treatment. About 75% of hospital Cuu Long (14,589) wastewater in the SERC and the % Primary Treatment % Secondary Treatment Huong basins is treated – half of this to primary level and half to Chart 53. EVI-13 secondary. Most basins have a similar 50:50 split between the levels of treatment except for the Red – Thai Binh.This basin generates by far the highest volume of hospital wastewater, and where only a third of the hospital wastewater receives secondary treatment. 14.

EVI-14: Industrial wastewater treatment Indicator

70. There was an intention to include EVI-14, an industrial wastewater treatment indicator, being the percentage of industrial wastewater in each basin that is treated before discharge to a water source, and the level of treatment. However, there was insufficient data to calculate this Indicator. 15.

EVI-15: Solid Waste Indicator

Percent removed

71. EVI-15 is the EVI-15: Solid Waste Indicator proportion of solid 100 95 waste that is 90 collected and 80 80 80 80 75 70 70 70 70 70 disposed of in a 70 65 65 60 60 60 designated disposal 60 site. Typically 60% 50 to 80% of the solid 40 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 waste is collected 18 18 18 18 18 20 14 14 14 14 14 14 from cities and 12 10 10 2 2 2 towns under the 0 0 direct control of Ma Ca Gianh Thach Huong Thu Bon Tra Kone Ba Dong SERC Sesan Srepok Cuu Bang Red – Han Khuc Nai Long Giang – Thai central or provincial Ky Cung Binh governments (up to Central & provincial cities/towns District towns Rural areas and settlements 95% in the Huong Chart 54. EVI-15 basin). The collection and disposal rate for district level towns is estimated to be 25%, however there is little actual data for this. The collection and disposal rate for rural areas (including commune and village

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Appendix A – page A31

settlements of less than 4,000 people), is less than 20%, down to 2% in the Bang Giang – Ky Cung, the Se San and the Sre Pok basins.

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