Wash Methodology.docx

Water is the primary medium through which climate change influences the ecosystem and thus the livelihood and well-being of societies. Climate change directly impacts water resources and water services for all economic, social and environmental functions that water supports. Therefore, the impacts reach into many sectoral interests such as health and agriculture. Waterrelated climate risks arise from too much water, too little water or polluted water. People’s access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene solutions can be significantly affected by extreme events such as floods and droughts, as well as growing water scarcity. Improvements in water resources management will help manage climate risks now and in the future through better information, policy, regulation, allocation and cooperation. This reduces the vulnerability to current climate variability and paves the way for more proactive climate change adaptation. The occurrence of floods and droughts is expected to increase with a changing climate, with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicting water-related disasters to increase in both frequency and severity, as the whole global water cycle is affected by climate change. In turn, this will cause loss and damage, which affect the supply and delivery of water, sanitation and hygiene.

The methodology adopted in undertaking this baseline combined quantitative and qualitative methods. The mixed approach was adopted for purposes of complementarity, triangulation, and validation of responses. While the greater part was quantitative using a structured questionnaire, the qualitative aspect focused on direct observations of WASH facilities with regard to presence of handing washing facilities and practices, cleanliness of toilet facilities, and other observable phenomena. Data from direct observations, GPS coordinates, and photos of WASH facilities were also captured

Access to improved drinking water is one of the important conditions for good hygiene in households.

social learning lens

Vulnerability is defined as the capacity of a receptor to experience harm from a specific hazard or a range of hazards [52,19,111,2]. Disasters occurring in WASH systems tend to result from vulnerabilities to a range of hazards impacting upon the system at different geographical levels. Ironically, efforts to increase access to improved WASH system services at the household level often do not adequately consider risk reduction to protect public health in the community. Even if household options are imple- mented, untreated wastewater is frequently discharged into ditches or open storm-water drains (if they exist), which defies the purpose of the household efforts. Children

playing in the streets become exposed when partially treated and pathogen-laden overflow from septic tanks or other sanitary installations are drained to curb-side open channels, or households directly flush their toilet waste into street drains. Such drains are often clogged from silting or the dumping of garbage, thus causing overflows. They are further impacted during heavy rainfall causing further spread of contamination [104]. The drains are often directly accessed for drinking and washing water thus further increasing exposure. Conventional sewerage is not possible when the capital costs and water requirements are too high for the area in question. Other factors hindering such infrastructure investments are the additional costs for operation and maintenance, lack of financial and technical strength within the local administration, and too narrow streets in unplanned settlements. When conventional sewerage is ruled out for poor urban areas, pour flush or pit latrines along with septic tanks seem to be the only remaining option [104]. However these options are not appropriate in flood prone settings because they cause contamination and leak- age, especially in areas with high water tables [37,38]. Unfortunately, alternative approaches are not provided. Instead a single technology, often dysfunctional, is often promoted with subsidies attached to it [85]. Accesstohand-washingfacilities,improvedsanitation and safewater,canbeaneffectivebarrieragainsthealth hazards,ascanhygienicbehavior [60]. However,ifservice is onlyprovidedforafewhourseverydaythesystemsare vulnerabletocontaminantsthatcanenterthroughleaks when pipesareemptyorpressureislow.Evenwhere access wasonceprovided,thereportedratesofnon- functionality of(mainlyrural)handpumpsacrossthe sector in20ofSub-Saharancountriesisashighas30– 40% [58], andprovideastrongsignalthatexisting mechanisms forfinancingcapitalmaintenanceareinade- quate.Existingsystemsarefailingorhavebecomedys- functional duetolackofinvestmentsinoperationand maintenanceorupgradingofagingsystems,resultingin systemfailuresandwasteddonorandgovernmentinvest- ment, forexampleinAsiaPacific [123]. Lackofaccesscan also becausedbytheinabilityofserviceproviders'to respond tocommunitymotivations,needsandprefer- ences,

ortobesensitivetogenderissues,disabilityand the needsofchildren.Furthermore,incitiesintheglobal south, dysfunctionalsystemshaveeconomicimplications, especiallyforthepoor,whooftenhavetorelyonlesssafe watersourcesoronprivatewatervendorswhodeliver waterfromunspecifiedsources(e.g.smallpipesystems, jerry cansortankers)usuallyalsoataunitcostseveral times higherthatdeliveredviapublicwatersupplysys- tems tothemiddleandupperclasses [11].

General Background Climate change intensifies risks to WASH systems and risk-based planning and programming is essential. WASH systems that are informed by climate risk assessments will be more resilient and are more likely to withstand shocks and stresses. It also enables disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation agendas to be brought together more explicitly in tackling underlying issues and solutions commensurate with the concept of no/low regrets interventions. Risk is a composite of hazard, vulnerability, exposure and capacity. Analyses aim to show which communities and systems are most at risk from climate variability and change, providing valuable evidence in making the case for effective action by government and WASH partners. Thus, suitable options need to be identified for each of the risks. There are many opportunities in the WASH sector to implement no/low regrets actions: Water Quality, Water Quantity, Sanitation and Hygiene, and Enabling Environments. Water Supply: Water quantity and water quality. The water quality refers household water treatment and safe storage to improve the quality of drinking water and reduce waterborne disease. Various treatment technologies can be used, from filters to disinfectants. It is cost effective and there are simple systems available. It improves water quality at the point of use and increases climate resilience because it can still be used when other water sources are affected by a climate hazard, e.g. if a well is contaminated following a flooding event. However, contamination can still occur if systems are not properly used or maintained. Sanitation and hygiene: this is mainly focused to latrine adaptation The enabling environments is mainly capacity building to improve climate resilience. This involves knowledge generation: training and education, knowledge dissemination, awarenessraising programs, training, measures to integrate different user perspectives, communication tools and informed action, setting up research. The water supply, and sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is the concern of this project.

Jabi Tehnan is one of the woredas in west Gojjam zone of the Amhara region. The woreda is bordered on the southeast by Dembecha, on the west by Bure, on the northwest by Sekela, on the north by Kuarit, and on the east by Dega Damot. The total population of the woreda is estimated to be 222, 027 of which 109,217 are male and 112,310 are female (source: woreda water office). The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) coverage of the woreda is among the lowest. According to the woreda administration report, the water supply coverage is 67 % and sanitation coverage is 50.1%. The woreda is struggling to improve the WASH services and to sustain the existing services. In addition, the woreda is one of the coffee producer woreda in Amhara Region. Out of the fortyfive kebeles in the Woreda sixteen of them are producers of coffee using irrigation and rainfall. A total 3,108-hectare land is covered by coffee plantation and it is as a means for livelihood for more than 16,010 households (80,050 people - 38% of the Woreda population). In these areas, coffee is planted close to the dwelling and ranges from a few trees to a plot of 100 trees. The coffee production is part of a mixed cropping system and provide coffee for the household and local consumption. Similar to other areas, coffee ceremony is used at major events such as during marriage, birth and used as a median to build and sustain relationships between family, friends and community. From this, we believe that the coffee ceremony can also be used as a means for water, sanitation and hygiene promotion activities. The project will have the following outcomes: 1. Improved access to safe water supply for 10,662 users 2. Increased access to improved and basic sanitation for 10,662 users 3. Increased knowledge, skills, awareness for 10,662 users through implementation of evidence based hygiene promotion 4. Government systems improved and accountabilities enhanced to deliver sustainable WASH services 5. Climate resilience integrated into WASH systems 6. The learnings documented and shared locally, Regionally and Nationally The role and responsibilities of the key stakeholders during the implementation of the project will be:  Ministries of Water, Education and Health will be key partners at the federal (national) level in establishing an enabling environment,

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Bureau of Amhara Regional Finance, Water, Health and Education will be key partners at regional levels in terms of contributing finance (25% contribution), monitoring project implementation, and providing technical support, Offices of Jabi Tehnan Woreda Finance, Water, Health and Education are the key partners at district level in joint planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluation. Kebele Administration, Health Extension Workers, School Directors and other development agents are also key stakeholders at community level.

The Household survey for the baseline survey will be conducted using mWater app which is an on line application which includes mWater Surveyor, mWater Mapper and mWater Pathfinder. The mWater Surveyor is an online and mobile software platform that allows organizations to map sites such as water points or sanitation facilities schools, health clinics, or communities, and monitor them over time by adding status update. WAE will provide the tool used for context analysis and household data collection. The consultant team will be expected to determine the sample size for the baseline survey, conduct data collection (both quantitative and qualitative), do analysis, and report writing.

Geographic Scope of the baseline survey The baseline survey will cover Jabi Thenan woreda level capacity and the three kebeles (Woynima, Guay Wubeshet and Mankusa) in Jabi Tehanan woreda in West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regaion. Overall Objective of the baseline survey The overall objective of the baseline survey is to establish benchmarks for effective project planning and implementation, as well as form the basis for the progressive monitoring of the achievement of the planned outputs and results, through the collection of quantitative and qualitative facts, figures and indicators of the situation at the beginning of the project. Furthermore, it will provide information to monitor and assess an activity’s progress and effectiveness during implementation and after the activity is completed. According to the baseline, we will measure the project progress made towards achieving the outcomes of the project as stipulated in the project document. The baseline survey may also used by government and other agencies to analyze the existing situations and to plan development projects as required. In tandem with the overall objective, the specific objectives of this baseline evaluation are to collect, analyze, compile and present data on: The specific objectives of the survey is to collect, analyze, compile and present data on:

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Socio-economic and demographic conditions of the Jabi Tehanan Woreda and project intervention kebeles;

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Current coverage and access to safe water supply, situation and Hygiene at HH, school and health institution levels based on GTP2 and other standards (e.g. National School WASH standard);

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Current access to improved latrine at HH, school and health institutions based on national standards;

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Current hygiene practices (hand washing, food hygiene, safe water handling, latrine utilization, menstrual hygiene management) at HH, school and health facilities;

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Current status of sector coordination (in terms of joint sector planning, implementing, monitoring and reporting) and resource mobilization at woreda and town level;

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The factors affecting the sustainability of WASH services at community and institution level;

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Implementation capacity (system, human resources, materials) of WASH actors: Water, Health and Education offices at woreda level, and Utility, Municipality, Health and Education offices at town level;

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Assess the district level roles and responsibility in terms of WASH;

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Availability, understanding and translation/ contextualization of WASH policies and strategies among practitioners;

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Current WASH facilities management system at community, school and health institutions;

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Current private sector/ micro and small enterprises engagement in WASH services in both town and woreda levels;

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Current practice of other stakeholder engagement (e.g. NGOs, CBOs and communities) in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation;

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Asses the current status of system and WASH facilities inclusiveness;

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Current status of the WASH sustainability and the key factors/challenges of sustainability of the WASH facility in terms of the conceptual framework for Sustainability of WaSH services – institutional, social, economic, technical and environmental aspects;

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To identify climate related risks which affects the sustainability of WASH infrastructure and services;

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To identify and recommend climate resilient WASH service delivery strategies.

Baseline Assessment Methodology The consultant adopts qualitative and quantitative data from primary and secondary sources on water supply points, hygiene and sanitation. The assessment will be highly participatory and inclusive. In line with the project objectives cited in the terms of reference, the consultant identified the following specific areas around which the baseline information will be collected. 

Availability of water supply points disaggregated by borehole fitted with a water pump, protected wells, unprotected wells, borehole equipped with a human-powered pump, largediameter open wells, rainwater, surface water, protected well, tap water from a publiclysupplied network, large diameter covered wells

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Estimated time invested in fetching water

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Gender and age of individual in charge of fetching water

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Water used for drinking, washing hands, cooking, and other household chores disaggregated by same above

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Containers used to transport drinking water from the source to the storage place (buckets, plastic canisters, pail, barrels and clay pots)

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Availability of water storage facilities

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Storage containers for drinking water (clay pot, jerry can, jar, bucket, barrel)

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Whether the containers used for drinking water storage have a tap/lid, out of reach of animals and children

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Availability/access to water treatment/Chlorination, Knowledge of methods of water treatment at home (boiling, Liquid Chlorine, Aquatabs, cloth filter, sedimentation, ceramic filter, membrane filter, etc.)

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Status, functioning, and maintenance of water facilities (proportion of water facilities that require immediate repairs, replacement, well casing repair, repair of apron, repairing of the well cover), responsibility for repair of these water facilities, and availability of funds for the repairs

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Access to sanitation facilities and availability of toilet facilities like separate toilet facilities for boys and girls)

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Toilet types (open defecation, pit latrines, ventilated improved pit latrine, latrine with and with-out slab, VIP latrine)

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Existence of hand-washing station near the toilet

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Location of sanitation facilities within a safe and convenient distance

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Condition of toilets (walls, roofs, permits privacy, squat hole child-friendly)

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Adequacy of toilet facilities measured in users-drop hole ratios

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percentage of open defecation who use nearby bush to defecate and/or urinate

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Management of the stools of children under 2 years

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Access to disability-friendly sanitation facilities

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Urinals in the toilets

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Doors and door locks for safety purposes

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disposal facilities for soiled sanitary material

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clean water inside the toilets

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menstrual hygiene material

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Proportion of cleaned toilets and who cleans the toilets

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Hygiene promotion in the communities (availability of WASH-trained people, availability of WASH promoters/committees or groups)

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Exposure to information on hygiene and sanitation messages

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Sources of information

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Availability of hand washing facilities (plastic basins on stands, open containers)

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Availability of soap at hand washing facilities

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Percentage of communities using ash

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availability of soap in households

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occasions when the community generally uses soap

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frequency of hand rinsing and hand-washing with Soap by Junctures

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Availability of a hand-washing device in the household

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reasons for washing hands with soap/ash

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existing social learning and partnership platforms/forums on climate

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traditional and innovative local climate adaptation practices

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climate related risks which affects the sustainability of WASH infrastructure and services (floods, ICE-lade storms, etc.) by using vulnerability matrix

Expected Deliverables 

An inception report outlining the appropriate method for determining the sample size for household and institution survey

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Organize a district sustainability assessment workshop with relevant district sector actors

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Draft survey report

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Presentation of the key findings to the key stakeholders

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final report

Outline of the Baseline Report As stipulate in the terms of reference, the Baseline report will contain the different elements mentioned below. 

Cover page

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Table of contents

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An executive summary - which should include the major findings of the baseline and summarize conclusions and recommendations (a maximum of 2 pages)

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The objective of the baseline survey

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The main question or central survey question

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Presentation of the findings and the analysis

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Conclusions, which will analyze the various research questions and derived from findings

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Recommendations - Recommendations should be practical and if necessary divided for various actors or stakeholders.

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Annexes. o The Terms of Reference (ToR); o The technique used for sample size determination; o The list of people interviewed and attended the FGDs;

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