W Orce Ster Over A Hundred Mil Es, A

W ORCE STER over a hundred mil es, A r ecen t d e velo pm ent h as b een th« 1)J'in g-in g' in of m ilk by t r ol leys, an d this is sa id to work to th e advan ta ge of bot h p art ies , The m eth od is one whi ch will be w a tch ed with a g rea t d eal of in t e re st and with l ively h op es fo r its p erm a nent su ccess, as t h e farmers of Ne w E ng la nd h ave b een lookin g' to r eceive considera bl e a d va n tages eve n t ua lly , f'rom th e op en in g up or better mar ket s by th e troll ey lin es, which fo r m a networ k ove r so m uch of the r egi ou , particnl a rl y in Massach usetts. Thi s aga in will b e a n a d van ­ tag-c to t he cons ume r , as it will assist h im to i!<,t th e p rod ucts of t he f a rm in t he s ho r tes t time and bes t p ossi bl e co ndi ti on . Iu concl u d in g' thi s very short an d imperfect

1'('vi(!II' of a gTcat in du stry, I woul d ur uc t h a t theru shou ld be a g reate r s p i vit' of co-o pe r at ion ammu; a ll pa rt ies conce r ne d . If the p rod ucers , c'ont n ld ors a n d con s um ers would rea lize that their in te rest s are re al ly a ll one. it wo u ld solve tlwse vexed question s as if by m a gi c, '1'113 Ianner, the wholesal e r an d th e ret a iler a rc all entitled to a fa i l' p r ofi t, a n d th e cons u me r is entitled to a good p roduct at th e lowes t p r ice consist en t with th is, I nstea d of a ll p u lli n g in difl'orent d ir ec t ions, eac h see ki ng t o ove r re ach HIH] outb a rga in the ot he r, they "h an Icl combi ne to work fo r t he be tterm ent of co nd it ions a ll alon /!: t he Iiu e. It is perhaps too JllIICh to expe ct t h is, but a n y t hing app r oa ch in g" it is t o be d esire d , a nd t h ose who cont ri b ut e tow a r ds it, even if n o t s uccessf u l in th e high est d egree, will ha ve done t hei r f u ll duty. 0

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m ilk p ai ls bein g m nd e with a d et ach a bl e m etal cover throu gh which th ere is a n a.pert u ro p rotecte d by a metal h ood, The p ai ls are sterili zed b efo r e each m ilk­ in g, an d t he cover and hoo d p ro t ect t he milk fr om a ny du st a nd p a rticles f all i ng- ho m th e COIl'S, Imm ed ia tel y a f ter milk in g, t he m il k is po u re d into ca n s and coo led on ice. Th e seco nd process is th en clon e by th e nurse, wh o at th e fa rm a nd wi th st er-i l e uten s ils m od ifies the m ilk

by ad d ing wa ter, p rod uci ng th e se ve r a l sta nd ard s t re ngth s su ita b le fur c hi ld re n of va ri ous aires. Wh ole or un modi fied milk is a lso prepared a nd kept in rca d i­ ness f or use und er p hys icia ns ' di r ec ti on s , 'I'he bottles are irn rnorliat ely p la ced O il ice a n d thu s t ra ns po rted to the c lea n m ilk s ta t io n an d kep t t h ere on ice nntil di s ­ !w ul:;pd b,I' t he nl1T'1'i C bet wee n the h ou rs of 8 and 12 a. m. Milk is g i ve n out as ord ere d hy th e fam ily physi c ia n , or, if th e n' is none. a ccordi ng' to t he weigh t and co nd i­ tion of t he «h ild. E ach bot tle cont a in s eno ug h m il k fo r on e f eeding. and e no ug h bottl es w ill be so ld each dav to ea c h ch iI.el t o las t t wen t y- f our h o u rs. The di rect ions. whi ch HI'e pr-inted (IIH] d ist r ib ute d with ev ery sa le, and endors ed with all p ossi b le ernpha­ sis upon eve ry p u rc haser, a re wor th y of a t. least par t ial re pr od uctio n, as th rowin g' ligh t upon t he fin a l s ucce ss of th is ente rp r ise , '''r h is m ilk is good, and yon mu st. kee p it goo d , " is th e p erem ptory headlin e p u t int o every m ot her 's h ands . "It is e no ugh for y ow' ba by for tw cnty-fon r liou rs ; f'ecd l'cg ul a l'!y as d irected , if p os­ s ible;" and t hen f oll o w bl a n k lin es f Ol' wri ti ng in t h e h ou rs , ha th by cla y a nd by n igh t, for f eedin g . " Do n ot open 0 1' d isturb t h e b ot tl es in any wa y u nt il th ey a rc need ed. Kee p these bo tt les cold; if y ou do not have ice, sta n d th e bottles up t o their n ecks in cle an co lel wate r, 'Wh e n re ad y t o f eed , warm t he bottl e to h e used , quickl y , by s ta n d ing' it in cl ea n h ot water, " A n d ce r t a in neg a t ive in strn ct ion s fo llo w, q u it e as imp er a t ive us th e p osi t ive d irect ion s : " Do n ot feed y o ur b a by any­ thing else b ut water and thi s m ilk , unless y our doctor

o rders it. Do n ot g ive e ven a ta st e o f ha nnn a , ora nge, can d y, p op corn , potato, t ea 01' he el'. " I n record in g th e d etails of th is iuterostin z eXpe l']­ me nt it is fit ti n g- t o ad d a f ew f ad s fr om t h e C X I )(~l'i­ ence of oth er c it ies wh ere th is pla n lUI S been d em on­ s tr a te d as su cces sf ul in ever y pa i-t icular. An arti cle p ub lishe d a y ear a go in one of 01l1' lendin g- m on thlies ( MeClu res M agazin e, Ju n e. 1007) t ell s of a p ure m i lk campaign in R och ester. N . Y ., unde r t he pe rsi ste nt an d vi gorous l eadership of its he alth officer, Dr. George W. Gole r . I n bri ef, the s tory of h is ach ievem en t, a f te r te n y ean; of stu d y a nd a g it a t ion, is as fo llows : For those two mon t hs of ev ery y ea r " h en h ea t a nd bad f'ood b ring the i n fan t mortal i ty t o its h ig he st point, th e city of R oche st er se l ls m il k to a ll corn ers , Because its cu s t omers a r e p eo pl e who fo r merly f ell t he ir fami li es on ball m il k, t he d eath ra te for ch ild re n under five y ears of ilg r , f o r th e t i me when t hc d epots ha ve be en ke p t open, has b een more th n n cut in hal f . It sa ved la s t season t h e l ives of m ore than o ne h un d re d an d fifty ch ild ren wh o, if th e fig ure s of f'orm or sea sons moan a uy ­ th ing, wou ld ot h er wise ha vo s uccu mhed . 'I'h e li f e-sa vln g is accom p lis hed by fu rn is hin g c lea n mi lk. N ot s teri li zcd m i II{; not pu st euri zed m il k; n ot any kin d of ot h e r wise-ized, ba ked, b oiled , or me t a m orp h ose d m ilk a t a l l ; b ut j ust pure, cl ea n mil k f'urui sh ed t o young c hild re n i n pl a ce of f onl, d is ea sed , po ison ed mi lk ; whereby t hese l ittl e eit iz cn s, i ns t ca d of swell in g th e infan t mor t ali ty re cords of t he hot m ont hs, ,y, ," com e t hr ou g h well a nd h ea rty , a nd rea dy to go to sc hool in s tead of to the cem etery .

The closing word s of t h is a rti c le, by Sa m u el H op­ ki n s A d ams, is al so worth y of r ep r oduc tion , as s u p p le­ m enti ng and enfo rc in g MI'. Ell sw orth 's en ligh ten ing con trib u tion to th e gen era l s it u at ion of ou r city as re­ ga r d s th e s urro und in g' territory:

parts of th e eity. Wh en th is p erfectly p ure m ilk is sold at only one «cn t f or f our ou uces-e-eurh t ce nt s a quart-c-it man ifestly «a n uot be self -sust a in in g. Pre­ ern in entl y is it tru e of this fr esh a ir work , th a t "h e g i ves twi ce wh o g i VCS ( Il l iek l,v, " .....T! .

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'Mo rt a l ity of ch ildren u nder ;j y ea rs of a ge be for e a nd a f'tcr es ta bl is hing clea n milk d epot s in R ochester, N . Y . B la ck li nes in d icate a vcr ilge mor t ality PCI' m outh for ye a rs ] 88 7 -i 89U, P op ula t ion, l:13 ,806. Brok en l in es, a verag e mortul ity re r mou t h fo r years 18 07­ ]0 00. Populat ion, 18 1,67 2. Dotted li nes, m or t al it y of sa m e age,] ch ildren i n W or cester i n ye a r ] 006, Popul ation, 13 8,000 . L ives sa ved i n Ro che ster , 248 6. 0

Dr. Goler h it up o n wh at se em s t o me th e centra lly important tr u t h i n t he mil k problem ; not th at t he mil k i tself, b ut every ­ th ing with which i t com es in co nt act, sh ou ld b e made g erm­ proof. B a ck of th a t li es more ca rcf' ul ins pection da i ri es , b e t t er S t a te and ci t y pu bl ic se r vic e in t hi s im p or t an t ma tte r , and a p ub lic ed uca t ed to demanding p ure a nd sa fe m ilk a t a l ivi n g p ri ce. W h et h er th e muni cipal i t y itse lf prod uce t he ]Jure mi lk 01' sim p ly f urn ish t he officia l ma ch ine ry t o g ua ra nt ee it s p urity , is a ma t t er w hi ch ea ch city milY well wor k o ut f or i tself. An ti a s th e b a s is u p on wh ich it all r es t s, s t a nds the vita l les so n of hy g ieni c econo mics wh ich t h is cou nt ry is l ea r n in g wi th a pp re­ ci ably g rowi ng enlighte nm ent; that ba d a il', b ad water, baa ho usin g, bad se weri ng, di r ty stre ets, and p oor or imp ur e f'ood of wh a t ever so r t, ch eape r th ough th ey ma y be in t he i mm ediate ex ­ pen se, co me back u pon a co m m u nity or a n ation , in t he long r un, wi t h a bi ll or a rrea rs, upon whi ch t he n ot- t o-b e-a voiclecl pe rcenta g e is a ppall ingly ex or b it a n t.

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Model Milk Supply in an Old World City. \V IIIL E a f ew of ou r Yankee citi es with th eir boa s ted p ro gress iv eness a re just beg inni n g' t.o seek sci enti fic a n d adequa te so lutions of th e pure mil k problem , it is well to r emember tha t ou r S ca ndin avia n fr-ien ds in D en ­ mark a rc ne a rl y a ge n er a t ion iu adva n ce of u s at this po int. I n t he Ou tlook of May :10, :Mr, J ess e E. P ope d escribes from persona l ob servat ion co nd it ion s in Cope n­ hage n wh ich ought to arouse bo t h ad miration an d emu ­ lation in ou r m ore yo n thfu l A me ri can mun icip alit ies, In connect ion w ith th e exten d ed di scussi on of thi s su b­ j ect , we quo te somewhat a t len gth f r om th is illu rniua ti ng

a rt.icle : The fo llowing' d iag ram shows g r ap h ical ly the mo rtality of ch ild re n u nder five years of a ge be f or e a nd aft er establishing cl ean milk d e pots in Ro ch este r ; it a lso s ho ws, by th e fin ely d otted lin e, t h e Iik e mo r ta li ty of chi ld re n of the sa me age in om' ow n city, wit h about 50, 000 less p opula t ion t ha n Roch este r, in th e ye a r 19 06. H ere is an appeal more forceful t ha n an y eloq u ence f or fn nds to be promptly contrib uted to the fr esh air work in our ci ty fo r t he su pport of t he mi lk s t a t ion already op ene d , an d th e ad d iti on of others in d iffer en t

N at ur e ha s been p rodiga l i n h e r gif t s t o Cop e nha ge n, a nd he!' p cople. dese r ve n o pa rticu la r c red it h cca us e they a rc b orn gmcio lls a ur] hos pit a bl e ; but to t urn th o attentio n t o the prosy and diffic ult p ro b lem of I u rn ish ing a p r ime ne cessi t y ill a fre sh a nd P lll'C st a t e, a t a p ri ce so low as to p ut it within r ea ch of a ll, is a wo r k of del iberat e will, is th e \\'0 1'1< of th e go od citizen pa r t of us, if y ou plea se ; a nd th a t Cope nha ge n has don e th is is, in my op i nion, a great er clis t i nc t ion tha n any t hing el se sh e ca n b oast. If on e will vi sit toe eentral pl a nt of t he p ion ee r of t his gooo:! wo rk, Ko be nh a vns M a elk ef or syning ( T he Cope nha gen M ilk S up­ pl y As socia ti on) , a nd some of t he da ir ies whi ch furn ish it, he

WOR CESTER MA GAZINE will und erst an d wh y t he mi lk sn p p ly o f Co pe n hagen is ac k no wl ­ ed"rd to be t he best in t he worl d , a nrl ha s been a do pted as a moclrl hy ma ny othe r c ities of E uro pe. Thirty y ea rs a go t he mi ll; s u pp ly of Co pe n hagen wa s as bad as it could be , T housan ds of co ws we re ke p t i n fi lt by city sta lls, ancl wore f eci th e y ea r ro u nd on th e o ffal f rom b rew eri es. Nor wus th e m ilk fr om th e co u n try im med ia tely a ro un.I t he c it y m uch bottr-r; barus wer e filt hy , a nd t he CO\\-S were d iseased a nd ba dl y f ed, Insp ec ti o n t hc re wa s no ne, a n rl m ilk wa s ad ul t era t ed b ey o n-] rrcog niti o n. T he rai l ways re f'used to t ra nsport it, a nd th e a rea which co uld be dra wn o n wa s so rest ricted that mil k was dea r as w(·11 a s pOOl'. S incc t hat t i mc Copc nha ge n's pop ula t io n ha s douhled ; but its mi lk co ns umption ha s increased five f old, n ntll IIOW every ma n, wo man <111(1 c hild COJlSlI llIeS, o n a ll a verage, fou r­ tenth s of a q ua r t ( nea rl y a pint ) daily , W , , ~,

'1'111' sto ry is to ld, a.ml it is a t ru e s t o ry, t h at o ne mo r n ing I n ISi S Hr. B usc k , a n e n te r p r is ing b us in ess ma n o f Co pe nhagcn , noti cod th at on e of hi s wmkru en look ed d ownh earted . O n b eing questi on ed , th c man re plie d t hat his ba by , a lwa ys d eli cate , w a s \"(-r." s ick. "With t r u ly g oo d m ilk." h c a ,l rle,l , "I t hin k we con hl ma ua g c t o ra ise him ; but w hel'(' is o ne to fin d it in Copen hage n ~ T his mo rn i ng th e liqu o r d ea ler who ha s bee n Irll ing me hav e m i lk ref us ed to se ll it t o me any longe r beca use r buy no liqn or. -, M ov ed b y this ha rrow ing tal e, Hr. Busck wrot e a le tte r th e ne xt mo rn in g to so me of t he lea di ng m en of Copenhag e n, te ll ing t he m t he w ork tu a u ts story , a nd aski ng t he m to meet t o t a lk o ve r ways and m ea ns t o o ve rco me the evi ls it had so viv id ly b rough t ho me t o him . Th e outco me of t his a ppea l wns t he fo r mati on, in A pri l, I Si 8 , of K o beuh a vn s M a elk ef'o rs yu ­ iug. 'I'h o new soci ety t ook for i ts mo tto , " R e n M ealk a f s u ude K ner: ' (P ure milk f ro m healthy co ws ) .

In th e ea rl v st a g-e of t h e work of th is orga n iza t ion effor ts wer e mad e to enlist t he co-o pe r at ion of t he in ­ Iiueut ia l cit izens, a nd also of th e f arm er's of t he outly ing coun t r v. T he beg-inn in gs were on a sm all sca le: pa ti en t od ucationa l work was esse n t ia l : a com p lete revoluti on in meth ods of d ai ry in g a nd t ranspo rt a ti on was brou gh t abou t. Th e res u lts th at h a ve fina lly been ach ieved a re as Ioll ows : T he m ilk is of th re e classes : ( 1) Tha t fo r gene ra l co ns u rn p ­ ti on , co ns is t ing o f wh ol e milk a nd pa rtia lly s k im m cd m ilk-th a t is to SHY, In il k f r om w h ich t he crea m ha s b een re mo ve d a ft er it, hns bee n o n ice f or t we lve hOlll'S, and w hi ch co nt.:li ns o ne per ce nt. hn tt er f at ; (2) child re n's m ilk (Bo rne nrae lk); an d (3) infa nts' milk ( Spa e'le Bo r ns " Ia elk ) , Aft er t.he milk ha s passr,l ins pcc ti on it is s u bject.cd to specia l filt.ra t.ion a nd pn t in cooli ng va ts . T he in fa n t s ' m ilk , o bta ine,'j f rolll cows s pec ia lly se lcc te d a n,l ca re d fo r, u nd er g oes f n r th er tiltra t ion , is va rio ns ly lllo,lifi ed t.o Ineet th c rcqnire men t s of IInrsling s, a n,l is p n t u p in b ott.l e, of su eh s hape al lll s iz e a s til be su it a b le f o r lIlII'sin g- b ottl es; n nd o nly e no ug h is sol ,1 a t o ne tim e t o f ur nis h a s n p p ly fo r t we nty -f o n r holll' s. Th e ch ihl re n 's milk is ob ta i ned f ro m s pe c ia l h cr rIs , is 1I1 0r e th or on g h ly filt cretl, an rl is so ld o n ly in bo ttles . Th e milk fo r g l' ne l'a l co ns u m p t io n is not hott led , as t he co m pa ny ho ld s t.ha t the ext ra lost a nd t hp hr eakage of b ottl es won l,1 ra is e t he price o ut of prop o rt ion t o t he henefit s ga inerl. F req ue n t exa mi natio n o f th e mil k bea l's o nt t his co nten t io n. As i t is d el iv ered ice co ld 1lt t he ,1001', a nd snfficien t ly ofte n to do a \\ ay ,d th the necessi t.y of k eeping it

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l o ng he for e eonsum pt ion, t he need o f bo t tlin g is red uced to a mi n im u m . T he co m pany d oes it s o w n rc t a i liu g . pr in c ipa lly f'ro m wa g o lls . the ,10 01'S of whi ch a re luck ed a t t he f'acto rv , a nd from w h ich th e milk is d rawn o ff by mean s of f'a uce ts , t h us mak in g It im poss ib le to tamp e r with i t. * .• * ·x' <, H ow we l! t ho want s of t he co ns ume r ar e s t u d ie d a ud m et is bv t ho f o llo wi ng t a lile :

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Th ese »vi ccs nr c maintain ed th e y ea r roun d, a nd a re d is played o n bottl es an d wa g ou s , s o t ha t a ll who r u n ma y read. T he farm er rece ives a ne t pr ice of I I o r e p er q uart f or o r.l i na ry wh o re mi lk a m] 1:1 fo r ch ildre n ts m ilk, so t ha t t he d iff'er en cc b et wee n th e pr ice pai d h im a nd t hat ch a rged th c co ns u me r is ill o uo case ;'j o re ( 1.3 cents) a nd ill the ot her 7 o re ( 1.8 ce nt s) . Spec ia l ti ck ets are d is t ri bu ted to th os e ill d istress, entitl i ug them to o bta in m ilk either gra t ui tously 0 1' a t r educed p r ices , "h il l' hos ­ pi ta ls a nd child re n's h o mes are a lso s u pp l ied at a red uctio n . Fut herm orc, th e furn ish in g of exce lle n t mi lk fro m whi ch a pa r t o f th e c rea m ha s been re moved e nab les th e po o r to enjoy t he essen t ia l b en e fit s o f a m ilk f ood. T hr o ug h th e val uabl e ed uca­ ti o ual work of D oce nt F'jo rd a nd hi s s ucc esso rs, even wh olly s k inu ue d milk ha s com e t o b e r ecogni zed in D c nm a rk a s a wh ole , some , n omish ing a 11 ,1 ex c e pti o na lly c hea p food ; a n d mu c h m o re ca n be IIrg eti i n f'a vo r of thi s par t ia lly s k im me d milk . III 1906 th o so c iety solci n ea rly oue-ha lf as m uc h of t his m il k as of ord inary wh ol e mi lk , a f a ct. of dee p si gn i fica nce to us A me ri ca ns ; fo r he re whole mill; is often so ld at a p ric e absol utely prohi b i t lve to la rg e masses of t he p eo p le.

In all .\' cons ide ra t ion of t he mi lk situa t ion III ou r city , su ch meth ods an d r-es ults as th ese meri t ca re­ f ill cons id er-at ion . Th e ir bea ri ng- u pon t he probl em or fo nd s u pp ly , as well as upon th e qu estion of a low r at e of infant mot-tal ity , is e v ide nt, Th e conc lus ion of 1\lr'. P ope 's nrti cle st r ikes a hi g h et h ien! note wh ich is worthy of u tmost em p has is : 0 11"1\

1II t h is art.ic lc 1 ha \'e co n finC'l my att en ti o n to K ob e n ha vn s Ma t'lk e f orsyni llg ; a nd w hi lc it is tr ue t hat i t fUJ'u is hes o nly a pa r t of the 200 ,000 qu a rts so lcl 'l ai ly i n Co penhage n, it ha s b een t he pioll eer a ll,l ha s se t t.he st al lll arrl to wh ich it s co m pe t it o rs havc hee ll f or ce,l t.o cou:e ; a lld it is to t h is co mpa ny t hat C3 pe nhagen o\\'es th c ,1istir cti Oll of lw in g , t o gu ot e D r . H ot hsc hi ld, " th e ci t y of E uro pe b es t s n p p lie'l wi th milk a nd m ost r ichl y elldo wed wi th Inod el (la iri es , ' , Thc sec ret of t hi s \\'o ll