Vaibs Gavate Final Project 4.docx

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AHMEDNAGAR (2018-19)

“THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS WITH AUTO RESET ” PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY 1. AVHAD SHUBHAM P.

4. SHINDE OMKAR V.

2. BHAKARE VITTHAL B.

5. TARATE ABHISHEK B.

3. KADAM AKASH B.

6. ZARGAD KESHAV A.

GUIDE Dr. B.C. KHARBAS

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AHMEDNAGAR (2018-19)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AHMEDNAGR

(2018-19)

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AHMEDNAGAR (2018-19)

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AHMEDNAGAR

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that,

AVHAD SHUBHAM P. BHAKARE VITTHAL B. KADAM AKASH B. SHINDE OMKAR V. TARATE ABHISHEK B. ZARGAD KESHAV A..

of final year Electrical Engineering students have submitted their project report on

“THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS WITH AUTO RESET ”

during academic session 2018-19 as a part of project work described by Government Polytechnic, Ahmednagar for partial fulfillment for the Diploma in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING in the sixth semester. The project work is the record of students own work under my guidance and to my satisfaction. 1

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AHMEDNAGAR (2018-19)

Dr.B.C.Kharbas

Dr.B.C.Kharbas

Guide

Head Department of Electrical Engineering

Principal Government Polytechnic, Ahmednagar

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AHMEDNAGAR CANDIDATE’S DECLRATION

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the project report entitled “THREE PHASE FAULT ANYALYSIS AND TEMPRORY RESRET” by us in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of diploma in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING submitted in the Department of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING is an authentic record of our work carried out during 2018-19 guided by

Dr.B.C.Kharbas

Name of Students 1. AVHAD SHUBHAM P. 2. BHAKARE VITTHAL B. 3. KADAM AKASH B. 4. SHINDE OMKAR V. 5. TARATE ABHISHEK B. 6. ZARGAD KESHAV A.

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of our knowledge.

Signature of the Guide 1

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AHMEDNAGAR (2018-19)

Dr.B.C.Kharbas

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to

Dr.B.C.Kharbas , Dept. of Electrical

Engineering for his generous guidance, help and useful suggestions. I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. B. C. Kharbas , Head of Dept. of Electrical Engineering for his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and supervision throughout the course of present work.

“THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS WITH AUTO RESET”

I am extremely thankful to Mr. M. S. Satarkar, Principal , for providing me infrastructural facilities to work in, without which this work would not have been possible.

Name of Students

1. AVHAD SHUBHAM P. 2. BHAKARE VITTHAL B. 3. KADAM AKASH B. 1

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AHMEDNAGAR (2018-19)

4. SHINDE OMKAR V. 5. TARATE ABHISHEK B. 6. ZARGAD KESHAV A.

ABSTRACT

In this project “THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS WITH AUTO RESET” We designed this project to develop an automatic tripping mechanism for the three phase supply system. The project output resets automatically after a brief interruption in the event temporary fault while it remains in tripped condition in case of permanent fault. The electrical substation which supply the power to the consumers i.e. industries or domestic can have failures due to some faults which can be temporary or permanent. These faults lead to substantial damage to the power system equipment. In India it is common to observe the failures in supply system due to the faults that occur during the transmission or distribution. The faults might be LG (Line to Ground), LL (Line to Line), 3L (Three lines) in the supply systems and these faults in three phase supply system can affect the power system. To overcome this problem a system is built, which can sense these faults and automatically disconnects the supply to avoid large scale damage to the control gears in the grid sub-stations. 1

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AHMEDNAGAR (2018-19)

This system is built using three current sensors(ACS172) are connected in system connections, having input 220 volt and output at 12 volt. This concept low voltage testing of fault conditions is followed as it is not advisable to create on mains line. 555 timers are used for handling short duration and long duration fault conditions. A set of switches are used to create the LL, LG and 3L fault in low voltage side, for activating the tripping mechanism. Short duration fault returns the supply to the load immediately called as temporary trip while long duration shall result in permanent trip. The concept in the future can be extended to developing a mechanism to send message to the authorities via SMS by interfacing a GSM modem.

INDEX

CONTENT

CHAPTER NO. 1

PAGE NO

Introduction Of Three Phase Fault Analysis With Auto Reset 1.1 1.2

Introduction Action Plan 1

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2

Principle and working of Three Phase Fault Analysis With Auto Reset 2.1 Concept of project 2.2 Material requirements 2.2.1 Transformer 2.2.2 LCD Display 2.2.3 Microcontroller 2.2.4 Relay 2.2.5 PCB 2.2.6 Capacitor 2.2.7 Rectifier Circuit

2.3 Project Development 2.4 Details Of Working Project 2.5 Block Diagram 2.6 Power Supply 3

Market Survey

4

Conclusion and Future Scope 4.1 Conclusion 4.2 Advantages 4.3 Applications 4.4 Future Scope

5

Program

6

Referance

7

Cost Estimation

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TABLE INDEX

Sr.No.

Table No.

Details

1.

2.1

Material Requirement

2.

2.2

LCD Pin Description

3.

7.1

Cost Estimation

FIGURE INDEX

Sr.No.

Fig No.

Details

1.

2.1

Current Sensors

2.

2.2

Microcontroller Interface

3.

2.3

Relay

4.

2.4

PCB Design

5.

2.5

Working Project

6.

2.6

Block Diagram

&

LCD

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CHAPTER NO.1

“AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF TRANSFORMERS USING GSM MODULE”

1.1 Introduction

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AHMEDNAGAR (2018-19)

Transformer is the vital component in the electric power transmission and distribution system. The problems of overloading, voltage variation and heating effects are very common. It takes a lot of time for its repair and also involves lot of expenditure. This work is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it may be burnt. So, by reducing the extra load, the transformer can be protected. This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel with main transformer through microcontroller and change over relay. The microcontroller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the slave transformer will automatically be connected in parallel with first transformer and share the extra load. Therefore, a number of transformers work efficiently under overload condition and the damage can be prevented. In this work, the slave transformers share the load of master transformer in the case of over load and over temperature conditions. A sensor circuit containing microcontroller, current transformer etc. is designed to log the data from master transformer and if it is found to be in overload condition, immediately the slave transformer will be connected in the parallel to the master transformer and the load is shared. The microcontroller monitor‟s the load current and temperature of transformer and displays the values on LCD .Whenever loads are added to the secondary side of the transformer, the current at the secondary side rise. As the load current exceeds the rated current rating of the transformer, the temperature of the secondary winding rises, therefore the microcontroller will send a trip signal to the relay, thereby turning on the slave transformers. In this project three modules are used to control the load current. The first module is the sensing unit, which is used to sense the current of the load; the second module is control unit in which relay plays the main role, and its function is to change the position with respect to the control signal and last module is microcontroller. It will read the digital signal and perform some calculation and finally gives control signal to the relay. For monitoring the load current continuously, current transformer is used and the output of current transformer is fed to micro-controller through A-D converter. Similarly for monitoring transformer body temperature operational amplifiers are used with suitable temperature transducer. The concept of automatic load sharing of transformer or overload protection of transformer is done by various means like by using microprocessors, by using GSM technology, and by using relays. In this work we are used a relay and comparator IC‟s for automatic load sharing between two transformers. The number of transformers to be operated in parallel can also be increased according to demand of a particular area. While operating the

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AHMEDNAGAR (2018-19)

number of transformers in parallel we have to follow some conditions like same voltage ratio, same X/R ratio, same KVA ratings, same polarity etc. i.e. we have to operate identical transformers in parallel.

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1.2 Action plan

First of all we discussed about the topic of our project. Then we selected the group member for our project and formed the group of six member’s viz. Sagar, Rushikesh,Vaibhav, Nivruttinath, Rohini and pooja. At the beginning, there were many topics for project in front of us. From that topics we selected “Automatic Load Sharing of Transformers Using GSM Module” Being guided by Mrs.Mhaske madam the reference of Hapase Sir. As we got the guidance of Mrs. Mhaske madam, we decided this topic and we get started to searching information about our project topic.

SeptemberOnce we decided all things we getting some information regarding cost, required material, construction details, time required, step wise procedure and some brief details about our project .

OctoberFirstly we draw the circuit diagram under the guidance of teacher .Then we started PCB Designing. PCB are used everywhere even in the small circuit. PCB have many advantages over a circuit on track board.

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NovemberAt the end of November, after designing the PCB then using the software etching was done on the PCB. Then we mounted the components such power supply, ATmega328p microcontroller IC, LCD Display , Capacitor, 7805 regulator IC , Resistors, etc on PCB. Then soldering was done by using soldering gun.

DecemberThe most important part of our project is transformers. There are two transformers are use if first transformer’s load increases then second transformer should work and load shared on second transformer and maintain supply continuity.

January-

In month of January, we finally implement the all circuitry along with transformers on the wooden board.

February-

In February we completed the remaining work of our project. Then doing the testing and check the working of our project.

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AHMEDNAGAR (2018-19)

MarchIn March finally we completed our projected ‘AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF TRASFORMER USING GSM MODULE’ and submitted to our guide teacher.

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AHMEDNAGAR (2018-19)

CHAPTER NO.2

PRINCIPLE AND WORKING OF “AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF TRANSFORMERS USING GSM MODULE ”

2.1 Concept of Project

The Automatic load sharing of transformers with GSM is a reliable circuit for protecting the equipment from damages. Whenever there is overload on the transformer, system shares the load automatically. If there is high voltage beyond sets limits the appliance get damaged due to overvoltage and overheating. The system tries to supply the uninterrupted power supply to the consumers and also tries to maintain the supply continuity.

In this project, we uses the main components such as transformers, relays, Microcontroller. The connection of the relay is connect to the programmable operational function. The supply is continuously flow and when there is a overload on the system it will be automatically shared on another transformers.

In our project, we are using two transformers TF1 & TF2. The load2 is connected to TF2 and load1 & load2 both are connected to transformer TF1. When we will ON the load1 then it will sustained by transformer TF1. But, if we will ON the load2 then load goes beyond limit and automatically it will be shared on transformer TF2. Simultaneously, we will get SMS (Load shared on another transformer) via GSM.

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2.2 Material requirement, machinery requirement, raw material, consumable & utility

Table 2.1: Materials

Sr.No.

Material

1

Transformer

2

LCD display

3

Microcontroller IC ATmega 328p

4

Relay(SPDT type)

5

PCB

6

Diodes

7

Voltage Regulator

8

GSM

9

Silver crystal

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AHMEDNAGAR (2018-19)

2.2.1 :Transformer

Fig.2.1 Transformer

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by magnetic coupling between two or more of its windings. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer’s core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force (EMF), or voltage, in the secondary winding. Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used in power stations, or to interconnect portions of power grids. All operate on the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household voltage. Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which makes long-distance transmission economically practical. Basic principles The transformer is based on two principles: first, that an electric current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and second that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagneticinduction). Here the transformers used are of 230/230v.

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2.2.2 : LCD Display

LCD is used to display the data. LCD we have used is 16x2 i.e. 16 characters in 1 line, total 2lines are there. We could have used a better resolution LCD but due to limitation of money and for project requirement 16x2 LCD is sufficient. This LCD has 8-bit parallel interface. It is possible to use all 8 bits plus 3 control signals or 4 bits plus the control signals. It requires +5V to operate.

It is connected to port 2 of microcontroller. It acts as an output to microcontroller. It uses

ASCII values to display the characters.

For control signals p0 (p0.5, p0.6 and p0.7) are used and to data signals port 2 is used. 8 bits data are transferred as ASCII consists of 8bits. Pin 1, 2 and 3 of LCD is connected with a resistor to keep contrast constant. We can vary the contrast by varying the resistor across pin 3.

Microcontroller and LCD Interface: Following fig- shows the LCD interface.

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Fig 2.2: Microcontroller and LCD interface



The pins LCD are wired as given in table:

Table 2.2: LCD pin description

Pins

Description

1

Ground, (VSS)

2

+5 V power supply, (VCC)

3

Power supply to control contrast voltage, (VEE)

4

"R/S" _Instruction/Register Select 1

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5

"R/W" _Read/Write LCD Registers

6

"E” Enable Clock

7-14

The 8 bit Data Bus (I/O Pins)

2.2.3: Microcontroller

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Fig 2.2: IC AT mega 328p

PIN DESCRIPTION:

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VCC Digital supply voltage.

GND Ground.

Port B (PB7:0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability as inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,even if the clock is not running.

Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier. If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7.6 is used as TOSC2.1 input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.

Port C (PC5:0) Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The PC5.0 output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. 1

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PC6/RESET If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a Reset. The various special features of Port C are elaborated

Port D (PD7:0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running

AVCC AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that PC6.4 use digital supply voltage, VCC.

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AREF AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter

ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only)

In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7:6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter. These pins are powered from the analog supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels.



Features Of Microcontroller

High Performance, Low Power, 8-Bit Microcontroller.

•

Advanced RISC Architecture – 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution – 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers – Fully Static Operation

•

Special Microcontroller Features – Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection – Internal Calibrated Oscillator – External and Internal Interrupt Sources 1

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– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby, and extend standby

• •

Low Power Consumption 1 MHz, 1.8V, 25°C for ATmega48P/88P/168P: – Active Mode: 0.3 mA – Power-down Mode: 0.1 μA

Temperature Range: – -40°C to 85°C – 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega328P

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2.2.4: Relay:

Fig. 2.3: relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. Automotive-style miniature relay, dust cover is taken off Pole and throw: Normally-open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form A contact or "make" contact. NO contacts may also be distinguished as "early-make" or NOEM, which means that the contacts close before the button or switch is fully engaged. Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form B contact or "break" contact. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is ambiguous whether the pole is normally 1

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open or normally closed. The terminology "SPNO" and "SPNC" is sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity. SPDT – Single Pole Double Throw. We are use of the 12 V relay.

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2.2.5: PCB:

PCB means printed circuit board. PCB is one of the most important elements in any electronic system.

They

accomplish the interconnection the between component mounted on them in particular manner. PCB consist of conductive circuit pattern which is applied to one or both sided of an insulating base copper is most widely used for conductor material.

Aluminium nickel, silver, brass is used for same special

application.

The thickness of conducting material depends upon the current carrying capacity of circuit. Thus a thicker conductor layer will have mare current carrying capacity once the PCB is manufactured the current carrying capacity is depends on which of conductor track.

The printed circuit board usually serves there distinct functions are as follows:

1.

It provides mechanical support for the component mounted on it.

2.

It provides necessary electrical interconnections.

3.

It acts as a heat sink i.e. it provides a conduction path leading to removal of most of the heat generate in the circuit.

4.

The artwork is use to prepare the all tracks on the board. It is easier and less expensive to draw the artwork, first an sheet or paper because the mistake are easily to correct with an erasing while producing the artwork the first required is the complete circuit diagram.

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Fig.2.4: PCB design software

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First the value of resistance is checked by using mom of cooler code then the leads of resistors bending device. The body of resister should touch the PCB surface.

2.2.6: For Mounting Capacitor

First the capacitance value of capacitor is checked it polarities are given then it is mounted is such a manner that the polarity should be correct then the leads are inserted in the hole and bend property. If the length of lead is more then it should be cut for mounting resistor.

The leads of transistor are mounted into the hole for mounting transistor each must have insulating slave because there is less space between the terminals mounting of diode first the diode is tested then mounted by taking anode and cathode in consideration.

electrical contact with one part of it, electrical terminals at each end of the element, a mechanism that moves the wiper from one end to the other, and a housing containing the element and wiper.

2.2.7: Rectifier Circuit:

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification. A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and yields a higher mean output 1

voltage. Two diodes and a center tapped transformer, or four diodes in a bridge configuration and any AC source (including a transformer without center tap), are needed.

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2.3 Project development:

Firstly, we decide the project and we got permission by the HOD of Electrical department in our college. In first step of the project the participated member collects all the information about the project. The information about project is from the internet and books. Then we starting to buying the equipment in market, checking these components specification and their detail. After buying the equipment we design the PCB.

After some time we set the program of our project of automatic load sharing of transformers. The purposed based on the programmer is the set, connecting the main components of the circuit such as the transformer, relay, capacitor, LCD display etc. The totally equipment’s are connect in the circuit. The relay is connected to the microcontroller program because it is the sensing element which is sense if the overvoltage occurs then load will be shared on another transformer.

In our project, LCD display is most important component of the project. It shows the values of the increasing current, message to be delivered. After that we check the project. This project is operates on 230v Ac supply. Then we finally check out the connections and we run the project successfully.

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2.4 Details of working project:

The project is all about power sharing of transformers. The voltage regulators are used to regulate the supply for microcontroller and relay operations. The microcontroller performs the major functions of decision and control. The microcontroller was used in the design in order to reduce the complexity of the design and to ensure an easy interface with a liquid crystal display. The LCD displays the value of supply voltage at any given time as well as the status of the device. A relay is used to turn on and turn off mains power to the load. The relay gets control signal from microcontroller through a relay driver. The relay driver is a transistor that controls and supplies current through the coil of the relay that connects the mains supply to the load. The microcontroller monitors the input voltage through a voltage reference circuit, which sets the input voltage range at which the relay will be energized and activates the liquid-crystal display LCD which displays the input mains voltage level and other information as the case may be. When load is increases beyond limit then transformer will share the load automatically thereby sending the SMS on the mobile phone via GSM.

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Fig. 2.5:Working Project 2.5 Block diagram of Automatic load sharing of transformers

ATmega 328p

Fig2.6:Block diagram of Automatic load sharing of transformers

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2.6 Power supply

When working with electronics, you always need one basic thing Power. In every electronic circuit power supply is required. The proper working of each and every component, the exact amount of voltage and current to be supplied to it. If the power exceed its limit, it can be fatal. Below is the circuit diagram of power supply which gives output 12V and 5V, as only that much is required for microcontroller. Its circuit diagram and designing calculation are given below

The +5 volt power supply is based on the commercial 7805 voltage regulator IC. This IC contains all the circuitry needed to accept any input voltage from 8 to 18 volts and produce a steady +5 volt output, accurate to within 5% (0.25 volt). It also contains current-limiting circuitry and thermal overload protection, so that the IC won't be damaged in case of excessive load current; it will reduce its output voltage instead.

The advantage of a bridge rectifier is you don’t need a center tap on the secondary of the transformer. A further but significant advantage is that the ripple frequency at the output is twice the line frequency (ie. 50Hz) and makes filtering somewhat easier. The use of capacitor c1, c2, c3 and c4 is to make signal ripple free. The two capacitor used before the regulator is to make ac signal ripple free and then later which we are using is for safety, if incase there is a ripple left after regulating, then c3 and c4 will remove it.

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CHAPTER NO.3

3.1: MARKET SURVEY:

In the electrical sector the most important factor is the protection of system. Any type of the abnormal condition may lead us to use the protecting devices. The industrial level and substations are regularly used this system. We using the more important and costly equipments in our daily life. This system proposed for the protection of such kind of equipments from the damage.

In the market and industrial sector there is more demand of this project. In industry level more machines and computers are depends on the power. In the world daily developing the electrically and electronics system in this situation the more increases demands of this system. This system method is the improving the additional technologies are used in this system. In our society and surround all of the works is the dependent on the electricity. The system of electricity is the step by step provide to the supply to the capability of the equipment.

Power transformers market growth is directly related to the growing demand for the electricity, advancement in transmission line and replacement of transformer unit across the world. As no power system is complete without power transformer and hence a lot of government provides subsidies in various forms

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CHAPTER NO.4

4.1 CONCLUSION:

In this project we observed that if load on one transformer is increases then the relay will sense the change in current & microcontroller operates & slave transformers comes automatically in operation to share the load. The work on “Automatic load sharing of transformers” is successfully designed, tested and a demo unit is fabricated for operating three transformers in parallel to share the load automatically with the help of change over relay and relay driver circuit and also to protect the transformers from overloading and thus providing an uninterrupted power supply to the customers.

4.2 Advantages:1. The load is shared by transformer automatically. 2. No manual errors are taking place. 3. It prevents the main transformer from damage due to the problems like overload and overheating. 4. Un-interrupted power supply to the consumer is supplied.

4.3 Applications:1. Industrial areas 2. Used in substation 3. Shopping malls 4. Distribution stations

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4.4 Future Scope:-

In the future we will try to improve our design by high voltage,



As well as we will try to minimize the time delay.



In future we will try to increase performance and reliability.



The concept in future can be extended by integrating an alarm which sounds when voltage fluctuations occur.



Although we are applying 1 phase power supply in the prepared hardware, the implementation of the hardware can also be done applying 3 phase power supply.



The concept in future can be extended by integrating an alarm which sounds when voltage fluctuations occur. It can also be interfaced with a GSM modem to convey alert message to the user via sms to take appropriate actions.

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P o w e r S u p Program:p l

CHAPTER NO. 5

#include LiquidCrystal lcd(8,9,10,11,12,13);

const int sensorIn = A0; int mVperAmp = 185; // use 100 for 20A Module and 66 for 30A Module //7507820204

double Voltage = 0; double VRMS = 0; double AmpsRMS = 0;

const int relay1 = 6; const int relay2 = 7;

void sms(); 1

P o w e r int flag=0; S u void setup() p p l {

Serial.begin(9600); pinMode(relay1, OUTPUT); Digital Write (relay1, LOW);

Pin Mode (relay2, OUTPUT); Digital Write (relay2, LOW);

lcd. begin (16, 2); lcd.print("Transformer Load"); lcd.setCursor(1, 1); lcd.print("Sharing"); delay(2000);

}

Void loop() { 1

P o w e r S u Voltage = p get VPP (); p VRMS =l (Voltage/2.0) *0.707;

AmpsRMS = (VRMS * 1000)/mVperAmp;

Serial. Print (AmpsRMS); Serial. Print (" Amps RMS");

Lcd. clear (); Lcd.print (AmpsRMS);

If (AmpsRMS>0.25) { While (1) { Lcd. clear (); lcd.print ("Load Shared"); Digital Write (relay1, HIGH); Digital Write (relay2, HIGH); 1

P o Delay (500); w e r If (flag==0) S u { p p Sms ();l

} } } Else { Digital Write (relay1, LOW); Digital Write (relay2, LOW); Delay (500); } Delay (2000); }

Float get VPP () { Float result;

int read Value;

//value read from the sensor 1

P o int max w Value = 0; // store max value here e r int min Value = 1024; // store min value here S u p p Uint32 lt start time = millis ();

While ((millis ()-start time) < 1000) //sample for 1 Sec { Read Value = Analog Read (sensorIn); // see if you have a new max Value if (read Value > max Value) { /*record the maximum sensor value*/ Max Value = read Value; } If (read Value < min Value) { /*record the maximum sensor value*/ Min Value = read Value; } }

// Subtract min from max 1

P o Result =w ((max Value – min Value) * 5.0)/1024.0; e r S u Return result; p p l

}

Void sms () { Serial. Write ("AT"); Serial. Write (0x0d); Delay (500); Serial. Write ("AT+CMGF=1"); Serial. Write (0x0d); Delay (400); Serial. Write ("AT+CMGS="); Serial. Write ('"'); Serial. Write ("+917507820204"); Serial. Write ('"'); Serial. Write (0x0d); 1

P o Delay (400); w e r l n ("Load Shared on another”) Transformer"); Serial. Print S u Serial. Print p l n ("\n\r"); p l //Serial. Write (buff);

Serial. Write (0x1A); Delay (400); Serial. Flush ();

Lcd. Clear (); Lcd. Set Cursor (0, 0); Lcd. Print ("SMS Sent"); Delay (500); Flag =1; }

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CHAPTER NO.6

Reference [1] Hassan Abniki, H.Afsharirad, A.Mohseni, F. Khoshkhati, Has-san Monsef, PouryaSahmsi “Effective Online Parameters for Transformer Monitoring and Protection”, on Northern American Power Symposium (NAPS), pp 1-5, September 2010.

[2] S.M Bashi, N. Mariun and A.rafa (2007). „Power Transformer protection using microcontroller based relay‟, Journal of applied science, 7(12), pp.1602-1607.

[3] V.Thiyagarajan & T.G. Palanivel, (J2010) „An efficient monitoring of substations using microcontroller based monitoring system‟ International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences, 4 (1), pp.63-68.

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CHAPTER NO. 7

 Cost Estimation

Table No. 7.1: Cost Estimation of Project

Sr.No.

Material

Cost

1

Transformer

Rs.600

2

LCD display

Rs.590

3

Microcontroller

Rs.650

4

Regulator

Rs.80

5

Relay

Rs.420

6

Cable

Rs.180

7

Bulb

Rs.200

8

Base with PCB

Rs.600

9

Transistor, resistor, capacitor

Rs.200

Some other

Rs.1000

Total

Rs.4520

1

Testing Of Project

1

1

1