Urp

‫ﺭﻫﻴﺎﻓﺖ ‪ /‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻬﻢ – ﺑﻬـﺎﺭ ‪١٣٨٢‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫‪Æ‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﻫﻴﺪ ﺷﻴﺨﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺣﺠﺖ ﺍﻟﻪ ﺭﺿﺎﺯﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﺣﻤﺪﭘﻮﺭ‬

‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻛﺸـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸـﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺯﺩﻫـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻫــﻪﻫــﺎﻱ ﺍﺧــﻴﺮ ﺑــﺎ ﺗﻮﺟــﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﻧﻘــﺶ ﻣﺆﺛــﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺜﺒــﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳــﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼــﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪﺟﺎﻣﻌـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬـﺮﻩ ﺑـﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎﻣﻌﻀﻼﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈـﻴﺮﺭﻛﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻭﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺴـﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘـﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﻣـﻊ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳـﻲ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻳـﻚ ﻣـﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺯﻭﺩﺗـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴـﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺤﻘـﻴﻖ ﻭ ﻧـﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻬـﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺛﺒـﺖ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺷـﺮﻛﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬـﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻫـﻨﮓ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﻠﻮﻙ ﺷﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﮔﺬﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻳـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟــﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺑــﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﻤــﻚ ﻣــﻲﻧﻤــﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﮔــﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﻧــﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺸــﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻫﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﮔﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺯﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﻟـﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺧـﺎﻟﺺ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺷﺎﻏﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃـﺮﻩﺁﻣـﻴﺰ ﺑـﺮﺍ ﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻙ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘـﻴﻖ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ‪ ٢٤‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﺧـﺮ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺁﺷـﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻱ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺳـﺮﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺷـﺘﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺑﻴـﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠـﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺬﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ‪ ١‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ » ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ«‬ ‫ﻳـﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣـﻨﺠﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﻬـﺮﻩ ﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺍﺷـﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺎﻩ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﻔﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻧــﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄـﺮﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﻱ ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻬـﺮﻩﺑـﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ‪٢‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘـﻖ ﻓﺮﺁﻳـﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤـﺎﻳﻞ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻴﺎﺑـﻲ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺳـﺨﺖﻛﻮﺷـﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺴـﻚﭘﺬﻳـﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭﻧﻤﺎﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﺧـﺎﺭﻕﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻤـﻴﺰﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺣـﻲ ـ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻓﻜﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣـﺒﺎﺩﺭﺕ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﺻﻮ ﹰﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺮ ﺭﻧﮕﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ]‪.[١‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻫﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫ﺣـﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻫـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﺧـﻴﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳـﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﻪ ‪،‬ﺑﻬـﺮﻩ ﺑـﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ‬

‫‪ Æ‬ﻋﻬـﺪﻩﺩﺍﺭﻣﻜﺎﺗـﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊﻭﺑﻬﺮﻩﻭﺭﻱﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲﺍﻣﻴﺮﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺸـﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﺧـﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻘـﻼﺏ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺑـﺮﻭﻱ ﭘـﺎﺭﻙ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﭼﻪ ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﭘﻼﻙ ‪،٣٧‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ‪ ،٦٤٩٥٤١٩ :‬ﺩﻭﺭﻧﮕﺎﺭ‪٦٤٠٤٨١٩ :‬‬

‫‪E-Mail:[email protected]‬‬

‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴـﻴﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻀﻼﺗﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺭﻛﻮﺩ ‪،‬ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ‬

‫ــ ﺳﻄﺢﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻦﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺷـﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ‬

‫ــ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺨﺬﻩ ‪،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺭﻭﺣﻴﻪ ﻭ‬

‫)ﺍﺯﻗﺒــﻴﻞ ﻣﻬــﺎﺭﺕﻫــﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧﮕــﻴﺰﻩﻫــﺎ( ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺛــﻴﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺳــﻄﺢ‬

‫ﺭﻓـﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳـﻨﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣـﻮﺯﺵ ﻭ ﻣﺸـﺎﻭﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺘﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳـﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺨـﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫–‬

‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻓـﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﻧـﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺍﺭﺗـﺒﺎﻁ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ‬

‫ــــ ﺷــﺮﻛﺖ ﺯﻧــﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨــﻲ ﺟﻬــﺖ ﺗﻮﺳــﻌﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼــﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺯﻣﺪﺕ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺴـﻬﻴﻞ ﺩﺳـﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺁﻥﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﻧـﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ]‪.[٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺳ ـﺎﻝ ‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﺑــﺎ ﻫﻤﻜــﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺮﺍﻛــﺰ ﻣﻌﺘــﺒﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ـــ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺯﻣﺪﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺟﻮﺍﻧـﺎﻥ ﺯﻳـﺮ ‪ ٢٥‬ﺳـﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ‪ ٤٤‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺸـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨـﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺪﻝ ‪GEM٣‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ‬

‫ــــ ﻫــﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺘــﻲ ﻛــﻪ ﻣــﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺑــﻪ ﭘﻴﺸــﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼــﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺳــﺖ‬

‫ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳـﺖ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺫﻳﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ]‪.[٣‬‬

‫ﻛـﻪ ﻫـﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳـﺖﮔﺮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ‬

‫ـــ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ــ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻓــﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻧﻤــﺎﻳﺪ ﻛــﻪ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺪﺍﻗــﻞﻛــﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺎﻟــﻴﺎﺕﻫــﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻛـﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﺰﻳـﻨﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻧـﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻏـﻴﺮﺣﻘـﻮﻕ ﺑﮕـﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ـــ ﭼـﻪ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ـــ ﺳﻴﺎﺳـﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﻭﺳﻌﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ‬

‫ﭼـﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠـﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃــﺮﻩﺁﻣــﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘــﻦ ﺍﻧﮕــﻴﺰﻩﻫــﺎﻱ ﺍﻓــﺮﺍﺩ ﺧﺼﻮﺻــﻲ ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٩٩‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ‪،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪،‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸــﻮﺭ ﺍﻳــﺮﺍﻥ ﻛــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣــﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿــﺮ ﺑــﺎ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘــﻲ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴــﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟــﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﮊﺍﭘــﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧــﺎﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓــﻨﻼﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﻤــﺎﺭﻙ ﻭ ﺍﺳــﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺷـﻤﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ‪،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲﺷـﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،٢٠٠٠‬ﻳﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺁﺭﮊﺍﻧﺘﻴﻦ‪،‬‬

‫‪٤‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮋﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺯﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻩ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮﻭﮊ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮕﺎﭘﻮﺭ‪،‬‬

‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻌﻤﺖ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻨﺪ ﻭ‬

‫ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺋﻴﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺑـﺮ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳـﺖ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺑـﺮ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ‬

‫ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺨـﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺄﻛـﻴﺪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠـﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻋﻠﺖ‬

‫)‪(GDP‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺳــﻄﺢ ﻧﺎﺯﻟــﻲ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﻗــﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬــﻲ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻧــﺮﺥ ﺑﻬــﺮﻩﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻧــﺪﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘــﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﺎﺿــﺎ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻠــﻲ‬ ‫ﻗـﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺗﻌﻄـﻴﻞ ﺷـﺪﻩﺍﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴـﺖ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﻧـﻲ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﺿـﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ » ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﺸﻲﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ« ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ]‪.[٤‬‬

‫ﻭ‪ ...‬ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟــﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳــﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴــﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨــﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘــﺎ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﻙ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻣـﻲﭘـﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ‪ ٢٤‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺠﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ‪،‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨـﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﺴﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗـﺮﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺴـﻠﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻼﻧﺪ‪،‬ﺳﻮﺋﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳـﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧـﺮﻭﮊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟـﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬﺴـﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻤـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮋﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﭼﻚ‪،‬‬ ‫ﭘـﺮﺗﻐﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴـﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﻠﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺋﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻛﺰﺍﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺳﻴﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﻠﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ]‪ .[٣‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﻬﻢ‬

‫ﺭﻫﻴﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻬﻢ ﺑﻬـﺎﺭ ‪١٣٨٢‬‬

‫‪٦٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻭ ﺭﺗﺒﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ــ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻲ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫ــ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ‪،‬‬

‫ــ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺷﺎﻏﻞ‪،‬‬

‫ــ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬

‫ـــ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳـﻲ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳـﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﹰﺎ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﻠﻮﻙ ﺷﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﮔﺬﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ــ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﻙ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ ٩٠‬ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻂ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ‬

‫ــ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‪،‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨـﻲ ﻭ ﺷـﺮﻛﺖ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳـﺘﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺳـﭙﺲﺟﻬـﺖ ﺁﺷـﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺩﻭﻟـﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻪﺷﺪﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚﻫﺎﻱ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨــﻲ ﺑــﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪ ﻣــﻮﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨــﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸــﻮﺭ ﺍﺗــﺮﻳﺶ‬

‫ﻓﻨـﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺸـﺎﻭﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﺷﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺻﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘـﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟـﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪﺍﺗـﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬

‫ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬

‫ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ ‪،‬ﻫـﺮ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻫﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺯﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺫﻳـﻞ ﻫﻤﺎﻫـﻨﮓ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻛﻠـﻴﻪ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ]‪٥‬ﻭ‪.[٤‬‬

‫ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺪﺍﺭﻙ ﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺪ]‪ [٤‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫ــ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻦ‪،‬‬

‫ﺣـﺎﻝ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴـﻪ ﭼﻬـﺎﺭ ﺷـﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﺑـﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ـــ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ ﻣـﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺯﻭﺩﺗـﺮ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻣﻴـﻦ ﻣﺎﻟـﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ‬

‫‪١‬ـ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺷﺎﻏﻞ‬

‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ‪،‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸـﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﻠﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬

‫ـــ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺤﻘـﻴﻖ ﻭ ﻧـﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺛﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭ‪ ...‬ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ‪ %٦٠‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ %٤٠-٥٠‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ]‪ .[٤‬ﻟــﺬﺍ ﺷــﺎﺧﺺ ﺳــﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﻟــﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺧــﺎﻟﺺ ﺩﺍﺧﻠــﻲ ﺑــﻪﺍﺯﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫـﺮ ﻧﻔـﺮ ﺷـﺎﻏﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨـﻲ ﻭ ﺷـﺮﻛﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺟـﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (١‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺸـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﻛﺰﺍﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ ﻭ ﺑﻠﮋﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٦٠/٠٠٠‬ﺩﻻﺭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‪٢٠/٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺩﻻﺭ ﺁﻣــﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩﻩﻫــﺎﻱ ﺁﺧــﺮ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤــﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛــﻪ ﻣﺸــﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣـﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﹰﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ـ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮﻧﻔﺮ ﺷﺎﻏﻞ ـ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻤـﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪﻳﺎﻓـﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑﻠـﻮﻙ ﺷـﺮﻕ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫‪٦٣‬‬

‫‪٢‬ـ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﻴﺰﺑﺮﺍﻱﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻛﻤـﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪﻳﺎﻓـﺘﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﻠﻮﻙ ﺷﺮﻕ‬

‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺷـﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﺯ ﺷـﺎﺧﺺﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻬـﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﻭﻳـﮋﻩﺍﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﺩﺭﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﻛﺴـﺐ ﻭ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺸـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸـﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳـﻲ ﺑﺨﻮﺑـﻲ ﺩﺭﻙ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫]‪٨‬ﻭ‪٧‬ﻭ‪ [٦‬ﺟـﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (٢‬ﺍﻳـﻦﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱﻫﺎ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ‪١٠‬ـ‪ ١‬ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴـﻪ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫‪٤‬ـ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳـﻲ ﺳـﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔـﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻘـﻴﻖ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﻣـﻨﺠﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻓﺮﺻـﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻛﺴـﺐ ﻭ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻋﻤﺪﺗـﹰﺎ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻠﻮﻙ ﺷﺮﻕ‬

‫ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﻨﺪ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ]‪ .[٤‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ ،(٤‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣‬ـ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﻙ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺧﻂﻣﺸﻲﻫﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ‬

‫ﺍﺟـﺮﺍﻱ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫـﺎ ﻭ… ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺗـﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ‬

‫ﻛﺸـﻮﺭ ﺍﺗـﺮﻳﺶ ﺑـﺎ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻦ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٨‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﻙ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘـﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰﻱ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺟﺰﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﺴﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ]‪.[٤‬‬

‫ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﺿـﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺳﺎﻝ ‪٢٠٠٠‬‬

‫ﺟـﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (٣‬ﺩﺭﻙ ﺍﻳـﻦﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫‪١٠‬ـ‪ ١‬ﺑﻴـﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣـﻲﺩﻫـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻋـﻼﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬

‫ﺳـﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﻟـﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺧـﺎﻟﺺ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٢٣٠٠٠‬ﺩﻻﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻣـﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺑﻴﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ %٤‬ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺯﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ]‪.[٩‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪١‬ـ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪٢‬ـ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻔﺮﺷﺎﻏﻞ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫)ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ‪١٠‬ـ‪(١‬‬

‫)ﺩﻻﺭﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ(‬

‫‪٣‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺋﺪ‬

‫‪٧/٣‬‬

‫‪١٥‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﺗﻐﺎﻝ‬

‫‪٤/٩‬‬

‫‪٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٧‬‬

‫‪١٦‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺋﻴﺲ‬

‫‪٤/٨‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ‬

‫‪٦/٨‬‬

‫‪١٧‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٤/٧‬‬

‫‪٦‬‬

‫ﻧﺮﻭﮊ‬

‫‪٦/٥‬‬

‫‪١٨‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪٤/٦‬‬

‫‪٧‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ‬

‫‪٦/١‬‬

‫‪١٩‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬

‫‪٤/٥‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬

‫ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٦/ ١‬‬

‫‪٢٠‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﭼﻚ‬

‫‪٤/ ٥‬‬

‫‪٩‬‬

‫ﻫﻠﻨﺪ‬

‫‪٥٠٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪٢١‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﭼﻚ‬

‫‪٢٧٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪٩‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﺴﻠﻨﺪ‬

‫‪٥/ ٩‬‬

‫‪٢١‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ‬

‫‪٤/ ١‬‬

‫‪١٠‬‬

‫ﻓﻨﻼﻧﺪ‬

‫‪٤٩٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪٢٢‬‬

‫ﻟﻬﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٢١٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪١٠‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ‬

‫‪٥/ ٨‬‬

‫‪٢٢‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﻠﻮﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪٣/ ٧‬‬

‫‪١١‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪٤٨٥٠٠‬‬

‫‪٢٣‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ‬

‫‪١٨٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪١١‬‬

‫ﺑﻠﮋﻳﻚ‬

‫‪٥/ ٨‬‬

‫‪٢٣‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ‬

‫‪٣/ ١‬‬

‫‪١٢‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺋﻴﺲ‬

‫‪٤٨٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪٢٤‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺳﻴﻪ‬

‫‪١٥٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪١٢‬‬

‫ﻟﻬﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٥/ ٥‬‬

‫‪٢٤‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺳﻴﻪ‬

‫‪٣‬‬

‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬

‫‪٢‬‬

‫ﻓﻨﻼﻧﺪ‬

‫‪٧/٧‬‬

‫‪١٤‬‬

‫ﻟﻮﻛﺰﺍﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ‬

‫‪٥/٣‬‬

‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬

‫‪١‬‬

‫ﻫﻠﻨﺪ‬

‫‪٧/٩‬‬

‫‪١٣‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٥/٤‬‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫‪١‬‬

‫ﻟﻮﻛﺰﺍﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ‬

‫‪٦٨٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪٢‬‬

‫ﺑﻠﮋﻳﻚ‬

‫‪٦٥٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪١٤‬‬

‫‪٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬

‫‪٥٨٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪١٥‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺋﺪ‬

‫‪٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ‬

‫‪٥٧٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪١٦‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٤٥٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ‬

‫‪٥٦٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪١٧‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٣٨٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪٦‬‬

‫ﻧﺮﻭﮊ‬

‫‪٥٣٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪١٨‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﺗﻐﺎﻝ‬

‫‪٣٣٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪٧‬‬

‫ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٥٢٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪١٩‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﻠﻮﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪٣٢٥٠٠‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ‬

‫‪٥٢٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪٢٠‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٢٩٠٠٠‬‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺷﺎﻏﻞ‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫‪١٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﺴﻠﻨﺪ‬

‫‪٤٨٠٠٠‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ‬

‫‪٤٨٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٧٠٠٠‬‬

‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬

‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬

‫‪ GDP‬ﺑﻪﺍﺯﺍﻱ‬

‫‪ GDP‬ﺑﻪﺍﺯﺍﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺷﺎﻏﻞ‬

‫ﺭﻫﻴﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻬﻢ ﺑﻬـﺎﺭ ‪١٣٨٢‬‬

‫‪٦٤‬‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪٣‬ـ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺩﺭﻙ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪٤‬ـ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫)ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ‪١٠‬ـ‪(١‬‬

‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬

‫‪٧‬‬

‫‪٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٢٢٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬

‫‪١٢٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪١٦‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺋﺪ‬

‫‪٨٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪١٧‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﭼﻚ‬

‫‪٦‬‬

‫ﻫﻠﻨﺪ‬

‫‪٨٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪١٨‬‬

‫ﻟﻬﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﺍﺯ‪١٠٠‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺋﻴﺲ‬

‫‪٦٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪١٩‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﺗﻐﺎﻝ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﺍﺯ‪١٠٠‬‬

‫‪٤٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪٢٠‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﺍﺯ‪١٠٠‬‬

‫‪٤٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪٢١‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﺍﺯ‪١٠٠‬‬

‫‪٢٢‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﻠﻮﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﺍﺯ‪١٠٠‬‬

‫‪٢٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﺴﻠﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﺍﺯ‪١٠٠‬‬

‫‪٢٤‬‬

‫ﻟﻮﻛﺰﺍﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﺍﺯ‪١٠٠‬‬

‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬

‫‪٧/١‬‬

‫‪٢‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ‬

‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬

‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ‬

‫‪٧/١‬‬

‫‪١‬‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ‬

‫‪١‬‬

‫ﻓﻨﻼﻧﺪ‬

‫‪٨/١‬‬

‫‪١٣‬‬

‫‪٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ‬

‫‪٨‬‬

‫‪١٤‬‬

‫ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٣‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﻠﻮﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪٧/٩‬‬

‫‪١٥‬‬

‫ﺑﻠﮋﻳﻚ‬

‫‪٤‬‬

‫ﻟﻮﻛﺰﺍﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ‬

‫‪٧/٩‬‬

‫‪١٦‬‬

‫ﻟﻬﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٧‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬

‫ﻫﻠﻨﺪ‬

‫‪٧/٩‬‬

‫‪١٧‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ‬

‫‪٦/٨‬‬

‫‪٦‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺋﻴﺲ‬

‫‪٧/٧‬‬

‫‪١٨‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪٦/٨‬‬

‫‪٧‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﺴﻠﻨﺪ‬

‫‪٧/٦‬‬

‫‪١٩‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ‬

‫‪٦/٧‬‬

‫‪٧‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺋﺪ‬

‫‪٧/٥‬‬

‫‪٢٠‬‬

‫ﻧﺮﻭﮊ‬

‫‪٦/٣‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪٩‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٧/٥‬‬

‫‪٢١‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٦/٢‬‬

‫‪٩‬‬

‫ﺑﻠﮋﻳﻚ‬

‫‪١٠‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٧/٤‬‬

‫‪٢٢‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﺗﻐﺎﻝ‬

‫‪٦/٢‬‬

‫‪١٠‬‬

‫ﻓﻨﻼﻧﺪ‬

‫‪٣٥٠٠‬‬

‫‪١١‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ‬

‫‪٧/٤‬‬

‫‪٢٣‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺳﻴﻪ‬

‫‪٦/١‬‬

‫‪١١‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ‬

‫‪٣٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬

‫‪٧/٣‬‬

‫‪٢٤‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﭼﻚ‬

‫‪٥/٨‬‬

‫‪١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ‬

‫‪٣٠٠٠‬‬

‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬

‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬

‫)ﺩﻻﺭﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ(‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫‪١٣‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺳﻴﻪ‬

‫‪٢٠٠٠‬‬

‫ﻧﺮﻭﮊ‬

‫‪٢٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﺍﺯ‪١٠٠٠‬‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٥٠٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٠٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‪١٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﺍﺯ‪١٠٠‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ‬

‫ــ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﺡ »ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ« ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٩٩/٦‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬

‫‪١٩‬ـ‪ ١٥‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﺳﻲ)ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺗﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺗـﺮﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺷـﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﻟــﻴﺪ ﻛﻨــﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗــﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑــﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻣﺤﻠــﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﺋــﻪ ﺩﻫــﻨﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻤـﺎﻡ ﺗﺼـﻤﻴﻢﮔـﻴﺮﻱﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑـﻪ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ‬

‫‪ ١/٥‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﻐﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ‪ %٦٦/١‬ﺍﺯ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻭ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺪﻣـﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗـﺮﻳﺶ ‪ ١١‬ﻛﺎﺭﻣـﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺣـﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﺳـﺖ]‪١٠‬ﻭ‪ .[٩‬ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺫﻳﻞ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ـــ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ »ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﻱ« ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣـﺪﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﻟﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺗـﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺣﺮﻓﻪﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ـــ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻦ ﻛﺮﺳـﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳـﺖ‪/‬ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ »ﻛﺮﺳﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ]‪[١١‬‬

‫ـــ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳـﺖ ﻧـﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻛﺴـﺐ ﻭ ﻛـﺎﺭ« ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸـﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻼﮔﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪.١٩٩٩‬‬ ‫ـــ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﻋﺎﻟـﻲ ﻛﺴـﺐ ﻭ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪،١٩٩٨‬‬

‫ـ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣـﺎﻧﻊ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﺴـﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪) .‬ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﭼﻪ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪،‬‬ ‫ــ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻛﻢ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ‪،‬‬

‫)ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺶﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣـﻮﺯﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠـﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ(‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺪﺍﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ‬

‫‪٢‬ـ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ‬

‫ﻛـﺎﺭ(‪ ،‬ﺁﻣـﻮﺯﺵ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎﻥ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻱ‪،‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳـﺖ ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻤﻴﻨﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ـــ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪ %٤٧ ،١٩٩٨‬ﺍﺯ ﺷـﺮﻛﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷـﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ )ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺣﺮﻓﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻱ( ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫‪٦٥‬‬

‫ـــ ﺩﺍﺩﻥﺟﺎﻳـﺰﻩ ﻣﻠـﻲ ﻧـﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻓـﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻮﺭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ـــ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ » ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ« ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫»ﺍﺯﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ«‪.‬‬ ‫ـــ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷـﻲ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ » ﻣﻼﻗـﺎﺕ ﺷـﺮﻛﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ« ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﻋﻼﻗﻤـﻨﺪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻓﺮﺻـﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﻓـﻖ ﻣــﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻳـﺎﺩ ﺑﮕــﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪) .‬ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳـﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺸــﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ(] ‪.[١٢‬‬ ‫ــ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳـﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚﺗﺮ ﺩﺭ‬

‫‪٣‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺤﻘـﻴﻖ ﻭ ﻧـﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺛﺒﺖ‬

‫ﻳـﻚ ﻣـﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺯﻭﺩﺗـﺮ‪،‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ‬

‫ــ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬

‫ـــ »ﺍﺻـﻼﺡ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻘـﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ«؛ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ــ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ »ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻱﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍ ﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ« ﺩﺭﺳﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺎﻣﺒﺮ‪ ،١٩٩٨‬ﺳﻘﻒﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬

‫‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﺍﻳـﻦﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻤﻚ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﺯ‪ ٤٥٠‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥﺩﻻﺭ ﺑﻪ‪ ٧٠٠‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥﺩﻻﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ‬

‫ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱﻛﻮﭼﻚﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻲﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﺴﺖ ﻭﻫﺘﻠﺪﺍﺭﻱ‪ ٢٣٠‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥﺩﻻﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧــﺪ ﻭ ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥﻫــﺎ ﺭﻭﺵﻫــﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻧــﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻳــﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ـــ ﺳـﻘﻒ ﺍﻋﺘـﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٦٥٠‬ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﻻﺭ ﺑﻪ ‪١٦٠٠‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ـــ ﺍﺧﺘﺼـﺎﺹ ﻳـﻚ »ﺗﺨﻔـﻴﻒ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗـﻲ« ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬

‫ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﻻﺭ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ــــ ﺍﻳﺠــﺎﺩ »ﺳــﻮﺩ ﺳــﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺑﻬــﺎﺩﺍﺭ« ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓــﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺳـﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔـﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﻛﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬

‫)ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﺍﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ‬

‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.(.‬‬ ‫ـــ ﺑـﻪﻣـﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭ‬

‫ـــ ﺍﺻـﻼﺡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ »ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺙ ﻭ ﻫﺪﻳﻪ« ﺩﺭﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ـــ ﺍﺟـﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻮﺭﺱﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﺷﺘﮕﺎﻥ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪.١٩٩٦‬‬ ‫ـــ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐﻭﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱﺟﺪﻳﺪﻭﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵﻛﺴﺐ ﻭﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺩﻧـﻴﺎﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬ ‫»ﻣﺮﺍﻛـﺰ ﻣﻬـﺎﺭﺕ« )ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﻩ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ( ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺎﻝ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻦ ﻣﺠﻮﺯﻫـﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻣﺤــﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤــﺖ ﻳــﻚ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻧــﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺘــﻲ ﺑــﺮ ﺍﺳــﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ‪،‬ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ـــ ﺍﺟـﺮﺍﻱ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ »ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻬـﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻫـﺮ ﺳـﺎﻟﻪ ‪ ١٠-١٥‬ﻛﺴـﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪٢٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ـــ ﺍﻛـﺜﺮ ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ )ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﺍﻧﻪ( ﺑﺎﻻ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫)ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ( ﻭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ« ﺩﺭﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻧـﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﺤﻘـﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺸﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺠـﻮﺯ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻫﻴﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻬﻢ ﺑﻬـﺎﺭ ‪١٣٨٢‬‬

‫‪٦٦‬‬

‫‪٤‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻲ‬

‫‪٣‬ـ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ‬

‫ــ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ »ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ« ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ‬

‫ﺍﺯﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻃﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﻱ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ]‪.[١٣‬‬

‫ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﻛﻨـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺷـﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺩﺭﻓﺼــﻞ »ﺗﻮﺳــﻌﻪ ﺭﻭﺣــﻴﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨــﻲ« ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋــﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣــﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻝﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻱﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ‬

‫ــــ »ﺑــﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕــﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫــﺎ«‪ ،‬ﺩﺳــﺎﻣﺒﺮ ‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﻣﺮﻛــﺰ‬

‫ﻭ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺭﺱ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﻭﭘـﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ‬

‫ﺷـﺮﻛﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻓﺮﺷﺘﮕﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ــ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ »ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺷﺮﻳﻜﻲ« ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬

‫ﻛﺴـﺐ ﻭ ﻛـﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳـﺖ ﺍﻳـﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨـﻲ ﺩﺭﺗﻤﺎﻣـﻲ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺩ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٥‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ـــ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻥ »ﻳـﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ« ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻓﻮﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟـﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﺗﺼـﻮﻳﺐﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻓﻴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ‪،‬‬

‫ــــ ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳــﻨﺎﻥ ﺟــﻮﺍﻥ ﻣــﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳــﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃــﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻳـﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧـﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫‪١‬ـ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ‪،‬‬

‫ﺣـﻖﺍﻟﺰﺣﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻃﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﻤﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕﻫﺎﻱ‬

‫‪٢‬ـ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‪،‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱﻛﺴﺐﻭﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﺭﺍﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣‬ـ ﭼﻚ ﻟﻴﺴﺖﻫﺎ ‪،‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﭽﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻤﻴﻨﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬

‫ـــ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ » ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻲ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ « ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﻝ ﮊﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪ ١٩٩٨‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﻬـﺪﺍﺕ ﮔـﺰﺍﺭﺵﺩﻫـﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻛﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﺎﻑ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ـــ ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ »ﺭﻭﺵﻫـﺎﻳـﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻳـﻚ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴـﺖ ﻣﺤﻠـﻲ« ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫـﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻓﺎﺗﺮ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺖ‬

‫ـــ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘـﻲ ﺳـﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫‪١‬ـ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻤـﻚﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟـﻲ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٢‬ـ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻣﺪﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪.‬‬ ‫ــ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ»ﺷﺎﺧﺺﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻓـﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺍﺗـﺮﻳﺶ« ﺍﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺳﻤﻴﻨﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻫـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﺗﻜـﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱﻫـﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺟﺴـﺘﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﻫﺰﻳـﻨﻪﻫﺎﻳـﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ… ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﻤﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٣‬ـ ﻃـﺮﺡ ﭘـﺲﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺁﻥ‬

‫ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺷـﺎﺧﺺﮔـﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻤﻚﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭ…‬

‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻖ ﺑﻴﻤﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ــ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﻳﻦ »ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٦‬ـ‪٢‬ـ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ـــ ﺍﺻـﻼﺡ »ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ« ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺟﻮﺍﻥ« ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﻳﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪١‬ـ »ﺷﺎﻧﺲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ« ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ــ ﺍﺯ ﮊﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪ ،١٩٩٩‬ﻛﺎﺭﻓﺮﻣﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ‪ ٥٠‬ﻛﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻳـﻚ ﻛﺴـﺐ ﻭ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻬـﺪﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺷﻐﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﺟﺪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻞ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺑـﻪﻃـﻮﺭ ﺭﺍﻳﮕﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ »ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﺸـﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧـﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭ ﻫﺰﻳـﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﻪ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ« ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ‪ ٤‬ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫‪٦٧‬‬

‫‪٢‬ـ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ » ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻴﻦ« ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑــﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺗﻌﻠــﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺑﻴــﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼــﺎﺩ ﺍﺗــﺮﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﺧــﺰﺍﻧﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ ﻭ… ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣‬ـ ﺩﺭ »ﻣﺸـﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ« ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻓﺮﻳـﻨﺎﻥ ﺟـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸـﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴـﻨﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺳـﺶﻫـﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﺴـﺐ ﻭ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸـﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧـﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ %٧٥ .‬ﺣﻖﺍﻟﺰﺣﻤﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٤‬ـ ﺩﺭ »ﻣﺮﺑﻴﮕﺮﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻦﺟﻮﺍﻥ« ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳـﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺭﻫﺒﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻳﺎﺑﻲﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚﻣﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ %٧٥ .‬ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺣﻖﺍﻟﺰﺣﻤﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪) .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ‪ ٤٨‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺩﻭﺳﺎﻝ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ــ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫‪١‬ـ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‪ .‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫‪٢‬ـ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻓﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂﺯﻳﺴﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫‪٣‬ـ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ‪،ISO ٩٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪٢‬ـ‪٤‬ـ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ » ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ«‬ ‫ﻫـﺪﻑ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﻧﻮ ﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧـﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٤‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻻﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣‬ـ‪٤‬ـ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ » ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ‪«A+B٦‬‬ ‫ﻫـﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ‪،‬ﺍﻓـﺰﻭﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤـﻲ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ‪،‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻛـﺎﺭ ‪،‬ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺷـﺮﻛﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷــﻲ‪،‬ﺗﺪﺭﻳــﺲ ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮ ﺭﺷــﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨــﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﻜﺪﻩﻫــﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳـﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺷﺮﻳﻚ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻧﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣـﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨـﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟـﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣـﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ٢٠٠١‬ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻱ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ـــ ﺯﻣﻴـﻨﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫‪١‬ـ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴـﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟـﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴـﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪،‬‬

‫ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ‪،‬ﻓﺮﺩ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻦ »ﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻜـﺮ ﻧـﻮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ« ﺣﺪﺍﻛـﺜﺮ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳـﻨﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺼـﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢‬ـ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ، ISO ٩٠٠٠‬ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤‬ـ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻫﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭ‬

‫ﺳﻪﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﻠﻲﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺩﺭﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻭ‬

‫‪١‬ـ ‪٤‬ـ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ »ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬

‫ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ«‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬

‫ﻫـﺪﻑ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﺩﺍﻧﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬـﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻀﻼﺗﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻧـﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑـﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٨٦‬ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ‬

‫ﺭﻛـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗـﻮﺭﻡ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬

‫ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺗﺄﺳـﻴﺲ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻘﻒ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٢٣٠٠٠‬ﺩﻻﺭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ]‪ .[١٤‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺭﻫﻴﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻬﻢ ﺑﻬـﺎﺭ ‪١٣٨٢‬‬

‫‪٦٨‬‬

[6]- Eddy,G. and Olm, K. 1985, “Entrepreneurship and Venture Management: Text & Cases”, Columbus, Ohio: Charls E. Merrill. [7]- Greenberg , D. and Sexton, D. 1988, “An Interactive Model of New Venture Creation”. Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 26, p 1-7. [8]- Ginsberg, A. and Hay, M. 1994, “Confronting the Challenges of Corporate Entrepreneurship: Guidelines for Venture Managers”, European Management Journal, Vol. 12, , P 382-389. [9]- Commission of the European Communities, “Report on the Implementation of the Action Plan to Promote Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness”, 27.10.2000, http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise. [10]- OECD Economic Survey of Austria, Summer 2001, http://www.OECD.org/. [11]- SME Ploicy Framework in Austria-Unido http://www.unido.org/doc 43 1883.htmls. [12]- Horst Albach, 1998, “Unternehmensgrundunjen in Deutschland-Potentiale Und Lurken, “Discussion Paper FS IV 98-10 Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin. [13]- Norbert Katler, 1998, “Support of Young Entrepreneurs through Training and Consulting - Supply and Demand in Austria”, Ruhr- University, Bochum. [14]- Knut Koschatzky & Daniela Rink, 2001, “Forderung Von Entrepreneurship un Grundungen im AuslandOffentliche Furdermabnahmen Und Aktivitaten and Hoch Schulen”, Institute System Technik Und Innovations Forshung.

‫ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺶ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﻘـﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺸـﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬،‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸـﮕﺎﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺫﻳـﻞ ﺁﻣـﻮﺯﺵ‬ .[١٤‫ـ‬١٧]‫ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ٧ ٨

‫ـ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻼﮔﻦ ﻓﻮﺭﺕ‬٢ ٩

١٠

‫ـ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﺯ‬٣

‫ـ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻳﻮﻫﺎﻧﺲ ﻛﭙﻠﺮ ﻟﻴﻨﺰ‬٤ ١١

١٢

‫ـ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﺮﻧﺮ‬١

‫ـ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻳﻦ‬٥

‫ـ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ – ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﺰ ـ ﻛﺮﺍﺯ‬٦

:‫ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎ‬ 1- Entrepreneurship 2- New Business 3- Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 4- Gross Domestic Product 5- Small and Medium Enterprise 6- Academic Business 7- Universitat Krems http://www.donau-uni-ac.at/maba/ entrepreneurship/Basics.html

:‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﺪ‬ __ Universitat Klugenfurt http://www.uni-klu.ac. at/ groups __ Technische Universitat Granz http://www.CIS.Tu Granz. at/fit __ Jahnnes Kepler Universitat Linz http://www.Ivg.uniLinz.ac.at/html/main.Htm __ Wintschafts Uuniversitat Wien http:// www. WU. Wien .ac.at __ Universitat Kfunigraz http://wwwKfunigraz.ac.at

:‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺂﺧﺬ‬ ،‫ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬،‫ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬:‫ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ‬.‫ ﻣﺤﻤـﻮﺩ‬،‫[ـ ﺍﺣﻤـﺪ ﭘـﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺎﻧـﻲ‬١] .٧٩ ‫ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬،٥٧ ‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﭘﺮﺩﻳﺲ‬،(١‫ـ‬٢٦ ‫ﻓﺼﻞﺍﻭﻝ )ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ‬ [2]- Gnyawali, D. and Fogel, D. “Environments for Entrepreneurship Development: Key Dimensions and Research Implications”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Baylor University, 1994, p 125-140. [3]- Reynolds P.D., Hay, M., Bygrave, W. D. Michael Camp, S.M. 2000, “Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Executive Report”. Babson College, Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership, London Business School, p 4-5. ‫ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻃﺮﺡ‬.‫ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ‬،‫ ﺍﺣﻤﺪﭘﻮﺭ‬. ...‫ ﺣﺠﺖ ﺍ‬،‫ ﺭﺿﺎﺯﺍﺩﻩ‬.‫ ﻧﺎﻫﻴﺪ‬،‫[ـ ﺷﻴﺨﺎﻥ‬٤]

‫ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸـﻲ»ﺗﺠـﺎﺭﺏ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺘﺨـﺐ« ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ‬ .٤‫ ﺹ‬،١٣٨١ ‫ ﺁﺫﺭ ﻣﺎﻩ‬،‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ [5]- Fry,F. 1993, “Entrepreneurship: A Planning Approach”, Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice - Hall.

‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬

٦٩

Entrepreneurship in Europe

Nahid SheikhanÁ Hojjatollah Rezazadeh Mahmood Ahmadpour In the past decades, by focusing on the positive and effective role of economic entrepreneurship in the development of society, developed countries and, in more recent decades, a few developing countries have considered deriving benefits from this potential in combating economic difficulties such as recession, inflation and unemployment. By observing the importance of entrepreneurship and small and medium size companies in the economic growth of societies, every year the European Economic Commission coordinates European countries, especially the more advanced ones, in fields such as education and training for an entrepreneurial society, provides access to material resources for the smaller companies, financial aid for the expansion of high technology companies, access to research and innovation, creates optimum procedures for patenting inventions for small and medium size companies, and endeavors to raise employment and improve working conditions. This commission does planning for European countries which belonged to the former Eastern bloc and whose economic systems are in transition from a closed economy to an open free market system. With economic assistance, it supports these countries in the implementation of this program. With attention to the obstacles and difficulties in the expansion of entrepreneurship and small and medium companies in these countries, initial positive steps have been taken in this field while the governments of these countries pay special attention to this topic. In this article, indicators for entrepreneurship which are relevant to economic expansion and include the gross domestic product (GDP) for each employed individual, the potential for venture capital for the expansion of business, the managers’ understanding of entrepreneurship, and research and development expenditures, have been studied in connection with 24 European countries and, finally, a case study has been made to acquire familiarity with the policies and plans for the development of entrepreneurship in Austria.

Key Words: Entrepreneurship, Venture Capital, Europe, Austria.

Æ

Corresponding Author: Indusdrial Eng. and Productivity Research Center, Amir Kabir University, Tehran, Iran. Tel: (+98-21) 6404819 - 6495419 Fax: (+98-21) 6404819 E-mail: [email protected]

١٣٨٢ ‫ﺭﻫﻴﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻬﻢ ﺑﻬـﺎﺭ‬

٧٠