Unit I(pdf Format)

WHAT IS INTERNET? - Internet is a collection of networks. - Each computer on the internet is called Host. - The computers on the Internet are connected by cables, phone lines and satellite connections…
How the each computer are uniquely identify in the internet???? - Internet Protocol (IP)
An IP address is a 32-bit value
IP addresses are in the format xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx, where each xxx is a number from 0 to 255.
It identifies the host computer, so that packets of information reach the correct computer.
Ex. (192.168.0.10)

IP ADDRESSES FOR PRIVATE NETWORKS

SERVERS AND CLIENTS
Computers that provide services for other computers is called server.
Computers that request service is called client.
Types of server… @ Mail server @ Web server @ FTP server… PORTS AND PORT NUMBER





One host can run more than one server program.. For example, one computer running FTP server as well as web server. Each service has its own port no to provide the service. If any request comes from client, the packet will sent to specific ports.

SOME WIDELY USED PORTS NUMBERS Port Number 21 23 80 110 25

Service FTP (File Transfer) Telnet (remote login) World Wide Web POP3 (for incoming mail) SMTP (for outgoing mail)

TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS        

Dial-up Connections DSL Connections ISDN Connections Leased Lines Cable TV Internet Connections Satellite Internet Connections Wireless Internet Connections Connecting LAN to Internet

WHERE WILL WE GET THIS TYPE OF CONNECTION
An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides Internet accounts

SELECTING AN INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER • • •

If you intend to surf the Internet, send and receive e-mail, or create a Web site for the Internet, your first task is to choose an ISP. An ISP is a company that provides customers access to the Internet, e-mail services, and in some cases, the opportunity to post Web sites. You’ve probably heard of popular ISPs such as America Online (AOL), MSN, and EarthLink. There are some 5,000 ISPs in the United States. How do you choose which one is right for you?

Here are some considerations to make as you choose an ISP: • • • • • • • •

What is the monthly service charge? What is the set-up fee? Can I dial in without having to call a long-distance number? How many hours of monthly online time are included in the monthly fee? How much storage space am I allowed for the Web pages I want to post on the Internet? Do you have spam-blocking and virus protection? Do you have a length-of-service contract? Do you offer technical help?

BROADBAND OR DIAL-UP? A broadband connection is an Internet connection that is always on and is capable of transmitting data very quickly. Broadband services can be delivered over the telephone lines, by way of a private network, by way of a cable modem, or in a wireless network. A dial-up connection is one that literally dials a telephone number whenever you connect with the Internet. This type of connection operates over the telephone lines. The only advantage of a dial-up connection over a broadband connection is the cost. Dial-up service costs half as much as broadband service, which is much, much faster. In fact, if you’ve surfed the Internet using a broadband service, it’s hard to go back to the slower dial-up method. What’s more, you have broadband service. With a dialup connection, the phone line is occupied, so you can’t make a phone call while you’re online— or can anyone call you. A modem (the term stands for modulator/demodulator) is a hardware device for connecting a computer to the Internet. Data transmission rates for Internet connections are measured in megabits per second (Mbps) or kilobits per second

(Kbps). Table 1-1 describes the different Internet connections (these are top speeds, not necessarily the speed at which the connection really runs). The first two entries in the table are dial-up connections; the others are broadband. Table 1-1 Internet Connection Choices Modem Internal.

Speed 28.8–56 Kbps

External

28.8–56 Kbps

ISDN

128 Kbps

Cable

1.5 Mbps

DSL

6.1 Mbps

Description The modem is plugged into the motherboard of the computer. To connect to the Internet, you plug the phone line into a port on the back or side of your computer The modem is attached to your computer through a parallel, serial, or USB (Universal Serial Bus) port. You plug the modem into your computer and the telephone line into your modem. This requires installing ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) adapters in your computer. The connection is made through high-speed digital cables installed by the phone company or a service provider. This type of modem can be an external or internal modem. Through a cable wall outlet, the computer is connected to the cable TV line. This type of modem can also be internal or external. It requires a network adapter.

Table 1-2 describes places you can go on the Internet to find ISPs that offer Webhosting services. Table 1-3 describes where you can go to investigate ISPs that offer Web-hosting services for free. You can find hundreds (if not thousands) of Webhosting sites by going to the Web pages listed in Tables 1-2 and 1-3. Table 1-2 Web Sites Where You Can Investigate Hosting Services Web Site GiantWebHost.com HostIndex.com SMESource.com The List

Address www.giantwebhost.com www.hostindex.com www.smesource.com/hosting www.thelist.com

Table 1-3 Web Sites Where You Can Investigate ISPs that Offer Free Hosting Web Site FreeHomePage.com FreeWebspace.net

Address www.freehomepage.com www.freewebspace.net

DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM
DNS is a distributed database used in TCP/IP networks to translate computer names (host names) to IP addresses.
DNS is most commonly associated with the Internet.
The DNS makes using the Internet easier by allowing a familiar string of letters the "domain name“
Domain names on the Internet must be registered.
DNS names are read from right to left  Ex: www.google.com
The DNS domain namespace is graphically represented as an inverted tree structure, with the root of the tree at the top. The DNS domain at the top (or root) of the tree is called the root domain. It is often represented by a period (.)
The DNS domains directly under the root domain are called top-level domains.
DNS name servers resolve forward and reverse lookup queries.  A forward lookup query resolves a name to an IP address.  A reverse lookup query resolves an IP address to a name.

HOST NAMES AND DOMAIN NAMES

Hosts are computers that are directly attached to the Internet. Host names have several parts strung together with periods, like this: ivan.iecc.com You decode a host name from right to left:
The rightmost part of a name is its top-level domain or TLD (in the preceding example, com).
To the TLD’s left (iecc) is the name of the company, school, or organization.
The part to the left of the organization name (ivan) identifies the particular computer within the organization. In large organizations, host names can be further subdivided by site or department. The last two parts of a host name are known as a domain. For example, ivan is in the iecc.com domain, and iecc.com is a domain name. For a list of organizations that can register a domain name for you, go to the following URL: www.icann.org/registrars/accredited-list.html Internet service providers (ISPs) often charge substantial additional fees for setting up and supporting a new domain.

IP ADDRESSES AND THE DNS Network software uses the Internet protocol (IP) address, which is sort of like a phone number, to identify the host. IP addresses are written in four chunks separated by periods, such as 208.31.42.77 A system called the domain name system (DNS) keeps track of which IP address (or addresses, for popular Internet hosts) goes with which Internet host name. Usually, one computer has one IP address and one Internet host name, although this isn’t always true. For example, the Web site at www.Yahoo.com is so heavily used that a group of computers, each with its own IP address, accepts requests for Web pages from that name. The most important IP addresses to know are the IP addresses of the computers at the ISP you use. You might need them in order to set up the software on your computer; if things get fouled up, the IP addresses help the guru who fixes your problem. IP HOST NAMES PROVIDE THE FOLLOWING BENEFITS
IP host names are User-friendly, which means they are easier to remember than IP addresses.
IP host names remain more constant than IP addresses. An IP address for a server can change, but the server name remains the same TOP-LEVEL DOMAINS The top-level domain (TLD), sometimes called a zone, is the last piece of the host name on the Internet. For example, the zone of gurus.com is com. TLDs come in two main flavors:
Organizational
Geographical If the TLD is three or more letters long, it’s an organizational name.

The following Table describes the organizational names that have been in use for years.

ORGANIZATIONAL TLDS

TLD

Description

com

Commercial organizations, such as Microsoft.com

edu

Educational institution, usually a college or university such as annauniv.edu

gov

U.S. government body or department such as whitehouse.gov

int

International organization (mostly NATO, at the moment)

mil

U.S. military site (can be located anywhere) such as army.mil

net

Networking organization nsf.net

org

Anything that doesn’t fit elsewhere; usually a not-for-profit group such as comptia.org

It used to be that most systems using organizational names were in the United States. The com domain has now become a hot property; large corporations and organizations worldwide consider it a prestige Internet address. DNS IN THE INTERNET

GENERIC DOMAINS

COUNTRY DOMAINS

EXCHANGING E-MAIL

Electronic mail, or e-mail, is without a doubt the most widely used Internet service. Internet mail is connected to most other e-mail systems, such as those within corporations. E-MAIL ADDRESSES To send e-mail to someone, you need his or her e-mail address. Roughly speaking, mail addresses consist of these elements:

Mailbox name: Usually, the username of the person’s account @: The at sign Host name: The name of the host’s computer. For example, [email protected] is a typical address, where krish is the mailbox name, and yahoo.com is the host name. Internet mailbox names should not contain commas, spaces, or parentheses. Mailbox names can contain letters; numerals; and some punctuation characters, such as periods, hyphens, and underscores. Capitalization normally doesn’t matter in e-mail addresses. URLS VERSUS E-MAIL ADDRESSES Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) contain the information that your browser software uses to find Web pages on the World Wide Web. URLs look somewhat like e-mail addresses in that both contain a domain name. E-mail addresses almost always contain an @, however, and URLs never do. E-mail addresses usually are not case-sensitive — that is, capitalization doesn’t matter — but parts of URLs are case-sensitive. Always type URLs exactly as written, including capitalization.

RECEIVING INCOMING MESSAGES
Mail servers receive and store e-mail messages in mailboxes by using a protocol called Post Office Protocol(POP3)
To read your e-mail you need a mail client or e-mail application such as Outlook Express, Microsoft Outlook, Netscape Messenger and etc. If you’re using Internet Explorer (IE), you have Outlook Express — Microsoft’s friendly e-mail program. Setting Outlook Express to check for mail To set this up, follow these steps: 1. Launch Outlook Express either by clicking the Launch Outlook Express button on the Windows Quick Launch toolbar or by choosing Start Outlook Express. 2. Choose Tools Options from the Outlook Express menu bar. 3. Select the Check for New Messages Every 30 Minute(s) check box. Then, in the associated text box, either replace 30 with the new number of minutes you desire or use the spinner buttons to select this interval value. 4. (Optional) To have Outlook Express play a chime whenever new e-mail messages are downloaded while you’re working in the program, select the Play Sound When New Messages Arrive check box. 5. Click Apply. 6. Click OK. READING E-MAIL When you use Outlook Express as your e-mail program, you read the messages that you receive in an area known as the Inbox. To open the Inbox in Outlook Express and read your e-mail messages from IE, follow these steps: 1. Open Outlook Express by double-clicking the shortcut on the desktop or by choosing Start Outlook Express. 2. Click the Send/Recv button on the Outlook Express toolbar to download any new messages. 3. To read one of your new messages, click the message in the upper pane of the Inbox. 4. When you’re finished reading your e-mail, click the Close box in the upper-right corner of the Outlook Express Inbox window.

SENDING OUTGOING MESSAGES
You write e-mail messages on your own computer by using your e-mail application. Then, you transfer the messages to an SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) server
It is mail server that accepts outgoing e-mail and sends to it. THE ENTIRE E-MAIL SYSTEM

MESSAGE HEADERS
Every e-mail message sent starts with Headers– lines of text that tell you about the message.
The headers are like the envelope for the message and include the address of the recipient and the sender.
Date, To, From, Subject, Cc, Message Id, Lines, Reply-To and Etc… FORMATTED E-MAIL Decade ago, e-mail consisted solely of text characters. The only way to send a formatted document was to send it as an attachment. Currently, formatted e-mail comes in the following flavors: HTML It includes Text formatting, numbering, bullets, hyperlinks and backgrounds. Rich Text Format::: This is an older format that can be read by most processing application.. It includes text formatting, bullets and alignment.





MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) • • •

It is created just for e-mail. It include Text, Pictures, video, sound and more. A single MIME message can contain plain text as well as the fancy stuff.

SENDING AND RECEIVING FILES BY E-MAIL Why Attachments is needed?
It is the easiest way to exchange files with someone.
It is cheaper and faster than shipping floppy disk or CD’s.
We can exchange documents for revision, pass on spreadsheets for data entry or send presentation for review. GENERAL INFORMATION
E-mail system designed to transmit only text and thus can’t handle non-text (binary) files such as graphics or audio..
An attachment is a file that has been encoded as text so that it can be included in an e-mail message.
The three common ways to encode attachment $ MIME => Standard method $ Uuencoding => Old standard $ BinHEx => used for Mac e-mail prog.

Sending attachments
To send a file by e-mail, you create a message to which you attach the file.
Fill details like To, Subject and also type the body of the message.
Then attach the file by choosing a menu command or by clicking a toolbar button.

Receiving attachments
You need to open the message and then open or save the attachment. SPAM-BLOCKING AND VIRUS PROTECTION? Some ISPs have built-in software that screens out spam, which is the Internet equivalent of junk mail. Some ISPs screen all files for viruses as well. On the face of it, spam-blocking seems like a good deal, but some spam-blocking software isn’t sophisticated and merely blocks certain kinds of files, such as .exe (executable) files or files that are larger than a certain number of megabytes. You might legitimately receive these kinds of files from coworkers, in which case spamblocking is not for you.

CHATTING AND CONFERENCING ON THE INTERNET The Internet lets you communicate with people in a more immediate way hand sending electronic mail and waiting hours or days for a reply. You can type something, press Enter, and get a reply within seconds — a process called chatting. Chatting is generally done in groups that typically include people whom you don’t know. CHATTING ONLINE

Online chat lets you communicate with people live, just as you would on the telephone, except that you type what you want to say and read the other person’s reply on your computer screen. Here are some things that you need to know about chat: •

In chat, a window shows the ongoing conversation. You type in a separate box what you want to send to the individual or group. When you press Enter or click the Send button, your message appears in the conversation window, along with any responses.

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Chat differs from e-mail in that you don’t have to address each message and wait for a reply. Although sometimes a small lag occurs in chatting, communication is nearly instantaneous — even across the globe. You’re usually limited to a sentence or two in each exchange. Instant messages, described in the next chapter, allow longer expressions. You can select a group or an individual to chat with, or someone can ask to initiate a private chat with you. Many chat venues exist on the Net, including IRC, AOL chat rooms (for AOL users only), Web-based chat, and instant messaging systems like ICQ and AIM (AOL Instant Messenger). Because tens of thousands of people are chatting at any instant of the day or night, the discussions are divided into groups. Different terms exist for chat groups. AOL and ICQ call them rooms. IRC calls them channels. The chat facilities of the value-added service providers are accessible to only that service’s members. People in chat groups can be unruly and even vicious. The online service providers’ chat groups usually are tamer because the service provides some supervision. You can select a special name — called a screen name, handle, or nickname — to use when you’re chatting. This name can and often does differ from your login name or e-mail address.

FORMS OF CHAT, MESSAGING AND CONFERENCE Real time

Asynchronous

- Dialog can happen quickly - Participants need to be online at the same time

- Stored and respond concept - No need to be online

Types of Online Chat Real time

Asynchronous

IRC E-mail mailing list (E-MAIL PGM) WEB BASED CHAT (WEB BROWSER) Usenet newsgroup (NEWS READER AOL & CompuServe (AOL) Web discussion board(WEB BROWERS) Instant messaging (AOL) Online Conferencing (CONFERENCE PGM)   

E-MAILING LISTS , USENET NEWSGROUPS, IRC WEB-BASED CHAT WEB DISCUSSION BOARDS

 AOL & COMPUSERVE CHAT ROOMS  INSTANT MESSAGING  ONLINE CONFERENCING How does chat work?
Identifying Yourself
Topics , Newsgroup ,Channels ,& Rooms
Following the Discussion Chat & Conferencing Etiquette
Remember that you are talking to real people, not to computers
Lurk first,& wait until you have something interesting to say
Don’t shout
Check your spelling & proofread your text before you click send
Learn the rules
Precede your remark with the name of the person to whom your remark is directed if different conversations r taking place in the same channel
Quote the relevant parts of the message you are responding
Consider whether u really need to post a message to whole or only to few
Don’t try to manage the conversation unless you are the mailing list manager, or person incharge.
Don’t post the same message to multiple list or newsgroup
Don’t post chain letters, virus warnings , or calls to action unless you have checked their validity
Don’t post copyrighted material to mailing lists or newsgroups Safety while Chatting
Remember that what u say may not be private
Be aware that your messages are not anonymous
Don’t believe everything u read
Don’t reveal more about yourself online than u want everyone in the universe to know
Never type your password in a chat or conference
Don’t hang around in sexually oriented channels of chat rooms
Don’t allow your children to use chat or conference systems without supervision
Be sure to report inappropriate, abusive, or scary behavior when possible. Ways to use chat effectively
If you have specific people to converse with, instant messaging is probably your best bet.
For an informal discussion at a specific place & time, with a limited no. of participants & immediate responses, use real chat.




For an ongoing discussion that doesn’t require everyone to be present at the same time, use a form of asynchronous chat.

INSTANT MESSAGING Instant messaging is something between chatting online and exchanging e-mail messages. What makes instant messaging so popular is being able to know which of your friends are online at the same time as you and being able to communicate with all of them at once. Instant messaging gives you the opportunity to have an instant online party — or in a business setting, an instant online meeting. Instant messaging programs all have a version of the buddy list, which is a box that shows which of your friends are online. As soon as the name of someone with whom you want to gossip appears on the list, well, the dirt gets dished, and the party starts flowing. Here we look at two of the three most popular instant messaging programs: AOL Instant Messenger and MSN Messenger. The other popular messaging service, Yahoo! Messenger. AOL INSTANT MESSENGER If you’re one of the 11 million or so AOL subscribers, you probably already know what Instant Messenger is. If you aren’t an AOL subscriber, suffice it to say that it’s a tool you’ll be addicted to in five minutes flat. AOL Instant Messenger (often called AIM) has some really neat features. It can tell you when your chat buddies sign on, even before they send you an online “Hello.” If your chat buddies sign off, you know that, too. This software is a breeze to use. What’s more, it’s free to everybody, even people who don’t subscribe to America Online. Becoming a registered user before you can chat with someone using Instant Messenger, you have to install the Instant Messenger software and register yourself as a user with a name nobody else has used. To do that, go to the AOL Instant Messenger Web site at this address: www.aim.com. There, click the Download button and complete the form to register yourself.

MSN MESSENGER To trade instant messages with MSN Messenger, you need two things: Windows XP .NET passport. You need Windows XP because it comes with MSN Messenger software. You need a .NET passport to identify yourself to the Microsoft Network when you go online to instant message. You can obtain the passport at this Web address: http://register.passport.com. To obtain it, you provide information about yourself and select a password. Instant messaging with MSN Messenger is free. Logging on to MSN Messenger To start MSN Messenger, double-click the MSN Messenger icon in the lower right corner of the window (near the clock). You see the MSN Messenger dialog box. Click the Sign In button, enter your e-mail address, enter your password, and click OK. Engaging in a chat session The names of people on your buddy list who are currently signed on to MSN Messenger appear in boldface. To trade messages with one of these people, doubleclick his or her name. The Conversation window shown on the right side opens. Enter a message and click the Send button. Adding and deleting buddies To add a buddy to your list, click the Add a Contact button. In the wizard dialog boxes that appear, either select a name from your MSN Messenger dialog box or enter an e-mail address. YAHOO! MESSENGER Yahoo! Messenger is one of the great features of cyberspace. Messenger is free, small, and doesn’t take much screen space, but this powerful little instant-messaging application keeps you in contact with friends, lets you search the Web, delivers email alerts, tracks your stock portfolio, and integrates beautifully with your browser.

Messenger is the Yahoo! answer to the online passion for instant messaging, which is one-to-one and one-to-many chatting and files sharing. You can exchange messages and files with anyone else running Messenger and even get groups together for chatting. Yahoo! designed Messenger to stay running all the time, and while that might seem excessive. Getting Ready to Run Yahoo! Messenger Yahoo! Messenger is Yahoo’s instant-messaging program. It works much like AOL Instant Messenger and Windows Messenger. To take Yahoo! Messenger for a spin, you must have a Yahoo! ID (it’s free), and you must have downloaded the Yahoo! Messenger program: ✦ To get a Yahoo! ID, go to www.yahoo.com, click the Sign In link, and on the Web page that appears, click the Sign Up Now link.

✦ To download Yahoo! Messenger, go to the Web page at this address: http://messenger.yahoo.com. Logging On to Yahoo! Messenger To start running Yahoo! Messenger, double-click the Yahoo! Messenger icon in the notification area (the lower-right corner of the screen next to the clock), or click the Start button and choose All Programs➪Yahoo! Messenger➪Yahoo! Messenger. You see the Login dialog box, where you enter your Yahoo! ID and password. Basic Operating Selections Use the check boxes to do the following: • Automatically Start Yahoo! Messenger: • Stand By and Wait until I Connect to the Internet: • Keep Yahoo! Messenger on Top of All Other Applications: • Always Open Browser in a New Window: • Automatically Sign Me In to Yahoo! Mail, Address Book and Calendar When I Click on a Link to Them from Messenger • Disconnect Messenger When the Main Window Is Closed: Making New Friends Friends are at the heart of Yahoo! Messenger. You can use Messenger to search for new friends and of course to get to know current friends better.

Follow these steps to find new friends on Messenger: 1. With Yahoo! Messenger connected, click the Add button. The Add a Friend dialog box appears. 2. Select an option button that describes how you want to search for your friend. Depending on which option you choose, you see a dialog box with fields to fill in. 3. Fill in the dialog box and click Next. 4. Enter a message to the person and click Finish. Sometimes keeping a friend on your list isn’t worthwhile because the friend is rarely online. Whatever reason motivates the removal of a friend, it’s easily accomplished: 1. When Yahoo! Messenger is connected, right-click the name of any friend. 2. Choose Delete. 3. Click the OK button. After a second, the deleted name disappears from your list of friends. Chatting with Friends You can chat with other Messenger users in three ways: ✦ Online text chatting: This is traditional chatting, using an Instant Message window to trade lines of typed text with another connected user.

✦ Offline text chatting: You can send an instant message to anyone on your Friends list even if that person is not presently connected. If your friend is unconnected, the message is stored until he or she next connects to Messenger. ✦ Online group chatting: You can pull more than one friend into a chat, which is then called a conference. Conferences operate in both text and voice mode simultaneously. It’s outrageously cool. The most typical way of beginning a Messenger chat is to send an instant message to a connected friend. You open an Instant Message window in three ways: ✦ Double-click any friend’s name.

✦ Right-click a friend’s name and choose Send a Message. ✦ Click a friend’s name and then press Ctrl+S. The Messenger Control Center Although many people are satisfied with Yahoo! Messenger as a social tool, it’s far more than just a mobile chat room. Seven tabs at the bottom. Here’s what those seven tabs do:

✦ Friends: This is where your Friends groups appear and where you initiate instant messages and voice chat sessions.

✦ Stocks: The Stocks tab, second from the left, displays any stock prices that you selected in the Stock Portfolios of My Yahoo!.

✦ Calendar: This tab opens your Yahoo! Calendar, where you can schedule tasks and appointments.

✦ News: As with the Stocks tab, the News section links to your settings in My Yahoo! and displays the same headline links

✦ Weather: Clicking this tab shows you a bare-bones weather report.

✦ Address Book: This tab shows addresses you entered for your Yahoo! friends.

✦ Overview: The rightmost tab provides a recap of what’s happening in your account.

INTERNET RELAY CHAT (IRC)

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is the Internet’s own chat service. IRC is available from most ISPs. You need an IRC client program (or just IRC program), which is simply another Internet program, like your Web browser or e-mail software. Freeware and shareware IRC programs are available for you to download from the Net. Most UNIX systems come with an IRC program. Enables users to type messages back and forth to each other… Allows the people to communicate with each other globally… People can get to know about each other… Eg: Microsoft Chat, V-Chat, Ircle, ircii, Yahoo etc.. IRC began back in 1988 It gained international fame by to idents – In 1991 : Persian Gulf War • To hear reports above the war – In 1993 : Revolt against Boris Yelstin • IRC Networks • Live reports from Moscow IRC Networks • Backbone of IRC • Linked together over the network • Eg: – EFNet (Eris Free Net) – UnderNet – DALNet – Yahoo Chatrooms • • • • • •

Two of the best shareware IRC programs are mIRC (for Windows) and Ircle (for Macintosh). You use IRC in two main ways:

✦ Channel: This is like an ongoing conference call with a bunch of people. After you join a channel, you can read what people are saying on-screen and then add your own comments just by typing them and pressing Enter. ✦ Direct connection: This is like a private conversation. STARTING IRC To start IRC, follow these steps: 1. Connect to the Internet and run your IRC program. 2. Connect to an IRC server. 3. Join a channel. Picking a server To use IRC, you connect your IRC program to an IRC server, which is an Internet host computer that serves as a switchboard for IRC conversations. To connect to an IRC server in mIRC, choose FileOptions or press Alt+O to display the mIRC Options window; then click the IRC Servers arrow for the drop-down list. Double-click a server on the list to attempt to connect to it. If you choose All as your IRC Servers, one will be selected randomly. Issuing IRC commands You control what is happening during your chat session by typing IRC commands. All IRC commands start with the slash character ( / ). You can type IRC commands in uppercase or lowercase or a mixture — IRC doesn’t care. The most important command for you to know gets you out of IRC: /QUIT The second most important command gives you an online summary of the various IRC commands: /HELP The following Provides some of the most useful IRC commands. Command /ADMIN /AWAY

What It Does server Displays information about a server. Enables you to tell IRC that you will be away for a while. You don’t need to leave this type of message; if you do, however, t’s displayed to anyone who wants to talk to you.

/CLEAR /JOIN /LIST /NICK /PART /QUERY /TIME /TOPIC /WHO

Clears your screen.

channel joins the channel you specify. Lists all available channels. Enables you to specify your chat nickname. Leaves the current channel. Starts a private conversation with nickname. Displays the date and time in case you can’t take your eyes off the screen for even a moment. subject Changes the topic for the current channel. Lists all the people on the channel. If you type /WHO *, you see displayed the names of the people on the channel you’re on.

IRC Servers IRC Servers • • Ports • • •

IRC servers are computers and s/w that work like switchboards, letting users connects to them by using an IRC Client program… Eg: AOL server i.e., washington.dc.us.undernet.org on IRC Servers A port is like a line into the server, and each port has a number Default port for IRC is 6667 Additional ports are 6660 to 6670

IRC channels The most popular way to use IRC is through channels. Most channels have names that start with the # character. Channel names aren’t case-sensitive. Numbered channels also exist. (When you type a channel number, don’t use the # character.) Thousands of IRC channels are available. • • • •

User chat in Chatrooms/Channels Starting with a # sign Type the message in the textarea and press enter to display it in common window Each net has 100s of Channels

Finding a Channel • Grouped by topic or by Interest… • To connect with Chennai peoples’ Chatroom, In Yahoo Chat… Click Chatroom -> Regional -> India -> Chennai and Select the room/Channel

Types Three • • •

of channels types of channels are available in IRC: Public: Everyone can see them, and everyone can join. Private: Everyone can see them, but you can join only by invitation. Secret: They do not show up in the /LIST command, and you can join them only by invitation. Creating Chatroom • Register • Invite friends • Start Chat… IRC Programs and IRC Commands • IRC program = IRC Client – Text based unix program named irc and ircii • IRC Command – /list : to list all chatrooms/channels – Text based • Nowadays its GUI Nicknames & Chanops • Nicknames – Unique name to identify user in the Channels • Chanops – Channel Operator/Moderator/Administrator – Name starts with @ DCC • Direct Client to Client Protocol • Enable us to send file • Chatting with other by establishing a direct connection b/w two computers • Possibility for VIRUS downloads Chatting in mIRC • Steps: – Connecting to an IRC Server – Listing Channels – Joining Channels – Starting to chat in channel window – Private messaging/Querying – Sending Files – Leaving Channels – Disconnecting Server

Types of Chat •

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Web Based Chat – Both interactive and bulletin board style chat, accessible via the Browser. Direct Chat Systems – Enables to send Instant Messages (Private Messages) to Online Friends. MUDs, MOOs and MUSHes – Virtual world to play games

Direct Chat Systems • To chat with Online Friends • Allow us to keep a list of ‘Buddy list’ • You can Chat Interactively, e-mail them, transmit files… • Eg: Yahoo Messenger, ICQ, AIM, Google Talk USENET NEWSGROUP CONCEPTS

Usenet is the original bulletin board system of the Internet. It consists of posted messages, many millions of fact. Usenet is a internet service. It’s a system of thousands of newsgroup. A big volume of informative messages are divided as Newsgroups. This is what Usenet is all about: • Usenet is public: Anybody with Internet access on any computer can view and participate in Usenet. • Usenet is threaded: you can see at a glance who is responding to whom. • Usenet is unregulated: Nobody owns Usenet and nobody even tries to regulate it Categories of Newsgroup
Comp
Misc
News
Rec
Sci
Soc
Talk
alt

How do you read Newsgroup?
Newsgroups can be read through news readers.
It is distributed by news servers.
Newsgroup & Newsreader communicate by NNTP
Popular readers r Netscape communicator, Netscape messenger, Outlook express.
Some readers allow u to download
Google groups(groups.google.com)
Almost every ISP runs news server(news.dn)
Choose which group 2 read
News admin for servers
Subscribe and read Newsgroup different from mailing list
Mailing list: msgs to subscribers mailbox whereas in Newsgroups ,its to servers
Cant cancel sent msg in mailing list but we can cancel through cancellation msg
Past msgs saved only if mailing list is archived. NG stores for 3 to 30 days
Google stores for years. Finding interesting Newsgroup
News.announce.newsusers : introductionary
News.announce.important : important articles
Rec.humor.funny Choosing What To Read • -by marking as already read • -most Newsreaders present articles in threads • -a thread is an article, followed by all the replies 2 tat article, replies to the replies, and so forth… • -u can mark, read, skip threads • -Kill files: files stored on ur own system • -global and specific kill files Choose What To Post You may post to one or several NG Starting A New Thread • • • •

Post a message to the NG using Newsreader Cross-posting spamming follow-ups (postings in reply)

Replying By Email & Posting Follow-Ups • •

reply will be interested only 2 the author, so sent in through email answering to a question is by posting follow-ups

Usenet Netiquette
Before u post a question, read the newsgroup’s FAQ
If u r responding to a msg, b sure to use the Reader’s command to reply or follow up.
When u reply or follow up to an article, take a look at the headers of your msg before u send it.
Just use plain text whenever possible
Don’t post the same msg to many groups
If there’s a mistake, cancel it as soon as possible.. SENDING AND RECEIVING ATTACHMENTS -Usenet originally designed to accommodate text files Uuencoding OFFENSIVE POSTINGS -Off-color jokes -ROT13 messages Avoiding spams -spam: unsolicited commertial e-mail -avoid using mail –ids in articles -Use alternative method to use mail-ids so that spammers can’t find -Use garbled mail-id How to create ng? -spl commands to instruct Nservers -first to propose, then to proceed.(alt.config) Running Ur Own Nserver -it ll be private -can authenticate 2 restrict from other users News Server Requires -Broadband -Static 0r dynamic IP service

Nserver Programs -Tortoise: winnt -INN: UNIX -Spaniel server: java based -Dnews: high performance Deleting Messages & Groups -u can specify when to delete these msgs: -when retrieving new headers -when closing a Nreader -On demand Filtering Msgs - filtering is done through threads VOICE AND VIDEO CONFERENCING. Audio Files – A Broad Overview Audio files were once large, chunky awful things to deal with on the Web Streaming audio was born – files that play as they download  Live Broadcasts  Long Audio MP3  Makes audio files one-tenth of their normal size Analog becomes Digital • It’s all in the signals • Encoding – when analog signals are converted into digital data via bits and bytes • Some file formats, like MPEG are compressed during encoding • Certain Settings are determined by the user Sampling Rate Sampling Rate – the number of samples per second taken from a signal to make a digital description (discrete signal) The higher the sampling rate, the more accurate the digital description will be Measured in kilohertz (kHz)  CDs = 44.1 kHz  Transistor radio = 8 kHz  DVDs = 96K Bit Depth • Bit Depth is the amount of data contained in each sample of audio taken in the sampling rate procedure per second • CD Quality = 16-bits • High-End Digital Audio = 48-bit depths

Channels • Channels of information • Mono and Stereo • More channels = more data Streaming Audio • Downloaded Audio • Streaming Audio is more efficient • Data Packets • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • RealTime Streaming Protocol (RTSP) • RealTime Transfer Protocol (RTP) • Pseudostreaming Audio File Formats WAV/AIFF  .wav, .aif, .aiff MP3 - .mp3 Apple QuickTime Audio - .mov MIDI - .mid RealMedia/RealAudio - .rm, .ra Windows Media  .wma, .asf AAC  .m4a, .m4p, .mp4 Audio Files on the Web Simple Link - Play it! Background Noise  <embed src=“filename.mid” autostart=“true” hidden=“true”> Video on the Web • • • Frame Size • • • •

They’re huge! Streaming vs. nonstreaming Similar to audio files

Bigger frame = bigger file size Full Screen = 640 x 480 Pixels Web Videos = 320 x 240 Pixels Minimal = 160 x 120 Pixels

Frame Rate • Frames per second (fps) • Frame Rate creates smooth movement • TV = 30 fps • Web = 15 or 10 fps • Can even be 0.05 fps (slideshows) Compression • Compressing data that describes the sound and frame images • Lossless Versus Lossy Compression • Spatial Versus Temporal Compression File Formats • Windows Media (.wmv or .asf) • QuickTime Movie (.mov) • Real Media (.rm) • AVI (.avi) • MPEG (.mpg or .mpeg) VIDEO CONFERENCING  Video Conferencing is mainly used for meetings, lectures and tutorials  It is cost effective and time efficient  To achieve a successful video conference, users need to be familiar and confident using the medium, and encourage an interactive environment A Successful Video Conference The essential ingredients:  Booking of Sites and Bridge  www.avit.med.usyd.edu.au  Contact with the Video Conferencing Unit  Room Configuration  Effective Communication Camera  Direct and zoom camera so it is as tight as possible on all attendees  All attendees should be seated facing the camera and close together  Turn on all room lights, block all natural light and choose a good background View Yourself  It is necessary to view yourself during the setup of the conference to make sure seating and camera positioning are correct  Dual Screen:

 The Here screen will be showing your site  Single Screen:  Before connection, you will see your site full screen  Once connected, use Picture in a Picture mode Single Person – Setup 3 Persons - Setup

Camera Here Screen

Camera View

Cam

There Screen

Came There

Dual Screen 3 Persons – Camera Setup

Medium Meeting - Setup

Camera There screen

Here screen

Dual Screen Medium Meeting – Camera Setup

Screen Layout There are three main types of screen layout:  Voice Activated Video  Quad Split  Picture in Picture Voice    Quad   

Activated Video Only one site is seen at a time The last site that spoke is visible on screen There is a 3 second delay when switching between sites in this mode Split Screen The screen is divided into 4 quadrants The Bridge controls which site is visible in which quadrant If there are 6 or more sites, the 4th quadrant works in Voice Activated Video mode  Things to Consider:  Small screen problems  Increased importance of camera setup  Problems showing presentation material Picture in Picture  Especially applicable to single screen setups  This mode allows you to view your own site in a corner of the screen during a conference Microphones  Proper microphone positioning is vital  All attendees at a site need to heard as well as possible  At the beginning of a conference, or when a new site joins in, test that all sites can hear one another  What if they can’t hear me?  VCU 9351 7325 or 0419 914 419 Microphones

Single Microphone Placement

Single Microphone Placement –

Dual Microphone Placement

Dual Microphone Placement Medium Meeting

Effective VC Communication  Nominate a Chairperson to co-ordinate the meeting  The Chairperson ensures successful:  Participation  Communication  Etiquette Participation  Aim for equal participation at each site  Communicate directly to participating sites  Questions  Requests  Comments Communication  Talk clearly, one at a time  No multiple discussions  Standard Academic Procedure  Talk towards the microphone, considering your position and the range of the microphone Etiquette  Video conferencing greatly benefits from orderly and clear conduct  Avoid all unnecessary movement and noise  Presume that you are always being watched and heard  Using the ‘Mute’ function

Meeting Tools  Modes of presentation:  PowerPoint  Document Camera  Overhead Projector  Whiteboard  VCR  DVD  Things to Consider  VC Unit needs advanced notice  All sites should have a hardcopy  Use camera presets to view both the presenter and the presentation material  Picture Quality  Site specificity of presentation equipment