Unit 4. Application Software

Unit 4. Application Software 4.1 Software Basics 4.2 Using Software Systems 4.3 Batch Script Files 4.4 Databases 4.5 Software Engineering

4.1 Software Basics 4.1.1 Software Basics 4.1.2 Software Installation and Copyrights

4.1.1 Software Basics A computer program is a set of detailed, step-bystep instructions that tells a computer how to solve a problem or carry out a task. – The steps in a computer program are written in a language that the computer can interpret and process.

Programs handle simple task and complex task. Programs are written in a language which the computer can interpret and process.

What kinds of files are included in a typical software product? Software includes – A computer program is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to solve a problem or carry out a task – Executable files – Support modules – Data files

Software Basics Software comprises of the following: – set of one or more programs to be used directly or indirectly in a computer to perform a certain task. – associated data for the instructions.

Software Basics (continued) • Software is the instructions and associated data, stored in electronic format, that direct the computer to accomplish a task.

An example of computer software

Programmers and Programming Languages: Who creates computer software? Computer programmers write the instructions for the computer programs Software publishers distribute the software – They specialize in packaging, marketing, and selling commercial software

How does a programmer “write” software? Most software is designed to provide a task-related environment Programmer defines the properties for each element in the environment – – –

Height Label What happens when you click it

A computer language provides the tools that a programmer uses to create software – High-level languages – Source code

Computer Programming Languages

A computer programming language allows a programmer to write a program using English-like instructions. BASIC, Visual Basic, C, C++, COBOL, and JAVA are a few computer programming languages. Most computers do not come with a computer programming language.

How does a programmer “write” software?

How are instructions converted to machine language? A compiler （编译程序） translates all of the high-level instructions in a program as a single batch (of 1s and 0s) The resulting machine language instructions are called the object code （目标代码）

How are instructions converted to machine language? An alternative to a compiler is an interpreter （解释器） , that converts one instruction at a time while a program is running

4.1.2 Software Installation and Copyrights Software Installation Software Copyrights

Installation Basics: What’s included in a typical software package? The key ingredients necessary to install new software are the files that contain the programs and data Usually supplied on distribution media – floppy disks – CD-ROMS – DVDs

How do I know if a software program will work on my computer? System requirements specify the operating system and minimum hardware requirements necessary for a software product to work correctly System requirements are listed on the outside of the software package.

Why is it necessary to install most software? When you install software, the new software files are placed in the appropriate folders on your computer’s hard disk – Copies files from distribution disk – Uncompresses files – Analyzes computer’s resources – Analyzes hardware components and peripheral devices – Looks for any system files and players – Updates necessary system files

Installing from a Distribution Media: How do I install software from distribution media? A setup program guides you through the installation process Following the program will make installation easy

Installing Downloaded Software: Is the installation process different for downloaded software? Sometimes files are zipped, so they must be unzipped Other types – Self-installing executable file – Self-executing zip file – Non-executing Zip file

Is installing a software update different from installing a the original version? Similar to installing a full version Update provides a setup file that checks to make sure that your computer contains a valid version of software to upgrade Software patches Service packs

Uninstalling Software: How do I get rid of software? Uninstall routine( 卸载程序 ) deletes the software’s files Or ? – Windows Operating systems use a consistent setup program for installing.

Installing Software Software should be compatible with the operating system in your computer. Same Software is available for different type of computer. – Ms word is available for both PC and MAC but different version.

Operating systems are downwardly compatible ( 向 下兼容 ) which means – that application software of earlier version can be used but not of later version.

Software Compatibility ( 兼容性 ) To be compatible, software must be: – written for the type of computer you use – written for your computer’s operating system

System requirements specify operating system and minimum hardware capacity – listed outside software package

Determine Compatibility Make sure software is written for PC or Macintosh. Make sure software will work with your operating system. – higher number = more recent version – version verses revision

Operating systems are downward compatible ( 向下兼容 ), meaning you can use software designed for earlier versions of the software, but not later.

Software Setup Software are shipped on floppies, CD-Rooms and DVDs. Software are installed in the hard disc following certain instructions Installing instructions for command line operating systems such as DOS are not consistent and carefully followed. Windows Operating systems use a consistent setup program for installing.

Software Setup Non multimedia applications copies the program modules in to the hard disc and do not need CDROM to use the program. Multimedia applications require lot of space due to sound, video, animations and it can be used by inserting the CD-ROM for accessing the images, sound etc.

Copyrighted Software Software is protected by copyright ( 版权 ) A copyright is a form of legal protection that grants the copyright owner exclusive rights – To copy the software, – To distribute and sell it, and – To modify it. 版权所有者的专属权 Purchase of software give the right to use the software but not to copy or distribute it.

Copyrighted Software Software pirates ( 软件侵权者 ) are people who illegally copy distribute software or modify software – 番茄花园 Pirated Software( 盗版软件 ): illegal copies of software. Software without copyright notice ( 版权声明 ) is also protected by Copyright Laws. Copyright Laws allow software to be copied or modified under certain circumstances.

Different Types of Licenses Software License ( 许可 ): Legal contract which defines what ways the software has to be used. Microcomputer Software has license on the outside package, on a separate card inside package or on CD packaging. Mainframe computer licenses are separate legal document, negotiated between the software publisher and a corporate buyer. Copyright Law extends the right to copy it on both home computer and office computer.

Different Types of Licenses Shrink-Wrap Licenses: – Floppies, CD-ROM and DVD in the package are usually sealed in an envelope or plastic shrink wrapping – the opening the wraps indicates that your agreement to the license. Single User License: Most commercial Software limits the license to one user at a time.

Licenses for More than One User Multiple-user License: – allows more than one person to use a software. – Beneficial when more users wants to have a personalized version of the software. – For example: Electronic mail program where multiple users require their own mailbox

Licenses for More than One User Concurrent License( 并发许可 ): – License offered for one or more copies of the software concurrently priced at increments for each copy. – For example: License for 5 copies cost $2,500 and 10 copies cost $10,000 Site License （位置许可） : License for software using at certain site like corporate office or university campus.

Shareware Licenses Shareware （共享软件） : software used freely for a trial period and pay a registration fee after the trial period. Licenses offered for shareware: – Allowed to make copies and distribute the copies – Not permitted to modify the software. – Provides low cost marketing and distribution channel.

Shareware Licenses Freeware 免费软件 Open source software 开放源码软件

Public Domain Software Author of the software abandons all the right to the software. Places it in public domain making them available to the public. Owned by the public rather than by the author. Freely copied, distributed and even resold. Primary restriction is to apply for the copyright for the software.

Software Categories Classified into two major categories. – System Software – Application Software.

System Software – helps the computer carry out basic operating tasks. – Required only when a computer is available – example :Operating systems – Device drivers – Utilities – Programming languages

Software Categories (continued) Application Software: – helps the human computerize ( 计算机处理 ) a specific task. – Computerizes the task which can be done without a computer. word processing software used to prepare documents and reports which can be done without a computer.

Software Categories (continued)

Different Types of Software Document Production Software Graphics Software Presentation software Spreadsheet and statistical software Data management Software Information and Reference Software Connectivity Software Education and Training Software Entertainment Software Accounting and Finance Software Business Software

Documentation of Software Used for composing, editing, designing documents, reports, letters and printing in electronic format. Different types of document software. Different types of document software. Word Processing Software – Individuals use it for correspondence, students for reports, writers for novels, businessman for memos, reports, letters. – Provides edit, share and reuse the documents. – Document can be formatted to get professional look. – Microsoft Word, Corel Word perfect, and lotus word pro.

Documentation of Software (continued) Web authoring Software: – design, develop customized web pages to publish it in internet. – Helps non technical users to create text, place graphical elements, and automatically generating tags for a web page. – Best selling software are Microsoft FrontPage 98, Macromedia Dream weaver.

Documentation Software Desktop Publishing Software: – Provides graphic design techniques to enhance the formatting and appearance of the document – Various sophisticated features are available to present a professional quality output. – Used for Newsletters, Newspapers and magazines, brochures.

Graphics Software Helps you create, edit and manipulate images. Graphics software specializes in one type of images like bitmap, vector or 3-D graphics. Paint software are for create and edit paintings, sketches and other images like bitmap images. Bitmap images are stored as form of dots example photos. Photos are manipulated by Photo editing software mainly to fix the poor quality photos. Vector graphics are filled by lines and shapes and suitable for corporate logos, schematics etc. 3-D graphics creates a wire-frame for 3-D objects and cover it with color and surface texture which is termed as rendering.

Presentation, Spreadsheet, and Stattistical Software Presentation Software: – Software used to create collection of electronic slides of text, animation, graphs and sound capabilities. – Famous are Microsoft PowerPoint and Lotus Freelance Graphics. – Output it to overhead transparencies, paper copies and 35mm slides.

Spreadsheet and Statistical software: – Used for calculations based on numbers and formulas. – Used for transforming complex data into meaningful graphs. – Statistical software useful in summarizing survey results, test scores and experiment results and representing graphically. – Mathematical modeling Software: useful for students, engineers and mathematicians to see the difficult mathematical objects visually.

Data Management Software Used for record, organize, update and report information. Flat files stores data in records similar to 3x5 index cards. File Management Software is used to organize, search, sort data in flat file. Spread sheet software are suitable for handling data stored in flat files. Database is a collection of related files. Database Management Software(DBMS): used to organize,join, summarize and search sort data in files. Frequently used in business, government and education. Microsoft Access, Lotus approach and Claris software are examples of database software for microcomputers.

Information and Reference Software

Provides collection of information and a way to access the information. Spans a wide range of applications of encyclopedias, medical references, map software, trip planners an other topics. Shipped through CD-ROM and contains links to web site that contains updates of information of the CD-ROM. Software Publishers placed on their reference materials on web sites. Contains text, animation, graphics, audio and video on a wide range of topics. Microsoft Encarta, Britannica CD, Compton encyclopaedia are famous software available.

Connectivity Software Provides connections to network or to internet. Contains communication software, e-mail software, remote control software, web browsers. Communication Software : – used to dial connection for internet, provide web browsers for viewing web pages. – Microcomputers are accompanied with Web browsers like Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.

Remote control software are used connect computers in home and office. e.g.pcANYWHERE. E-mail software manages the computer mailbox.

Education and Training Software

Software used to teach, learn and practice new skills. Presented in the form of games the children can play and the levels of games are adapted to the child’s age. For adults software are available for learning languages, Exam preparation software for standardized tests like GMAT, SAT, LSAT. Some are termed as Edutainment software as it blurs the line between education and entertainment.

Entertainment Software Includes games of all sorts, simulations software toys and software designed to help you enjoy hobbies and leisure activities. Classified as action, adventure, role playing, puzzles, simulations and war games. Adventure and role playing software contains 3-D graphics. Simulation covers wide range of interests. For example Simcity where develop a city. Contains sophisticated multimedia features.

Accounting and Finance Software

Keeps track of transactions an investments. Personal Finance software suitable for tracking credit card balances, bills, bank accounts. Online Banking: banking through Internet, transfer funds and pay bills. Some are suitable for businesses to maintain inventory of products, invoice customer data, prepare payrolls calculating wages.

Business Software Allows accomplish routine tasks for businesses Classified in to two categories Horizontal market Software: – generic software package that can be used by any type of businesses. – For example: Payroll software which is common in all organizations.

Vertical market software: – used to automate specialized tasks in a specific market such as health insurance, car sales, construction.

4.2 Using Software Systems 4.2.1 Lab: DOS Commands. 4.2.2 Lab: Macros. 4.2.3 Lab: Embedding Application Objects Practice yourselves

Macros A macro is a recorded sequence of keyboard and/or mouse clicks within an application – The application must support macros – It can simplify a complicated set of instructions, so that other people can perform the operation without having to understand all of the details involved with the application interface – a user can define a shortcut for a set of actions that are used frequently.

Object Linking and Embedding Object Linking and Embedding (OLE ，对象链接 和嵌入 ) allows data, typically graphics or spreadsheets, that has been created by a different application to be combined into one document Embedding data into a document is much more powerful than the simple copy and paste Linking allows the embedded data to be updated when the original data is changed.

4.3 Batch Script Files 4.3.1 Advanced Command-Line Functions. 4.3.2 Batch File Commands. 4.3.3 Lab: Creating a Batch File

In OS ？ often required when interacting with the operating system's user interface ("command interpreter" or "shell"). set up a daily routine that copies all word processing files to a removable disk and deletes all the files in the "Temp" folder on the hard drive. perhaps you want these actions to be performed in the middle of the night when there is nobody around to initiate them.

4.3.1 Advanced Command-Line Functions

DOS Command Syntax Review of File System Commands Wildcard Characters Redirection and Piping

DOS Commands DOS Command Syntax ( 语法 ) – Syntax – the rules of DOS – Commands can have one or more switched Written as a slash / dir /w

Switches can have parameters( 参数 ) using a colon : dir /o:s

– Commands can take arguments （参量） such as file names or paths

dir /w c:

DOS Commands (continued) cd md rd deltree

Change working directory Make new directory Remove an existing empty directory Remove an existing directory & contents

attrib

Change a files attributes, read, system

copy xcopy

Make a copy of a file Make a copy of files & subdirectories

DOS Commands (continued) ren move del dir type

Rename a file within a directory Move a file from one directory/drive Delete files List files in a directory Display contents of a text file

DOS Commands Wildcard is an asterisk (*) that can match any number of characters in a file dir c:\n* dir c:\*n dir c:\*n* dir c:\*.doc dir c:\*

Redirection and Piping Redirection ( 重定向 ) allows for the overriding of the standard I/O processes – “ < “ is used to redirect standard input example: c:\program.exe “ is used to redirect standard output example: dir c:\*.*>c:\temp.txt

Piping( 管道 ) is a function of the command processor that links two commands together via redirection – The output of the first command becomes the input of the second command example: set | findstr /i home

4.3.2 Batch File Commands Batch Files Commands

batch file 批处理文件 The term batch file originally meant non-interactive. In early computer systems – users would submit programs on decks of punched cards, which would be collected into batches and run. – The output was then printed and returned to the users.

As operating systems developed further – batch processing came to include a scheduling ( 时间调 度 ) function, whereby the system would choose which job to run next based on priority level and resources required. – It was also possible to specify that a job should run at a particular time of day (do disk backups at night) or repeatedly (a weekly inventory report or monthly payroll processing at a company)

batch file batch programs were – self-contained and – did not rely on user interaction.

batch file A batch file under Windows, or a "shell script" in UNIX, performs a similar function. – consists of a sequence of commands to run programs and manipulate files.

It is possible to construct completely autonomous batch files that require no user interaction to run – but this is not strictly necessary. 不必限制提供交 互能力 – The DOS batch files provide for some simple forms of user interaction.

A batch file under Windows is a plain text file with the extension .BAT. A batch file contains – DOS commands and – names of programs to execute.

The file may also contain flow control （流 程控制） commands that tell the command processor – to loop (repeat certain instructions) or – to handle error conditions in a particular way.

common use of batch files is to write new commands. （将写在其中的命令或程序按指定的序列组合 形成新的命令） batch file SWAP.BAT that swaps two files by renaming them REM Here is the source to SWAP file1 file2 @ECHO OFF REM Remember that / precedes a switch. REM Use HELP DEL or DEL /? to find out about /Q DEL/Q TEMP MOVE %1 TEMP MOVE %2 %1 MOVE TEMP %2 notation – %1, %2, etc., refers to the arguments to the swap command. – SWAP A.TXT B.DOC while the batch file is executing the %1 is equivalent to A.TXT, and the %2 is equivalent to B.DOC.

– It is also possible to introduce named variables in a batch file, such as %NAME%, by using assignment statements.

Creating a batch file is actually a type of programming

using a "language" that is very limited. One unusual feature of this language is that a syntax error in one line – does not stop the execution of the file. If error, an error message is displayed and the batch file continues with the next command.

This could have unintended consequences( 不可预 知的后果 ). Just as with other types of programs, it is important to test a batch file thoroughly before using it in any critical application. 故需要严格测试后再运行！

Batch Files Allow you to record the actions you perform with a mouse for later playback using the OS’s command line interface Batch files in UNIX OS is called script files. a batch file: @ECHO OFF REM Student Name if EXIST %1 goto ERRORMSG dir %2 c:\ > %1 goto END :ERRORMSG ECHO The %1 already exists, aborting EXDIR :END

Commands The following is a list of command-line features commonly used in batch files: rem remark – This designates anything that follows the rem command on the line (remark in our example) as a comment （注 释） .

echo message – This command displays message to Standard Output. – The echo command can also be used with output redirection to send a message to a file. – For example, echo starting stage three.

Commands echo. – Notice the period ( . ) at the end of the echo command. – This is a special variation of the echo command, which displays a blank line to Standard Output. 显示一个空行

@echo off – This stops commands in the batch file from being displayed to Standard Output. – By default, each line of text in the batch file encountered by the command processor is displayed to Standard Output. – While this default mode is useful for debugging purposes, the resulting display often confuses users, so most commands written as batch files begin with @ echo off.

Commands Pause

– This command interrupts the execution of the batch file and displays the message "Press any key to continue...." – resumes when a single keyboard key is pressed. – This command is useful if you want to make a batch file stop(how to?) and wait for the user to perform some action (such as inserting a floppy disk) before it continues executing.

: label

– Any line starts with a colon ( : ) is considered a label. – Labels are used by certain flow control commands to repeat or skip over certain lines in the file. – After the colon ( : ), some appropriate name as the label name. name should not contain any spaces. 名字不能带有空格

Commands goto label – This command causes the command processor to execute the first command line after the label referenced by the command.

if exist filename command – This command evaluates the current working directory for a file or subdirectory. – if the statement is true (that is, if a file named filename exists), then the command is executed.

4.3.3 Lab: Creating a Batch File Example of a Batch File Example of a Batch File with Arguments

Example of a Batch File REM Batch file created by John Smith @ ECHO OFF ECHO Copying Word and PowerPoint files to a floppy :LOOP ECHO Please insert a floppy into drive A: PAUSE COPY C:\data\smith\*.doc a:\ COPY C:\data\smith\*.ppt a:\ GOTO LOOP

Example of a Batch File with Arguments

REM Batch file created by John Smith @ ECHO OFF ECHO Copying Word and PPT files :LOOP ECHO Please insert floppy into drive A: PAUSE COPY C:\data\%1\*.doc a:\* COPY C:\data\%1\*.ppt a:\* GOTO LOOP

Batch files may take more than one argument

The first argument is %1, the second %2, the third %3, and so on …… REM Batch file created by John Smith @ ECHO OFF ECHO Copying files :LOOP ECHO Please insert floppy into drive A: PAUSE COPY C:\data\%1\*.%2 a:\* GOTO LOOP

END of Unit 4