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Yanuar Nugroho – Research Associate, MIoIR
We will be focusing on dissertation in this session.
Dissertation is a formal requirement to satisfy a masters degree in UK HEIs. Some departments require research papers, some other final project reports. While the completion of either of these is normally internally supervised, the final assessment is usually carried out by external examiners.
Masters Dissertations
Dos and Don'ts: Devising strategies
Putting all together: Writing up
Theoretical framework, approach, methods, instruments
What is a good dissertation? What is not?
Research, not theoretically, oriented
Makes up 40% ‐ 50% of the final mark
A course of 3 months working period
… and within the normal‐curve: • 60% above 20k need permission! • 80% last minute submission • 85% went through revision, or just mark below average • 95% bad written English
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The hard truth: Your 3‐month life during dissertation can be hell –or seriously ruined— unless you prepare yourself in all aspects: physical, emotional, –including financial. After completing fieldwork (if any), writing up is the next nightmare. Although English is not the only factor of the success of your dissertation, having a readable text helps lever the assessment marks. Quite a big proportion of students consider using a service of proof‐ reader to help them with their English.
The small print:
Approx 20k words of standard English
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A typical masters dissertation
A masters dissertation
Writing up
Analysis
Data collection
Research design
Proposal
Another hard truth: very few people will ever read your dissertation. Millions of master’s (and PhD) dissertations have been written, but very, very few have become anything approaching bestsellers, or redefined how we look at the world. Yours is unlikely to be an exception. This does not mean you cannot do your dissertation on something you enjoy, or that you should not to try push the boundaries of knowledge, but it does mean that practicality should be your prime motivator.
The small print:
Dissertations are written in order to demonstrate competence to examiners so that you are awarded the degree that you enrolled for. In order to maximise your chances, your primary goal should not be making the major contribution to your field; it should not be to dazzle the people in your department with your brilliance – it should be to hand in a solid work in a reasonable amount of time.
What is a good dissertation?
Doable
Relevant Significant Logic Realistic
Examiners are not happy to read bad dissertations. Bad dissertation is usually caused by an overly ambitious idea. Don’t try to solve the world’s problems in your dissertation, even if you really care about them – do that later. By all means, lay the foundation in your dissertation, but don’t compromise your primary goal of finishing and passing on schedule.
The small print:
An inappropriate dissertation is usually not a solid piece of work: either the research questions are not clear, or the conceptual framework/theoretical basis is shallow; or the scope is too wide; or the approach is vague; or the methods are trivial; or the instruments are unsuitable; or it is too complex; or it is loosely written; or it is mostly the combination of two or more above aspects.
… and what is not?
Timely, solid piece of work
Discipline
Process (‘what, how, when’)
Goal (‘will’)
The last thing the examiners are expecting to see is bullet‐point‐lists of theories. Write your Literature Review chapter (usually Chapter Two) as flowing, readable lines of argument; not pointers of theories.
The small print:
A solid dissertation is usually written based on a research that mobilises a simple theoretical frameworks based on just one or two theories in order to address a set of research questions. Make sure the theories being used are well articulated; make sure the main debates around these theories are well discussed; and make sure the theoretical framework picks their main features.
Theoretical framework
Workable research plan
Devise a simple theoretical framework
Identify debates around these theories
Identify one-two main theories
Define research area
Examiners are not looking for sophisticated method. What they are expecting is to see a simple approach that works: an approach that is consistently followed by choice of methods and instruments
The small print:
Approach
Postal Survey
Validated and brought upon into collective reflection in …
Maps, trends, patterns, etc.
results in
Other quantitative analysis
consists of
Although it is ideal to have a combination of methods, this is often not a realistic things to do in a masters dissertation. Chose either quantitative or qualitative approach and make sure all the data is collected and analysed using the appropriate framework suitable for such an approach. In the discussion section (usually Chapter Five), discuss the limitation of the method chosen.
The small print:
Workshops & FGD
Detailed accounts on ‘how’ ; ‘why’; ‘what’
results in
Interview analysis
In-depth Interview
consists of
Qualitative
Research Approach
Methods and instruments
fed into
consolidated
MSWord Form
results in
Statistical Analysis
General profiles of Respondents, exploration of pattern
Online survey
Electronic Survey
consists of
Survey
consists of
Quantitative
The examiners are not interested in the result; but more on the process the research was undertaken. Therefore, for example, in examining quantitative research, the focus is not on the discussion of the trend of ‘N’ or ‘n’, but on how the ‘sd’ is being tackled. Likewise, in assessing qualitative dissertation, the examiner will likely be looking at how different accounts of individual respondent shed light on the research agenda rather than scrutinising pattern of respondent’s answer. However, a demonstration of a working knowledge of certain tools, e.g. CAQDAS (Atlas.Ti, N‐Vivo) or statistical packages (SPSS, Stata) is always useful in helping the assessment of a dissertation.
The small print:
Rigorous research depends on sound analysis, which in turn depends on the valid data collected through a correct instrument chosen from a certain method that is devised from a particular approach underpinned by a theoretical framework to answer a set of answerable research questions.
Be knowledgeable …!
A solid, rigour research outcome
Analysis
Data collection
Instruments
Methods
Approach
Theoretical framework
Simple, clear English. Short sentences. Avoid compound sentences as much as possible. Active statement, rather than passive voice. Pay attention to format (referencing, formatting, etc.) Plagiarism is severely punished Draft, draft, draft, draft … and draft
Coherent is the keyword. That is what the examiners are looking for. Typically, examiners will see if the research questions stated in Chapter One are all addressed and answered in the concluding chapter (usually Chapter Five). If they are, then the discussion part will be the next to look at to see if the student is able to mobilise the theories and use the theoretical framework to build the argument. If this chapter sounds fine, the data will be checked through checking the instruments. It is always a good idea to keep a ‘research log’ so that student is always ready to replicate the analysis if necessary. Writing up a dissertation is not like reading a book, starting from the first chapter and ending in the last chapter. Instead, usually a writing up is started by putting down the data (result), then discussing the data, and concluding it. Then, literature review is revised (or written) and methodology. Introduction, the first chapter, is the last chapter to write (or revise).
The small print:
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Writing up
A well structured argument (dissertation)
Conclusion/Recomm – 3
Discussions/Analysis – 2
Data and result – 1
Methodology – 5
Literature review – 4
Introduction – 6
Dos
• Read, read, read …! • Quote journal as the Dissertation is not the end of the purpose of main reference your life‐journey in the world. But failing to • Use alternative ways finish it may turn your world upside down. of data collection So, be strategic. Do what you have to do and leave aside all things that you don’t need to. • Manage your time: Data collection can be laborous and lengthy – use a gantt-chart! as well as developing an application. Take this • Always have a “B” all in mind when managing your time: your plan life is not just about dissertation! • Make friend with your supervisor(s) The small print: Within the normal curve, dissertation mark usually falls into =60‐64 in average. A simple, solid • Submit well in research, with a minimum level of English readability will be granted this mark. An improvement in English will add 2‐3 points (a good styling will generate 5 points!). A noticeable advance of the consistent approach‐methods‐instruments will gain 5 more points. deadline
Be strategic …!
Beware: your supervisor is not your proof‐reader. Most supervisors –and it is their job– will only check the coherence and logics of the arguments. The English is entirely your responsibility.
Within the normal curve, dissertation mark usually falls into =60‐64 in average. A simple, solid research, with a minimum level of English readability will be granted this mark. An improvement in English will add 2‐3 points (a good styling will generate 5 points!). A noticeable consistent approach‐methods‐instruments will gain 5 more points.
The small print:
Dissertation is not the end of the purpose of your life‐journey in the world. But failing to finish it may turn your world upside down. So, be strategic. Do what you have to do and leave aside all things that you don’t need to. Data collection can be laborous and lengthy – as well as developing an application. Take this all in mind when managing your time: your life is not just about dissertation!
Be strategic …!
• Spend too much time on dissertation (!!!)
noble reason (! ☺)
• Quote heavily from books, or unsolicited resources • Be careless in format • Submit your dissertation unless with two drafts • Challenge your supervisor(s) unless for a
Don’ts