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Rod Tucker ARC Special Research Centre for Ultra-Broadband Information Networks (CUBIN) University of Melbourne
The Internet
Core Network
Energy
Video Distribution Network
In
Data Data Center
Metro/Edge Network
Why is Energy Important? •
Operational Expenditure
•
Greenhouse Impact
• Energy-limited capacity bottlenecks (“hot spots”) • Enabling energy efficiencies in other sectors
Access Network
Out
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) GtCo22ee GtCO
Global Emissions Business as Usual 2020
Global Emissions
2020 Abatements
Other
ICT
Emissions
5% of total
“SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age,” GeSI, 2008 www.gesi.org
Estimating energy consumption of the Internet Where is the energy consumed - Core, metro, access network Energy efficiency of Cloud Computing Travel Replacement Airmail vs. Internet
Tier 1 Network Metro/Edge Network
Core Network
Broadband Network Gateways
Fiber
Core Router
EDFA
DSLAM
Cu
Ethernet Switch
Edge Routers
Optical cross connect
Access Network
Hot spots
Cabinet OLT
OLT
Server Storage
Storage
Video Distribution Network Data Center
Fiber FTTP
Splitter Cabinet
Cu FTTN
ONU
Server
DSL
DSLAM
25
Power (W/user)
20 15
1.0
Total
Today’s Internet (~ 3 Mb/s)
Routers 0.5
10 5 0
Access (FTTP)
0 2009
Fiber Optical Links 50
100
150 2020
Peak Access Rate (Mb/s) Traffic Growth = 40% p.a
200
250
% of Electricity Supply
2009 Technology
Wave7 ONT-G1000i
Access N/W Splitter
Edge Node Cisco 6513
Cabinet
Hitachi 1220 Splitter
Fiber
NEC VF200F6
Cu NEC AM3160
Hitachi 1220 Cisco uBR10012
Node
Fiber to the Node (FTTN)
Axxcelera ExcelMax
Axxcelera ExcelMax BTS
Wireless
Fiber RF Gateway
Fiber to the Premises (FTTP)
Cu RF Amp
Cisco DCP3000
Cable (HFC)
Power Per User (W)
30
20 users per sector
M= Oversubscription
Wireless
20
FTTN M=1 M= 1
10
HFC
M= 10
FTTP
32 Customers
M ~10
M=1
0 1
100 10 Peak Access Rate (Mb/s) FTTP is “greenest”
1000
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
DIRECTORATE - GENERAL JRC JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE Institute for the Environment and Sustainability Renewable Energies Unit
Code of Conduct on Energy Consumption of Broadband Equipment Draft V ersion 3
Issue 1 5 – 1 7 July 2008
“With implementation of this Code of Conduct,… 5.5 Millions tons of oil equivalent (TOE) will be saved per year.” Extract:
Off-State (W)
Low-Power State (W)
On-State (W)
ADSL-CPE
0.3
3.5
4.0
VDSL2-CPE
0.3
4.5
6.0
GPON ONU
0.3
5.0
9.0
PtP ONU
0.3
3.0
5.0
1000
Energy per bit (µJ)
~100 µJ/b 100 ~1 µJ/b Total
10 1.0
Routers
Access (PON)
0.1 0.01 2.5
WDM (Fiber Optical Trunk Links)
25
250
Peak Access Rate (Mb/s)
2500
1000
2009
Energy per bit (nJ)
100
10
1
0.1
0.01 Optical Amp
PoS Ethernet Core PON Server WDM Switch Router ONU (10 Mb/s) Tx/Rx
X 1993 Performance
10000
12416 (~0.3 Tb/s/rack)
1000
100
CRS-1 (~1.3 Tb/s,13.6 kW/rack)
Router capacity x 2.5/18 m
12016 (~80 Gb/s/rack)
Router energy efficiency improving at 20% p.a. Neilson, JSTQE 2006
10
1 1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
Year Based on G. Epps, CISCO, 2006
2004
2006
2008
2010
Overall Technology Efficiency Improvement Rate = 0% p.a
Power (W/user)
20 15
1.0
Total
Routers 0.5
10
Access (PON)
5 0
Fiber Optical Links
0
50
100
150 2020
Peak Access Rate (Mb/s) Baliga et al., 2008
200
250
0
% of Electricity Supply
25
Overall Technology Efficiency Improvement Rate = 0% p.a 5% p.a
Power (W/user)
20 15
1.0
10% p.a 0.5
10 Target
5 0
0
50
100
20% p.a., 7-year 20% p.a replacement cycle 150 2020
Peak Access Rate (Mb/s) Baliga et al., JLT, 2009
200
250
% of Electricity Supply
25
Computer, Storage
Enterprise Data Center Storage
Servers, Processors
PON Access Network OLT
Core Network Core Router
Broadband Network Gateways
OXC Edge Routers
Ethernet Switch
Servers, Processors
Metro/Edge Network
Storage Public Data Center
Cloud
Fiber Splitter
ONU
Total Energy Consumption = Energy/bit used in • Storage • Transport • Processing X Total number of bits
Computer used for 20 hrs/week, plus some video encoding of ½ hour videos
Average Power Consumption, W
180
Older Computer
160
Transport energy dominates
140 120
Mid-range Computer
100 80 60
Low-end Computer & outsourcing
40 20 0 0
20
40
60
80
Number of Encodings per Week
100
120
Data by Airmail:
Melbourne
Cargo Jet
3x105 32-GB flash drives
107 GB Sydney
103 kg CO2
20 nJ/b
(24 hours)
Data by Internet: 107 GB
The Internet 1000 Gb/s for 24 hours
2 µJ/b
105 kg CO2
1000
Energy per bit (µJ)
~100 µJ/b 100 ~1 µJ/b 10 1.0 0.1 0.01 2.5
Routers
Total
2 µJ/b
Access (PON) WDM Links
Flash chips by Airmail 25
250
Peak Access Rate (Mb/s)
2500
Video Conferencing
Source: CISCO, 2008
Air Travel Business Meeting
~5000 kg/person return Melbourne
Santa Barbara
Video Conferencing 2 X 1 Gb/s for 18 hours = 12 TB ~15 kg/person
100,000
Distance travelled (km)
10,000 1,000
Tele-work
Energy Summit in Santa Barbara
Bicycle
Car
Train Plane
100
Daily work
10 1 0.1
Travel 10
100
Mb/s-hr
1
100
10
Gb/s-hr Bitrate-Time Product
1000
• Energy efficiency at micro level
reduction of energy use at this level
• But leads to an increase in energy use, at the macro level • Example: Wide bodied passenger aircraft lower costs per passenger increase in air travel increased greenhouse emissions
“Energy efficiency is absolutely the wrong approach to network design. The objective should be to make the network carbon neutral” - Bill St. Arnaud, CANARIE
D. Khazzoom Energy Journal,10,1987, L. Brookes Energy Policy, 20,1992 Inhaber, “Why Energy Conservation Fails”, Quorum, 2002 H. Herring, http://technology.open.ac.uk/eeru/staff/horace/kbpotl.htm
large
• Energy consumption of the Internet is small, but growing • Internet energy consumption dominated by the access network – Energy-efficient user modems are a priority • Core network energy consumption is relatively small – Improvements in Silicon technologies will be important
The Internet
Core Network
Energy
Video Distribution Network
In
Data Data Center
Metro/Edge Network
Why is Energy Important? •
Operational Expenditure
•
Greenhouse Impact
• Energy-limited capacity bottlenecks (“hot spots”) • Enabling energy efficiencies in other sectors
Access Network
Out
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) GtCo22ee GtCO
Global Emissions Business as Usual 2020
Global Emissions
2020 Abatements
Other
ICT
Emissions
5% of total
“SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age,” GeSI, 2008 www.gesi.org
Estimating energy consumption of the Internet Where is the energy consumed - Core, metro, access network Energy efficiency of Cloud Computing Travel Replacement Airmail vs. Internet
Tier 1 Network Metro/Edge Network
Core Network
Broadband Network Gateways
Fiber
Core Router
EDFA
DSLAM
Cu
Ethernet Switch
Edge Routers
Optical cross connect
Access Network
Hot spots
Cabinet OLT
OLT
Server Storage
Storage
Video Distribution Network Data Center
Fiber FTTP
Splitter Cabinet
Cu FTTN
ONU
Server
DSL
DSLAM
25
Power (W/user)
20 15
1.0
Total
Today’s Internet (~ 3 Mb/s)
Routers 0.5
10 5 0
Access (FTTP)
0 2009
Fiber Optical Links 50
100
150 2020
Peak Access Rate (Mb/s) Traffic Growth = 40% p.a
200
250
% of Electricity Supply
2009 Technology
Wave7 ONT-G1000i
Access N/W Splitter
Edge Node Cisco 6513
Cabinet
Hitachi 1220 Splitter
Fiber
NEC VF200F6
Cu NEC AM3160
Hitachi 1220 Cisco uBR10012
Node
Fiber to the Node (FTTN)
Axxcelera ExcelMax
Axxcelera ExcelMax BTS
Wireless
Fiber RF Gateway
Fiber to the Premises (FTTP)
Cu RF Amp
Cisco DCP3000
Cable (HFC)
Power Per User (W)
30
20 users per sector
M= Oversubscription
Wireless
20
FTTN M=1 M= 1
10
HFC
M= 10
FTTP
32 Customers
M ~10
M=1
0 1
100 10 Peak Access Rate (Mb/s) FTTP is “greenest”
1000
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
DIRECTORATE - GENERAL JRC JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE Institute for the Environment and Sustainability Renewable Energies Unit
Code of Conduct on Energy Consumption of Broadband Equipment Draft V ersion 3
Issue 1 5 – 1 7 July 2008
“With implementation of this Code of Conduct,… 5.5 Millions tons of oil equivalent (TOE) will be saved per year.” Extract:
Off-State (W)
Low-Power State (W)
On-State (W)
ADSL-CPE
0.3
3.5
4.0
VDSL2-CPE
0.3
4.5
6.0
GPON ONU
0.3
5.0
9.0
PtP ONU
0.3
3.0
5.0
1000
Energy per bit (µJ)
~100 µJ/b 100 ~1 µJ/b Total
10 1.0
Routers
Access (PON)
0.1 0.01 2.5
WDM (Fiber Optical Trunk Links)
25
250
Peak Access Rate (Mb/s)
2500
1000
2009
Energy per bit (nJ)
100
10
1
0.1
0.01 Optical Amp
PoS Ethernet Core PON Server WDM Switch Router ONU (10 Mb/s) Tx/Rx
X 1993 Performance
10000
12416 (~0.3 Tb/s/rack)
1000
100
CRS-1 (~1.3 Tb/s,13.6 kW/rack)
Router capacity x 2.5/18 m
12016 (~80 Gb/s/rack)
Router energy efficiency improving at 20% p.a. Neilson, JSTQE 2006
10
1 1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
Year Based on G. Epps, CISCO, 2006
2004
2006
2008
2010
Overall Technology Efficiency Improvement Rate = 0% p.a
Power (W/user)
20 15
1.0
Total
Routers 0.5
10
Access (PON)
5 0
Fiber Optical Links
0
50
100
150 2020
Peak Access Rate (Mb/s) Baliga et al., 2008
200
250
0
% of Electricity Supply
25
Overall Technology Efficiency Improvement Rate = 0% p.a 5% p.a
Power (W/user)
20 15
1.0
10% p.a 0.5
10 Target
5 0
0
50
100
20% p.a., 7-year 20% p.a replacement cycle 150 2020
Peak Access Rate (Mb/s) Baliga et al., JLT, 2009
200
250
% of Electricity Supply
25
Computer, Storage
Enterprise Data Center Storage
Servers, Processors
PON Access Network OLT
Core Network Core Router
Broadband Network Gateways
OXC Edge Routers
Ethernet Switch
Servers, Processors
Metro/Edge Network
Storage Public Data Center
Cloud
Fiber Splitter
ONU
Total Energy Consumption = Energy/bit used in • Storage • Transport • Processing X Total number of bits
Computer used for 20 hrs/week, plus some video encoding of ½ hour videos
Average Power Consumption, W
180
Older Computer
160
Transport energy dominates
140 120
Mid-range Computer
100 80 60
Low-end Computer & outsourcing
40 20 0 0
20
40
60
80
Number of Encodings per Week
100
120
Data by Airmail:
Melbourne
Cargo Jet
3x105 32-GB flash drives
107 GB Sydney
103 kg CO2
20 nJ/b
(24 hours)
Data by Internet: 107 GB
The Internet 1000 Gb/s for 24 hours
2 µJ/b
105 kg CO2
1000
Energy per bit (µJ)
~100 µJ/b 100 ~1 µJ/b 10 1.0 0.1 0.01 2.5
Routers
Total
2 µJ/b
Access (PON) WDM Links
Flash chips by Airmail 25
250
Peak Access Rate (Mb/s)
2500
Video Conferencing
Source: CISCO, 2008
Air Travel Business Meeting
~5000 kg/person return Melbourne
Santa Barbara
Video Conferencing 2 X 1 Gb/s for 18 hours = 12 TB ~15 kg/person
100,000
Distance travelled (km)
10,000 1,000
Tele-work
Energy Summit in Santa Barbara
Bicycle
Car
Train Plane
100
Daily work
10 1 0.1
Travel 10
100
Mb/s-hr
1
100
10
Gb/s-hr Bitrate-Time Product
1000
• Energy efficiency at micro level
reduction of energy use at this level
• But leads to an increase in energy use, at the macro level • Example: Wide bodied passenger aircraft lower costs per passenger increase in air travel increased greenhouse emissions
“Energy efficiency is absolutely the wrong approach to network design. The objective should be to make the network carbon neutral” - Bill St. Arnaud, CANARIE
D. Khazzoom Energy Journal,10,1987, L. Brookes Energy Policy, 20,1992 Inhaber, “Why Energy Conservation Fails”, Quorum, 2002 H. Herring, http://technology.open.ac.uk/eeru/staff/horace/kbpotl.htm
large
• Energy consumption of the Internet is small, but growing • Internet energy consumption dominated by the access network – Energy-efficient user modems are a priority • Core network energy consumption is relatively small – Improvements in Silicon technologies will be important
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