Transsmision Line &optical Fiber

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April 2020
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



   W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ?  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬















 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬25 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 1880‫א‬

،K ‫א‬‫א‬EPhotophoneF

‫א‬1958‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1970‫א‬K ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬20 dB/km‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECorning Inc.F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬3 dB/kmEFirst WindowF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬850 nm ESecond WindowF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ K0.5 dB/km‫א‬  1300 nm‫א‬‫א‬

EThird WindowF‫א‬‫א‬ENTTF1977‫א‬ 0.2 ‫א‬‫א‬ 1550 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬dB/km  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1976‫א‬EAirborne Light Optical Fiber Technology ALOFTF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1977‫א‬GTEAT&T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EBellFK ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬‫א‬611  ‫א‬1980‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1550 nm1300 nm‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ESoliton TransmissionFEWDMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

7500 km2.5 Gbit/s1990 ‫א‬EBell LabsF

KERegeneratorsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEDFAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬1001998‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬WDM‫א‬E10 Gbit/sF400 km  KEDWDMF‫א‬‫א‬EDense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬

E90 %F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K   K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

١

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  

 K٤W‫א‬‫א‬

-١-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬ Transmission Lines Two -Wire Lines

‫א‬‫א‬١J ١ 

،  ETwisted Pairs FE Lecher Lines) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  E“Return” LineF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E“Go” LineF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K( Low Pass Filters ) ‫א‬‫א‬

Cross-Section and Field ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ١J ١  Distribution ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١F‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

3

4

Φ

2

1

x

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١‫א‬  E“Go” LineF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١F

E“Return” Line F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢F ‫א‬‫א‬ E٣F

‫א‬‫א‬ E٤F

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬Φ -٢-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EBalanced LinesF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Equivalent Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ١  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

R،EResistanceF‫א‬

 G،EConductanceF ‫א‬

C،ECapacitanceF‫א‬





 L،EInductanceF‫א‬

W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ EdxF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E LF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  W‫א‬ 

R' = R / L



G' = G / L C' = C / L L' = L / L



EHomogeneousLine F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KEdxF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Kdx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١F‫א‬ -٣-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



  R' dx 4

G' dx 2

L' dx 2 C ' dx 2

C ' dx 2

L' dx 2

R' dx 4

R' dx 4

G' dx 2

R' dx 4

dx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١F‫א‬



 ،EΦ=0.4 mmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Telephone Line Ф = 0.4 mm R' 264 Ω / km G' 0.1 µs / km C' 40 nF / km L' 720 µH / km

  ‫א‬EOpen Two -Wire LinesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K250 mm‫א‬‫א‬EΦ=3mmF  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ،‫א‬

 K‫א‬

-٤-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 

Open Two-Wire Line Ф = 3 mm x = 250 mm R' 5 Ω / km G' 0.1 µs / km C' 5.4 nF / km L' 2000 µH / km

Two-Wire Line Parameters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ١  Characteristic Impedance ‫א‬‫א‬

 E1.1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

(1.1) Zc =

R' + jω L' G' + jω C'



 ،‫א‬‫א‬ KE ComplexF‫א‬ Zc ،  WE1.2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(1.2)

Zc =

R' 2 + (ω L' ) 2  G'2 + (ω C' ) 2



‫א‬ K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E1.2F  W‫א‬

 WEdcF‫א‬‫א‬Ef = 0 HzF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ -٥-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



R' G'  Ef = ∞ HzF‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 Zc =



Zc =

L' C'



، ‫א‬،E R, L, C, GF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   WK‫א‬

 0.4 mm=‫א‬Zc= 134 Ω



0.9 mm=‫א‬Zc= 135 Ω 

 E‫א‬‫א‬F3 mm=‫א‬Zc= 600 Ω 

   Propagation Constant  γ ‫א‬  WE3.1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF γ =

( R ′ + j ω L′) (G ′ + j ω C' )

= α + jβ (1.3)

 W  KEAttenuation ConstantF‫א‬EF  α  KE Phase Propagation ConstantF‫א‬‫א‬EF  β  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EAttenuationF ELossy LinesF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KELossless LinesF‫א‬ -٦-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١J ١ Practical Determination of Characteristic Impedance   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   (1.4)  Z c = Z1,0 Z1,∞

  W

 .E Z 2 = 0 Ω F‫א‬‫א‬ Z1,0  .E Z 2 = ∞ ΩF‫א‬‫א‬ Z1, ∞  

I1

Z1 V1

Z2

 Z2‫א‬E٣J ١F‫א‬   Z1,0   EMultimeterF‫א‬EV1F‫א‬EI1F‫א‬  W‫א‬ Z1, ∞  =0Ω)

Z2 ,

V1 Z1,0 = I1

(

(1.5)

Ω)

(1.6) ∞ = Z 2 , -٧-

(

V1 = ∞ I1

Z1,

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Coaxial Lines ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J  E?Open Two-Wire Lines ?‫א‬F   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  KECoaxial CablesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  K‫א‬‫א‬   -٨-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





Basic Construction ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١

 WE٤J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EInner Conductor F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EOuter Conductor F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDielectricF‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEJacketF‫א‬‫א‬

Dielectric

Jacket

Inner conductor

Outer conductor

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  WE٥J ١‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ E - Field H- Field

E H

Inner conductor Outer conductor

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ١F‫א‬ -٩-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



  EUnbalanced LinesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EAttenuationF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ Phase F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬Vφ‫א‬EVelocity c 3×108 m / s = (1.7) Vϕ = εr εr

  KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ε r ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬c EReflectionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  WEComplexFr‫א‬EReflection FactorF‫א‬ (1.8)  r =

U− U+

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ U+‫א‬‫א‬U_ K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

(1.9) r = r =

Z2 - ZC Z2 + ZC

 K‫א‬‫א‬ELoadF‫א‬Z2 ‫א‬‫א‬Zc - ١٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Electric Equivalent Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

R' dx

L' dx

C' dx

G' dx

dx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١F‫א‬



‫א‬EMeasuring BridgeF‫א‬‫א‬ER, L, CF ‫א‬‫א‬

 KEDiagonal VoltageF‫א‬‫א‬VDE٧J ١F‫א‬

Z1 Vin

Z3 VD

Z2

 

‫א‬E٧J ١F‫א‬ - ١١ -

Z4

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



F‫א‬‫א‬Z3‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬E VD= 0 V‫א‬

⇒

Z Z1 = 3 Z2 Z4



 WZ3‫א‬‫א‬

Z × Z4 Z3 = 1 Z2

،ECapacitiveF ،EInductiveF ‫א‬Z3، 

 KEResistiveF 

Coaxial Line Parameters

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ١ 

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ECharacteristic ImpedanceF‫א‬‫א‬ J

EPropagation ConstantF‫א‬ J

EOperating BandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

EInsertion LossF‫א‬ J

EPower RatingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

EMechanical CharacteristicsF‫א‬‫א‬ J  ECostF‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٣٠١،٢٠١،١٠١‫א‬‫א‬F٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٤J ١J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬EZc = 50 ΩF‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E Zc = 75 ΩF‫א‬W‫א‬

 ٠ECATVF

- ١٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ١ Advantages and Disadvantages of Coaxial Cables  Advantages ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   K‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٢‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،EreliableF‫א‬J   K١٥

    EInstallationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J   

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EBandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬J   K‫א‬ 

Disadvantages ‫א‬‫א‬



 KEInsertion LossF  ‫א‬J 

 KEPower LimitationsF‫א‬‫א‬J  

 W

 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

- ١٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ 

 EZc = 50 ΩF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١ Frequency

Type

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

Power  ‫א‬

Loss  ‫א‬

Diameter  ‫א‬

Relative Cost

mm

‫א‬‫א‬

5



0.33

10



275

0.16

10



0 – 2000

350

0.13

10



0 – 3000

650

0.11

15 (0.6" )



MHz

Watts*

RG 58

0 – 3000

45

RG 8/RG 213

0 – 3000

190

Belden 9913

0 – 1000

LMR 400 0.5" Alum.

dB/m 0.5 – 0.6

( f = 1 GHz ) ‫* ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮدد‬

EZc = 75 ΩF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١ Type ‫א‬

Frequency  ‫א‬

Power  ‫א‬

Loss  ‫א‬

Diameter  ‫א‬

Relative Cost  ‫א‬‫א‬

MHz

Watts*

dB/m

mm

RG 59

0 – 3000

75

0.4

6.25



RG 11

0 – 3000

150

0.33

10



CATV 0.5"

0 - 1000

-

0.11

12.5



- ١٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 Ef = 1 GHzF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G

   W١  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R = 200 Ω;



G = 0.2 µS; L = 500 µH; C = 50 nF; f = 1 MHz

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٢  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א؛‬ ‫א‬ J

‫؛‬Ef = 0 HzF‫א‬‫א‬ J

 W٣  W‫א‬‫א‬ R = 100 Ω 



G = 0.1 µS L = 100 µH C = 40 nF f = 100 MHz εr = 4

 K‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   W٤  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I1 = 100 mA V1 = 18 v

V1= 20 v

- ١٥ -

I1 = 150 mA

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W٥ KESatellite ReceiverF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K75 Ω‫א‬‫א‬70 Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W٦ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬ 50 Ω‫א‬  K100 µH‫א‬‫א‬

 W٧‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   KELPFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 KEImpedance MatchingF

 ‫א‬EProtective SheathF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

- ١٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  

 K٣W‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬ Introduction to Optical Fiber Communication Systems 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

F‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KE١J ٢‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KEµm  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(2.1)



ƒ = co / λ



 KE co = 3 × 108 m/sF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬co  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EnF‫א‬EcnF‫א‬‫א‬ 

cn = co / n

(2.2)

   Electromagnetic Spectrum ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F‫א‬

 KE1014 Hz‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

dc

30

AF

300

VLF

3k

LF

30k

Micro waves

MF

300k

Millimeter

HF

VHF

3M

30M

Infrared

Waves 3G

30G

300G

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F‫א‬ - ١٨ -

3T



UHF

300M

3G

Visible Light Ultraviolet Freq.[ Hz] 30T

300T

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ λ = 850 nm λ = 1310 nm λ = 1550 nm

 KE 650 nmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

W 1016 Hz  1012 Hz ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  .1014 Hz‫א‬EVisible LightF‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EInfraredF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EUltravioletF‫א‬‫א‬J   W 



 .1018 Hz‫א‬EX -RaysF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

.1020 Hz‫א‬EGamma -RaysF‫א‬

 .1032 HzECosmic RaysF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬

 K

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

[ Hz]

[nm]

7.5 × 1014

400

‫א‬

6.59 × 1014

455

 

6.12 × 1014

490

 

5.45 × 1014

550

 

5.17 × 1014

580



4.83 × 1014

620



4 × 1014

750



3.75 × 1014

800

‫א‬‫א‬



 - ١٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W١J ٢  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

[meter] 106

[ Hz] 300

105

3000

100

3 × 106

1

3 × 108

0.1

3 × 109

0.01

3 × 1010

0.001

3 × 1011

0.0001

3 × 1012

0.000001

3 × 1014

0.0000001

3 × 1015

0.00000001

6 × 1016

0.0000000001

6 × 1018

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢ Basic Components of Optical Fiber Systems 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F‫א‬ - ٢٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

Information Source

Electrical Transmitter

Optical Source

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

Optical Detector

Electrical Receiver

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



Fiber

Destination

‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 ELEDFELight Emitting DiodeF‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬ELDFELaser DiodeF‫א‬J  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 EPDFEPhotodiodeF‫א‬‫א‬J 

 Ep -i -nFEp -i -n PhotodiodeF‫א‬p -i-nJ 

 EAPDF EAvalanche PhotodiodeF‫א‬APDJ  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 EMMFEMultimode FiberF‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ESMFESingle -Mode FiberF‫א‬‫א‬J  - ٢١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 E SIFFEStep Index Fiber F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 EGIFFEgraded index fiber F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  

‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

KCouplers and Splitters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 KWDM Components ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 KOptical Filters ‫א‬‫א‬J 



 KAttenuators ‫א‬J 

KWavelength Converters ‫א‬‫א‬J   KPhotonic Switches ‫א‬‫א‬J 

 KIsolators ‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬Polarizers‫א‬J   KExternal Modulators ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬J  

 KE٣J ٢‫א‬F ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

- ٢٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Polarizer

Laser 1



Filter 1

Isolator 1

Laser 2

Isolator 2

Laser N

Isolator N

N:1 Coupler

fiber

1:N Splitter

Coupler

Local Oscillator Photode -tector

Filter 2

Filter N

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢  Advantages of Optical Fiber Communication Systems   Large Transmission Capacity ‫א‬‫א‬J ١

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬ E1014 Hz‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬{٠  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Low Loss ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬λ = 1550 nm‫א‬‫א‬0.2 dB/km    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠ ‫א‬‫א‬

ERepeatersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ٢٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





Immunity to interference ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {  K ‫א‬‫א‬ECrosstalkF‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Small Size and Weight ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

E 125 µm ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٠‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٠ ‫א‬‫א‬  ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Greater Security ‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬{  ٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Flexibility ‫א‬‫א‬J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ٢٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



  Greater Safety ‫א‬J ٧

‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬{

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K ‫א‬ 

Longer Life Span J ٨

15123020 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٩

High Tolerance to Temperature Extremes and Liquids

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬





Ease of Expansion System Capability ‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EWDM ‫א‬‫א‬ 

High Quality Transmission ‫א‬J ١١

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Signal to Noise F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

EBERFEBit Error RateF‫א‬‫א‬ES/NFERatio  K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BER = 10 -6  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BER = 10 -9 

Use of Common Natural Resources ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٢

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

Low Installation and Operation Cost ‫א‬‫א‬J ١٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ٢٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Fiber Optic Applications ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

KLong Distance Telecommunications ‫א‬‫א‬J 

KLocal Telephone Networks ‫א‬‫א‬J 

 KCable Television ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 KInternet and data communications ‫א‬‫א‬J   KMilitary Communications ‫א‬‫א‬J 

 KSensors ‫א‬J 

- ٢٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



   W١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ f = 100 kHz f = 10 GHz f = 10 THz



f = 10 MHz f = 100 GHz f = 100 THz

f = 300 MHZ f = 110 MHz f = 300 THz



 W٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ λ = 10 km λ = 200 mm λ = 1 µm λ = 1550 nm

λ = 100 m λ = 10 mm λ = 850 nm λ = 650 nm

λ = 100 cm λ = 0.1 mm λ = 1300 nm λ = 1 nm

 W٣ {‫א‬E 4 × 1012bitsF‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEλ = 1300 nmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EHzF ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬1 %   K‫א‬‫א‬

 W٥ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬E2 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1300 nm‫א‬

 KEDirect DetectionF

 W٦‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  - ٢٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 W٧‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  W٨‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  W٩‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 

 K٩W‫א‬‫א‬    

-٣٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬ Optical Fibers ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Electromagnetic F‫א‬‫א‬KECarrierF

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ERadiation

 KEWaves TheoryF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J



KEGeometric OpticsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

KEQuantum TheoryF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   KE‫א‬KKK،‫א‬،‫א‬، 



Ray Theory Transmission ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬KEnF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

n = co / cn





‫א‬‫א‬ co،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬cn 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣‫א‬KEco = 3 × 108 m/sF‫א‬‫א‬ 

-٣١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣ 

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 1

 ‫א‬

1.33

 

1.5

 

3.5

 

4

 

1.36

 

1.59

   

Snell's Law ١J ١J ٣ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣F‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EbF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EaF

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٣٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





 EIncident BeamF‫א‬‫א‬

 EReflected BeamF‫א‬‫א‬

 ERefracted BeamF‫א‬‫א‬

  ( Incident Angle ) ‫א‬‫א‬ θ1

 ERefracted AngleF‫א‬‫א‬θ2

  EReflected AngleF‫א‬‫א‬ θ3 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ 

n1sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2

(3.1)

K ‫א‬‫א‬n2‫א‬  n1  W‫א‬‫א‬E3.1 ‫א‬F 

sin θ1 n = 2 sin θ 2 n1





 KEθ1<θ2FEn1 > n2F 



Critical Angle ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٣ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 90º‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢J ٣‫א‬‫א‬F K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

-٣٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



n1 n2

θc

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٣F‫א‬  WEθcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، n1sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 n1 sinθc = n2 sin 90º n1sinθc = n2

sin θc = n2/n1 ⎛n ⎞ θ c = sin −1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⇒ ⎝ n1 ⎠ (3.2)

  1 ‫א‬En2 / n1F1‫א‬

 Kn1n2 



Total Internal Reflection ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ٣ 

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،

 ‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬Eθ1 > θcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬En1F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬En2F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 125 µm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬ECladdingF‫א‬ n1‫א‬ECoreF

ECoatingF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θc ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

  ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣J ٣F‫א‬K ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣F‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬θ Cladding, n2

θ θ core, n1

θθ Cladding, n2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٣F‫א‬ -٣٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





Acceptance Angle ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١J ٣ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E θaF‫א‬‫א‬  KE٥J ٣‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Acceptance Cone

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

A

n=1

θa B



n=1

θ2 θ1

Core, n1 Cladding, n2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٣F‫א‬



‫א‬θa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬θc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬θ1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K  ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  θa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θc ‫א‬‫א‬

K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  θa ‫א‬ . θa  KEAcceptance ConeF‫א‬

-٣٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   Numerical Aperture

‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١J ٣  

‫א‬‫א‬θa‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬Kn2 n1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



NA = n o sin θ a = n 12 − n 22

(3.3)

Eno = 1‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  no ‫ﺣﻴ ﺚ إن‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θ a = sin −1 (NA )

(3.4)  Wn2n1E∆F‫א‬‫א‬NA‫א‬

 

NA ≈ n1 2∆ (3.5)

 W‫א‬ ∆   n 12 − n 22 (3.6) ∆ = 2n 12

-٣٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W 

90º‫א‬ θa

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NA

 E∆ << 1F‫א‬‫א‬∆ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



Fiber Modes ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣ 

 EBeamsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ERaysF  ‫א‬K  ‫א‬،EPropagation ModesF‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬EMode IndexF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 TE - modesETransverse Electric Modes FJ 

 TM - modesETransverse Magnetic Modes FJ 

 HE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EHybridFJ   EH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EHybridFJ  

 KKKKKKHE11, EH12, TE01, TM02W‫א‬ -٣٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E V-number F V‫א‬‫א‬ENormalized FrequencyF  W‫א‬‫א‬

V=

≈

2π a NA λ

(3.7)

2π a n1 2∆ λ

(3.8)



 K‫א‬ a‫א‬‫א‬λ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٣F ‫א‬V  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   Modes

0

2.4

HE11

3.9

HE21 TM01 TE01

5.6

HE12

7

HE22 TM02 TE02

8.5

10

11.5

HE13 HE23 TM03 TE03

HE14

v - number

 ‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬E٦J ٣F‫א‬ -٣٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



  Optical Fiber Types ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣ 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EStep-Index FibersFJ 

 ‫א‬EGraded-Index FibersFJ 

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 KE‫א‬FEMultimode Fibers F‫א‬J 

 KHE11‫א‬ESingle Mode FibersF‫א‬J  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬EGlass Optical FibersF‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬EPlastic Optical FibersF‫א‬‫א‬J  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

  Step-Index Fiber ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٣ 

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬En1F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E٧J ٣‫א‬F‫א‬En2F  -٤٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



KErF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬n(r)‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬a‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬  K[µm]‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

50 µmW‫א‬

 

 125 µm W‫א‬

 1.48W‫א‬

 1.46W‫א‬

Cladding, n2

Core n1

n( r )

-d -a

0

d

a

r, µm

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٣F‫א‬



‫א‬n1 n2‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K"‫א‬‫א‬"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMS F‫א‬‫א‬ -٤١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

MS =



2

V 2

 (3.9)  W‫א‬‫א‬ (3.10) V =

c n

KEn = n1‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬n

  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E3.10F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،K ‫א‬،E٨J ٣‫א‬F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 

n2

n1 n2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٣F‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬EIntermodal DispersionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٨J ٣‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 K  

-٤٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Graded Index Fiber ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٣ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

En = n1 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،En = n2F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

KEParabolicF‫א‬‫א‬ETriangularF‫א‬W  KEn2F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬n(r)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n(r) 



⎧ ⎪ ⎪ (3.11) n(r) = ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩

⎛r⎞ n 1 (1 − 2 ∆ ) ⎜ ⎟ ⎝a⎠

α

n 1 (1 − 2 ∆ ) = n 2

r
 WEKKKK،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α  K‫א‬‫א‬ α = 1

 K‫א‬‫א‬ α = 2

 KE٩J ٣‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬ α = ∞ 

‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ α

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ α = 1.98 ‫א‬،‫א‬

 KENear Parabolic ProfileF‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMgF‫א‬‫א‬ Mg

⎛ α ⎞ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎝α + 2⎠

⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠



(3.12)

 -٤٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 Kα‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Cladding n2

Core

n (r)

∞α=

n1

α=2 α=1

n2

-d

-a

0

a

d

r



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٣F‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،E١٠J ٣‫א‬F

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬E١٠J ٣F،E‫א‬F‫א‬

Fn  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬KE‫א‬ Fn‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 







 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٣F‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  

‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬  ،E‫א‬‫א‬F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 100‫א‬F‫א‬  KE‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ 

Single Mode Fiber ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣J ٣ ‫א‬HE11ESingle ModeF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E١-٣F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬EFundamental ModeF‫א‬ .Y x‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  V

‫א‬‫א‬EV = 2.405F‫א‬‫א‬KE 2.405F KVcECutoff V-NumberF‫א‬ -٤٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (3.13) 0 ≤ V ≤ 2.405

  

 WE٨-٣‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 KEaF‫א‬‫א‬

 KE∆F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬Vc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Vc = 2.405 1 +

2 α

E‫א‬‫א‬F

3

(3.14) = 2.405

E‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ‬F

2

= 2.405



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؛‬10 µm 8W‫א‬  ‫؛‬125 µm W‫א‬

 K∆ = 0.001‫א‬‫א‬

K  ‫א‬EaF‫א‬  V=

2π a n 1 2∆ λ -٤٦ -

 WE٨-٣F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V = Vc= 2.405  (3.15) a =

2.405 λ 2π n 1 2∆





 WE3.14F‫א‬Vc ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

⎛ 2⎞ ⎜⎜ 2.405 1 + ⎟⎟ × λ α⎠ a=⎝ 2π n1 2∆ (3.16)



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E١١-٣F‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Cladding n(r) 2a

Core Cladding

n1 n2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٣F‫א‬



Cutoff Wavelength ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٨ -٣F‫א‬ ‫א‬ECutoff WavelengthF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬λc 

-٤٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

λc =



2 π a n1 VC

2∆ (3.17)



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J λc =

Vλ 2.405



(3.18)  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J λc =

(3.19)

Vλ

2.405 1 +

2 α



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 Kλc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Mode Field Diameter ‫א‬



‫א‬E10 µm‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬

Mode F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 KEMFDFEField Diameter

Gaussian F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 WE١٢-٣F‫א‬EDistribution     -٤٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



E(r) Eo

Eo /e

ω0

Radius, µm -6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

MFD = 2 ω0

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E(r)‫א‬E١٢-٣F‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬EMode Field RadiusF‫א‬ωo

 KESpot SizeF‫א‬ 

{  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ 10 µm

 K12 µm 

  Plastic Optical Fiber ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣J ٣ 

EPOFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K650 nm‫א‬‫א‬ -٤٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 K‫א‬‫א‬J

 K‫א‬‫א‬E1000 µm‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J

 KE0.5‫א‬FENAF‫א‬‫א‬J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 KE200 dB/km F‫א‬‫א‬EAttenuationF‫א‬J

 KE5 MHz.km‫א‬F‫א‬EBandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬J 

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ١J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬1.48‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.46

 Kn2= 1.404 n1= 1.495 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 

 W‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 θcKEθcF‫א‬ 

⎛ 1.46 ⎞ -1 ⎛ n ⎞ = sin-1 ( 0.986 ) ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ ⎝ 1.48 ⎠ ⎝ n2 ⎠

θc = sin-1 = 80.57º.

-٥٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬EF 

⎛ 1.404 ⎞ -1 ⎛ n 1 ⎞ = sin-1 ( 0.938 ) = 69.68º. ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎝ 1.495 ⎠ ⎝ n2 ⎠

θc = sin-1

  ٢J ٣  WKn2= 1.47 n1= 1.5 ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EθcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

‫א‬‫א‬EF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E θaF‫א‬‫א‬EF  n2 n1E∆F‫א‬‫א‬EF 

 W‫א‬ ⎛ 1.47 ⎞ -1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎝ 1.5 ⎠

EF = 78.5º.

1.5 2 − 1.47 2 =

EF = 0.3 EF

⎛ n1 ⎜⎜ ⎝ n2

⎞ ⎟⎟ ⎠

n 12 − n 22

θc = sin-1

NA =

θa = sin-1 ( NA ) = sin-1 ( 0.3 ) = 17.4º.

∆=

n 12 − n 22 2n 12

=

1.5 2 − 1.47 2 2 ×1.5 2

-٥١ -

= 0.02

EF



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ٣J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬  850 nm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  WK∆ = 1.5 %1.48 

 KEVJ NumberF‫א‬‫א‬EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 KE٦-٣‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V = 7‫א‬EF 

 W‫א‬  WE٨-٣F‫א‬‫א‬EF V=

 V =



2π an 1 2∆ λ 2π × 40 × 10 −6 × 1.48 0.85 × 10 −6

2 × 0.015

V = 75.8

 

 WE٩-٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 

V 2 5745.6   M S = = = 2873 2 2



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬V = 7 E٦-٣F‫א‬EF  W‫א‬ 

HE 11, HE 21, Tm 01, TE 01, HE 12, HE 22, TM 02, TE 02

-٥٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ٤J ٤  W‫א‬

 ∆ = 1.5 %, n1 = 1.48, λ = 850 nm

 W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF ‫א‬Kn1 = 1.5, ∆ = 1%1.3 µm‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،n1 = 1.46‫א‬EλcF‫א‬‫א‬EF

 K∆ = 0.25 %،a = 4.5 µm 

 W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E١٥-٣F‫א‬  W‫א‬

a=

Vc λ 2πn 1 2∆

=

2.4 × 845 × 10 −9 2π × 1.48 0.03



= 1.3µm

 W‫א‬،2 × a‫א‬، = 2 x 1.3 = 2.6 µm

 WE١٦-٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 

( α = 2 ) Vc = 2.4 1 +



a=

2 = 2.4 2 = 3.4  α

3.4 × 1.3 × 10 −6 = 3.3µm 2π × 1.5 0.02



-٥٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  WE١٧J ٣F‫א‬E λcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

λc =

2 × 3.14 × 4.5 µm × 1.46 2 × 0.0025 2π a n 1 2∆ = 2.405 2.405 = 1.214 µm = 1214 nm.

Common Optical Fiber and Buffer Diameter ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣ ،E٢J ٣‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

‫א‬‫א‬ECoatingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،EBufferF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ETubeF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣F

 

Group

Core

Cladding

Coating

Buffer or tube

Number

[µm]

[µm]

[µm]

[µm]

I

8 to 10

125

250 or 500

900 or 2000 -3000

II

50

125

250 or 500

900 or 2000 -3000

III

62.5

125

250 or 500

900 or 2000 -3000

IV

85

125

250 or 500

900 or 2000 -3000

V

100

140

250 or 500

900 or 2000 -3000



 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 I. Core: 8 to 10 / 125 Single – mode fiber with: NA: smallest (< 0.1 ) Loss: lowest ( ≈ 0.2 dB / km ) at λ = 1550 nm BW: highest, tens GHz × km. Wavelength: 1310 or 1550 nm 2 km ≈ Cable length:

II. Core: 50 / 125 Multimode fiber with: NA: smaller (≈ 0.2 ) Loss : lower (≈ 3 to 4 dB / km ) BW: higher (few GHz × km) Wavelength : 850 or 1310 nm Cable length: ( ~ 0.2 to 0.3 km)

III. Core: 62.5 / 125 Multimode fiber with: NA : medium ( ≈ 0. 3 ) Loss : low ( ≈ 4 dB / km ) BW: medium ( hundred MHz × km ) Wavelength: 850 or 1310 nm Cable length: ≈ 1.5 km

-٥٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

IV. Core: 85 / 125



{ European fiber size } Multimode fiber with:

NA: large ( ≈ 0.3 ) Loss : high ( ≈ 5 dB / km ) BW: low ( tens MHz × km ) Wavelength: 850 or 1310 nm Cable length : ( ≈ 1.5 km )

V. Core: 100 / 140 Multimode fiber with: NA: largest ( ≈ 0.4 ) Loss: higher ( ≈ 5 dB / km ) BW: lowest ( ≈ MHz × km ) Wave length: 850 or 1310 nm Cable length: ( 1. 5 or 1. 8 km )

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬      -٥٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬E٣J ٣F

Specification

‫א‬‫א‬

value

Explanation

‫א‬

‫א‬ 

Core diameter Cladding diameter Coating diameter Mode-field diameter

62.5 µm 125 µm 250 µm -----

Multi mode fiber Doesn’t included Coating Plastic-colored coating This value is used only for single mode fibers

Attenuation: at λ = 850 nm at λ = 1310 nm

3.5 dB / km

Maximum loss

1 dB/ km

Fiber-optic bandwidth: At λ = 850 nm At λ = 1310 nm Chromatic dispersion Cutoff wavelength Fiber manufacturer

160 MHZ × km 500 MHZ × km 0.1 nS / nm × km ----company name

-٥٧ -

For single mode fibers only

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



-٥٨ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



   W١  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  En = 1.5F‫א‬J  En = 1.33F‫א‬J

 En = 1.54F‫א‬J

 En = 4F‫א‬J

 W٢  En = 1.5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K2 km

20  En = 3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 Km

 W٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K1µs 

 W٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬θa , θ1, θ2, θ3, θc‫א‬‫א‬  Kλ = 1310 ، ∆ = 0.01, n2 = 1.48 

n1 = 1.5

θa

air n = 1

θ3

θ2

50 µm

θ1

62.5 µm = ‫ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﻠﺐ‬n2 = 1.47; -٥٩ -

 W٥  W‫א‬‫א‬ λ = 1300 nm;

θa = 30º;

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  EV-numberF‫א‬‫א‬EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  W٦   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K∆ = 1 %, λ = 1550 nm, n1 = 1.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K100‫א‬  W٧  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Kλ = 1310 nm; n1 = 1.5; n2 = 1.47; 62 µm ‫א‬

 W

 KENAF‫א‬‫א‬EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  W٨  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Kλ = 1300 nm; n1 = 1.5; ∆ = 0.1 %; 22.66 µm ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬α

 W٩ ‫א‬K1310 nm‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  W،1.48‫א‬‫א‬

 θ1, θ2, θ3‫א‬‫א‬EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EV- numberF‫א‬‫א‬EF  KEHE11, HE21, TM01, TE01, HE12F

n1 = 1.5

θa

air n = 1

θ3

θ1

 -٦٠ -

θ2

50 µm

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE = 1αF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W١١ ‫א‬Eα = 1F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EλcF‫א‬‫א‬ .∆ = 0.1 %

-٦١ -

،n1 = 1.5،8 µm‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W١٢  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ n1 = 1.48; n2 = 1.46;

a = 25 µm

 W١٣  K10ENAF‫א‬‫א‬ θa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١٤‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١٥‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١٦‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  W١٧‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١٨‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١٩‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٢٠‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٦٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   K٤W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬ Fiber Optic Cables 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬KE 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ EOutdoor CablesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KEIndoor CablesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬



K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫• א‬

‫א‬ • KEMetal ArmorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • - ٦٢ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Outdoor Cables ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤  

Loose Tube Cable ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٤ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETubesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ELooseF  

‫א‬EStrength MemberF‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬  KE١J ٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

K12‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3mm  2mm

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEWater Resistant GelF

 KOTDR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F‫א‬ - ٦٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE200 F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EPulling OperationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EStrength MemberF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EKevlarF‫א‬EDielectricF ‫א‬‫א‬EJacketF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

KESteel ArmorF‫א‬ERubberF‫א‬EPolyethyleneF‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  Figure 8 Cable  8‫א‬٢J ١J ٤ 

،E٢J ٤‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EMessengerF

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KEArial InstallationF  K‫א‬



 8‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٤F‫א‬ - ٦٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



EKKKK،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Armored Cables ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ٤ 

‫א‬‫א‬ESteel ArmorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣J ٤‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EDouble-ArmorF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

EGroundingF ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBuried CablesF‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

 E٣J ٤F‫א‬ - ٦٥ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Ribbon Cable ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١J ٤ 

‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ERibbonF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

24 12‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٤J ٤‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEBuffer TubeF ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬200 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬800 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٤F‫א‬



Advantages of Ribbon Cables ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  • K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



Disadvantages ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESplice EnclosureF‫א‬‫• א‬ - ٦٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESingle Central TubeFW‫א‬ KE٥J ٤‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٤F‫א‬

 

‫א‬EStandard Loose TubeRibbon CableF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ELoose TubeF‫א‬

 KE٦J ٤‫א‬‫א‬F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٤F‫א‬ - ٦٧ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Indoor Cables ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤  Tight Buffered Cable‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٤ 

KEIndoor ApplicationsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBufferF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 900 µm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  KE٧J ٤‫א‬‫א‬F 250 µmECoatingF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  KE٨J ٤‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EProtective SheathF 

  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬، E Bend RadiusF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  ‫א‬E٧J ٤F‫א‬ - ٦٨ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٤F‫א‬









Fan-Out Cable ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٤ 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE٩J ٤‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬EConnectorF

E‫א‬F 900 µm    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3000 µm ‫א‬،‫א‬ 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٤F‫א‬ - ٦٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Fiber Optic Patch Cords ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٤   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EJumpersF K5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Other Cables ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤ 

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 

Submarine Cables ‫א‬‫א‬



  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬،

، ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Self - Supporting Aerial Cable ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

،KEMessengerF‫א‬،EKevlar

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAll-Dielectric Self-Supporting CableF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ٧٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Industrial Cables ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EGeneral Purpose CablesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،  K‫א‬‫א‬EElectromagnetic InterferenceF‫א‬ 

Military Communication Cables ‫א‬‫א‬



   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

Special Purpose Cables ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ 

 - ٧١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Galvanic Corrosion ‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Rodent Protection ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Water Blocking ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬EWater Resistant GelF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

E  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K ‫א‬

- ٧٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬١J ٤‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F Value

Specification

Explanation

Loose tube

Cable type Number of fibers

18

Nominal weight:

166 kg/km 14.4mm

Diameter

3 active tubes, 6 fibers per tube ±5%

Temp. range: -Storage

-40 to 70°c

Storing cable on reel

-Operating

-40 to 70°c

-Installation

-30 to 50°c

Installed operating temperature. During installation and handling

Max. Tensile rating: -Installation

2700 N

-Permanent

600 N

Minimum bend radius: -Installation

22.5 cm

-Permanent

15 cm

Maximum rise

247 m

Jacket

Polyethylene

Central member

Dielectric

Copper pairs

None

- ٧٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



                            - ٧٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W١‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٢‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٣‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٤‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫؛‬‫א‬ J

‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

‫؛‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

‫؛‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J  W٥‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٦‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٧‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٨‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٩‫א‬  KEFan-Out CableF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١٠‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬J   K‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J    ٤W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Transmission Characteristics of Optical Fibers 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬EAttenuationF‫א‬‫א‬W  KEDispersionF‫א‬ 



Attenuation ‫א‬١J ٥ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EOptical PowerF‫א‬ELossF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EInputF‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KERepeatersF‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬EConnectorsF‫א‬‫א‬EOutputF  K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬EAttenuationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Pin

Fiber

Pout 

(5.1) [ dB ] = 10 Log [ Pin / Pout ]



Attenuation,

 W

K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pout‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pin  W‫א‬‫א‬Pin / Pout ‫א‬‫א‬ - ٧٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

(5.2)10



0.1[ attenuatio n dB ]

Pin / Pout =

 ‫א‬EαF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ 

(5.3) α [ dB / km ] =

1 L

⎡ P ⎤ ⎢10 Log in ⎥ Pout ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣

.[km]‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬L

 K‫א‬[dB]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



Decibel Unit ‫א‬١J ١J ٥ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬[dB] 

 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

KE‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬KEAmplifiersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬yxx / y‫א‬‫א‬

in dB

x / y = 100

10 Log x / y = 10 Log 100 = 20 dB 



 K1020‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬y x‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥ x/y

x / y in dB

2

3

 10

10

1000

30

0.01

-20

0.0001

-40

0.5

 -3

40

16.02

200

23.01

250

 23.98

107

70

10-3

-30





 W‫א‬

‫א‬EPower LevelF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPower MetersF‫א‬

 KEReference ValueF 

  dBw ‫א‬‫א‬1 Watt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ dBw = 10 Log [ power/ 1W ]  dBm‫א‬‫א‬1 milliwatt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ dBm = 10 Log [ power/ 1mW ] 

dBµ ‫א‬‫א‬1 microwatt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٧٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



dBµ = 10 Log [ power/ 1µW ]



 E٢J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥

 

Power

Power Level  0 dBw

1W 100 W

20 dBw

10 mW

- 20 dBw

1mW

0 dBm

0.5 mW

- 3dBm

1W

30 dBm

0.1 mW

-10 dBm

2 mW

3 dBm

 1 µW

0 dBµ

1 mW

30 dBµ

1W

60 dBµ

0.8 mW

- 0.97

0.2 mW

- 7 dBm

20 µW

13 dBµ

400 µW

-4 dBm

 ١J ٥ ‫א‬120 µW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K8 km ‫א‬  K3 µW‫א‬

- ٨٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W

 K‫א‬‫א‬EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 km ‫א‬EF  K1 dB‫א‬1 km

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 

 W‫א‬  WE١J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF = 10 log Pin / Pout

= 10 Log 120 µw / 3 µw



= 10 log 40 = 16dB 16 dB / 8 km = 2 dB / km

 =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 W2 dB/km 10 km‫א‬‫א‬EF 2 ×10 = 20 dB

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K9‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 9 dB=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  20 dB + 9 dB = 29 dB

 W‫א‬ 

Pin / Pout = 100.1*29 = 102.9 = 794.3EF

 ‫א‬٢J ١J ٥ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



  Light Absorption ‫א‬‫א‬ 

FESilicaF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ESiO2‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EIntrinsic AbsorptionF‫א‬‫א‬

 EHeatF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1.6µm0.8µmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EOH ions‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



Scattering ‫א‬



‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

Rayleigh F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ، λ4   EScattering

‫א‬  ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

Geometric Problems ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KEMicrobendingsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMacrobendingsF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EInstallationF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EMinimum Bend radiusF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٨٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬Eθc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬EMode CouplingF‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬ •

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‫א‬ •

‫א‬ •

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫• א‬



 EFirst WindowF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬λ = 850 nm

 ESecond WindowF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬λ = 1300 nm  EThird WindowF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬λ = 1550 nm 

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 KE0.2 dB/kmFλ = 1550 nm Dispersion ‫א‬٢J ٥ 

W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

Maximum Transmission F  ‫א‬‫א‬EMaximum Bit RateF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ESignal DistortionF‫א‬‫א‬،EDistance

  ‫א‬‫א‬KEDigital SystemsF‫א‬EAnalog SystemsF‫א‬ - ٨٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBroadeningF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ KEISIF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EIntersymbol InterferenceF‫א‬

‫א‬EBit Error RateF‫א‬‫א‬EErrorsF‫א‬  KEPeF‫א‬‫א‬ 



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 H

 ‫א‬‫א‬

K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬[ time / km ]‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EIntermodal DispersionF

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EMultimode DispersionFEModal DispersionF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٨٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





Chromatic F‫א‬EIntramodal DispersionF  ‫א‬‫א‬

Material F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬EDispersion

 KEWaveguide DispersionF‫א‬‫א‬EDispersion 

InputPulse

Output Pulse

Fiber

PWin

PWout

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٥F‫א‬

  

EPWinF‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬E∆t F‫א‬KEPWoutF‫א‬ 

(5.4) ∆t =

⎛ ⎜⎜ PW 2 − PW 2 in out ⎝

⎞ ⎟⎟   ⎠



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K[ ps/km][ ns/km]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   Intramodal Dispersion ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٥ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Chromatic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEMonochromatic‫א‬ - ٨٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

Material Dispersion ‫א‬



‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KENarrow Spectral LinewidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Erms ValueF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬EσmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ σλ ∗ L ∗M = σm



(5.5)



 W

‫א‬ESpectral LinewidthF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ σλ Material Dispersion F‫א‬M‫א‬L، [nm]

 K‫א‬‫א‬ [ Ps / nm×km ]EParameter  Kσm ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Waveguide Dispersion ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬ EσwF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬1.3 µm‫א‬‫א‬KEσλF‫א‬‫א‬EλF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬

‫א‬λ = 1.31 µm ‫א‬K1.31 µm‫א‬

KEZero-Dispersion WavelengthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٨٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬λ = 1.55 µm‫א‬

EDispersion Shifted FibersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬λ = 1.55 µm‫א‬  KEDSFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



Intermodal Dispersion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٥ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Erms ValueF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EσsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

(5.6) σ s =

L n1 ∆ 2 3c



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ErmsF‫א‬  WEσgF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

(5.7) σ g =

L n 1 ∆2 20 3 c



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5.7FE5.6F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E 100‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٨٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W‫א‬‫א‬E σ T2 F‫א‬‫א‬ 

(5.8) σ T2 = σ c2 + σ 2n



σ c2 K‫א‬ σ g2 ‫א‬ σ s ‫א‬‫א‬ σ 2n  2

 σ c2 = σ 2m + σ 2w W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   WE σ T F‫א‬‫א‬ 

σ c2 + σ 2n σ T =

( 5.9)



 W‫א‬ 

(5.10) σ T2 = σ 2m + σ 2w = σ c2

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬E5.10F‫א‬ 

(5.11) σ 2m + σ 2w σ T =

 Fiber Bandwidth and Information Rate‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥ ‫א‬‫א‬EBWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBandwidthF‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETransmission Bit RateF‫א‬ K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EInformation RateF‫א‬EBR)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  WECodeF‫א‬

 ENRZ- codeF‫א‬‫א‬BW = BR - ٨٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 E RZ- codeF‫א‬‫א‬ BW = BR/2

 W‫א‬‫א‬ [ bits / s]

0.2 σ



BT(max) = (5.12)



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬σ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬EBW×LF (5.14)

0.2 σT



BW × L =

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ σ T  

 ٢J ٥  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NA = 0.3, n1 = 1.45,

M = 250 ps/nm.km

 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K50 nm

 KEBW×LF‫א‬‫א‬EF  W‫א‬   WE5.5F‫א‬

= 50 nm × 1 km × 250 ps / nm km σ λ ∗ L ∗ M = σ m (1km ) = 12.5 ns / km;  WE5.6F‫א‬σs - ٨٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

) n 1 2∆ = 29.5 ns / km;

( NA = σ s =



L n1 ∆ 2 3c

 WE5.9F‫א‬σT = 32.4 ns / km. σ 2m + σ s2 σ T =

EF

= 6.2 MHz × km

0.2 0.2 = 32.4 ns / km σT

- ٩٠ -

 BW × L =

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



   W١  W‫א‬‫א‬ 

Pin / Pout

Pin / Pout in dB

 1  8 300 0.02 0.0004



0.4 105 10-6

 W٢  W‫א‬‫א‬ 

Power

Power Level

2W

…… dBw

0.8 W

…… dBw

5 mW

…… dBm

12 mW

…… dBw

0.3 mW

…… dBm

40 µW

…… dBµ

 10 mW

 …… dBµ - ٩١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6 km‫א‬

 K200 µW ‫א‬‫א‬2 mW  W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 K2 dB/km15 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  W٤ ‫א‬10 km 0.8 dB/km‫א‬‫א‬  K0.5 mW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K8 km ‫א‬  K0.5 dB‫א‬2km ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 K10 µW‫א‬1 mW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 W٦  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

∆ = 1 %, n1 = 1.5 Laser σλ = 1 nm λ 1310

L = 20 km, M = 100 ps/nm.km

Photodiod e



W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 KEBW×LF‫א‬‫א‬EF - ٩٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 12 km‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KM = 100 ps/nm.km‫א‬2 nm  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W٨ ‫א‬K5 ns/km‫א‬10 km‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 W٩‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١٠‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١١‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١٢‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١٣‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬J 

 KEFresnel ReflectionF‫א‬‫א‬J   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬ECouplersF‫א‬‫א‬J   K٤W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬ Fiber Optic Connection ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬KEReceiverF‫א‬ETransmitterF‫א‬   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESplicingF‫א‬J

‫א‬EMechanical SplicingF‫א‬‫א‬،EFusion SplicingF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEChemical SplicingF 

،ERemovableFEFiber ConnectorsF  ‫א‬J

 K ‫א‬، 

Fiber Alignment and Joint Loss ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAlignmentF‫א‬ 



Fresnel Reflection

‫א‬١J ١J ٦ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 KE١J ٦‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬EPartial ReflectionF‫א‬ - ٩٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ⎛

⎞

(6.1) r = ⎜⎜ n1 − n ⎟⎟ ⎝ n1 + n ⎠

2



nESingle InterfaceF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬r

‫א‬n1En = 1‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KETwiceFr‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ Air

Fiber 1

gap

Fiber2

z  ‫א‬E١J ٦F‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Loss Fresnel = −10 Log (1 − r)



(6.2)



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 KEIndex Matching GelFEn1F 

 ١J ٦ ‫א‬‫א‬K1.5‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٩٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





 W‫א‬  WE١J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬ErF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2 2 ⎛ n1 − n ⎞ ⎛ 1.5 − 1 ⎞ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ r = ⎜⎜ n n 1 . 5 1 + + ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ 2 ⎛ 0.5 ⎞ =⎜ ⎟ = 0.04 ⇒ ( 4% ) ⎝ 2.5 ⎠

 W‫א‬E٢J ٦F‫א‬

Loss Fres = - 10 log (1- r) = - 10 log 0.96 = 0.18 dB 

2 × 0.18 = 0.36 dB  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ErF‫א‬ 

Fiber Misalignment Problem 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٦ 

Longitudinal Misalignment ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



  ‫א‬EConnectorsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KEJ ٢J ٦‫א‬‫א‬FZ  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

z

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ٢J ٦F‫א‬ - ٩٦ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Lateral Misalignment ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEJ ٢J ٦‫א‬‫א‬Fy‫א‬  KEyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

y

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ٢J ٦F‫א‬



Angular Misalignment ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KEJ ٢J ٦‫א‬‫א‬Fθ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KEθF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ٢J ٦F‫א‬ - ٩٧ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Lateral Misalignment Loss ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



Multimode Step-Index Fiber W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (6.3) Loss Lat = − 10 Log η Lat , [dB] 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ η Lat 

 ،‫א‬ 

(6.4)  η Lat = 1 − L Lat

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬LLat ⎛ y⎞ (6.5)  L Lat = 0.64 ⎜ ⎟ ⎝a⎠

‫א‬a[µm]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬y

 K‫א‬







Multimode Graded-Index Fiber W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Loss Lat = −10 Log η Lat η Lat = 1 − L Lat

  WE0 ≤ y ≤ 0.2 a ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬LLat 

(6.6) L Lat = - ٩٨ -

2 ⎛ y ⎞⎛ α + 2 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ π ⎜⎝ a ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ α + 1 ⎟⎠

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α  Single-Mode Fiber W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ⎛y⎞ Loss Lat = 2.17 ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ω⎠ (6.8)

 ω =

2

ωo ،ENormalized Spot SizeF 2 ωoω 2





Angular Misalignment Loss ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Multimode Step-Index Fiber W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Loss ang = − 10 Log η ang , [dB] 



2



⎛n ⎞ 16 ⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎝n⎠ (6.9) η ang = 4 ⎛ ⎛ n1 ⎞ ⎞ ⎜⎜1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ ⎝ ⎝ n ⎠⎠



⎡ nθ ⎤ 1 − ⎢ ⎥  ⎢⎣ π n1 2 ∆ ⎥⎦



 KERadianF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬θ  Single-Mode Fiber



W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2

⎛ θ ω n1 V ⎞ ⎟⎟ , [dB]  (6.10) Loss ang = 2.17 ⎜⎜ ⎝ a NA ⎠  K‫א‬EV- NumberF‫א‬‫א‬V - ٩٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W٢J ٦ K5µm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K1.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

⎛ y⎞ L Lat = 0.64 ⎜ ⎟ ⎝a⎠ ⎛ 5 µm ⎞ ⎟⎟ = 0.128 = 0.64 ⎜⎜ 25 µ m ⎝ ⎠

 

 W‫א‬

η Lat = 1 − L Lat = 1 − 0.128 = 0.872 Loss = −10 Log η Lat = −10 Log ( 0.872 ) = 0.59 dB

  W٣J ٦ K50 µm‫א‬Eα = 2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K 3 µm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬  2 ⎛ y⎞ ⎛α + 2⎞ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ π ⎝ a ⎠ ⎜⎝ α + 1 ⎟⎠ 2 ⎛ 3 µm ⎞ ⎛ 2 + 2 ⎞ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜⎜ π ⎝ 25 µm ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 + 1 ⎟⎠

L Lat =

2 (0.12 ) ⎛⎜ 4 ⎞⎟ = 0.1 3.14 ⎝ 3⎠ = 1 − L Lat = 1 − 0.1 = 0.9

= η Lat

Loss Lat = −10 Log ( 0.9 ) = 0.46 dB

 - ١٠٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W٤J ٦  W‫א‬‫א‬  8 µ‫א‬J

 1.5‫א‬‫א‬J   0.1‫א‬‫א‬J  2.3‫א‬‫א‬J

10 µm‫א‬J

 W

1 µm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 K2º‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  ‫א‬‫א‬EF

 W‫א‬  WE٨J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF ωo , 2

2

⎛y⎞ Loss = 2.17 ω= ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ω⎠ ωo = MFD / 2 = 10 µm / 2 = 5µm 5µm ⇒ω= = 3.54µm. 2 2 ⎛ 1µm ⎞ ⎟⎟ = 2.17× 0.08 = 0.17dB ⎜⎜ Loss Lat = 2.17 ⎝ 3.54 µm ⎠

 WE١٠J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 2

⎛ 2π / 180 o × 3.54 µm ×1.5 × 2.3 ⎞ ⎛ θ ω n1 V ⎞ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 2.17 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 4 µ m × 0 . 1 a NA ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

2

⎛ 0.426 µm ⎞ ⎟⎟ = 2.46 dB. ⎜⎜ ⎝ 0.4 µm ⎠

Loss Ang = 2.17 2

= 2.17

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E F

Total loss = loss Lat + loss Ang = 0.17dB + 2.46dB = 2.63dB. - ١٠١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Connection Problems ‫א‬٢J ٦ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Different Core and / or Cladding Diameters ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬ 

2 ⎧ ⎛ a2 ⎞ ⎪ ⎜ ⎟ (6.10) Loss CD = ⎨ = − 10 Log ⎜⎝ a ⎟⎠ , [dB] for a2 〈 a 1 ⎪ [dB] for a2 〉 a ⎩= 0

 Different Numerical Aperture ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬ 

(6.11)

Loss

NA

=

⎧ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎩

=

⎛ NA ⎞ 2 ⎜ 2⎟ , −10 Log ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ NA ⎟ 1⎠ ⎝

=0

[dB] for NA 〈 NA 2 1 [dB] for NA 〉 NA 2 1



Different Refractive Index Profiles ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬EαF‫א‬‫א‬ 

(6.11) Loss RI



α 2 ( α1 + 2 ) ⎧ , [dB] for α 2 〈 α1 ⎪ = −10 Log α1 ( α 2 + 2 ) =⎨ ⎪= 0 [dB] for α 2 〉 α ⎩

- ١٠٢ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





Connectors ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  KEConnectorsF‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 E٣J ٦‫א‬F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٦F‫א‬ 





Connector Characteristics ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٦  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Insertion Loss ‫א‬ EF



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬W  K  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.25dB‫א‬EAverage Insertion LossF‫א‬

 K0.5 dB‫א‬EMaximum Insertion LossF 

  Return Loss ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،E- 50 dBFE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ - ١٠٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





Durability ‫א‬‫א‬



 ،‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Connector Types ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٦ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤J ٦F‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

 Reading Data Sheets ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ST, SC, FC, …،EPlugF‫א‬ •



EManufacturer Brand NameF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

EConnector CompatibilityF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ EInsertion LossF‫א‬ • EReturn LossF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ EDurabilityF‫• א‬

EOperating Temperature RangeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ١٠٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٦F‫א‬        

- ١٠٥ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٦F‫א‬

- ١٠٦ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



  EFE٥J ٦F‫א‬ 



  

- ١٠٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



   EFE٥J ٦F‫א‬     - ١٠٨ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Couplers ‫א‬٤J ٦ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EPassive ComponentsF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ESplitF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECombineF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬EPowerF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦‫א‬  W‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٦F 

Number of Output Ports

E‫א‬F‫א‬ 2 4 5 8 10 15 20 50 100 400 1000

Fraction of Output Power in each Output

Loss in dB

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

0.5 0.25 0.2 0.125 0.1 0.067 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.0025 0.001

3 6 6.99 9 10 11.76 13 16.99 20 26 30 

 W‫א‬G Fraction of Output Power in each Output = 1 / Number of Output Ports Loss in dB = 10 Log ( Number of Output Ports ) - ١٠٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





Excess Loss ‫א‬‫א‬



K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

⎛ P1 + P2 + ...... + Pn ⎞ ⎟ (6.12) Exess Loss [dB] = 10 Log ⎜⎜ ⎟ P in ⎝ ⎠



Coupler Applications ‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦J ٦‫א‬‫א‬FELocal Area NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬ •

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E٧J ٦‫א‬‫א‬FECable Television DistributionF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ EWavelength Division MultiplexingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  KE٨J ٦‫א‬‫א‬F

 Coupler Characteristics ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EDirectionality of Light TransmissionF‫א‬‫• א‬ ENumber of Inputs and OutputsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • EWavelength SelectivityF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

EType of Transmission: Single or MultimodeF‫א‬W‫א‬ • ESignal AttenuationF‫א‬ • ESignal SplittingF‫א‬ •

EPolarization Dependent LossF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ - ١١٠ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Types of Couplers ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٦F‫א‬

.‫א‬‫א‬E٦J

٦F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٦F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٦F‫א‬ - ١١١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٦F‫א‬   - ١١٢ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



   W١ ‫א‬‫א‬،1.47‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬FC

 W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  W٢ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ .4µm‫א‬‫א‬Eα = 1F  K50 µm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K1.48‫א‬0.4‫א‬0.2  K5º‫א‬‫א‬

 W٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2.2 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K12 µm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W٥ ‫א‬K3 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ V = 2.1; n1 = 1.5; MFD = 11.8 µm; a = 5 µm; NA = 0.1  W٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E1 × 16FESplitterF  K0.1 mW‫א‬2 mW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W٧ EyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W٨  W‫א‬‫א‬ 

Number of Output Ports

E‫א‬F‫א‬

Fraction of Output Power in each Output

Loss in dB

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

6 12 22 30 60 200 2000

  W٩ EyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W١١‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W١٣‫א‬  KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 EFiber TerminationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  

K٥W‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Fiber Optic Installation and Splicing

Fiber Optic Installation ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • ‫• א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ •



 KEIndoorF‫א‬‫א‬EOutdoorF‫א‬W‫א‬ 



Outdoor Fiber Optic Cable Installation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٧ 

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K 

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EUnderground Buried Cable InstallationF‫א‬

 KEAerial InstallationF

- ١١٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Buried Cable Installation ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ١J ٧ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EDuctF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬  KESteel Armored CablesF‫א‬ 

E١J ٧‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

،PVC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬KEInner DuctsF‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

d2 / D2 < 50% (7.1)



 K‫א‬D‫א‬ d  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٧F‫א‬ - ١١٨ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





 Pulling the Cable ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

EDynamometerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



Aerial Installation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ١J ٧ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E٢J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ESteel MessengerF

‫א‬‫א‬ESelf Supporting Fiber Optic CableF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K8

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٧F‫א‬ - ١١٩ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

Indoor Fiber Optic Cable



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٧  Installation 

EDirectlyF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ECable TraysF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬

K ‫א‬EPull PoxesF‫א‬‫א‬ Cable F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EVertical InstallationF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬ERisers

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





Cable Installation Procedure ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ELubricantF‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬ E١ K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPull TapeF‫א‬ E٢

K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E٣

F‫א‬ESwivelF‫א‬EPulling EyeF‫א‬  E٤ K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬

KESwivelF‫א‬‫א‬ E٥ - ١٢٠ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬  ‫א‬ E٦ K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8‫א‬‫א‬ E٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٨ K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬E6‫א‬F E٩ K‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬E١٠  K‫א‬K

 

Installation Recommendations ‫א‬٣J ١J ٧   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • ‫א‬ •

 W 

EF‫א‬‫• א‬

،‫• א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬ • ‫א‬ •

- ١٢١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Fiber Splicing ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EFusion SplicingF‫א‬W‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬EMechanical SplicingF‫א‬،‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 KEMidspanF‫א‬‫א‬J

 EPigtail AssemblyFJ

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



Splicing Procedure ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٧ 

،‫א‬‫א‬EEnd PreparationF‫א‬‫א‬ .١ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KEStripping the Cable JacketF‫א‬‫א‬J

 KEStripping the Buffer or TubeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 KEGelF‫א‬J

 KEStripping the Fiber CoatingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

K‫א‬‫א‬ECleaving the FiberF‫א‬‫א‬ .٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣

ESplice ProtectorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤ K‫א‬‫א‬

KESplice TrayF‫א‬‫א‬ .٥

KESplice EnclosureF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ١٢٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١  K‫א‬

 ESplice VanF‫א‬‫א‬W٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W٣  K‫א‬EVanF‫א‬‫א‬

 ،،‫א‬‫א‬W٤  K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥  K‫א‬ 



Splicing Tool Kit ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٧   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ruler 

Alcohol Cleaning Solution‫א‬‫א‬ Cable Gel Cleaning Solution‫א‬ Cotton Swabs Paper Tissues

Fiber Cleaver‫א‬‫א‬

Fiber Coating Stripper‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Fiber Buffer and Tube Stripper‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Fiber Jacket Stripper‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Utility Knife‫א‬‫א‬ Diagonal Cutter‫א‬

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

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Scissors, Serrated blade‫א‬، Tweezers

Protective Gloves‫א‬‫א‬ Splice Protector‫א‬‫א‬

Mechanical Splices or Fusion ‫א‬ Splicer Splice Tray‫א‬‫א‬

ESplice EnclosuresF‫א‬ Light Source

OTDR and Power Meter ‫א‬OTDR Large Table and Chairs‫א‬

 Black Paper Table Cloth 



      

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W

 K‫א‬  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





Splicing Method ‫א‬٣J ٢J ٧ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ .٢ KE٣J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

3 meters or more Buffer or Tube

2 meters or

Fibers



Cable Jacket

Stength Member

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٧F‫א‬ 

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ .٣ KE٤J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

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

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 







 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٧F‫א‬ ECoatingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦

‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5 K ‫א‬5‫א‬EBufferF

‫א‬‫א‬،E٥J ٧‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧ KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬E٥J ٧F‫א‬





K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٨ - ١٢٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٩ K‫א‬

 ‫א‬E،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K١٠

 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EFK١١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EFK١١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ESplice TrayF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K١٢ KE٦J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٧F‫א‬ 

 OTDREPower MeterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣  K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٤

 KE٧J ٧F‫א‬ESplice EnclosureF‫א‬

 OTDREPower MeterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٥  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦

- ١٢٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٧F‫א‬ 



Mechanical Splicing ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ٧ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

K  ‫א‬EGlueF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Capillary Splice ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٧‫א‬‫א‬FEF‫א‬ 

  Rotary or Polished Ferrule Splice ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

EFerruleF  ECoatingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬

 KE٩J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F

- ١٢٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٧F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٧F‫א‬





 V- Groove Splice V-‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ١٢٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬ ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ 1 dB0.1 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

Fusion Splicing ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ٧ 

‫א‬EFusion SplicerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EEnd PreparationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١١J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬EF‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 



 ‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٧F‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KEMicroprocessorF‫א‬‫א‬



Optical Fiber Termination ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧  WEFiber TerminationF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ( Field-Installable Connector )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٧F‫א‬ - ١٣١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬ ( Pigtail Termination )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  

،‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬KE١٣J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٧F‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WEFiber Optic Cable TerminationF 

Termination Without Enclosure ‫א‬‫א‬ J 



K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KE١٤J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F  KE6F‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٢ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

Fibers



Connectors

Cable



 ‫א‬E١٤J ٧F‫א‬







 Termination in a Splice Enclosure ‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KEPigtail TechniqueF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE١٥J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٧F‫א‬ 

- ١٣٣ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Patch Panel Termination ‫א‬‫א‬ J  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 KE١٦J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٧F‫א‬





    

 - ١٣٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



   W١‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٢‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٣‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٤‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٥‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٦‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬

 W٧‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٨‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٩‫א‬  KEPigtail TerminationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١٠‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١١‫א‬  W١٢ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬20 mm K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J    K٦W‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Light Sources and Optical Photodetectors



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 

Light Sources ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨ 

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،EElectrical SignalsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

ELight Emitting DiodeF‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬

،ELDFELaser DiodeF‫א‬ELEDF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬K  K‫א‬ 

  Source Requirements ‫א‬١J ١J ٨ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

‫א‬ EmWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٧ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



K‫א‬E σλ F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ESource Emitting AreaF‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬،EFiber Core AreaF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬EModulation AbilityF‫א‬

EModulation RateF K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬





Operating Wavelengths ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬λ = 850 nmJ

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ λ = 1300 nmJ

 ‫א‬،‫א‬ λ = 1550 nmJ

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ λ = 650 nmJ 

‫א‬ESpectral WidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬KELinewidthF‫א‬،‫א‬ - ١٣٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



50 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E σλ F‫א‬  KE١J ٨‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Power, max -

σλ

max/2-

λ , nm 840

850

860

870

 E σλ F‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٨F‫א‬



50 nm20 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1 nm‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



K‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬



Output Power and Light Coupling ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EµWF

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100‫א‬  W‫א‬،E1 % F‫א‬

KERadiation AngleF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ - ١٣٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



KELight Emitting AreaF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

KEAlignment of the Source and FiberF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KEFiber Numerical ApertureF‫א‬‫ א‬



 WE٢J ٨ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

LED



Fiber Core

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٨F‫א‬

 

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬Eηc F‫א‬E Coupling EfficiencyF‫א‬ (8.1) η c =

Pin  Ps





 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ps،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pin 

Modulation ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EDirectlyF

‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDirect ModulationF‫א‬ - ١٤٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



KEExternal ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE10 Gbit/sF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 

Light Emitting Diodes ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٨ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫؛‬E125 Mbit/sF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KELAN NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬650 nm1300 nm850 nm

‫א‬‫א‬EPN JunctionFPN‫א‬‫א‬

،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 KEForward BiasF 

GaAsWESemiconductor MaterialsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

ECompoundsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GaAsP, InGaAsP ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EPhotonsF‫א‬W ‫א‬

 W

 (8.2)  E g = hf =

hc  λ

c،‫א‬f، ‫א‬EEnergy GapF‫א‬Eg

‫א‬‫א‬KEh = 6.626 × 10-34 J.sFh،‫א‬

 Wλ

- ١٤١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

(8.3) λ =



hc Eg



‫א‬[µm]‫א‬‫א‬،Ee.vF‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8.3F‫א‬ (8.4) λ =

1.24 Eg



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٨F ‫א‬‫א‬

Wavelength  [µm]

 ‫א‬

Energy Gap [e.v]

1.107 µm

1.12

1.850 µm

0.67

0.867 µm

1.43

1.329 µm

0.933

1.3 µm

0.9538

1.55 µm

0.8



 ‫א‬

Material

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ GaAs  AlGaAs InGaAs InGaAsP

  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ، EPF‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ P = [ Po cosΦ ]m



(8.5) - ١٤٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



m ‫א‬‫א‬ Φ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Po

‫א‬‫א‬m = 1KE Distribution Parameter, m ≥ 1 F‫א‬  KE٣J ٨‫א‬‫א‬FELambertian DistributionF 

Power m=1 Po Po cos Φ

Φ

Distance

0

 ‫א‬E٣J ٨F‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Pc = Po [1 − ( cos θ a ) m+1 (8.6)



 K‫א‬‫א‬θa  ١J ٨ ،1.48‫א‬،50 µm‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬1 km ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.46‫א‬

 K

- ١٤٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Pc = Po [1− ( cos θ a ) m +1

 W‫א‬  WE8.6F‫א‬

Pc = Po [1− ( cos θ a )1+1 = Po [1 − ( cos θ a ) 2 = Po [ NA]2

= Po [ sin θa ]2 Pc = NA 2 Po

⇒ = 0.242 NA =

⇒ NA Loss = 10 log

n12 − n 22 =

(1.48) 2 − (1.46) 2 P ⇒ c = (0.242) 2 Po

Pc = 10 log ( 0.242 ) 2 = 12.3 dB Po



W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

10 Log (NA)2 = 20 Log (NA)



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٨F‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٨F  ‫א‬ Material

 ‫א‬ Type *

‫א‬‫א‬ Wavelength [nm]

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ Spectral Width Output Power Forward Current [nm]  [µW]  [mA]

AlGaAs

SLED ELED

660 850

 20 35 - 65

190 - 1350 10 - 80

20 60 - 100

GaAs

SLED ELED

850 850

40 35

80 - 140 10 - 32

100 100

InGaAsP

SLED ELED ELED

1300 1300 1550

110 25 40 - 70

10 – 50 10 – 150 1000 - 7500

100 30 – 100 200 - 500

- ١٤٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬*



SLED: Surface Emitter Light Emitting Diode ELED: Edge-Emitter Light Emitting diode



Laser Diode ‫א‬٣J ١J ٨ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1970‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬" Laser "‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬W  ‫א‬Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAmplificationF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  

Spontaneous FELEDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

‫א‬،EStimulated EmissionF‫א‬‫א‬EEmission

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 Cautions W‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

KEPowered OffFK‫א‬،‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • KE‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬،‫א‬ - ١٤٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

Laser Characteristics ‫א‬٤J ١J ٨ 

‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W 

Laser Quantum Efficiency ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬Ith‫א‬Threshold Current  W‫א‬EηF‫א‬‫א‬،KEInjection Current F



(8.7) η =

∆P ∆I

‫א‬∆I، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆P  KE٤J ٨‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٤٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Power, mW

∆P ∆I

I, mA 0

Ith

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٨F‫א‬



‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬η = 0.7‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



Threshold Current Temperature Dependence ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٨F‫א‬

،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٤٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٨F‫א‬

 

Frequency Chirp ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EDynamic ShiftF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬EσλF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ Dynamic Response ‫א‬‫א‬



EDelayF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EtdF‫א‬‫א‬

Relaxation Oscillation(RO)  ‫א‬‫א‬10 GHz  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE

- ١٤٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





Light Output

RO

Time 0

td

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٨F‫א‬



Mode Hopping ‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



Rise and Fall Time ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K0.1 ns،ENanosecondF 

Reliability ‫א‬

 ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K105104‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  - ١٤٩ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





Optical Photodetectors ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨ 

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، E‫א‬F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬  KEPhotodiodeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



Photodetector Requirements‫א‬١J ٢J ٨ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EHigh SensitivityF



KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FEHigh Quantum EfficiencyF KEShort Response TimeF‫א‬ KEMinimum Noise ProducedF

KEStability of Performance CharacteristicsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K‫א‬ESmall SizeF KELow Bias VoltageF‫א‬ KEHigh ReliabilityF‫ א‬ KELow CostF

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٧J ٨‫א‬‫א‬FPN

،‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬KRLELoadF ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬EAbsorption RegionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EElectronFW  ‫א‬EActive RegionF‫א‬ ‫א‬ Bias F‫א‬    ‫א‬EHoleF‫א‬ - ١٥٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



EReverse BiasF‫א‬EVoltage  KEPhotocurrentF‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬ Vb

RL

P

N

photons

  PN‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٨F‫א‬



Cd،E٨J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  KEPhotodiode CapacitanceF‫א‬‫א‬





RL Ip

+ Cd −

Photons



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٨F‫א‬

   

- ١٥١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Quantum Efficiency ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EηF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 KE0.7‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ Responsivity ‫א‬



‫א‬ERF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ Optical F‫א‬‫א‬EIpF‫א‬‫א‬EPhotocurrentF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K[A/W]‫א‬EPoF‫א‬‫א‬EPower (8.8) R =

Ip

Po

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (8.9) I p =



η Po e hf



E8.8F‫א‬E8.9F‫א‬K1.602 × 10-19‫א‬e (8.10) R =



(8.11) R =

ηe hf

ηe λ hc

 W   

‫א‬F λ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬R

KP-I-N‫א‬1 A/WE٩J ٨‫א‬

‫א‬100 µW0.8 A/W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٥٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



I p = R Po  = 100 µW × 0.8 A/W = 80 µA

 R [ A/ W] ( ‫) ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬Ideal ( ‫) اﻟﻌﺎدي‬Typical

0

0.5

1

λ, µm

λc

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٨F‫א‬



 ٢J ٨ 850 nm‫א‬‫א‬3 × 1011‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.2 × 1011‫א‬،

 K

W‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1.2 × 1011 3 × 1011



= = 1.2 × 1011 / 3 × 1011 = 0.4 = 40 %.



 WE١١J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬ R= - ١٥٣ -

ηe λ  hc

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

= 0.274 A / W. =



0.4 ×1.602 ×10 −19 × 0.85 ×10 −6 6.626 ×10 −34 × 3 ×10 8

 ٣J ٨  K1.5 × 10-1965 %‫א‬  W

 ‫א‬EF

‫א‬‫א‬2.5 µA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٨F‫א‬ EF 

Eg = hf = hc/λ = 1.32 µm = 1320 nm.

6.626 × 10 −34 × 3 × 10 8 1.5 × 10

λ = hc/Eg =

−19

 WPo‫א‬‫א‬RE١٠J ٨FEF = 0.694 A/W

0.65 × 1.602 × 10 −19 1.5 × 10 −19



= R=

ηe  hf

 WE٨J ٨F‫א‬ P0 = 2.5 × 10-6 / 0.694 = 3.6 µW. R =



- ١٥٤ -

Ip

Po



Response Time ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 EtrFERise TimeF‫א‬‫א‬،

،‫א‬ ‫א‬KEtfFEFall TimeF‫א‬  K0.1 ns‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBWF‫א‬ 

(8.12) BW =

0.35  tr





E٨J ٨‫א‬‫א‬FC‫א‬R‫א‬،   W‫א‬

(8.13) BW =

1 2 π R L Cd



  

Bias Voltage ‫א‬



EP‫א‬ N‫א‬F‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬

 KAPD200 V5 V

- ١٥٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 Photodetector Types ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٨ 

، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

  PN Photodiode PN 

PN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

P-I-N Photodiode P-I-N



،PNP-I-N‫א‬

KEiF‫א‬EIntrinsicFNP‫א‬  ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ PN‫א‬ 

Eb

Ip

P

i

- ١٥٦ -

N

RL

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 P-I-N‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٨F‫א‬

 WP-I-N‫א‬‫א‬

 K20 V5 V‫א‬J 

 5 psns‫א‬J 

 K850 nm‫א‬‫א‬0.7 A/W‫א‬‫א‬J  

Avalanche Photodiode ( APD ) 



‫א‬EAPD photodiodeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

P-I-N‫א‬APD‫א‬K  ESensitivityF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

‫א‬Ei-regionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EVbF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E 105V/cm‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬Eelectron-hole pairsF‫א‬ EMFEAvalanche GainF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

50 VAPD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K200‫א‬

APD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K400 V

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



Phototransistors ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

K  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EBipolar Junction TransistorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EField Effect TransistorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBJTF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KEFETF‫א‬‫א‬ - ١٥٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K1.1 µmESiF‫א‬J

 K1.6 µmEGeF‫א‬J

 K1.6 µmInGaAsInGaAsJ

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٨F‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٨F 

Material‫א‬ InGaAs Ge

Si

‫א‬ Type

 ‫א‬

‫א‬ Unit

 Symbol

nm

 λ

 ‫א‬ parameter

1.0 – 1.7

0.8 – 1.8

0.4 - 1.1



0.5 - 0.95

0.8 – 0.87

0.4 - 0.45

P-I-N

A/W

R

 ‫א‬

60 - 70

50 - 55

75 - 90

P-I-N

%

η

‫א‬‫א‬

10 - 40

50 - 200

M

 ‫א‬‫א‬

1 – 20 1-5 0.0025- 40 1.5 – 3.5 0.155 – 53 2.5 - 4 5-6 20 - 30

50 - 500 50 - 500 0 - 0.0015 1.5 6 - 10 20 - 40

nA

Id

 ‫א‬‫א‬

GHz

BW

 ‫א‬

Gbit/s

BR

 ‫א‬

V

V

 ‫א‬

 J

1 – 10 0.1 - 1 0.125 - 1.4 0.01 50 - 100 200 - 250

APD P-I-N APD P-I-N APD P-I-N APD P-I-N APD

 J

 ‫א‬‫א‬

  - ١٥٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





Photodiode Noise ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٨ 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K،‫א‬

  Dark Current Noise ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EIdF‫א‬EDark CurrentF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ، 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬1 µA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

Shot Noise ‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EIpF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ErmsF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬

 W‫א‬ EIsF‫א‬

(8.14)

- ١٥٩ -

I s2 =

2eB I p

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B Noise F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPower (8.15) Is2 = 2 e B I p





Noise Equivalent Power ‫א‬‫א‬



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENEPF‫א‬‫א‬

1 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬NEP،KHz (8.16) ≈

for small Id

(8.17) ≈

for high Id

2hc NEP  ηλ

h c 2e I d η eλ

 KE1 nA‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E1 µA‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 



Detectivity ‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (8.18)

1 =D NEP



‫א‬ED*FESpecific DetectivityF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (8.19) D* = D A

- ١٦٠ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ٤J ٨ 100 × 50 µm‫א‬ P-I-N ENEPF‫א‬‫א‬K1300 nm‫א‬‫א‬55%  K8 nA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬  WE8.17F‫א‬ NEP ≈

h c 2e I d η eλ

6.626 × 10 −34 × 3 × 108 2 × 1.602 × 10 −19 × 8 × 10 −9

=

0.55 × 1.602 × 10 −19 × 1.3 × 10 −6

10-14 W × = 8.78  E8.19F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ D* = D A 10-14 W = 1.139 × 1013 ×

D = 1 / NEP = 1 / 8.78

1.139 × 1013 100 × 10 −6 × 50 × 10 −6

/ W. Hz



D* = = 8.1 × 108 m



Minimum Detectable Power ( MDP ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F  KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬EMDPF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬ES/N = 1F0 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (8.20) MDS = NEP BW - ١٦١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





Excess Avalanche Noise Factor ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 



(8.21)

x

F(M) = M x،EF‫א‬‫א‬M

 K10.70.5 0.3‫א‬xK‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ٥J ٨  W‫א‬ 



θa = 14º‫א‬‫א‬J

 50 µm‫א‬J

 5 mm2‫א‬‫א‬J

 S = 5 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 KECoupling Loss‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Light emitting area θa

Photosensitive area

s = 3 mm

W‫א‬ ‫א‬EAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 2

d⎞ ⎛ π ⎜ S tan θ + ⎟ = πr 2 A =  2⎠ ⎝ = 3.14 { 2.5 tan (14º ) + 0.05 / 2 } = 1.33 mm2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = 14º θa

d/2

S

Fiber

r1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

r1 = S tan θa

tan θa = r1 / S

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R = r1 + d/2

= S tan θa + d/2  K‫א‬d

،‫א‬‫א‬EA = 1.33 mm2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W( NA = 0.5 )‫א‬ K‫א‬

θ a = sin −1 (0.5) = 30 o 0.05 ⎞ ⎛ 2 A = π ⎜ 2.5 tan 30 ° + ⎟ = 6.78 mm 2 ⎠ ⎝



W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ⎛ 5 ⎞ = 10 Log ⎜ ⎟ = 1.332 dB. ⎝ 6.78 ⎠ - ١٦٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



   W١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Power, mW 2-

λ , nm 840 850 860 870

 W

 K‫א‬‫א‬EF  KEσλF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 W٢  KEg = 0.939EInGaAsPFELEDF  W

 K[nm]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 W٣ ‫א‬Km = 2ELEDF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Kn1 = 1.5, n2 = 1.48, W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K100 µW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  m =2

MM Fiber

- ١٦٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٥  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EIpF‫א‬‫א‬  W٦  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EIthF‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٨F‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K10º, 30º, 50º  K

Power, mW 610

10

20

30

40

I, mA

 W٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  W‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 K‫א‬‫א‬EηF‫א‬‫א‬ EF

 KEIthF‫א‬ E F

W٨  1.3 µm‫א‬‫א‬2 × 109‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K1.5 × 1010‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 W

 K‫א‬EηF‫א‬‫ א‬EF

F   KERF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

- ١٦٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 W٩ 70 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K1.277 × 10-19 J‫א‬‫א‬

 W١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬P-I-NENEPF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K75 %‫א‬1300 nm

 W١١  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θa LED m=2

photosensitive area (1 mm2 )

Fiber, n1 = 1.48, n2 = 1.45

s = 3 mm

 W١٢‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١٣‫א‬  Kλ= 1.55 µm, λ= 1.3 µm, λ= 0.85 µm, W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١٤‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١٥‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١٦‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 KESensitivityF‫א‬ENoiseF‫א‬،ESpeedF‫א‬‫א‬  W١٧‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ١٦٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

٩

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  

K٤W‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  Fiber Optic System Design



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



Component Selection ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٩ 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EDistortionF‫א‬ ،EBandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ KESignal to Noise RatioF‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ Bit RateF‫א‬EBit Rateper Second F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ EError

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KW‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ K‫א‬ K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫ א‬ K‫ א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ - ١٦٨ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 Light Source‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٩ 

W ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KELaserF‫א‬ELEDF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 KEVFF‫א‬‫א‬EIFF‫א‬‫א‬J  KEλF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  KEσλF‫א‬J  KEPoutF‫א‬J

 KEtfF‫א‬EtrF‫א‬J 

 ELaserF‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬

K

K‫א‬

K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

K‫א‬ K



 ELEDF‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

K

K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫ א‬

KEF‫ א‬ - ١٦٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬



Optical Fiber ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٩ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬J

 K[dB/km]‫א‬J  K‫א‬‫א‬J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  K‫א‬‫א‬J

 K‫א‬J

 K‫א‬‫א‬J

 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

K1550 nm1300 nm‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

- ١٧٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

ESplicingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KETerminationF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫ א‬



‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬

K

KELAN NetworksF‫א‬ K‫א‬E‫א‬F

K‫א‬‫ א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  Fiber Optic Cable‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ٩ 

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬J

 K‫א‬J

 K‫א‬‫א‬J

 K‫א‬‫א‬J

 KEkg/kmF‫א‬‫א‬J

- ١٧١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 Optical Photodetector‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١J ٩ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

KAPD‫א‬‫א‬p-i-n‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KEReceiver SensitivityF‫א‬J  KE‫א‬F‫א‬J

 K‫א‬‫א‬J  K‫א‬‫א‬J

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ p-i-n ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬APD ‫א‬KAPD  K  

 Optical Link Budget‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٩ 

‫א‬EPower BudgetF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WDM‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬KKK  W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K 

:1300 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-‫أ‬

W‫א‬

-‫ب‬

5.4 dB 0.35 dB/km15.5 km







0.2 dB 0.1 dB

 W‫א‬

-‫ت‬

1.0 dB‫א‬‫א‬0.5 dB 0.0 dB‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ث‬ - ١٧٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

2.0 dB‫א‬‫ א‬-‫ج‬



8.6 dB‫א‬ -‫ح‬

- 10 dBm

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 18.6 EJ F‫א‬‫א‬

-‫خ‬ -‫د‬

dBm

  

- 10dBm to – 25 dBm ‫א‬‫ א‬-‫ذ‬ - 25 dBm

10-9‫א‬ -‫ر‬

6.4 dBEJ F‫א‬‫ א‬-‫ز‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Link Optical Budget Example:

(a) Optical fiber loss at 1300 nm: 15.5 km length at 0.35 dB/km 5.4 dB (b) Splice loss: 2 splices at 0.1 dB/splice 0.2 dB (c) Connection loss: 2 connections at 0.5 dB/connection 1.0 dB 0.0 dB (d) Other component loss (e)

Design margin

2.0 dB

(f)

Total link loss

8.6 dB

(g) Transmitter average output power

(i)

- 10 dBm

(h) Receiver input power: - 18.6 dBm - 10 to – 25 dBm

(g–f) Receiver dynamic range

(j)



Receiver sensitivity at BER 10-9

(k) Remaining margin

(h–j)

- ١٧٣ -

- 25 dBm 6.4 dB



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



Design Procedure ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٩ 

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

WE١J ٩‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١  K‫א‬J

 K‫א‬J

 K‫א‬‫א‬J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMHz.kmF‫א‬J

 K‫א‬‫א‬J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ .٢



 K‫א‬‫א‬J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤ - ١٧٤ -





 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٩  ‫א‬

Number

‫א‬ Fiber type [ µm ]

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

Fiber  ‫א‬ Attenuation Fiber [ dB/km ] NA

‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬  



Fiber Bandwidth [ MHz × km ]

Maximum Loss [ dB] at 850 nm

Maximum Length [ km ]

1

50 / 125

3.0

0.2

50

2.0

0.6

2

50 / 125

2.7

0.2

50

2.0

0.7

3

62.5 / 125

3.5

0.29

50

5.0

1.4

4

62.5 / 125 100 / 140 100 / 140

3.0 5.0 4.0

0.29 0.29 0.29

50 50 50

5.0 9.5 9.5

1.6 1.5 1.8

5 6

   ١J ٩ ،1.2 kmE١J ٩‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  K‫א‬

 ‫א‬E١J ٩F‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E100/140FE62.5/125F‫א‬E١J ٩F‫א‬ .١ KE‫א‬4F‫א‬K‫א‬1.2 km

W‫א‬ .٢

- ١٧٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 K1.2 km‫א‬‫א‬J

   .2‫א‬‫א‬J

 K3‫א‬‫א‬J 

KW‫א‬‫א‬J 

W‫א‬‫א‬ .٣

 W850 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 3.6 dB3 dB/km1.2 km

0.3 dBK0.1 dB3 W‫א‬J 

2.0 dBK1 dB W‫א‬J 0.0 dB  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

2.0 dB ‫א‬‫ א‬J

 7.9 dB ‫א‬‫א‬J

 ‫א‬E5 dBF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٩FK٤

 K‫א‬E- 2.9 dBF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ 

‫א‬9.1 dB  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

 ٢J ٩  W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫؛‬EdF80 µm‫א‬J

 ‫؛‬EαF5 dB/km‫א‬J

 ‫؛‬EPinF-16 dBm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 ‫؛‬EPrF-30 dBm‫א‬J - ١٧٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫؛‬EF،EAcF1.5 dB‫א‬J  ‫؛‬E MF5 dB‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 

 W‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

M = Pin – α.L – 2Ac – Pr

5 dB = – 16 dBm – α L – 2×1.5 – (–30 dBm) α L = 6dB ⇒ L = 6dB / 5dB/km = 1.2 km

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ Power, dBm



-16 -18 -19.5 - 21.5 -23 -25 -30

M = 5 dB

- 30 0

0.4

0.8

1.2

Length, km

0

 Passive Components ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W   ‫א‬‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬‫א‬EPassive ComponentsF‫א‬

‫א‬،EFiber-Optic NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ١٧٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EActive ComponentsF‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W،‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WDM components‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WEWDMF‫א‬‫א‬EWavelength Division MultiplexingF 

 Multiplexer‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

  Demultiplexer ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 



Router ‫א‬

  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Add / Drop Multiplexer ‫א‬

Bit F‫א‬EChannelF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬EStream 

  Filters ‫א‬ - ١٧٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬

 Attenuators‫א‬

،EOverloadF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Optical Isolators‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Active Components‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٩ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Modulation and Modulators‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬   

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

‫א‬EDirect ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KELEDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EInjection CurrentF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E1 Gbit/s‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫؛‬ELimited output PowerF‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫؛‬ELimited Modulation SpeedF‫א‬ J

KEOn-Off RatioF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫؛‬ENonlinear EffectsF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J - ١٧٩ -

 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫؛‬EFrequency ChirpF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EExternal ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬

 KEElectro-Optical ModulatorF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Optical Switches‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؛‬‫א‬ERoute RestorationF‫א‬‫א‬J 



 ‫؛‬EChanging ConfigurationF‫א‬J 

Dynamically Switching Large F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫؛‬Eblocks of Traffic

Wavelength Management in WDM FWDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 KEsystems

KEOutputsF‫א‬EInputsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Wavelength Converters  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣J ٩‫א‬‫א‬F

- ١٨٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 KEWDM SystemsF‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٩F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EIndex Matching GelF‫א‬‫א‬

 KEFiber ReelsF‫א‬

- ١٨١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   W١  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  62 µm‫א‬ .

1 dB/km‫א‬

.

- 10 dBm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

.

5 km‫א‬‫א‬

.

- 40 dBm‫א‬ .

22 km‫א‬‫א‬ .

1 dB‫א‬ .

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٢ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  W

Power, mW



- 12  - 16



- 19 - 20 - 22 - 22.5 - 23.5 0

3

5

6

Length, km



 ‫א‬‫א‬EF

 ‫א‬EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬EF - ١٨٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W٣  W‫א‬‫א‬ 155 Mbit/s‫א‬ . 25 µm‫א‬ . 0.7 dB/km‫א‬ .

0 dBm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬. 5 dB‫א‬‫ א‬. 6 km‫א‬

.

0.5 dB3‫א‬ .

 W

 ‫א‬EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  W٤ 34 Mbit/s1 km‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬250 meters‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE١J ٩‫א‬FK0.8 dB‫א‬‫א‬ 

  W٥ ‫א‬K1kmE٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬



W٦‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٨٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W٧‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٨‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٩‫א‬  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١٠‫א‬  K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١١‫א‬  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١٢‫א‬  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١٣‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 W١٤‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٨٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   KOTDR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  

‫ت‬٣W‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٨٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Fiber-Optic Measurements and Testing 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K ،  ‫א‬،EαF‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،EMFDF‫א‬،ENAF‫א‬‫א‬،EBWF‫א‬

 K‫א‬KKK‫א‬،EλcF

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W  ‫א‬  KOTDR

 

  Power Meter Measurements ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١٠ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Optical Power Meter ‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

EdB & dBmF‫א‬‫א‬ E± 0.1 dBF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٨٦ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Light Source ‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



Test Patch Cords ‫א‬



‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



     ‫א‬E١J ١٠F‫א‬ - ١٨٧ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



  Adaptor ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ 

Cleaning Kit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٢J ١٠‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Patch Panel A

Patch Panel B

‫א‬

‫א‬

MM Fiber, L = 10 km

Power meter -20 dBm

Laser P

Adapter Loss = 0.5 dB

Patch Cord, 0.8 dB

Patch Cord, 1 dB

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١٠F‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Total Link Loss = Laser Output - Power Meter Reading = -5 dBm - (-20 dBm ) = 15 dB Fiber Loss = Total Link Loss – Patch Cord Loss – Adapter Loss = 15 dB – 0.8 dB – 1 dB – 0.5 dB – 0.5 dB = 12.2 dB Fiber Loss per km = 12.2 dB / 10 km = 1.22 dB/km.

- ١٨٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





Patch Cord Losses ‫א‬ ٢J ١٠ 

 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٣J ١٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬EConnectorsF‫א‬ K١



K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

EAF‫א‬‫א‬ dBm ‫א‬ K٣

KPref(dBm)‫א‬EReference ReadingF‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬dB‫א‬

KEAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBF‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

‫א‬L (dB) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥ KEBF‫א‬

(A) ‫א‬ Power Meter

Light Source

‫ﺟﻬﺎز ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة‬

‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﻟ‬

EF

Light Source

(B) ‫א‬

(A) ‫א‬

Power Meter

‫ﺟﻬﺎز ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة‬

‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﻟ‬

Adaptor ‫ א‬ EF  ‫א‬E٣J ١٠F‫א‬ - ١٨٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



EBF‫א‬dB‫א‬ K٦ W‫א‬‫א‬

L (dB) = PRef (dBm) - Pmeter (dBm)

(10.1)

KdBm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pmeter (dBm)   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAF‫א‬  

Fiber Optic Link Loss Measurement ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٠ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬EConnectorsF‫א‬ K١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ K٣ K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤ ،E٢J ١٠F‫א‬BA‫א‬‫א‬

KPref(dBm)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥ K‫א‬‫א‬

KPmeter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

‫א‬ ‫א‬KEdBF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬،‫א‬ L (dB) = Pref (dBm) - Pmeter (dBm)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧ - ١٩٠ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Optical Return Loss Measurement ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٠ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EReflected PowerF

‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EPrefF  W‫א‬‫א‬EORLF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

,

[dB]

(10.2)

Pref Pinc



ORL = 10 log



 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FEIncident PowerF‫א‬‫א‬Pinc 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،EConnectorsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،EWDM devicesF‫א‬  KERayleigh ScatteringF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EOptical Return Loss Test Set F‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬ EOTDRF‫א‬EORL Test SetF‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KE– 50 dBF  K‫א‬ 

ORL Test Set ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬EConnectorsF‫א‬ K١

K‫א‬‫א‬EORL Test SetF K٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

KE٤J ١٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EORL Test SetF K٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥ - ١٩١ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

Patch Panel A



Patch Panel B



 ‫א‬

‫א‬ ORL Test Set



Light Equipment Turned off

Fiber

‫اﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬ Patch Cord

Patch Cord

‫א‬

‫א‬

 ORL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١٠F‫א‬

     

OTDR Measurements  OTDR ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١٠ 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OTDR

‫א‬Optical Time Domain Reflectometer‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٥J ١٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬         

 OTDRE٥J ١٠F‫א‬ - ١٩٢ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FOTDR K  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EFiber TraceF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EFiber AttenuationF‫א‬



EFiber LossF‫א‬

ESplice LossF‫א‬

EReflectanceF‫ א‬

EOptical Power of the Reflected LightF‫א‬‫א‬ EORLF‫א‬‫א‬

EFiber Fault LocationF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ETF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDF‫א‬KECounterF

Fiber

Fault ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬

OTDR

D [meters] =

co × T 3 ×108 × T = 2 n1 2 n1

 n1،E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬co‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ١٩٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 





Test Equipments ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ١٠  OTDR K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 

‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬EDynamic RangeF‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬ESoftwareF‫א‬‫א‬J  Test Patch Cords ‫א‬ .٢



 ‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬EPigtailF‫א‬‫א‬ ( Cleaning Solutions, Swabs, Compressed Air,… )‫א‬‫א‬ .٣



‫א‬EAdaptersF‫א‬EConnectorsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFiber EndsF‫א‬

( Fiber Adapter ) K٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Index Matching Gel )‫א‬ K٥  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K( Cleaver )‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

K( Cable and Fiber Stripper )‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Dead Zone Fiber ) K٨ KOTDR

‫א‬‫א‬ERangeF‫א‬OTDR‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬ - ١٩٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ١J ١٠ EDynamic RangeF 1550 nm‫א‬‫א‬OTDR

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K25 dB‫א‬  KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fα = 0.25 dB/km 

  W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ERangeF‫א‬

 W‫א‬ 

= 100 km for λ = 1550 nm

25dB D OTDR (dB) = Range [km] =  0.25dB / km α dB / km

OTDR

Optical fiber under test

Patch cord

  

Fiber adapter or connector

Dead zone fiber (1 km fiber)

OTDR E٥J ١٠F‫א‬

   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OTDR‫א‬

‫א‬100 km ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K100 km  K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W     - ١٩٥ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



OTDR Test Method OTDR ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OTDR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٥J ١٠‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EConnectorF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EConnectorizationF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬5cm‫א‬Buffer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E2 cm‫א‬Coating

EPatch CordF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OTDR K٢

‫א‬KEAdapterF‫א‬‫א‬EPigtailF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE٥J ١٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬EDead Zone FiberF‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣ KOTDR‫ א‬K٤

،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FOTDR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥ K‫א‬KKK‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EOTDR TestF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦ KE٦J ١٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFiber TraceF‫א‬

       

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١٠F‫א‬ - ١٩٦ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



KEResolutionF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧

‫א‬،ESplicesF‫א‬،EConnectorsF‫א‬‫ א‬K٨ KEOverall FiberF

‫א‬ETotal end-to-end Loss in dBF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩ KEFiber Attenuation in dB/kmF‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E101F‫א‬‫א‬ K١١

‫א‬    W  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KOTDR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬         E٧J ١٠F‫א‬ 



 

  E٨J ١٠F‫א‬ - ١٩٧ -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



   W١  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ MM Fiber, L = 10 km

Power meter ?

Laser Adapter Loss = 0.5 dB

P Patch Cord, 0.5 dB

Patch Cord, 0.7 dB

A ‫א‬

B ‫א‬

  K1.5 dB/km ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W٢ ‫א‬-20 dBm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 W٣ ‫א‬K EBF‫א‬‫א‬EAF‫א‬W ‫א‬ FEAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E- 8 dBm FEBF‫א‬‫א‬

 KEAF‫א‬KE- 7.5 dBm

 W٤ 10 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EORL Test SetF‫א‬  K1 mW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KµW

 W٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،1.5‫א‬

‫א‬K20 ns‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OTDR‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٩٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



  W٦  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Panel

panel

Laser η=1

Power Meter

FIBER

Ps = 1 mW

- 20 dBm

0.5 dB patch

patch

cord 1dB

cord 1 dB

 W٧ 1300 nm‫א‬‫א‬OTDR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K1.5 dB/km‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬30 dB‫א‬

 W٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K0.3 dB4

patch LASER η = 0.5

patch panel panel POWER METER

FIBER, L = 8 km

Ps = 1 mW

0.5 dB

- 20 dBm

0.8 dB

patch

patch

cord 0.7 dB

cord 1dB

 W٩  W‫א‬20 dB‫א‬‫א‬OTDR ‫؛‬62.5 µm‫א‬ J

‫؛‬1300 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

‫؛‬8 km‫א‬ J

- ١٩٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



K‫א‬‫א‬10 ns‫א‬  rms J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Power Level -8 dBm -10 dBm -10.6 dBm

0

2

4

6

Length, km 8

OTDR display trace



 W

K‫א‬‫א‬EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬EBW × LF‫א‬‫א‬EF   W١٠‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١١‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١٢‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬OTDR‫א‬

- ٢٠٠ -

 ١

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



FIBER OPTIC RECORD Optical Fiber Attenuation / Loss Test Results  ‫א‬L ----------------------------- ( Physical )‫ـــــ‬

Tested by ---------------

Date

Cable length (OTDR) --------------

---------------Start cable jacket sequence no. ------------

End cable jacket sequence NO.

----------------- OTDR location ----------------------------Index of Ref. --------------------------------------Fiber number and bundle color / fiber color

Fiber type Cable manufacturer

Power meter/source type

nm Test wavelength ------------Power OTDR measurements meter loss Average End to end dB attenuation loss dB dB/km

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

- ٢٠١ -

Cable location

OTDR type

nm Test wavelength ------------Power OTDR measurements meter loss Average End to end dB attenuation loss dB dB/km

 ١

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Optical Splice Test Results  ‫א‬ -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Tested by

--------------

Date

Cable length(OTDR) ----------- (Physical) -------- ( Factor) ----------Cable location

-----------------------------

End cable jacket sequence No -------Start cable jacket sequence No.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Fiber type --------------Location A ---------------------- Location B.

Cable manufacturer

----------------------- OTDR type

Fiber

‫ ـ‬number Splice location from A in km

Test wavelength --------------- nm

Test wavelength --------------- nm

OTDR measurements

OTDR measurements

From location A loss dB

From location B loss dB

Average loss (A+B)/2 dB

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

- ٢٠٢ -

From location A loss dB

From location B loss dB

Average loss (A+B)/2 dB

 ١

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Equipment Optical Power Record  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ --------------------------------------------Tested by ---------------

Data

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Location

Power meter model -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Equipment Type

Fiber Jumper FPP Position

Location

- ٢٠٣ -

Output Power dBm

 ١

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Optical Fiber Return Loss Record  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Tested by ------------------------------------- ------------------- Data -------------------------------------------------------------------Location

Return power loss meter model ---------------------------------------

Fiber FPP Number

Fiber Panel Location

- ٢٠٤ -

Return Loss dB

 ١

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



Optical Link Budget Estimate  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

µm-------------- µm / cladding -------------- Optical fiber diameter: core --------------------------Optical fiber numerical aperture (NA):

Lightwave equipment operating wavelength : ------------------

Description a

d

Optical fiber loss at operating wavelength ----------------km length at ------------ dB/km -------Splice loss: dB/splice -------- splices × --------Connection loss: dB/connection------- connection × -----Other component losses:

e

Design margin:

dB

-----

f

Total link loss (a + b + c + d + e)

dB

-----

g

Transmitter average output power:

dB

-----

h

Receiver input power (g-f)

dB

-----

i

Receiver dynamic range:

dB

-----

j

Receiver sensitivity for (BER or S/N)

dB

-----

k

Remaining margin: (h-j)

dB

-----

b C

- ٢٠٥ -

dB

-----

dB

-----

dB

-----

dB

-----

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ REFERENCES 1. Bob Chomycz,: Fiber Optic Installer’s Field Manual, McGraw-Hill, 2000. 2. Djafar K. Mynbaev, Lowell L. Scheiner,: Fiber Optic Communications Technology, Prentice Hall, 2001. 3. Franz J.H., Jain V.K.,: Optical Communication Component and Systems, Alpha Science, 2000. 4. Jeff Hechet,: Understanding Fiber Optics, Prentice Hall, 1999. 5. John M. Senior,: Optical Fiber Communications, Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall, 1992. 6. Robbert J. Hoss,: Fiber Optic Communications Design Handbook, Prentice Hall, 1990.

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬،‫א‬،١٩٩٥،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K K١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K١٩٨٩L١٤٠٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٢

K١٩٨٩L١٤١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٣ 

- ٢٠٦ -

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٢‫א‬‫ א‬١J ١

٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١J ١J ١

 ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢J ١J ١

٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤J ١J ١

٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣J ١J ١

 ٨‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١

 ٩‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١



 ١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ١



 ١١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١

 ١٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ١







 ١٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٨‫א‬‫ א‬١J ٢ ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢J ٢

٢٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٣J ٢ ٢٧‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٢  ٢٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

٣١‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٣

 ٣٢

١J ١J ٣

٣٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣J ١J ٣

٣٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢J ١J ٣

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



٣٦‫א‬‫א‬

٣٧‫א‬‫א‬

٤J ١J ٣

٥J ١J ٣

 ٣٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٣ ٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٣

 ٤٠‫א‬‫א‬

١J ٣J ٣

٤٥‫א‬‫א‬

٣J ٣J ٣

٤٣‫א‬‫א‬

٤٩‫א‬‫א‬

٢J ٣J ٣

٤J ٣J ٣

 ٥٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣  ٥٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٦٣‫א‬‫ א‬١J ٤

 ٦٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١J ١J ٤

٦٤8‫א‬

٢J ١J ٤

٦٦‫א‬‫א‬

٤J ١J ٤

٦٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣J ١J ٤

 ٦٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤

 ٦٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٤



 ٧٠‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٤



 ٦٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٤



 ٧٠‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤

 ٧١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤  ٧٥ 





 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٧٧‫ א‬١J ٥

 ٧٨‫א‬١J ١J ٥

 ٨٢‫א‬٢J ١J ٥

٨٤‫ א‬٢J ٥

 ٨٦‫א‬‫א‬

١J ٢J ٥

٨٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢J ٢J ٥

 ٨٩‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥  ٩١

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٦  ٩٥‫א‬

١J ١J ٦

٩٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢J ١J ٦

 ١٠٣‫א‬٢J ٦  ١٠٤‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦

 ١٠٤‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٦

 ١٠٥‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٦





 ١١٠‫א‬٤J ٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ١١٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٧‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٧

 ١١٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١١٨‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ١J ١J ٧

١J ١J ٧

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



١١٩‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢J ١J ١J ٧

 ١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢J ١J ٧ ١٢١‫א‬ ٣J ١J ٧

 ١٢٢‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧

 ١٢٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٧



 ١٢٥‫א‬٣J ٢J ٧



 ١٢٣‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٧  ١٢٨‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ٧  ١٣٠‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ٧

 





 ١٣١‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧  ١٣٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٣٧‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨

 ١٣٧‫א‬١J ١J ٨



 ١٤٥‫א‬٣J ١J ٨



 ١٤١‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٨

 ١٤٦‫א‬٤J ١J ٨





 ١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨

 ١٥٠‫א‬١J ٢J ٨



 ١٥٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٨



 ١٥٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ١٦٥

 ١٦٩‫א‬‫ א‬١J ٩

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



 ١٧٠‫א‬‫א‬

١J ١J ٩

١٧٢‫א‬‫א‬

٣J ١J ٩

١٧١‫א‬‫א‬

١٧٣‫א‬‫א‬

٢J ١J ٩ ٤J ١J ٩

 ١٧٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٩

 ١٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٩

 ١٧٩‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٩  ١٨٠‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٩

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٨٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٨٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١J ١٠

١٩١‫א‬‫א‬

٣J ١٠

١٨٩‫א‬

١٩٢‫א‬‫א‬

١٩٣ OTDR‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١J ٥J ١٠

٢J ١٠ ٤J ١٠

٥J ١٠

١٩٦OTDR‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٥J ١٠

١٩٩

 ٢٠٣١

٢٠٢‫א‬‫א‬

      



   

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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