אאא
اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ אאאא
א אאא
٢٣٩
א
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
W،،אא،א
אאאאאאאאאא א א ،א א א א א א אא אאאא Wאאאאאא K אאא אאאאאאא א ،א אא א א א א א א א ، א،אאאא אאאאאאאאאאאאא א א ،א Kאא،אא ? א ? ? א א א ? א א Kאאאאאאא אאאאאאא ،א،אאאא Kאאאאא א א א א Kא
אאאא
א
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
א אאאא25 אאאאא
Kא
אאאאאא אאאא ،אאאא
אא אא 1880א
،K אאEPhotophoneF
א1958אאאאאאאא אאאא1970אK א
אא،א20 dB/kmא
אאא אא
KאאאECorning Inc.Fא
אאא،אאא
א א3 dB/kmEFirst WindowFאאא850 nm ESecond WindowFאא אאאKא K0.5 dB/kmא 1300 nmאא
EThird WindowFאאENTTF1977א 0.2 אא 1550 nmאאא
אאאK אאאאdB/km Kאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאא א
אא אאאא K1976אEAirborne Light Optical Fiber Technology ALOFTFאאא
1977אGTEAT&T אאאא
EBellFK א
א
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אא611 א1980א
Kא
אאאאאא
אאא 1550 nm1300 nmאא
אאאאK א
אא، אאא
ESoliton TransmissionFEWDMFאאא
7500 km2.5 Gbit/s1990 אEBell LabsF
KERegeneratorsFאאאEEDFAFאאא
אא1001998א
א אWDMאE10 Gbit/sF400 km KEDWDMFאאEDense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing F
אאא א אאאא
אאאאאא Kאאא
אא، אאאאא
אאאאאW אא
E90 %Fא،אא אאא Kאאאאא
אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאא،א
אא אאאאאK אא
אאאאא،א
אאאאאאאאK
אאאאאK אא
אאK אאאאאאאא אאאאאאאאאא
א
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אאאK אאא א ،אאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
אאאאאא،א אא אאאK Kא
אא
אאא
اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ אאאא
אאא
א
א
١
אא
٢٣٩
א
א
אאא
א
KKKאאאאאWאא
WאאאאWאא
KאאאJ
KאאאאאאאJ KאאאאJ
KאאאאאאJ KאאאאאJ
K٤Wאא
-١-
אא
٢٣٩
א
א
אאא
א
א Transmission Lines Two -Wire Lines
אא١J ١
، ETwisted Pairs FE Lecher Lines) אאא אא E“Return” LineF אאאE“Go” LineF
אאאאאKאאא
א ، אאא K( Low Pass Filters ) אא
Cross-Section and Field אאאא ١J ١J ١ Distribution א אאאאאE١J ١Fא Wאאא،א
3
4
Φ
2
1
x
אאאאא١J ١א E“Go” LineFאא אE١F
E“Return” Line Fאא אE٢F אא E٣F
אא E٤F
KEאFאΦ -٢-
אא
٢٣٩
א
א
אאא
א
אאאאא EBalanced LinesF אאא
Kאאא
Kאאאאאאא
Equivalent Circuit אאאא٢J ١J ١ Wאאאאאאאאא
R،EResistanceFא
G،EConductanceF א
C،ECapacitanceFא
L،EInductanceFא
Wא
אא EdxFאאאאאW Kאאא
E LFאאאאאW Wא
R' = R / L
G' = G / L C' = C / L L' = L / L
EHomogeneousLine Fאאא KEdxFאאאאא
KdxאאאאאE٢J ١Fא -٣-
אא
٢٣٩
א
א
אאא
א
R' dx 4
G' dx 2
L' dx 2 C ' dx 2
C ' dx 2
L' dx 2
R' dx 4
R' dx 4
G' dx 2
R' dx 4
dxאאאאאE٢J ١Fא
،EΦ=0.4 mmFאאא؛אא
Telephone Line Ф = 0.4 mm R' 264 Ω / km G' 0.1 µs / km C' 40 nF / km L' 720 µH / km
אEOpen Two -Wire LinesFאאאא K250 mmאאEΦ=3mmF א א א א א א א
א א א א א א ،א א ،א ،א
Kא
-٤-
אא
٢٣٩
א
א
אאא
א
Open Two-Wire Line Ф = 3 mm x = 250 mm R' 5 Ω / km G' 0.1 µs / km C' 5.4 nF / km L' 2000 µH / km
Two-Wire Line Parameters אאא٣J ١J ١ Characteristic Impedance אא
E1.1Fאאאאא
(1.1) Zc =
R' + jω L' G' + jω C'
،אא KE ComplexFא Zc ، WE1.2Fאאא
(1.2)
Zc =
R' 2 + (ω L' ) 2 G'2 + (ω C' ) 2
א K אאא אאE1.2F Wא
WEdcFאאEf = 0 HzFאWאא -٥-
אא
٢٣٩
א
א
אאא
א
R' G' Ef = ∞ HzFא אWאא
Zc =
Zc =
L' C'
، א،E R, L, C, GFאאאא WKא
0.4 mm=אZc= 134 Ω
0.9 mm=אZc= 135 Ω
EאאF3 mm=אZc= 600 Ω
Propagation Constant γ א WE3.1FאאאאEF γ =
( R ′ + j ω L′) (G ′ + j ω C' )
= α + jβ (1.3)
W KEAttenuation ConstantFאEF α KE Phase Propagation ConstantFאאEF β א אאאאאא ، אאא א K אאאא EAttenuationF ELossy LinesFא אאאא KELossless LinesFא -٦-
אא
٢٣٩
א
א
אאא
א
אאאא٤J ١J ١ Practical Determination of Characteristic Impedance Wאאאאאא (1.4) Z c = Z1,0 Z1,∞
W
.E Z 2 = 0 Ω Fאא Z1,0 .E Z 2 = ∞ ΩFאא Z1, ∞
I1
Z1 V1
Z2
Z2אE٣J ١Fא Z1,0 EMultimeterFאEV1FאEI1Fא Wא Z1, ∞ =0Ω)
Z2 ,
V1 Z1,0 = I1
(
(1.5)
Ω)
(1.6) ∞ = Z 2 , -٧-
(
V1 = ∞ I1
Z1,
אא
٢٣٩
א
א
אאא
א
Coaxial Lines אא٢J ١ א אא Wאא אא אJ E?Open Two-Wire Lines ?אF Kאאאא אאאאאאא J Kאאא אאאאאא אJ אאאא Kאא א אאאאאא J Kאא אאאאאא J K אאאא א KECoaxial CablesFאאאא אאאאאאאW Kאא -٨-
אא
٢٣٩
א
א
אאא
א
Basic Construction אא١J ٢J ١
WE٤J ١Fאאאאאאאא EInner Conductor Fאאא EOuter Conductor Fאא אאאאEDielectricFא KאאאאKEJacketFאא
Dielectric
Jacket
Inner conductor
Outer conductor
אאאE٤J ١Fא אא؛ אאאאאאא WE٥J ١אאFא E - Field H- Field
E H
Inner conductor Outer conductor
אאE٥J ١Fא -٩-
אא
٢٣٩
א
א
אאא
א
EUnbalanced LinesFאאאא אא א אא אאאאאא אאא Kאאאא EAttenuationFא אאאאאא Wאא KאאאאאאאWא KאאאאאWא Phase Fאאאאאאא
WאאVφאEVelocity c 3×108 m / s = (1.7) Vϕ = εr εr
KEאאFא ε r ،אאאאc EReflectionFאאאאאא WEComplexFrאEReflection FactorFא (1.8) r =
U− U+
Kאאאאא U+אאU_ Kאא א Wאאאא
(1.9) r = r =
Z2 - ZC Z2 + ZC
KאאELoadFאZ2 אאZc - ١٠ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
א
אאא
א
Electric Equivalent Circuit אאאא٢J ٢J ١ אאאאאאאא Wא
R' dx
L' dx
C' dx
G' dx
dxאאאאאE٦J ١Fא
אEMeasuring BridgeFאאER, L, CF אא
KEDiagonal VoltageFאאVDE٧J ١Fא
Z1 Vin
Z3 VD
Z2
אE٧J ١Fא - ١١ -
Z4
אא
٢٣٩
א
א
אאא
א
FאאZ3אא
WאאE VD= 0 Vא
⇒
Z Z1 = 3 Z2 Z4
WZ3אא
Z × Z4 Z3 = 1 Z2
،ECapacitiveF ،EInductiveF אZ3،
KEResistiveF
Coaxial Line Parameters
אאא٣J ٢J ١
W،אאאא ECharacteristic ImpedanceFאא J
EPropagation ConstantFא J
EOperating BandwidthFאאאא J
EInsertion LossFא J
EPower RatingFאאא J
EMechanical CharacteristicsFאא J ECostFא J
אא אאאא{ אאא
KE٣٠١،٢٠١،١٠١אאF٠אאאא KE٤J ١J ١Fאאא{אאא
Wאא{אאא
KאאEZc = 50 ΩFאWא אאE Zc = 75 ΩFאWא
٠ECATVF
- ١٢ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
א
אאא
א
אאאא٤J ٢J ١ Advantages and Disadvantages of Coaxial Cables Advantages אא
אאאJ Kאא
١٢א אא،EreliableFאJ K١٥
EInstallationFאאא א J
Kאאא
EBandwidthFאאJ Kא
Disadvantages אא
KEInsertion LossF אJ
KEPower LimitationsFאאJ
W
Wא
אא
א
א אאאאא
Kא
- ١٣ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
א
אאא
א
אאאאאאאא
Wא
EZc = 50 ΩFאאאאאא١J ١ Frequency
Type
א
א
Power א
Loss א
Diameter א
Relative Cost
mm
אא
5
0.33
10
275
0.16
10
0 – 2000
350
0.13
10
0 – 3000
650
0.11
15 (0.6" )
MHz
Watts*
RG 58
0 – 3000
45
RG 8/RG 213
0 – 3000
190
Belden 9913
0 – 1000
LMR 400 0.5" Alum.
dB/m 0.5 – 0.6
( f = 1 GHz ) * ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮدد
EZc = 75 ΩFאאאאאא٢J ١ Type א
Frequency א
Power א
Loss א
Diameter א
Relative Cost אא
MHz
Watts*
dB/m
mm
RG 59
0 – 3000
75
0.4
6.25
RG 11
0 – 3000
150
0.33
10
CATV 0.5"
0 - 1000
-
0.11
12.5
- ١٤ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
א
אאא
א
Ef = 1 GHzFאאאG
W١ Wאאא R = 200 Ω;
G = 0.2 µS; L = 500 µH; C = 50 nF; f = 1 MHz
Kאאאא W٢ Wאאאאאאא א؛ א J
؛Ef = 0 HzFאא J
W٣ Wאא R = 100 Ω
G = 0.1 µS L = 100 µH C = 40 nF f = 100 MHz εr = 4
KאאJ
KאאאאאJ W٤ Wאאאאא I1 = 100 mA V1 = 18 v
V1= 20 v
- ١٥ -
I1 = 150 mA
אא
٢٣٩
א
א
אאא
א
W٥ KESatellite ReceiverFאאאא K75 Ωאא70 Ωאאא
W٦ א אKא 50 Ωא K100 µHאא
W٧א Wאא
K א אאJ
KאאאאJ K אאאJ
KאאאאאאJ KELPFFאאאאאאJ
אאאאאJ
KEImpedance MatchingF
אEProtective SheathFאאאJ
Kא
KאאאאאאאJ
K א אאאאאJ
- ١٦ -
אאא
اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ אאאא
אאא
אא
א
٢
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
KKKאאאאWאא
WאאאאWאא
KאאאאאJ
KאאאאJ
KאאאאאאJ
KאאאאאאJ KאאאאאJ
K٣Wאא
- ١٧ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אא Introduction to Optical Fiber Communication Systems
אאאאאאא אא
Fא א א KE١J ٢אאFא
א אא{ אאא אKEµm Wאאא
(2.1)
ƒ = co / λ
KE co = 3 × 108 m/sFאאאאאco WאאאEnFאEcnFאא
cn = co / n
(2.2)
Electromagnetic Spectrum אא١J ٢
אאאאאאE١J ٢Fא
KE1014 HzאFאאאאא
dc
30
AF
300
VLF
3k
LF
30k
Micro waves
MF
300k
Millimeter
HF
VHF
3M
30M
Infrared
Waves 3G
30G
300G
אאE١J ٢Fא - ١٨ -
3T
UHF
300M
3G
Visible Light Ultraviolet Freq.[ Hz] 30T
300T
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Wאאאאאאאא λ = 850 nm λ = 1310 nm λ = 1550 nm
KE 650 nmFאאאאא
W 1016 Hz 1012 Hz אאאא .1014 HzאEVisible LightFאאJ
KאאאEInfraredFאאאJ
KאאאEUltravioletFאאJ W
.1018 HzאEX -RaysFאאא
.1020 HzאEGamma -RaysFא
.1032 HzECosmic RaysFאאא
אאאאא אאE١J ٢Fאא
K
א
אא
א
[ Hz]
[nm]
7.5 × 1014
400
א
6.59 × 1014
455
6.12 × 1014
490
5.45 × 1014
550
5.17 × 1014
580
4.83 × 1014
620
4 × 1014
750
3.75 × 1014
800
אא
- ١٩ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
W١J ٢ Wאאאאאאא
אא
א
[meter] 106
[ Hz] 300
105
3000
100
3 × 106
1
3 × 108
0.1
3 × 109
0.01
3 × 1010
0.001
3 × 1011
0.0001
3 × 1012
0.000001
3 × 1014
0.0000001
3 × 1015
0.00000001
6 × 1016
0.0000000001
6 × 1018
אאאא٢J ٢ Basic Components of Optical Fiber Systems
אא אאאא
אאאאאא ٠אאאא
KאאאאE٢J ٢Fא - ٢٠ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Information Source
Electrical Transmitter
Optical Source
א
א
אא
Optical Detector
Electrical Receiver
אא
א
Fiber
Destination
א
אאאאE٢J ٢Fא
Kאאאא
Wאא
W
ELEDFELight Emitting DiodeFאאJ
אELDFELaser DiodeFאJ
Wאאא
W
EPDFEPhotodiodeFאאJ
Ep -i -nFEp -i -n PhotodiodeFאp -i-nJ
EAPDF EAvalanche PhotodiodeFאAPDJ
Wאא
W
EMMFEMultimode FiberFאאJ
ESMFESingle -Mode FiberFאאJ - ٢١ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Wאאאא
E SIFFEStep Index Fiber FאאאJ
EGIFFEgraded index fiber FאאאJ
אא{אאא Wאאא
KCouplers and Splitters אאאJ
KWDM Components אאאאאJ
KOptical Filters אאJ
KAttenuators אJ
KWavelength Converters אאJ KPhotonic Switches אאJ
KIsolators אאJ
KאPolarizersאJ KExternal Modulators אEאFאJ
KE٣J ٢אF ،אאא
- ٢٢ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Polarizer
Laser 1
Filter 1
Isolator 1
Laser 2
Isolator 2
Laser N
Isolator N
N:1 Coupler
fiber
1:N Splitter
Coupler
Local Oscillator Photode -tector
Filter 2
Filter N
אאאE٣J ٢Fא אאאאא٣J ٢ Advantages of Optical Fiber Communication Systems Large Transmission Capacity אאJ ١
א אא אא
אא E1014 HzאFא
א{٠ א א ٠אאאאא
Low Loss אאJ ٢
אאאאאאא
אλ = 1550 nmאא0.2 dB/km אאאא٠ אא
ERepeatersFאאאא
Kאא
- ٢٣ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Immunity to interference אאאאJ ٣
EאאFאאא { K אאECrosstalkFאא{ א א
אאאאאאא
Kאאאא
Small Size and Weight אאJ ٤
E 125 µm אFאאא
אאא א אא٠א
אא אאא ٠ אא ٠אאאאאאאא
Greater Security אאJ ٥
{אאאאאאא
א אאא א
אא{ ٠ אאאאא
אאאאאאא
אאאאאKEאאאאF Kאאאאאאא
Flexibility אאJ ٦
אאא א Kא{א{א{אWאאא
- ٢٤ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Greater Safety אJ ٧
אא אא{
א אאא
אאאאאאאKא K א
Longer Life Span J ٨
15123020 אאא
אאא אאא א
Kא
אאאאאאאJ ٩
High Tolerance to Temperature Extremes and Liquids
EאאFאאאא אאא אאאאאא
אאאאאאאאא Kאא
Ease of Expansion System Capability אאJ ١٠
אאאאאא
אאאא אא אאאFא KאאאאEWDM אא
High Quality Transmission אJ ١١
א אאאאא אא אא אאאא
Kאאאא
- ٢٥ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Signal to Noise Fא אאא א
EBERFEBit Error RateFאאES/NFERatio Kאא
Wאאאאא
אאאאאBER = 10 -6 KאאאאBER = 10 -9
Use of Common Natural Resources אאאאאJ ١٢
א אאאאאא אאא{אאא
א א אאאאאאא
Kא
Low Installation and Operation Cost אאJ ١٣
Wאאאא
אאא
א
א
אאאאא
- ٢٦ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Fiber Optic Applications אא٤J ٢ אאאא ٣٠ אאאא
אאאא אאאא{ א
אאאאאא
Kא
Wאאאא
KLong Distance Telecommunications אאJ
KLocal Telephone Networks אאJ
KCable Television אאאJ
KInternet and data communications אאJ KMilitary Communications אאJ
KSensors אJ
- ٢٧ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
W١ אאאאאא f = 100 kHz f = 10 GHz f = 10 THz
f = 10 MHz f = 100 GHz f = 100 THz
f = 300 MHZ f = 110 MHz f = 300 THz
W٢ אאאאאא λ = 10 km λ = 200 mm λ = 1 µm λ = 1550 nm
λ = 100 m λ = 10 mm λ = 850 nm λ = 650 nm
λ = 100 cm λ = 0.1 mm λ = 1300 nm λ = 1 nm
W٣ {אE 4 × 1012bitsFאא
Kאאאא
W٤ אאאKEλ = 1300 nmFאאא
אEHzF אאK אא1 % Kאא
W٥ אאFאאא א אאE2 nmאאא1300 nmא
KEDirect DetectionF
W٦א Wאאאא
KאאאאאאאאאJ
KאאאאאאJ - ٢٨ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
KאאאאאאאאJ
KאאאאאאJ
KאאאאאאJ
KאאאאJ
KאאאאJ
W٧א Kאאאאא،א W٨א Kאאאאאאא،א W٩א אאאאא ،א Kאאא
- ٢٩ -
אאא
اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ אאאא
אאא
אא
אא
٣
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
KKKאאאאאאWאא
WאאאאWאא KאאJ
KאאאJ KאאאאJ
KאאאאאאJ
KאאאאאJ
K٩Wאא
-٣٠ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
אא Optical Fibers א،אאא אאא Electromagnetic FאאKECarrierF
Wאאאא،ERadiation
KEWaves TheoryFאאאא אJ
KEGeometric OpticsFאאא אJ
KEQuantum TheoryFאאאא אJ
אאאא،אא
אFאא אאאא KEאKKK،א،א،
Ray Theory Transmission אא١J ٣
אאא، אא ،א
אאאא Kאא אא
אKEnFאאא Wאאאא
n = co / cn
אא co،אאאאcn
Kאאא١J ٣אKEco = 3 × 108 m/sFאא
-٣١ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
אאא١J ٣
א
א
1
א
1.33
1.5
3.5
4
1.36
1.59
Snell's Law ١J ١J ٣
אאאאא אאא אאאE١J ٣FאK אאאאא
W
Wאא،אאE١J ٣Fא
אאאאאEbFאאאאאEaF
Wאאא
-٣٢ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
EIncident BeamFאא
EReflected BeamFאא
ERefracted BeamFאא
( Incident Angle ) אא θ1
ERefracted AngleFאאθ2
EReflected AngleFאא θ3
Wאא
n1sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
(3.1)
K אאn2א n1 WאאE3.1 אF
sin θ1 n = 2 sin θ 2 n1
KEθ1<θ2FEn1 > n2F
Critical Angle אאא٢J ١J ٣
Wאאאאא
90ºאאאאאא
אא אאאKE٢J ٣אאF Kאאא
-٣٣ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
n1 n2
θc
אאאE٢J ٣Fא WEθcFאאאאאא، n1sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 n1 sinθc = n2 sin 90º n1sinθc = n2
sin θc = n2/n1 ⎛n ⎞ θ c = sin −1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⇒ ⎝ n1 ⎠ (3.2)
1 אEn2 / n1F1א
Kn1n2
Total Internal Reflection אאאא٣J ١J ٣
K אאאאא ،
אא FאEθ1 > θcFאאא
אK אאאאא،Eא אא אEn1Fאא אאW KאאאאEn2Fאא
א،אאאאאאאא אאאאW 125 µmאאא -٣٤ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
אECladdingFא n1אECoreF
ECoatingF אאאאn2
אאאאאא، K א
אאאאאא
אאא θc אאא אאאKא
אEאאFא
אאאא E٣J ٣FאK א א
Kאאא
אאאאE٣J ٣Fא
אאאאE٤J ٣Fאאאאא
Kאאאאאאθ Cladding, n2
θ θ core, n1
θθ Cladding, n2
אאאאאE٤J ٣Fא -٣٥ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Acceptance Angle אא٤J ١J ٣
אאאא אאE θaFאא KE٥J ٣אFאא אאא
Acceptance Cone
א
א
א
A
n=1
θa B
n=1
θ2 θ1
Core, n1 Cladding, n2
אאאאאE٥J ٣Fא
אθaאאאאAא א אθcאאאθ1אאאא
K אאEאאאאF
אאא θaאאאאאBא אאא θc אא
K אאאאאא אאאאא אאאא ،אאאאא
א אאאאאא، א א אאא
אאאאK
אאא θa א . θa KEAcceptance ConeFא
-٣٦ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Kאאאאא Numerical Aperture
אא٥J ١J ٣
אאθaאא אKn2 n1אאא
WאאאאENAFאאא
NA = n o sin θ a = n 12 − n 22
(3.3)
Eno = 1אאFאא no ﺣﻴ ﺚ إن
Wאאא θ a = sin −1 (NA )
(3.4) Wn2n1E∆FאאNAא
NA ≈ n1 2∆ (3.5)
Wא ∆ n 12 − n 22 (3.6) ∆ = 2n 12
-٣٧ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
W
90ºא θa
אאא NA
E∆ << 1Fאא∆
אאאאאאאא
א אא،א
Kאאא
Fiber Modes אאא٢J ٣
EBeamsFאאאאא
אאאאK אאERaysF אK א،EPropagation ModesFא
אKאEMode IndexFאאא
אאאא א א אא
א،אאא
אאא، א
Wאאא
TE - modesETransverse Electric Modes FJ
TM - modesETransverse Magnetic Modes FJ
HEאאאEHybridFJ EHאאאEHybridFJ
KKKKKKHE11, EH12, TE01, TM02Wא -٣٨ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
אאאאאא
אאE V-number F VאאENormalized FrequencyF Wאא
V=
≈
2π a NA λ
(3.7)
2π a n1 2∆ λ
(3.8)
Kא aאאλ
א אאE٦J ٣F אV Kאאא Modes
0
2.4
HE11
3.9
HE21 TM01 TE01
5.6
HE12
7
HE22 TM02 TE02
8.5
10
11.5
HE13 HE23 TM03 TE03
HE14
v - number
אאVאE٦J ٣Fא -٣٩ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Optical Fiber Types אאא٣J ٣
،אאא אא Wאאאא
KאאאEStep-Index FibersFJ
אEGraded-Index FibersFJ
Kא
Wאאאא
KEאFEMultimode Fibers FאJ
KHE11אESingle Mode FibersFאJ
Wאאאאא
KאאEGlass Optical FibersFאאJ
KאEPlastic Optical FibersFאאJ
Kאאא א
א EאאF אאא
Kא
Step-Index Fiber אא١J ٣J ٣
،אא אאאאא
אאאEn1Fאא
אE٧J ٣אFאEn2F -٤٠ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
KErFא אאn(r)אא
אאaאאdא K[µm]א
Wאא
50 µmWא
125 µm Wא
1.48Wא
1.46Wא
Cladding, n2
Core n1
n( r )
-d -a
0
d
a
r, µm
אאאE٧J ٣Fא
אn1 n2אא،אא
K"אא"אאא
WאאאEMS Fאא -٤١ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
MS =
2
V 2
(3.9) Wאא (3.10) V =
c n
KEn = n1אאFא אאn
אא א E3.10Fא
אאאא אא،K א،E٨J ٣אF
KאאאEאFאא
n2
n1 n2
אאאאאE٨J ٣Fא
אאאא אא א אEIntermodal DispersionFאאא אאאKאאא
E٨J ٣אאFאאאאא א
אא אאKEאאFאא
K
-٤٢ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Graded Index Fiber אא٢J ٣J ٣
אאאאאאא א
En = n1 Fאאא
אאא،En = n2Fאא אא
KEParabolicFאאETriangularFאW KEn2Fאא
אא א
Wאאn(r)אKאאאn(r)
⎧ ⎪ ⎪ (3.11) n(r) = ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩
⎛r⎞ n 1 (1 − 2 ∆ ) ⎜ ⎟ ⎝a⎠
α
n 1 (1 − 2 ∆ ) = n 2
r
WEKKKK،אא،אFאאאאאα Kאא α = 1
Kאא α = 2
KE٩J ٣אאF،אא α = ∞
אא ،א α
אאאא α = 1.98 א،א
KENear Parabolic ProfileFא
WאאאEMgFאא Mg
⎛ α ⎞ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎝α + 2⎠
⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
(3.12)
-٤٣ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Kαאאאא
Cladding n2
Core
n (r)
∞α=
n1
α=2 α=1
n2
-d
-a
0
a
d
r
אאאE٩J ٣Fא
אאאא אא אא،E١٠J ٣אF
א אE١٠J ٣F،EאFא
Fn א א
אKEא FnאEאא אאאא אאא אאא
Kאאאאאא -٤٤ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
אאאאאאאאE١٠J ٣Fא
אאאא،
אא אאאא،
אא ،EאאF
אאאאא 100אFא KEאא
אאאאא،א
א אאאא Kא
Single Mode Fiber אא٣J ٣J ٣ אHE11ESingle ModeFאא،אא
א א א א E١-٣Fא
אאאא،אKאEFundamental ModeFא .Y xאאWא אEאאFאא،א V
אאEV = 2.405FאאKE 2.405F KVcECutoff V-NumberFא -٤٥ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
אאאאאא
،אאאא א
אאאאאאאאא Kא
Wאאאאאא (3.13) 0 ≤ V ≤ 2.405
WE٨-٣אאFאא
KEaFאא
KE∆Fאאאא
WאVcאאאא
Vc = 2.405 1 +
2 α
EאאF
3
(3.14) = 2.405
E ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊF
2
= 2.405
Wאאא
؛10 µm 8Wא ؛125 µm Wא
K∆ = 0.001אא
K אEaFא V=
2π a n 1 2∆ λ -٤٦ -
WE٨-٣Fא
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
WאאאאV = Vc= 2.405 (3.15) a =
2.405 λ 2π n 1 2∆
WE3.14FאVc אאא
⎛ 2⎞ ⎜⎜ 2.405 1 + ⎟⎟ × λ α⎠ a=⎝ 2π n1 2∆ (3.16)
אאאאא E١١-٣Fא Kאאאא
Cladding n(r) 2a
Core Cladding
n1 n2
אאאאE١١J ٣Fא
Cutoff Wavelength אא
אאאאא،E٨ -٣Fא אECutoff WavelengthFאא אא
Wאאλc
-٤٧ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
λc =
2 π a n1 VC
2∆ (3.17)
Wאאא
WאאאJ λc =
Vλ 2.405
(3.18) WאאאJ λc =
(3.19)
Vλ
2.405 1 +
2 α
אאאאאא،א
Kλcאאא
Mode Field Diameter א
אE10 µmאFאאאא K אא ،א
Mode Fאאא א
KEMFDFEField Diameter
Gaussian Fאאאא،
WE١٢-٣FאEDistribution -٤٨ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
E(r) Eo
Eo /e
ω0
Radius, µm -6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
MFD = 2 ω0
אאאאE(r)אE١٢-٣Fא
אEMode Field RadiusFאωo
KESpot SizeFא
{ אא،אאאא
Kא،אאא
אאא، אא 10 µm
K12 µm
Plastic Optical Fiber אא٤J ٣J ٣
EPOFFאאאאאא אא،אא
WאאאאK650 nmאא -٤٩ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
KאאJ
KאאE1000 µmאFאאJ
KE0.5אFENAFאאJ
KאאאאJ
Wאאאא
KE200 dB/km FאאEAttenuationFאJ
KE5 MHz.kmאFאEBandwidthFאאJ
EאאאFאאאא אאא Kאאא
Kאאאאאאאא
١J ٣ אא1.48אאEF KאאאK1.46
Kn2= 1.404 n1= 1.495 אאאEF
Wא ،אאאאאאEF אאאאאאאאא
θcKEθcFא
⎛ 1.46 ⎞ -1 ⎛ n ⎞ = sin-1 ( 0.986 ) ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ ⎝ 1.48 ⎠ ⎝ n2 ⎠
θc = sin-1 = 80.57º.
-٥٠ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
אאEF
⎛ 1.404 ⎞ -1 ⎛ n 1 ⎞ = sin-1 ( 0.938 ) = 69.68º. ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎝ 1.495 ⎠ ⎝ n2 ⎠
θc = sin-1
٢J ٣ WKn2= 1.47 n1= 1.5 א
אאאאEθcFאאאEF
אאEF
אאא،E θaFאאEF n2 n1E∆FאאEF
Wא ⎛ 1.47 ⎞ -1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎝ 1.5 ⎠
EF = 78.5º.
1.5 2 − 1.47 2 =
EF = 0.3 EF
⎛ n1 ⎜⎜ ⎝ n2
⎞ ⎟⎟ ⎠
n 12 − n 22
θc = sin-1
NA =
θa = sin-1 ( NA ) = sin-1 ( 0.3 ) = 17.4º.
∆=
n 12 − n 22 2n 12
=
1.5 2 − 1.47 2 2 ×1.5 2
-٥١ -
= 0.02
EF
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
٣J ٣ אא 850 nm אאא WK∆ = 1.5 %1.48
KEVJ NumberFאאEF
KאאאEF
KE٦-٣אFאאאאV = 7אEF
Wא WE٨-٣FאאEF V=
V =
2π an 1 2∆ λ 2π × 40 × 10 −6 × 1.48 0.85 × 10 −6
2 × 0.015
V = 75.8
WE٩-٣Fא،אאאאEF
V 2 5745.6 M S = = = 2873 2 2
אאא אV = 7 E٦-٣FאEF Wא
HE 11, HE 21, Tm 01, TE 01, HE 12, HE 22, TM 02, TE 02
-٥٢ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
٤J ٤ Wא
∆ = 1.5 %, n1 = 1.48, λ = 850 nm
W
אאאאEF
אא אאאאאאאEF אKn1 = 1.5, ∆ = 1%1.3 µmאא Kאאא
،n1 = 1.46אEλcFאאEF
K∆ = 0.25 %،a = 4.5 µm
Wא אא אE١٥-٣Fא Wא
a=
Vc λ 2πn 1 2∆
=
2.4 × 845 × 10 −9 2π × 1.48 0.03
= 1.3µm
Wא،2 × aא، = 2 x 1.3 = 2.6 µm
WE١٦-٣Fא،אאאאEF
( α = 2 ) Vc = 2.4 1 +
a=
2 = 2.4 2 = 3.4 α
3.4 × 1.3 × 10 −6 = 3.3µm 2π × 1.5 0.02
-٥٣ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
אאא،אאאEF WE١٧J ٣FאE λcFאאא
λc =
2 × 3.14 × 4.5 µm × 1.46 2 × 0.0025 2π a n 1 2∆ = 2.405 2.405 = 1.214 µm = 1214 nm.
Common Optical Fiber and Buffer Diameter אאא٤J ٣ ،E٢J ٣אאF אאא
אאECoatingFאאא
،EBufferFאאאא
א א א אETubeF
KאאאאאאK
אאאאאE١J ٣F
Group
Core
Cladding
Coating
Buffer or tube
Number
[µm]
[µm]
[µm]
[µm]
I
8 to 10
125
250 or 500
900 or 2000 -3000
II
50
125
250 or 500
900 or 2000 -3000
III
62.5
125
250 or 500
900 or 2000 -3000
IV
85
125
250 or 500
900 or 2000 -3000
V
100
140
250 or 500
900 or 2000 -3000
Wא،אאאאאא -٥٤ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
I. Core: 8 to 10 / 125 Single – mode fiber with: NA: smallest (< 0.1 ) Loss: lowest ( ≈ 0.2 dB / km ) at λ = 1550 nm BW: highest, tens GHz × km. Wavelength: 1310 or 1550 nm 2 km ≈ Cable length:
II. Core: 50 / 125 Multimode fiber with: NA: smaller (≈ 0.2 ) Loss : lower (≈ 3 to 4 dB / km ) BW: higher (few GHz × km) Wavelength : 850 or 1310 nm Cable length: ( ~ 0.2 to 0.3 km)
III. Core: 62.5 / 125 Multimode fiber with: NA : medium ( ≈ 0. 3 ) Loss : low ( ≈ 4 dB / km ) BW: medium ( hundred MHz × km ) Wavelength: 850 or 1310 nm Cable length: ≈ 1.5 km
-٥٥ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
IV. Core: 85 / 125
{ European fiber size } Multimode fiber with:
NA: large ( ≈ 0.3 ) Loss : high ( ≈ 5 dB / km ) BW: low ( tens MHz × km ) Wavelength: 850 or 1310 nm Cable length : ( ≈ 1.5 km )
V. Core: 100 / 140 Multimode fiber with: NA: largest ( ≈ 0.4 ) Loss: higher ( ≈ 5 dB / km ) BW: lowest ( ≈ MHz × km ) Wave length: 850 or 1310 nm Cable length: ( 1. 5 or 1. 8 km )
Wאא ،א -٥٦ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
אE٣J ٣F
Specification
אא
value
Explanation
א
א
Core diameter Cladding diameter Coating diameter Mode-field diameter
62.5 µm 125 µm 250 µm -----
Multi mode fiber Doesn’t included Coating Plastic-colored coating This value is used only for single mode fibers
Attenuation: at λ = 850 nm at λ = 1310 nm
3.5 dB / km
Maximum loss
1 dB/ km
Fiber-optic bandwidth: At λ = 850 nm At λ = 1310 nm Chromatic dispersion Cutoff wavelength Fiber manufacturer
160 MHZ × km 500 MHZ × km 0.1 nS / nm × km ----company name
-٥٧ -
For single mode fibers only
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
-٥٨ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
W١ Wאאא En = 1.5FאJ En = 1.33FאJ
En = 1.54FאJ
En = 4FאJ
W٢ En = 1.5FאאאאאEF K2 km
20 En = 3FאאאאEF
Km
W٣ אאא א אאאאא K1µs
W٤ אאאאאאθa , θ1, θ2, θ3, θcאא Kλ = 1310 ، ∆ = 0.01, n2 = 1.48
n1 = 1.5
θa
air n = 1
θ3
θ2
50 µm
θ1
62.5 µm = ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﻠﺐn2 = 1.47; -٥٩ -
W٥ Wאא λ = 1300 nm;
θa = 30º;
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
אאאאEF EV-numberFאאEF
אאאאEF W٦ א אאאE٥Fאאאאא
K∆ = 1 %, λ = 1550 nm, n1 = 1.5אאאK100א W٧ Wאאאאא
Kλ = 1310 nm; n1 = 1.5; n2 = 1.47; 62 µm א
W
KENAFאאEF
KאאאאאEF W٨ Wאאאאא
Kλ = 1300 nm; n1 = 1.5; ∆ = 0.1 %; 22.66 µm א
Kאאα
W٩ אK1310 nmאאEאאFא W،1.48אא
θ1, θ2, θ3אאEF
אאאאאאEV- numberFאאEF KEHE11, HE21, TM01, TE01, HE12F
n1 = 1.5
θa
air n = 1
θ3
θ1
-٦٠ -
θ2
50 µm
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
W١٠ אא٧ אאא KE = 1αFאאא
W١١ אEα = 1F אאאEλcFאא .∆ = 0.1 %
-٦١ -
،n1 = 1.5،8 µmא
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
W١٢ Wאאאאא n1 = 1.48; n2 = 1.46;
a = 25 µm
W١٣ K10ENAFאא θaאאאא W١٤א Kאאא W١٥א Kאאא W١٦א Kאא W١٧א Kאאאא W١٨א Kאאאא W١٩א Kאאאא W٢٠א Kאאאא
-٦٢ -
אאא
اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ אאאא
אאא
אא
אא
٤
אאא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
KKKאאאאאWאא
WאאאאWאא KאאאJ
KאאאאאאאJ
KאאאאאJ
KאאאאאאJ K٤Wאא
- ٦١ -
אאא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
אא Fiber Optic Cables
אאא،אאאאאא
אאא
א א،אא
אFא א
WאאKE
אא EOutdoor CablesFאאאא
KEIndoor CablesFאאאאאאאא Wאאאאא Kאאא• א
Kאאאא • Kאא •
Kא• א
א • KEMetal ArmorFאאא
אאאאאאא
א אאאאאאא
Wאאא،א،אא
Kאאאאא • Kאאאא •
Kאאאאאאאא • - ٦٢ -
אאא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Outdoor Cables אא١J ٤
Loose Tube Cable אאאא١J ١J ٤
אאאETubesFאאאא
אאא ELooseF
אEStrength MemberFאא Kא KE١J ٤אFאא
K12אאא 3mm 2mm
אאאא ، א
אאאKEWater Resistant GelF
KOTDRאאאאאא
אאאאE١J ٤Fא - ٦٣ -
אאא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
אא אאא
KE200 Fאא
אאEPulling OperationFאאאא
אEStrength MemberFאא
אEKevlarFאEDielectricF אאEJacketFאאKא
KESteel ArmorFאERubberFאEPolyethyleneFא Kאאאאאא
Figure 8 Cable 8א٢J ١J ٤
،E٢J ٤אאF א8אאאא
אאאאאא
אאאא،EMessengerF
אא אאKEArial InstallationF Kא
8אאE٢J ٤Fא - ٦٤ -
אאא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
EKKKK،א،אFאאאאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
Armored Cables אאא٣J ١J ٤
אאESteel ArmorFאאאא
אאאא،E٣J ٤אאF אא،Kאא אאאא
אEDouble-ArmorFא אאאא א
EGroundingF אK אאאאא Kאאאאאא
אאאאEBuried CablesFאא
Kא
E٣J ٤Fא - ٦٥ -
אאא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Ribbon Cable אא٤J ١J ٤
אאEFאאאאא
אאK אאאאא ERibbonFאאא
24 12אאאאאKE٤J ٤אאFא אאאKEBuffer TubeF אא
Kא200 אאא800
אאE٤J ٤Fא
Advantages of Ribbon Cables אאאא
Kאא• א
אאאאאא • Kאא
אאאאאאאא • KEאאFאאא
Disadvantages אאא
Kאאא• א
KאאאESplice EnclosureFא• א - ٦٦ -
אאא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Wאאאאא
אאאאESingle Central TubeFWא KE٥J ٤אאFא
אאאאE٥J ٤Fא
אEStandard Loose TubeRibbon CableF אאאWא
אאא אELoose TubeFא
KE٦J ٤אאF
אאאאאE٦J ٤Fא - ٦٧ -
אאא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Indoor Cables אאא٢J ٤ Tight Buffered Cableאאאאא١J ٢J ٤
KEIndoor ApplicationsFאאאאאא
אאא אאאאאEBufferFא
אאא אאאאאא
א 900 µm אאאאאאKא KE٧J ٤אאF 250 µmECoatingF
אאא א אא KE٨J ٤אאFאאEProtective SheathF
אא א אאאאא אאא
א، E Bend RadiusF אאא
Kאאאא
אE٧J ٤Fא - ٦٨ -
אאא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
אאאאאE٨J ٤Fא
Fan-Out Cable אאא٢J ٢J ٤
אא אאאאאא
KE٩J ٤אאFאEConnectorF
EאF 900 µm אאאא Kאאאא 3000 µm א،א
אאאאאאE٩J ٤Fא - ٦٩ -
אאא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Fiber Optic Patch Cords אא٣J ٢J ٤ ،אאא EJumpersF K5אאאא
אאאאא אאאאK א
Kאאא
Other Cables אא٣J ٤
Kא،אא
Submarine Cables אא
אא
א ،א א،
، א
אאאא א K אא א Kאאאא
Self - Supporting Aerial Cable אאאאאאא
Fאא א אא
،KEMessengerFא،EKevlar
אאאEAll-Dielectric Self-Supporting CableF
אאאאאK אאא
Kאאאאאא
- ٧٠ -
אאא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Industrial Cables אא
אEGeneral Purpose CablesFאאאאאאאא
א אאא אא
אאEאFא، KאאEElectromagnetic InterferenceFא
Military Communication Cables אא
אאא אאאאאא
אא א،אאאא
אאא
אאאKא
Kא
Special Purpose Cables אאא
א، א אא
אא אא
K אאאא،א
Kאאא
אאאאא٤J ٤
אאאאא א אא Wא
- ٧١ -
אאא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Galvanic Corrosion א
אאאאאאא אאא אאאא
אאK אאא Kאאאאא
Rodent Protection אאא
אאאאאא
אEFאא ،אא
אK אאא Kאאא
Water Blocking א
אא א אאאא א
אאאKאאאא KאאEWater Resistant GelF
אאאא،אא אא
E א אאאאF אאא אאאKאא
אאאאאא אK אא אא א
אאא אאאאא
אאאאא אא،א
K א
- ٧٢ -
אאא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
אאאאא אאא
אא א١J ٤א،א
Kאאא
- ٧٣ -
אאא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
KאאאאE١J ٤F Value
Specification
Explanation
Loose tube
Cable type Number of fibers
18
Nominal weight:
166 kg/km 14.4mm
Diameter
3 active tubes, 6 fibers per tube ±5%
Temp. range: -Storage
-40 to 70°c
Storing cable on reel
-Operating
-40 to 70°c
-Installation
-30 to 50°c
Installed operating temperature. During installation and handling
Max. Tensile rating: -Installation
2700 N
-Permanent
600 N
Minimum bend radius: -Installation
22.5 cm
-Permanent
15 cm
Maximum rise
247 m
Jacket
Polyethylene
Central member
Dielectric
Copper pairs
None
- ٧٤ -
אאא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
- ٧٥ -
אאא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
W١א Kאאאאאאא W٢א Kאאאאאאאא W٣א Kאאאא W٤א Wאאא ؛א J
؛אאא אJ
؛א אJ
؛א אJ
؛אא אJ W٥א Kאאאאא W٦א Kאאא W٧א Kאאאאאא W٨א Kאאאאאא W٩א KEFan-Out CableFאאא W١٠א Kאאאאאאאא
- ٧٦ -
אאא
اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ אאאא
אאא
אאא
אא
٥
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
KKKאאאאWאא
WאאאאWאא
KאאJ KאאJ
KאאאJ
KאאאJ ٤Wאא
- ٧٦ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אאא Transmission Characteristics of Optical Fibers
אאאא אאאא א
אאא
אKא אEAttenuationFאאW KEDispersionFא
Attenuation א١J ٥
אאא ،אאא
EOptical PowerFאELossFאא אאEFאאאא
אEInputFאW אאאKERepeatersFא
K אאEConnectorsFאאEOutputF KאWאאאאא
K אאאאאאא WאאEAttenuationFאאא
Pin
Fiber
Pout
(5.1) [ dB ] = 10 Log [ Pin / Pout ]
Attenuation,
W
K אאאPoutאאאPin WאאPin / Pout אא - ٧٧ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
(5.2)10
0.1[ attenuatio n dB ]
Pin / Pout =
אEαF אאאאאא Wא
(5.3) α [ dB / km ] =
1 L
⎡ P ⎤ ⎢10 Log in ⎥ Pout ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣
.[km]אEאFאL
Kא[dB]אאאאא
Decibel Unit א١J ١J ٥
אאא אא אא
Wא[dB]
Wא
אאFאא
KEא אא אא
אE אFא א אKEAmplifiersFאאאא א Wאyxx / yאא
in dB
x / y = 100
10 Log x / y = 10 Log 100 = 20 dB
K1020אאאy xא Wאאאא
- ٧٨ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אא١J ٥ x/y
x / y in dB
2
3
10
10
1000
30
0.01
-20
0.0001
-40
0.5
-3
40
16.02
200
23.01
250
23.98
107
70
10-3
-30
Wא
אEPower LevelFאא
א،אאאEPower MetersFא
KEReference ValueF
dBw אא1 Watt אאא dBw = 10 Log [ power/ 1W ] dBmאא1 milliwatt אאא dBm = 10 Log [ power/ 1mW ]
dBµ אא1 microwatt אאא - ٧٩ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
dBµ = 10 Log [ power/ 1µW ]
E٢J ٥Fאא
אא٢J ٥
Power
Power Level 0 dBw
1W 100 W
20 dBw
10 mW
- 20 dBw
1mW
0 dBm
0.5 mW
- 3dBm
1W
30 dBm
0.1 mW
-10 dBm
2 mW
3 dBm
1 µW
0 dBµ
1 mW
30 dBµ
1W
60 dBµ
0.8 mW
- 0.97
0.2 mW
- 7 dBm
20 µW
13 dBµ
400 µW
-4 dBm
١J ٥ א120 µWאאאK8 km א K3 µWא
- ٨٠ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
W
KאאEF
KאאאEF
אאאאא10 km אEF K1 dBא1 km
KאאאאאEF
Wא WE١J ٥FאאאEF = 10 log Pin / Pout
= 10 Log 120 µw / 3 µw
= 10 log 40 = 16dB 16 dB / 8 km = 2 dB / km
=אאאEF
W2 dB/km 10 kmאאEF 2 ×10 = 20 dB
Kאאאאא
אאאאאא
K9אא،אא
9 dB=אאאאאא 20 dB + 9 dB = 29 dB
Wא
Pin / Pout = 100.1*29 = 102.9 = 794.3EF
א٢J ١J ٥
אאאאאאאא Kאא
- ٨١ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Light Absorption אא
FESilicaFא אא EאFאאא אESiO2א
אאאK א א אאא EIntrinsic AbsorptionFאא
EHeatFאאאא אא،אאאאאא
KאאאאE1.6µm0.8µmFאאא
אאEOH ionsאFאאא،
אאK א אאא אאא אא،אא אא
Kאאא
Scattering א
א א אא
אא אא
Rayleigh FאאאKאאאא
K אאאא ، λ4 EScattering
א אEאFאא
Kאא
Geometric Problems אא
אא، אא אאא
KEMicrobendingsFאאאאEMacrobendingsFא
אאאאאא EInstallationFא
אאEMinimum Bend radiusFאאא - ٨٢ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
K אאאKא
،א א א אא אאEθcאאא אFאאאא
KאאEMode CouplingFא
Wאא EאFא •
א •
א •
EאאFאאא •
Wאאאא،א• א
EFirst WindowFאאאλ = 850 nm
ESecond WindowFאאאλ = 1300 nm EThird WindowFאאאλ = 1550 nm
אא،אאאא Kאאאאא
KE0.2 dB/kmFλ = 1550 nm Dispersion א٢J ٥
W אאאאא אא
Maximum Transmission F אאEMaximum Bit RateFאא
אאESignal DistortionFאא،EDistance
אאKEDigital SystemsFאEAnalog SystemsFא - ٨٣ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אאאEBroadeningFאאא אאאאK אאאא
א KEISIFאאאEIntersymbol InterferenceFא
אEBit Error RateFאאEErrorsFא KEPeFאא
Wאאא
א
אא
אאא
אא
אא
אא
H
אא
K אאא[ time / km ]אא
Wא
אא אא אא אEIntermodal DispersionF
א אאEMultimode DispersionFEModal DispersionF Kאאא - ٨٤ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Chromatic FאEIntramodal DispersionF אא
Material FאWאאEDispersion
KEWaveguide DispersionFאאEDispersion
InputPulse
Output Pulse
Fiber
PWin
PWout
אאאאE٢J ٥Fא
EPWinFאאE٢J ٥Fאא
WאE∆t FאKEPWoutFא
(5.4) ∆t =
⎛ ⎜⎜ PW 2 − PW 2 in out ⎝
⎞ ⎟⎟ ⎠
אאאאאא
K[ ps/km][ ns/km]אאא Intramodal Dispersion אא١J ٢J ٥
אאאאאא، א אK אא ، אFאאא
Chromaticאאא،א
،אאאKEMonochromaticא - ٨٥ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אא،אא
Kאא
Material Dispersion א
א אאא،
א אאא
Kא אאאא
KENarrow Spectral LinewidthFאאאא Erms ValueFאאאא
WאEσmFאאא σλ ∗ L ∗M = σm
(5.5)
W
אESpectral LinewidthFאא אא σλ Material Dispersion FאMאL، [nm]
Kאא [ Ps / nm×km ]EParameter Kσm אא
Waveguide Dispersion אא
אא EσwFאא
אא1.3 µmאאKEσλFאאEλFאא
אאאאאW א
אλ = 1.31 µm אK1.31 µmא
KEZero-Dispersion WavelengthFאאא - ٨٦ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אאאאλ = 1.55 µmא
EDispersion Shifted FibersFאאאאאאλ = 1.55 µmא KEDSFFאאא
אאא،אאא
Kאאא
Intermodal Dispersion אאא٢J ٢J ٥
אאאאאאא
אאאאא
אא، אאא אאאK Kאאאא
Erms ValueFאאאא
WאאאEσsFאאאא
(5.6) σ s =
L n1 ∆ 2 3c
Kאאאאאא
אאאאא ErmsFא WEσgFאאאא
(5.7) σ g =
L n 1 ∆2 20 3 c
אאאאE5.7FE5.6Fא
אאE 100אFאאא
Kאאאא - ٨٧ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
WאאE σ T2 Fאא
(5.8) σ T2 = σ c2 + σ 2n
σ c2 Kא σ g2 א σ s אא σ 2n 2
σ c2 = σ 2m + σ 2w Wאאא WE σ T Fאא
σ c2 + σ 2n σ T =
( 5.9)
Wא
(5.10) σ T2 = σ 2m + σ 2w = σ c2
WאאE5.10Fא
(5.11) σ 2m + σ 2w σ T =
Fiber Bandwidth and Information Rateאא٣J ٥ אאEBWFאאאEBandwidthFא אK אאאאא
אאאETransmission Bit RateFא Kא
אאאאEInformation RateFאEBR)
אאאKEאאFאאא WECodeFא
ENRZ- codeFאאBW = BR - ٨٨ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
E RZ- codeFאא BW = BR/2
Wאא [ bits / s]
0.2 σ
BT(max) = (5.12)
Kאאאσ
אאאאאאא
WאאEBW×LF (5.14)
0.2 σT
BW × L =
Kאאאאא σ T
٢J ٥ Wאאאאא NA = 0.3, n1 = 1.45,
M = 250 ps/nm.km
Wא
אאאאאאאאEF K50 nm
KEBW×LFאאEF Wא WE5.5Fא
= 50 nm × 1 km × 250 ps / nm km σ λ ∗ L ∗ M = σ m (1km ) = 12.5 ns / km; WE5.6Fאσs - ٨٩ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
) n 1 2∆ = 29.5 ns / km;
( NA = σ s =
L n1 ∆ 2 3c
WE5.9FאσT = 32.4 ns / km. σ 2m + σ s2 σ T =
EF
= 6.2 MHz × km
0.2 0.2 = 32.4 ns / km σT
- ٩٠ -
BW × L =
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
W١ Wאא
Pin / Pout
Pin / Pout in dB
1 8 300 0.02 0.0004
0.4 105 10-6
W٢ Wאא
Power
Power Level
2W
…… dBw
0.8 W
…… dBw
5 mW
…… dBm
12 mW
…… dBw
0.3 mW
…… dBm
40 µW
…… dBµ
10 mW
…… dBµ - ٩١ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
W٣ אאאאא K6 kmא
K200 µW אא2 mW W
KאאאEF
K2 dB/km15 dBאאאאאEF W٤ א10 km 0.8 dB/kmאא K0.5 mWאאא
W٥ אאא אאK8 km א K0.5 dBא2km אאאאKאא
W
K10 µWא1 mWאאאאאEF
KEFאאאEF
W٦ Wאאאא
∆ = 1 %, n1 = 1.5 Laser σλ = 1 nm λ 1310
L = 20 km, M = 100 ps/nm.km
Photodiod e
W
KאאאEF
KEBW×LFאאEF - ٩٢ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
W٧ אאאא 12 kmא
אאאKM = 100 ps/nm.kmא2 nm Kאאאא
W٨ אK5 ns/kmא10 kmא Kאא
W٩א Kאאאאאא W١٠א Kאאאא W١١א Kאאאא W١٢א Kאאא W١٣א Kאאאאאא
- ٩٣ -
אאא
اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ אאאא
אאא
אא
אא
٦
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
KKKאאאאאאWאא
WאאאאWאא
KאאJ
KEFresnel ReflectionFאאJ Kאאאאא J
KאאאאאאJ
KאECouplersFאאJ K٤Wאא
- ٩٣ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
אא Fiber Optic Connection ،אאאא
אK א אאא
אאKEReceiverFאETransmitterFא א،אאא
אKא א
Wא
אאאאאESplicingFאJ
אEMechanical SplicingFאא،EFusion SplicingF
KאאאאKEChemical SplicingF
،ERemovableFEFiber ConnectorsF אJ
K א،
Fiber Alignment and Joint Loss אאאא١J ٦ אא אאאא KאאאEAlignmentFא
Fresnel Reflection
א١J ١J ٦
אאאא
א EאאאFאא א
KE١J ٦אאFאEPartial ReflectionFא - ٩٤ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Wאאאאא ⎛
⎞
(6.1) r = ⎜⎜ n1 − n ⎟⎟ ⎝ n1 + n ⎠
2
nESingle InterfaceFאאאאאr
אn1En = 1אאFאאא
KETwiceFrאאKא Air
Fiber 1
gap
Fiber2
z אE١J ٦Fא
Wאאאאא Loss Fresnel = −10 Log (1 − r)
(6.2)
Kאאא
אאאא،א
KEIndex Matching GelFEn1F
١J ٦ אאK1.5אא Kאאאאא - ٩٥ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Wא WE١J ٦FאאErFאאא 2 2 ⎛ n1 − n ⎞ ⎛ 1.5 − 1 ⎞ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ r = ⎜⎜ n n 1 . 5 1 + + ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ 2 ⎛ 0.5 ⎞ =⎜ ⎟ = 0.04 ⇒ ( 4% ) ⎝ 2.5 ⎠
WאE٢J ٦Fא
Loss Fres = - 10 log (1- r) = - 10 log 0.96 = 0.18 dB
2 × 0.18 = 0.36 dB אא
אאאאאאא
KאאאאאאErFא
Fiber Misalignment Problem
אאא٢J ١J ٦
Longitudinal Misalignment אאא
אEConnectorsFאאאא
א אאא KEJ ٢J ٦אאFZ Kאאא
z
אאאEJ ٢J ٦Fא - ٩٦ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Lateral Misalignment אאא
א ،אא אאא
אאאKEJ ٢J ٦אאFyא KEyFאאאאא
y
אאאEJ ٢J ٦Fא
Angular Misalignment אאאא
אאא، אא א אא
אאאא KEJ ٢J ٦אאFθאאאא
KEθFאאאאא θאא
אאאאEJ ٢J ٦Fא - ٩٧ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Lateral Misalignment Loss אאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
Multimode Step-Index Fiber Wאאא
Wאאאאאאאא (6.3) Loss Lat = − 10 Log η Lat , [dB]
אאאאאאא η Lat
،א
(6.4) η Lat = 1 − L Lat
WאאLLat ⎛ y⎞ (6.5) L Lat = 0.64 ⎜ ⎟ ⎝a⎠
אa[µm]אאאy
Kא
Multimode Graded-Index Fiber Wאאא
Loss Lat = −10 Log η Lat η Lat = 1 − L Lat
WE0 ≤ y ≤ 0.2 a אאFאאLLat
(6.6) L Lat = - ٩٨ -
2 ⎛ y ⎞⎛ α + 2 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ π ⎜⎝ a ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ α + 1 ⎟⎠
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Kאאאאα Single-Mode Fiber Wאא
Wאאאאאאאא ⎛y⎞ Loss Lat = 2.17 ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ω⎠ (6.8)
ω =
2
ωo ،ENormalized Spot SizeF 2 ωoω 2
Angular Misalignment Loss אאאאאא Multimode Step-Index Fiber Wאאא
Wאאאאאאאאא
Loss ang = − 10 Log η ang , [dB]
2
⎛n ⎞ 16 ⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎝n⎠ (6.9) η ang = 4 ⎛ ⎛ n1 ⎞ ⎞ ⎜⎜1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ ⎝ ⎝ n ⎠⎠
⎡ nθ ⎤ 1 − ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ π n1 2 ∆ ⎥⎦
KERadianFאאאאאθ Single-Mode Fiber
Wאא
Wאאאאאאאאא 2
⎛ θ ω n1 V ⎞ ⎟⎟ , [dB] (6.10) Loss ang = 2.17 ⎜⎜ ⎝ a NA ⎠ KאEV- NumberFאאV - ٩٩ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
W٢J ٦ K5µm אאאאא K1.5אאאאא
⎛ y⎞ L Lat = 0.64 ⎜ ⎟ ⎝a⎠ ⎛ 5 µm ⎞ ⎟⎟ = 0.128 = 0.64 ⎜⎜ 25 µ m ⎝ ⎠
Wא
η Lat = 1 − L Lat = 1 − 0.128 = 0.872 Loss = −10 Log η Lat = −10 Log ( 0.872 ) = 0.59 dB
W٣J ٦ K50 µmאEα = 2Fאאאא K 3 µmאאאא
Wא 2 ⎛ y⎞ ⎛α + 2⎞ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ π ⎝ a ⎠ ⎜⎝ α + 1 ⎟⎠ 2 ⎛ 3 µm ⎞ ⎛ 2 + 2 ⎞ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜⎜ π ⎝ 25 µm ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 + 1 ⎟⎠
L Lat =
2 (0.12 ) ⎛⎜ 4 ⎞⎟ = 0.1 3.14 ⎝ 3⎠ = 1 − L Lat = 1 − 0.1 = 0.9
= η Lat
Loss Lat = −10 Log ( 0.9 ) = 0.46 dB
- ١٠٠ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
W٤J ٦ Wאא 8 µאJ
1.5אאJ 0.1אאJ 2.3אאJ
10 µmאJ
W
1 µmאאאאEF
K2ºאאאאאEF אאEF
Wא WE٨J ٦FאאאאאאEF ωo , 2
2
⎛y⎞ Loss = 2.17 ω= ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ω⎠ ωo = MFD / 2 = 10 µm / 2 = 5µm 5µm ⇒ω= = 3.54µm. 2 2 ⎛ 1µm ⎞ ⎟⎟ = 2.17× 0.08 = 0.17dB ⎜⎜ Loss Lat = 2.17 ⎝ 3.54 µm ⎠
WE١٠J ٦FאאאאאאEF 2
⎛ 2π / 180 o × 3.54 µm ×1.5 × 2.3 ⎞ ⎛ θ ω n1 V ⎞ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 2.17 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 4 µ m × 0 . 1 a NA ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2
⎛ 0.426 µm ⎞ ⎟⎟ = 2.46 dB. ⎜⎜ ⎝ 0.4 µm ⎠
Loss Ang = 2.17 2
= 2.17
Wאא،אא E F
Total loss = loss Lat + loss Ang = 0.17dB + 2.46dB = 2.63dB. - ١٠١ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Connection Problems א٢J ٦
Wאאאא
Different Core and / or Cladding Diameters אLאא
אא،، א א Wאא
2 ⎧ ⎛ a2 ⎞ ⎪ ⎜ ⎟ (6.10) Loss CD = ⎨ = − 10 Log ⎜⎝ a ⎟⎠ , [dB] for a2 〈 a 1 ⎪ [dB] for a2 〉 a ⎩= 0
Different Numerical Aperture אאא
אאא، אא Wא
(6.11)
Loss
NA
=
⎧ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎩
=
⎛ NA ⎞ 2 ⎜ 2⎟ , −10 Log ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ NA ⎟ 1⎠ ⎝
=0
[dB] for NA 〈 NA 2 1 [dB] for NA 〉 NA 2 1
Different Refractive Index Profiles אא
WאאEαFאא
(6.11) Loss RI
α 2 ( α1 + 2 ) ⎧ , [dB] for α 2 〈 α1 ⎪ = −10 Log α1 ( α 2 + 2 ) =⎨ ⎪= 0 [dB] for α 2 〉 α ⎩
- ١٠٢ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Connectors אא٣J ٦
אאאאאא אאאא،אאא
א א،אאKא KEConnectorsFאא
אאאאא אא
E٣J ٦אFא
אאאE٣J ٦Fא
Connector Characteristics אא١J ٣J ٦ Wאאאאא
אאאאאאא Insertion Loss א EF
אאא אא
אW K אא אא،א
אאאאא0.25dBאEAverage Insertion LossFא
K0.5 dBאEMaximum Insertion LossF
Return Loss אאא
אEאFאאאאא אאאא
،E- 50 dBFEאFאאאאKEאאFא Kאאאאא،אא - ١٠٣ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Durability אא
،א אא K א،אאאא
Kאאאאאאא
Connector Types אא٢J ٣J ٦
אאאאאאאא E٤J ٦FאKEאאאFאאא
א א אאאאE٥J ٦Fאאא
Kא
Reading Data Sheets אא
Wאאאאאא ST, SC, FC, …،EPlugFא •
EManufacturer Brand NameFאא• א
EConnector CompatibilityFאאאא• א EInsertion LossFא • EReturn LossFאא• א EDurabilityF• א
EOperating Temperature RangeFאאא •
Kאאא - ١٠٤ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
אאאאאE٤J ٦Fא
- ١٠٥ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
אאאאאE٥J ٦Fא
- ١٠٦ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
EFE٥J ٦Fא
- ١٠٧ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
EFE٥J ٦Fא - ١٠٨ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Couplers א٤J ٦
אאא EPassive ComponentsFא
אאESplitF אאאאאאECombineF
אאאאאK אא א
،אאEPowerFא אאKא
،אא אא
אאאEאFאא١J ٦א Wא
אאאאאE١J ٦F
Number of Output Ports
EאFא 2 4 5 8 10 15 20 50 100 400 1000
Fraction of Output Power in each Output
Loss in dB
א
אאא
0.5 0.25 0.2 0.125 0.1 0.067 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.0025 0.001
3 6 6.99 9 10 11.76 13 16.99 20 26 30
WאG Fraction of Output Power in each Output = 1 / Number of Output Ports Loss in dB = 10 Log ( Number of Output Ports ) - ١٠٩ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Excess Loss אא
K אאאאא אא Wאאאאא
⎛ P1 + P2 + ...... + Pn ⎞ ⎟ (6.12) Exess Loss [dB] = 10 Log ⎜⎜ ⎟ P in ⎝ ⎠
Coupler Applications א
Wאאא E٦J ٦אאFELocal Area NetworksFאא •
E٧J ٦אאFECable Television DistributionFאא• א EWavelength Division MultiplexingFאאאאא • KE٨J ٦אאF
Coupler Characteristics א
Wאאאא EDirectionality of Light TransmissionFא• א ENumber of Inputs and OutputsFאאא • EWavelength SelectivityFאא• א
EType of Transmission: Single or MultimodeFאWא • ESignal AttenuationFא • ESignal SplittingFא •
EPolarization Dependent LossFאא• א - ١١٠ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
Types of Couplers אא
WאאאאאאE٩J ٦Fא
.אאE٦J
٦Fא
אאאE٧J ٦Fא
אאאאאE٨J ٦Fא - ١١١ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
אאאE٩J ٦Fא - ١١٢ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
W١ אא،1.47אאאא KאאFC
W
אאאEF
אאאאEF W٢ א אא אא אא אא .4µmאאEα = 1F K50 µmאאאאא
W٣ אאא אאאאא אאאא אאK1.48א0.4א0.2 K5ºאא
W٤ אאאK2.2 dBאאאאא
K12 µmאאאא
W٥ אK3 dBאאא אאאK2 dBאאאאא
Wאא V = 2.1; n1 = 1.5; MFD = 11.8 µm; a = 5 µm; NA = 0.1 W٦ אאאKאE1 × 16FESplitterF K0.1 mWא2 mWאאא
- ١١٣ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
W٧ EyFאאאאאאאאאא Kאאא
W٨ Wאא
Number of Output Ports
EאFא
Fraction of Output Power in each Output
Loss in dB
א
אאא
6 12 22 30 60 200 2000
W٩ EyFאאאאאאאאאא Kאאא
W١٠ אאאאאא אא א Kאאא
W١١א Kאא ١٢א Kאא
- ١١٤ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אא
אאא
א
W١٣א KEFאאאאאא
- ١١٥ -
אאא
اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ אאאא
אאא
אאא
אאא
٧
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
KKKאאאאאWאא
WאאאאWאא
אאאJ
אאאאJ אאאאאאJ אאאJ
אאאאאאJ אאאאאJ
EFiber TerminationFאאאJ
K٥Wאא
- ١١٦ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אאא Fiber Optic Installation and Splicing
Fiber Optic Installation אא١J ٧
אאאאא
אK א אא Wאאאאאאא אא •
אאא • • א
אאאEאFא •
KEIndoorFאאEOutdoorFאWא
Outdoor Fiber Optic Cable Installationאאא١J ١J ٧
אאאW אאא אאא אאKאאאאאאא
א،א אא، אאא אאא
אאK
אאWאאאאאK
אאאאאEUnderground Buried Cable InstallationFא
KEAerial InstallationF
- ١١٧ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Buried Cable Installation אא١J ١J ١J ٧
אאא EDuctFא
אאאאאאK א
אאאא אKא KESteel Armored CablesFא
E١J ٧אFאאאא
אא،אא Kאאאאאאא Kא
،PVC אאאאאא
אאKEInner DuctsFאא Wאאאאא
d2 / D2 < 50% (7.1)
KאDא d
אאאאאE١J ٧Fא - ١١٨ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Pulling the Cable א
אאאאא
א،אאא
EDynamometerFאאא Kאאאאאאא
Aerial Installation אאא٢J ١J ١J ٧
אאאאאאא
אE٢J ٧אאFאESteel MessengerF
אאESelf Supporting Fiber Optic CableFאאאאאאא
אאא אאא אK8
Kאאאא
אאאאאאא
Kא
אאאE٢J ٧Fא - ١١٩ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Indoor Fiber Optic Cable
אאאאא٢J ١J ٧ Installation
EDirectlyF،אאאא EאFא،אאאא
אאא،ECable TraysFא אא אאאKאאאאא
אאאאK א
K אEPull PoxesFאא Cable FאאאEVertical InstallationF אאא
K אERisers
Fאאאאאאאאא KEאאא،אאאא
Cable Installation Procedure אאא
אא،אאא
אאK א אELubricantFאא
Wאאאאאא
אאא، א،א E١ Kאא
KאאאאEPull TapeFא E٢
Kאא،אא E٣
FאESwivelFאEPulling EyeFא E٤ Kא،אאEאא
KESwivelFאא E٥ - ١٢٠ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
א א E٦ Kאא
Kאאא8אא E٧
אאאא א E٨ Kאא
א אE6אF E٩ Kאא
אאEאFא،אE١٠ KאK
Installation Recommendations א٣J ١J ٧ Wאאא
אאא• א
אאאאא • אאאא• א
אא •
אאאאאא •
אאאאאא • אאא • א •
W
EFא• א
،• א
אאא • אא • א •
- ١٢١ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Fiber Splicing אא٢J ٧
א אאאאא
אEFusion SplicingFאWאK אאEMechanical SplicingFא،א
Kאאאאאאא، Wאאא
KEMidspanFאאJ
EPigtail AssemblyFJ
Kאאא
Splicing Procedure אאא١J ٢J ٧
،אאEEnd PreparationFאא .١ Wאאא
KEStripping the Cable JacketFאאJ
KEStripping the Buffer or TubeFאאאאאJ
KEGelFאJ
KEStripping the Fiber CoatingFאאאJ
KאאECleaving the FiberFאא .٢
Kאאא .٣
ESplice ProtectorFאאאא .٤ Kאא
KESplice TrayFאא .٥
KESplice EnclosureFאאא .٦
Wאאאאאא - ١٢٢ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אאא،אאאאאW١ Kא
ESplice VanFאאW٢ Kאאאא
אאאא،אW٣ KאEVanFאא
،،אאW٤ Kאא
אאWאאאאW٥ Kא
Splicing Tool Kit אא٢J ٢J ٧ Wאאאא Ruler
Alcohol Cleaning Solutionאא Cable Gel Cleaning Solutionא Cotton Swabs Paper Tissues
Fiber Cleaverאא
Fiber Coating Stripperאאאאא
Fiber Buffer and Tube Stripperאאאאאא Fiber Jacket Stripperאאאא Utility Knifeאא Diagonal Cutterא
- ١٢٣ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Scissors, Serrated bladeא، Tweezers
Protective Glovesאא Splice Protectorאא
Mechanical Splices or Fusion א Splicer Splice Trayאא
ESplice EnclosuresFא Light Source
OTDR and Power Meter אOTDR Large Table and Chairsא
Black Paper Table Cloth
אאאאאאאאא W
Kא
- ١٢٤ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Splicing Method א٣J ٢J ٧
Wאאאאאא Kאאא .١
אאאE3אFאאEFא .٢ KE٣J ٧אאFאא
3 meters or more Buffer or Tube
2 meters or
Fibers
Cable Jacket
Stength Member
אאאאE٣J ٧Fא
א אאא א2א،אא א א .٣ KE٤J ٧אאFא
Kאאאאא .٤
א אאא אאא .٥ KאאאאאאKא
- ١٢٥ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אאאאE٤J ٧Fא ECoatingFאאא אא،אא אאא .٦
אK אאאאא 5 K א5אEBufferF
אא،E٥J ٧אFאאא .٧ KEאאFא
אE٥J ٧Fא
Kאאאאא א.٨ - ١٢٦ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אאאאא .٩ Kא
אE،،Fאאא،אאK١٠
Kא
אאא،אאEFK١١ Kאאאא
אאא،אאEFK١١ Kאאאא
ESplice TrayFאאאא،אK١٢ KE٦J ٧אאFאאאא
אאאאE٦J ٧Fא
OTDREPower MeterFאאאא K١٣ Kא
אאאאאאK١٤
KE٧J ٧FאESplice EnclosureFא
OTDREPower MeterFאאאK١٥ Kא
Kאאאא K١٦
- ١٢٧ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אאאE٧J ٧Fא
Mechanical Splicing אא٤J ٢J ٧
אא
K אEGlueFאאאא ،אא Wאאא
Capillary Splice אא א א אאאאא
KאאאאE٨J ٧אאFEFא
Rotary or Polished Ferrule Splice אאאא
EFerruleF ECoatingFאאאא
א א א אא אKא
KE٩J ٧אאF
- ١٢٨ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אאאאE٨J ٧Fא
אאאאE٩J ٧Fא
V- Groove Splice V-אא
אא אאW אאא
אאאאא
אאאא - ١٢٩ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
א אK אאאK א Kאאאא אא
אא 1 dB0.1 dBאאאאאא Kאאא
Fusion Splicing אא٥J ٢J ٧
אEFusion SplicerFאאאאא
אאEEnd PreparationFאאא
אאאKE١١J ٧אאF אEFא
א אאאאא
Kא
אאE١١J ٧Fא
אא אאאW
Kאא
- ١٣٠ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Wאאאאא Kאא
Kאא א
Kאא
Kאאא
Kאא
Kאאא
KEMicroprocessorFאא
Optical Fiber Termination אא٣J ٧ WEFiber TerminationFאא
א ( Field-Installable Connector )אאאJ
K אאאא א
אאE١٢J ٧אאF אאא
אאאאאאאK אא
אאא א،א
Kאא
א
אא
אאאE١٢J ٧Fא - ١٣١ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
א ( Pigtail Termination )אאאJ
אא אאאא א אאאאK
،אאW אKE١٣J ٧אאFאא
Kאאא،א
אאאE١٣J ٧Fא
אאא،אאא
WEFiber Optic Cable TerminationF
Termination Without Enclosure אא J
K אאא،אאאא
אאאאא אKE١٤J ٧אאF KE6Fאא
- ١٣٢ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Fibers
Connectors
Cable
אE١٤J ٧Fא
Termination in a Splice Enclosure אא J אאאאאא אאאאאא
KEPigtail TechniqueFאאאאאא KE١٥J ٧אאFאאאאא
אאE١٥J ٧Fא
- ١٣٣ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Patch Panel Termination אא J
אאא،אאאא
אאא אאאK
KE١٦J ٧אאF
אאE١٦J ٧Fא
- ١٣٤ -
אא אאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
W١א Kאאאאאא W٢א Kאאאאאאאאאאא W٣א Kאאאאאאא W٤א Kאאאאא W٥א Kאאאאא W٦א אאאK אאאא א Kא
W٧א Kאאאאא W٨א Kאאאאאא W٩א KEPigtail TerminationFאאאאאא W١٠א Kאאאאא א KאאאאאאאW١١א W١٢ א،אא20 mm Kאאא
- ١٣٥ -
אאא
اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ אאאא
אאא
אאאא
אאאא
٨
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
KKKאאאאאאאאאWאא
WאאאאWאא
KאאאאJ
KאאאאJ
KאאאאJ KאאאאאJ
KאאאאאJ
KאאאאאJ K٦Wאא
- ١٣٦ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
אאאא Light Sources and Optical Photodetectors
אאאאאאא
Kאאא،א
Light Sources אא١J ٨
א אאאאאאאא
אאאK א אאא ،EElectrical SignalsFאאאאא
אאא
Kאא
ELight Emitting DiodeFאאW אא
،ELDFELaser DiodeFאELEDFאא אאאאא ،אאK Kא
Source Requirements א١J ١J ٨
אאאאאאאא
Wאא
אEאFאאאא Kא
א EmWFאאאא Kאא
- ١٣٧ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
KאE σλ Fאא
אאESource Emitting AreaFאא Kאא،EFiber Core AreaFא
אא،אא، אאא א Kאא
KאEModulation AbilityFא
EModulation RateF Kא
Kאאאא Kא
Operating Wavelengths אאא
א אאאאאא،
אאאאK א
אאאאאא א،אא
Wאא
אאאא،אאλ = 850 nmJ
Kאאאאא
Kא λ = 1300 nmJ
א،א λ = 1550 nmJ
Kאאאאא
Kאאאאא λ = 650 nmJ
אESpectral WidthFאאא
אKELinewidthFא،א - ١٣٨ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
50 %אאאאאE σλ Fא KE١J ٨אאFאאאא
Power, max -
σλ
max/2-
λ , nm 840
850
860
870
E σλ FאאE١J ٨Fא
50 nm20 nmאאאא
אאאאאאK1 nmא
Wאאא
Kאאאא
Kאא Kא
Output Power and Light Coupling אאאא
אאא אאאאא אEµWF
א אאKאאא100א Wא،E1 % Fא
KERadiation AngleFאאאא א - ١٣٩ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
KELight Emitting AreaFאאא א
KEAlignment of the Source and FiberFאאאא KEFiber Numerical ApertureFא א
WE٢J ٨ Fאאאאא
אא
אא
LED
Fiber Core
אא
אאאE٢J ٨Fא
א אאא
WאאEηc FאE Coupling EfficiencyFא (8.1) η c =
Pin Ps
KאאאPs،א אאאPin
Modulation א
אאאא ، אאאאאא א،אאאא EDirectlyF
א אKאאאאEDirect ModulationFא - ١٤٠ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
KEExternal ModulationFאאא
KE10 Gbit/sFאא،א
Light Emitting Diodes אא٢J ١J ٨
אאאאאאאאא
؛E125 Mbit/sFאא
אאאאKELAN NetworksFאא
Kאא650 nm1300 nm850 nm
אאEPN JunctionFPNאא
،EאאאאFאא
אKא אאאא
אאאאא،אא
KEForward BiasF
GaAsWESemiconductor MaterialsFאאאא
ECompoundsFאאאאGaAsP, InGaAsP אאאאא،אאא
Kא
א אאאאא א
אאEPhotonsFאW א
W
(8.2) E g = hf =
hc λ
c،אf، אEEnergy GapFאEg
אאKEh = 6.626 × 10-34 J.sFh،א
Wλ
- ١٤١ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
(8.3) λ =
hc Eg
א[µm]אא،Ee.vFאא
WאאאE8.3Fא (8.4) λ =
1.24 Eg
אאאE١J ٨Fאאאאא
Kא
אאאאאE١J ٨F אא
Wavelength [µm]
א
Energy Gap [e.v]
1.107 µm
1.12
1.850 µm
0.67
0.867 µm
1.43
1.329 µm
0.933
1.3 µm
0.9538
1.55 µm
0.8
א
Material
א א GaAs AlGaAs InGaAs InGaAsP
،אאאא ، EPFא Kאאאא
Wאאאאא P = [ Po cosΦ ]m
(8.5) - ١٤٢ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
m אא Φ،א אאאאPo
אאm = 1KE Distribution Parameter, m ≥ 1 Fא KE٣J ٨אאFELambertian DistributionF
Power m=1 Po Po cos Φ
Φ
Distance
0
אE٣J ٨Fא WאאאאEPcFאאא Pc = Po [1 − ( cos θ a ) m+1 (8.6)
Kאאθa ١J ٨ ،1.48א،50 µmאWאא1 km אאאK1.46א
K
- ١٤٣ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
Pc = Po [1− ( cos θ a ) m +1
Wא WE8.6Fא
Pc = Po [1− ( cos θ a )1+1 = Po [1 − ( cos θ a ) 2 = Po [ NA]2
= Po [ sin θa ]2 Pc = NA 2 Po
⇒ = 0.242 NA =
⇒ NA Loss = 10 log
n12 − n 22 =
(1.48) 2 − (1.46) 2 P ⇒ c = (0.242) 2 Po
Pc = 10 log ( 0.242 ) 2 = 12.3 dB Po
Wא،אאא
10 Log (NA)2 = 20 Log (NA)
KאאאאאאE٢J ٨Fא
אאאאאאE٢J ٨F א Material
א Type *
אא Wavelength [nm]
א אא אא Spectral Width Output Power Forward Current [nm] [µW] [mA]
AlGaAs
SLED ELED
660 850
20 35 - 65
190 - 1350 10 - 80
20 60 - 100
GaAs
SLED ELED
850 850
40 35
80 - 140 10 - 32
100 100
InGaAsP
SLED ELED ELED
1300 1300 1550
110 25 40 - 70
10 – 50 10 – 150 1000 - 7500
100 30 – 100 200 - 500
- ١٤٤ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
Wאאא*
SLED: Surface Emitter Light Emitting Diode ELED: Edge-Emitter Light Emitting diode
Laser Diode א٣J ١J ٨
אאא1970אאאא
W א אאא" Laser "אאKאא
אW אLight Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Kאאא
،אאאאאא ،אאאEAmplificationF אאאW
Spontaneous FELEDFאאאK
א،EStimulated EmissionFאאEEmission
אא،אא אא K א
א،אא אאאאאא
א אא אאא K אא
Kאאא،אא א
Cautions Wא
Kאאא• א Kאאא •
KEPowered OffFKא،א •
אאאאאF אאא • KEאא
אאאא • Kא،א - ١٤٥ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
אאאא אאא א
Kא
Laser Characteristics א٤J ١J ٨
אא، אאאא
W
Laser Quantum Efficiency אא
א אאאאא
אאKאא
אIthאThreshold Current WאEηFאא،KEInjection Current F
(8.7) η =
∆P ∆I
א∆I، אאאא ∆P KE٤J ٨אאFאאא
- ١٤٦ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
Power, mW
∆P ∆I
I, mA 0
Ith
אאE٤J ٨Fא
א،אא א אא
Kאאη = 0.7אKאאא
Threshold Current Temperature Dependence אאא
אK אאאאE٥J ٨Fא
،א אאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
א אאאאאא K אאאאא אא א א K אאא
Kאא
- ١٤٧ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
אאאE٥J ٨Fא
Frequency Chirp אאא
אאאאאWא
א אאא אא אאK אאאאאא
EDynamic ShiftF אאאאא K אאEσλFאא،אא Dynamic Response אא
EDelayFאאאאאא
אFאאא،EtdFאא
Relaxation Oscillation(RO) אא10 GHz א KאאאאKE
- ١٤٨ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
Light Output
RO
Time 0
td
אאE٦J ٨Fא
Mode Hopping א
אא אאאא
א אאK אאא، א
K אאאאאא Kאאאאא
Rise and Fall Time אא
אא אא אאא
K0.1 ns،ENanosecondF
Reliability א
אK אאאאאא
אאאאא אאא
K105104אאאKאא - ١٤٩ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
Optical Photodetectors אאא٢J ٨
א אאאא אאא
K אאאאאא، EאF
אאאאא א א KEPhotodiodeFאאאא
Photodetector Requirementsא١J ٢J ٨
Wאאאאאאא، א KאאאEHigh SensitivityF
KEאאאFEHigh Quantum EfficiencyF KEShort Response TimeFא KEMinimum Noise ProducedF
KEStability of Performance CharacteristicsFאאא א KאESmall SizeF KELow Bias VoltageFא KEHigh ReliabilityF א KELow CostF
אא،אאאאא
אאאאאKE٧J ٨אאFPN
،אא אא ،אKRLELoadF אא אEAbsorption RegionFאאאאא
EElectronFW אEActive RegionFא א Bias Fא אEHoleFא - ١٥٠ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
EReverse BiasFאEVoltage KEPhotocurrentFאאRLא Vb
RL
P
N
photons
PNאאE٧J ٨Fא
Cd،E٨J ٨Fאאא، KEPhotodiode CapacitanceFאא
RL Ip
+ Cd −
Photons
אאאאאE٨J ٨Fא
- ١٥١ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
Quantum Efficiency אא
אא אEηFאא
אאאאא،אא
KE0.7אFאא Responsivity א
אERFאאא אא Optical FאאEIpFאאEPhotocurrentFאאא
K[A/W]אEPoFאאEPower (8.8) R =
Ip
Po
Wאאאאאא (8.9) I p =
η Po e hf
E8.8FאE8.9FאK1.602 × 10-19אe (8.10) R =
(8.11) R =
ηe hf
ηe λ hc
W
אF λאא אאא אR
KP-I-Nא1 A/WE٩J ٨א
א100 µW0.8 A/Wא אאא Wאאא
- ١٥٢ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
I p = R Po = 100 µW × 0.8 A/W = 80 µA
R [ A/ W] ( ) ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲIdeal ( ) اﻟﻌﺎديTypical
0
0.5
1
λ, µm
λc
אאאאE٩J ٨Fא
٢J ٨ 850 nmאא3 × 1011אאא אאאK1.2 × 1011א،
K
Wא Wאאאא 1.2 × 1011 3 × 1011
= = 1.2 × 1011 / 3 × 1011 = 0.4 = 40 %.
WE١١J ٨Fאא R= - ١٥٣ -
ηe λ hc
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
= 0.274 A / W. =
0.4 ×1.602 ×10 −19 × 0.85 ×10 −6 6.626 ×10 −34 × 3 ×10 8
٣J ٨ K1.5 × 10-1965 %א W
אEF
אא2.5 µAאאאEF Kא
Wא WאאאE٢J ٨Fא EF
Eg = hf = hc/λ = 1.32 µm = 1320 nm.
6.626 × 10 −34 × 3 × 10 8 1.5 × 10
λ = hc/Eg =
−19
WPoאאRE١٠J ٨FEF = 0.694 A/W
0.65 × 1.602 × 10 −19 1.5 × 10 −19
= R=
ηe hf
WE٨J ٨Fא P0 = 2.5 × 10-6 / 0.694 = 3.6 µW. R =
- ١٥٤ -
Ip
Po
Response Time א
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
אאאאאאאא
EtrFERise TimeFאא،
،א אKEtfFEFall TimeFא K0.1 nsא،אא
WאאאEBWFא
(8.12) BW =
0.35 tr
E٨J ٨אאFCאRא، Wא
(8.13) BW =
1 2 π R L Cd
Bias Voltage א
EPא NאFא
א،א אאK אא
KAPD200 V5 V
- ١٥٥ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
Photodetector Types אאאא٢J ٢J ٨
، אא אאאאא
W
PN Photodiode PN
PNאאאאאאאא
אאאאא אאאאאאאאאאK אא Kאאא،אאא
P-I-N Photodiode P-I-N
،PNP-I-Nא
KEiFאEIntrinsicFNPא ،א،אאאא
Kאא PNא
Eb
Ip
P
i
- ١٥٦ -
N
RL
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
P-I-NאאE١٠J ٨Fא
WP-I-Nאא
K20 V5 VאJ
5 psnsאJ
K850 nmאא0.7 A/WאאJ
Avalanche Photodiode ( APD )
אEAPD photodiodeFאאאאאא
P-I-NאAPDאK ESensitivityF
אאאK אאאאא
Wא
אEi-regionFאאאEVbFאאא
אאE 105V/cmאFאא،
אאEelectron-hole pairsFא EMFEAvalanche GainFאאא
50 VAPDאאאאK200א
APDאאאאK400 V
Kאאאאא،אאא
Phototransistors אאאא
אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאKא
K א،אאאא
EBipolar Junction TransistorFאאאWאאאא
EField Effect TransistorFאאאאEBJTFאא
אאא אKEFETFאא - ١٥٧ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
אאאאאאאאKאאא Kאא
Wאאאאאא
K1.1 µmESiFאJ
K1.6 µmEGeFאJ
K1.6 µmInGaAsInGaAsJ
KאאאאאאE٣J ٨Fא
אאאאאE٣J ٨F
Materialא InGaAs Ge
Si
א Type
א
א Unit
Symbol
nm
λ
א parameter
1.0 – 1.7
0.8 – 1.8
0.4 - 1.1
0.5 - 0.95
0.8 – 0.87
0.4 - 0.45
P-I-N
A/W
R
א
60 - 70
50 - 55
75 - 90
P-I-N
%
η
אא
10 - 40
50 - 200
M
אא
1 – 20 1-5 0.0025- 40 1.5 – 3.5 0.155 – 53 2.5 - 4 5-6 20 - 30
50 - 500 50 - 500 0 - 0.0015 1.5 6 - 10 20 - 40
nA
Id
אא
GHz
BW
א
Gbit/s
BR
א
V
V
א
J
1 – 10 0.1 - 1 0.125 - 1.4 0.01 50 - 100 200 - 250
APD P-I-N APD P-I-N APD P-I-N APD P-I-N APD
J
אא
- ١٥٨ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
Photodiode Noise אאא٣J ٢J ٨
אאאא אא K،א
Dark Current Noise אא
אאאאEIdFאEDark CurrentFא
אא،א
אאאאKאא ،
אאאאאא، א Wאאא
؛אאאJ ؛אאJ
؛אאJ
אא،אאאאאאא
א1 µAאאאKאא
Kא
Shot Noise א
אאאEIpFאאאא ErmsFא،אאK א
Wא EIsFא
(8.14)
- ١٥٩ -
I s2 =
2eB I p
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
אאאאFאאאB Noise Fא،אאKEאא
WאאאאEPower (8.15) Is2 = 2 e B I p
Noise Equivalent Power אא
אאאENEPFאא
1 אא
WאNEP،KHz (8.16) ≈
for small Id
(8.17) ≈
for high Id
2hc NEP ηλ
h c 2e I d η eλ
KE1 nAאFאאE1 µAאFאא
Detectivity א
Wאאאא (8.18)
1 =D NEP
אED*FESpecific DetectivityFאאא Wאאאאא (8.19) D* = D A
- ١٦٠ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
٤J ٨ 100 × 50 µmא P-I-N ENEPFאאK1300 nmאא55% K8 nAאאאאאא
Wא WE8.17Fא NEP ≈
h c 2e I d η eλ
6.626 × 10 −34 × 3 × 108 2 × 1.602 × 10 −19 × 8 × 10 −9
=
0.55 × 1.602 × 10 −19 × 1.3 × 10 −6
10-14 W × = 8.78 E8.19Fא،אא D* = D A 10-14 W = 1.139 × 1013 ×
D = 1 / NEP = 1 / 8.78
1.139 × 1013 100 × 10 −6 × 50 × 10 −6
/ W. Hz
D* = = 8.1 × 108 m
Minimum Detectable Power ( MDP ) אאא
אא אאאאאא
אאא אF KEאאאאא
אאEMDPFאאEאFא
א אא
KאES/N = 1F0 dBאאא (8.20) MDS = NEP BW - ١٦١ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
Excess Avalanche Noise Factor אאא
אא ،אאאא
WאאאKא
(8.21)
x
F(M) = M x،EFאאM
K10.70.5 0.3אxKא
WאאKאאאא
٥J ٨ Wא
θa = 14ºאאJ
50 µmאJ
5 mm2אאJ
S = 5 mmאאאJ
KECoupling LossאFאאאא Light emitting area θa
Photosensitive area
s = 3 mm
Wא אEAFאאאאא
Wאא
- ١٦٢ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
2
d⎞ ⎛ π ⎜ S tan θ + ⎟ = πr 2 A = 2⎠ ⎝ = 3.14 { 2.5 tan (14º ) + 0.05 / 2 } = 1.33 mm2
Wאאאאא = 14º θa
d/2
S
Fiber
r1
אאאא Wא
r1 = S tan θa
tan θa = r1 / S
Wאאא R = r1 + d/2
= S tan θa + d/2 Kאd
،אאEA = 1.33 mm2Fאאא
W( NA = 0.5 )א Kא
θ a = sin −1 (0.5) = 30 o 0.05 ⎞ ⎛ 2 A = π ⎜ 2.5 tan 30 ° + ⎟ = 6.78 mm 2 ⎠ ⎝
Wאאאאא ⎛ 5 ⎞ = 10 Log ⎜ ⎟ = 1.332 dB. ⎝ 6.78 ⎠ - ١٦٣ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
W١ אאא Power, mW 2-
λ , nm 840 850 860 870
W
KאאEF KEσλFאאאאEF
W٢ KEg = 0.939EInGaAsPFELEDF W
K[nm]אאאאEF
KאאאאEF
W٣ אKm = 2ELEDF אאא
Kn1 = 1.5, n2 = 1.48, W אאאאאאא
K100 µWאאאאאאא m =2
MM Fiber
- ١٦٤ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
W٤ Kאאאאא W٥ KאאאאאEIpFאא W٦ WאאאEIthFאאE٥J ٨Fא
א אאאאאK10º, 30º, 50º K
Power, mW 610
10
20
30
40
I, mA
W٧ אאאאEF Wאא
W
KאאEηFאא EF
KEIthFא E F
W٨ 1.3 µmאא2 × 109אאא K1.5 × 1010אאאא،
W
KאEηFא אEF
F KERFאאא E
- ١٦٥ -
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאאא
אאא
א
W٩ 70 %אאא K1.277 × 10-19 Jאא
W١٠ אאP-I-NENEPFאא
K75 %א1300 nm
W١١ Wאאאאאאא θa LED m=2
photosensitive area (1 mm2 )
Fiber, n1 = 1.48, n2 = 1.45
s = 3 mm
W١٢א Kאאאאאאאאאא W١٣א Kλ= 1.55 µm, λ= 1.3 µm, λ= 0.85 µm, Wאאאאא W١٤א Kאאאאאא W١٥א Kאאאאאא W١٦א אאאאאא אא
KESensitivityFאENoiseFא،ESpeedFאא W١٧א Kאאאא - ١٦٦ -
אאא
اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ אאאא
אאא
אא
אא
٩
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
KKKאאאאאWאא
WאאאאWאא
KאאאאאJ KאאאJ
KאאאאאאJ
KאאאאאאJ
K٤Wאא
- ١٦٧ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אא Fiber Optic System Design
אאאאא
אא אא،אאאא
K אא Kאאאאאא
Component Selection אא١J ٩
،אאאאאא EDistortionFא ،EBandwidthFאאא
אא KESignal to Noise RatioFאא
א Bit RateFאEBit Rateper Second Fאאא
Kא EError
Wאאאאא KWא Kאא
Kאאא א Kאאא Kא Kא Kא
Kא א K א
Kאא א - ١٦٨ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Light Sourceאא١J ١J ٩
W אא אאאא
WאאאKELaserFאELEDFאא
KEVFFאאEIFFאאJ KEλFאאאJ KEσλFאJ KEPoutFאJ
KEtfFאEtrFאJ
ELaserFא
Wא
K
Kא
Kא
Kאא
Wא
Kא K
ELEDFאא
Wא
K
Kא
Kא א
KEF א - ١٦٩ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Kאאא
Kאאאא
Kאאא א
Optical Fiber אא٢J ١J ٩
Wאאאאאאאא
KאJ
K[dB/km]אJ KאאJ
KאאאJ KאאJ
KאJ
KאאJ
KEאאFאאJ
אאאW א
Kאא
אא
Wא
אאא K
K1550 nm1300 nmאא
Kאאאא
Wא
- ١٧٠ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
ESplicingFאאאא KETerminationFא
אאאאא א KEאאאFאא
K א א
אא
Wא
K
KELAN NetworksFא KאEאF
Kא א
Kאאאאא א
א אאא
Kאאאאא
Fiber Optic Cableאא٣J ١J ٩
K אאאאא،
Wאאאאא
KאאJ
KאJ
KאאJ
KאאJ
KEkg/kmFאאJ
- ١٧١ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Optical Photodetectorאא٤J ١J ٩
אא،אאא אא
KAPDאאp-i-nאW אא Wאאאא
KEReceiver SensitivityFאJ KEאFאJ
KאאJ KאאJ
،אאא p-i-n א
אאאאAPD אKAPD K
Optical Link Budgetאאא٢J ٩
אEPower BudgetFאאאאא
אאאEאFאאא
WDMא،א،א،א،אKא
אאא،א،אאאאאKאKKK Wאא،אאא K
:1300 nmאאאא
-أ
Wא
-ب
5.4 dB 0.35 dB/km15.5 km
0.2 dB 0.1 dB
Wא
-ت
1.0 dBאא0.5 dB 0.0 dBאא -ث - ١٧٢ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
2.0 dBא א-ج
8.6 dBא -ح
- 10 dBm
אאא
- 18.6 EJ Fאא
-خ -د
dBm
- 10dBm to – 25 dBm א א-ذ - 25 dBm
10-9א -ر
6.4 dBEJ Fא א-ز
Wאאא Link Optical Budget Example:
(a) Optical fiber loss at 1300 nm: 15.5 km length at 0.35 dB/km 5.4 dB (b) Splice loss: 2 splices at 0.1 dB/splice 0.2 dB (c) Connection loss: 2 connections at 0.5 dB/connection 1.0 dB 0.0 dB (d) Other component loss (e)
Design margin
2.0 dB
(f)
Total link loss
8.6 dB
(g) Transmitter average output power
(i)
- 10 dBm
(h) Receiver input power: - 18.6 dBm - 10 to – 25 dBm
(g–f) Receiver dynamic range
(j)
Receiver sensitivity at BER 10-9
(k) Remaining margin
(h–j)
- ١٧٣ -
- 25 dBm 6.4 dB
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Design Procedure אאא٣J ٩
K אאאאא אאאאאWא
א אאא אאאאא
Kאא
Wא
WE١J ٩אFאאאא א.١ KאJ
KאJ
KאאJ
KאאאEMHz.kmFאJ
KאאJ
KאאאJ
Wאאאא
אאאאא=אא Wא .٢
KאאJ
KאאאJ KאאאJ אאJ
KאאאJ
Kאאאא .٣
Kאא א.٤ - ١٧٤ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אאא١J ٩ א
Number
א Fiber type [ µm ]
א
א
Fiber א Attenuation Fiber [ dB/km ] NA
א
אא
Fiber Bandwidth [ MHz × km ]
Maximum Loss [ dB] at 850 nm
Maximum Length [ km ]
1
50 / 125
3.0
0.2
50
2.0
0.6
2
50 / 125
2.7
0.2
50
2.0
0.7
3
62.5 / 125
3.5
0.29
50
5.0
1.4
4
62.5 / 125 100 / 140 100 / 140
3.0 5.0 4.0
0.29 0.29 0.29
50 50 50
5.0 9.5 9.5
1.6 1.5 1.8
5 6
١J ٩ ،1.2 kmE١J ٩אאFא Kא
אE١J ٩Fא
Wא אאE100/140FE62.5/125FאE١J ٩Fא .١ KEא4FאKא1.2 km
Wא .٢
- ١٧٥ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
K1.2 kmאאJ
.2אאJ
K3אאJ
KWאאJ
Wאא .٣
W850 nmאאאJ
3.6 dB3 dB/km1.2 km
0.3 dBK0.1 dB3 WאJ
2.0 dBK1 dB WאJ 0.0 dB אא אJ
2.0 dB א אJ
7.9 dB אאJ
אE5 dBFאאאE١J ٩FK٤
KאE- 2.9 dBFאא،אא Kא
א9.1 dB אאאאא6א
Kאאאאא
KאאאאW
٢J ٩ Wאא ؛EdF80 µmאJ
؛EαF5 dB/kmאJ
؛EPinF-16 dBmאאאJ
؛EPrF-30 dBmאJ - ١٧٦ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
؛EF،EAcF1.5 dBאJ ؛E MF5 dBאאJ
KאאEF
KאאאEF
Wא Wאאא
M = Pin – α.L – 2Ac – Pr
5 dB = – 16 dBm – α L – 2×1.5 – (–30 dBm) α L = 6dB ⇒ L = 6dB / 5dB/km = 1.2 km
Wאאא אא Power, dBm
-16 -18 -19.5 - 21.5 -23 -25 -30
M = 5 dB
- 30 0
0.4
0.8
1.2
Length, km
0
Passive Components אא٤J ٩ אאאW אא ، אאEPassive ComponentsFא
א،EFiber-Optic NetworksFאאאא - ١٧٧ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אאאEActive ComponentsFאא
אK אאאאאא ،א،א،א אאא
W،אא
WDM componentsאאאא
אאאאאא
WEWDMFאאEWavelength Division MultiplexingF
Multiplexerא
אאאא
Kאאא
Demultiplexer א
،אא אאאא
Kא
Router א
א
Kאאא
Add / Drop Multiplexer א
Bit FאEChannelFאאאא
KאEStream
Filters א - ١٧٨ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אאא Kאא
Attenuatorsא
،EOverloadFאא אאא
אאאKאא Kאאאא
Optical Isolatorsאאא
אאK אאאא א אאאא אאאא Kאאא
Active Componentsאא٥J ٩
Wאאאאאא
Modulation and Modulatorsאא
א א،אא
Kאאאא
אEDirect ModulationFאאאא
KELEDFאאאאאאEInjection CurrentFא אאE1 Gbit/sאFאאאא ؛ELimited output PowerFאא J
؛ELimited Modulation SpeedFא J
KEOn-Off RatioFאאאאא J
؛ENonlinear EffectsFאא אJ - ١٧٩ -
Wא
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
؛EFrequency ChirpFאא אJ
אאאא אאא אאאא،EExternal ModulationFאא
KEElectro-Optical ModulatorFאא
Optical Switchesאא
،אאאאאאא
אאאאKאא א
אאאK א Kאאאאא
Wאאאא
؛אERoute RestorationFאאJ
؛EChanging ConfigurationFאJ
Dynamically Switching Large FאאאאJ
؛Eblocks of Traffic
Wavelength Management in WDM FWDMאאאJ
KEsystems
KEOutputsFאEInputsFאאאא
Wavelength Converters אא
א אאא א
אאאאא،E٣J ٩אאF
- ١٨٠ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
KEWDM SystemsFאא
אאE٣J ٩Fא
אאאEIndex Matching GelFאא
KEFiber ReelsFא
- ١٨١ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
W١ Wאאאא 62 µmא .
1 dB/kmא
.
- 10 dBmאאאא
.
5 kmאא
.
- 40 dBmא .
22 kmאא .
1 dBא .
Kאאא W٢ ،אאא אא W
Power, mW
- 12 - 16
- 19 - 20 - 22 - 22.5 - 23.5 0
3
5
6
Length, km
אאEF
אEF
אאEF - ١٨٢ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
W٣ Wאא 155 Mbit/sא . 25 µmא . 0.7 dB/kmא .
0 dBmאאא א. 5 dBא א. 6 kmא
.
0.5 dB3א .
W
אEF
אאEF
אאאEF W٤ 34 Mbit/s1 kmא
א،אא250 metersאאא
KE١J ٩אFK0.8 dBאא
W٥ אK1kmE٤Fאאאאא Kא
W٦א Kאאא אא
- ١٨٣ -
אא אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
W٧א Kאאאאאא W٨א Kאאאאאא W٩א ؟אאאאא W١٠א KאKאאאאאאא W١١א ؟אאאאאאא W١٢א ؟אאא W١٣א א אאאאאא Kאא
W١٤א אאאאאאא Kאא
- ١٨٤ -
אאא
اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ אאאא
אאאא
אאא
١٠
אאאא
אא אאאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
KאאאאאאאWאא
WאאאאWאא
KאאאאאאJ
KאאJ
KאאאאאJ KOTDRאאאJ
ت٣Wאא
- ١٨٥ -
אא אאאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אאאא Fiber-Optic Measurements and Testing
،אאאאאא אאא אאא
אK ، א،EαFא، אא
אא،EMFDFא،ENAFאא،EBWFא
KאKKKא،EλcF
אא،אא אW א KOTDR
Power Meter Measurements אאא١J ١٠
אאאאאא
אאא אK אאא אאK אאא אאאא
Wאאאאאא
Optical Power Meter א
Wאא
אאא
אא
EdB & dBmFאא E± 0.1 dBF
אאא
- ١٨٦ -
אא אאאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Light Source אא
Wאאאאא אאא
אאא
אא
אאא א
Test Patch Cords א
א אאאא
אאאK אאאאE١J ١٠אאFאא Wאאאא
אא
אאאא אאא
אאאא
אE١J ١٠Fא - ١٨٧ -
אא אאאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Adaptor א
אאאאא Kאא
Cleaning Kit אאא
אאאאא אאא
Kאאא
WE٢J ١٠אFאא،אאא
Patch Panel A
Patch Panel B
א
א
MM Fiber, L = 10 km
Power meter -20 dBm
Laser P
Adapter Loss = 0.5 dB
Patch Cord, 0.8 dB
Patch Cord, 1 dB
א
א
אאE٢J ١٠Fא WאאאאEאFאאאאאא Total Link Loss = Laser Output - Power Meter Reading = -5 dBm - (-20 dBm ) = 15 dB Fiber Loss = Total Link Loss – Patch Cord Loss – Adapter Loss = 15 dB – 0.8 dB – 1 dB – 0.5 dB – 0.5 dB = 12.2 dB Fiber Loss per km = 12.2 dB / 10 km = 1.22 dB/km.
- ١٨٨ -
אא אאאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Patch Cord Losses א ٢J ١٠
، אאאא
WE٣J ١٠אאFאאא KאEConnectorsFא K١
Kאאאאאאא K٢
EAFאא dBm א K٣
KPref(dBm)אEReference ReadingFא KאאdBא
KEAFאאאאEBFאא K٤
אL (dB) א אאא K٥ KEBFא
(A) א Power Meter
Light Source
ﺟﻬﺎز ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة
اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻟ
EF
Light Source
(B) א
(A) א
Power Meter
ﺟﻬﺎز ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة
اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻟ
Adaptor א EF אE٣J ١٠Fא - ١٨٩ -
אא אאאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
EBFאdBא K٦ Wאא
L (dB) = PRef (dBm) - Pmeter (dBm)
(10.1)
KdBmאאאאPmeter (dBm) KאאאאאEAFא
Fiber Optic Link Loss Measurement אא٣J ١٠
אאאאא אאא
אאאא WאאאאאKאא KאEConnectorsFא K١
Kאאאאאאא K٢
אאאאאא אא א K٣ Kא
אאאא K٤ ،E٢J ١٠FאBAאא
KPref(dBm)אאאא
אאאאאא K٥ Kאא
KPmeterאאאאאא K٦
א אKEdBFאאא
Wא،א L (dB) = Pref (dBm) - Pmeter (dBm)
Kאאאאאאא K٧ - ١٩٠ -
אא אאאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Optical Return Loss Measurement אא٤J ١٠ א אאאא א אא،אאאא EReflected PowerF
אKEאאFאאEPrefF WאאEORLFאאאאאא
,
[dB]
(10.2)
Pref Pinc
ORL = 10 log
KאEאאFEIncident PowerFאאPinc
אאא ،EConnectorsFאאאא
אא،א،EWDM devicesFא KERayleigh ScatteringFאאאא
אEOptical Return Loss Test Set Fאא
K א EOTDRFאEORL Test SetFאא
אאאא
אאא אאKE– 50 dBF Kא
ORL Test Set אא
KאEConnectorsFא K١
KאאEORL Test SetF K٢
Kאאאא K٣
KE٤J ١٠אאFאאאEORL Test SetF K٤ Kאאא K٥ - ١٩١ -
אא אאאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Patch Panel A
Patch Panel B
א
א ORL Test Set
Light Equipment Turned off
Fiber
اﻷﺟﻬﺰة Patch Cord
Patch Cord
א
א
ORLאאאE٤J ١٠Fא
OTDR Measurements OTDR אא٥J ١٠
אאאאאאאOTDR
אOptical Time Domain Reflectometerא
אאאאאאא
،א אאא אאא
KE٥J ١٠אאFאאא
OTDRE٥J ١٠Fא - ١٩٢ -
אא אאאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אאEאFOTDR K אא אא
אאEFiber TraceFאאאא
Wאאא
EFiber AttenuationFא
EFiber LossFא
ESplice LossFא
EReflectanceF א
EOptical Power of the Reflected LightFאא EORLFאא
EFiber Fault LocationFא
אאאא
אETF אאאאא א
WאאאאEDFאKECounterF
Fiber
Fault ﻗﻄﻊ
OTDR
D [meters] =
co × T 3 ×108 × T = 2 n1 2 n1
n1،E2FאאאאאT Kאאאcoאא
אאאאא W Kאאא - ١٩٣ -
אא אאאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Test Equipments אאא١J ٥J ١٠ OTDR K١
אאאJ
אאJ
אEDynamic RangeFאJ
אאאJ
אESoftwareFאאJ Test Patch Cords א .٢
אאJ
אאאJ
אאאאJ
KאEPigtailFאא ( Cleaning Solutions, Swabs, Compressed Air,… )אא .٣
אEAdaptersFאEConnectorsFאאא
KאאאEFiber EndsFא
( Fiber Adapter ) K٤
אאאאא( Index Matching Gel )א K٥ Kאאא
K( Cleaver )אא K٦
K( Cable and Fiber Stripper )אא K٧
אאאא( Dead Zone Fiber ) K٨ KOTDR
אאERangeFאOTDRאא Wאא - ١٩٤ -
אא אאאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
١J ١٠ EDynamic RangeF 1550 nmאאOTDR
אאאאאK25 dBא KEאאאFα = 0.25 dB/km
Wא
אאאERangeFא
Wא
= 100 km for λ = 1550 nm
25dB D OTDR (dB) = Range [km] = 0.25dB / km α dB / km
OTDR
Optical fiber under test
Patch cord
Fiber adapter or connector
Dead zone fiber (1 km fiber)
OTDR E٥J ١٠Fא
אאאאאOTDRא
א100 km אאאאK100 km Kאא
KאאאאאאW - ١٩٥ -
אא אאאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
OTDR Test Method OTDR אא٢J ٥J ١٠ אאאOTDRאאא
WE٥J ١٠אFאאא
אאEConnectorF אאאא K١ אאאEConnectorizationFא
אא5cmאBufferאאאFאאא
KEאאFאאE2 cmאCoating
EPatch CordFאאאאOTDR K٢
אKEAdapterFאאEPigtailFאאא
KE٥J ١٠אאFאEDead Zone FiberFא
Kאאאאאא K٣ KOTDR אK٤
،א،אאEאFOTDRאאא K٥ KאKKKא،א
אאאEOTDR TestFאא אK٦ KE٦J ١٠אאFאאאEFiber TraceFא
אאE٦J ١٠Fא - ١٩٦ -
אא אאאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
KEResolutionFאא אK٧
א،ESplicesFא،EConnectorsFא אK٨ KEOverall FiberF
אETotal end-to-end Loss in dBFאאא K٩ KEFiber Attenuation in dB/kmFאא
Kאאאא K١٠ Kאאא
KאאאאאE101Fאא K١١
א W Kאאא
KOTDRאאאאא E٧J ١٠Fא
E٨J ١٠Fא - ١٩٧ -
אא אאאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
W١ Wאאאא MM Fiber, L = 10 km
Power meter ?
Laser Adapter Loss = 0.5 dB
P Patch Cord, 0.5 dB
Patch Cord, 0.7 dB
A א
B א
K1.5 dB/km אאאא
W٢ א-20 dBmאאאאאא KאאאKאא
W٣ אK EBFאאEAFאW א FEAFאאאE- 8 dBm FEBFאא
KEAFאKE- 7.5 dBm
W٤ 10 אאאא EORL Test SetFא K1 mWאאאאאאאאאKµW
W٥ אאא ،1.5א
אK20 nsאאאאאOTDRאא Kאאא
- ١٩٨ -
אא אאאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
W٦ Kאאאאא Panel
panel
Laser η=1
Power Meter
FIBER
Ps = 1 mW
- 20 dBm
0.5 dB patch
patch
cord 1dB
cord 1 dB
W٧ 1300 nmאאOTDRאאא K1.5 dB/kmאאא30 dBא
W٨ אאאאא،אאאא K0.3 dB4
patch LASER η = 0.5
patch panel panel POWER METER
FIBER, L = 8 km
Ps = 1 mW
0.5 dB
- 20 dBm
0.8 dB
patch
patch
cord 0.7 dB
cord 1dB
W٩ Wא20 dBאאOTDR ؛62.5 µmא J
؛1300 nmאא אJ
؛8 kmא J
- ١٩٩ -
אא אאאא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Kאא10 nsא rms J
Wאאאאא
Power Level -8 dBm -10 dBm -10.6 dBm
0
2
4
6
Length, km 8
OTDR display trace
W
KאאEF
KאאאEF
KאאאEF
KאאEBW × LFאאEF W١٠א Kאאאאא W١١א Kאאאאא W١٢א KאאOTDRא
- ٢٠٠ -
١
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
FIBER OPTIC RECORD Optical Fiber Attenuation / Loss Test Results אL ----------------------------- ( Physical )ـــــ
Tested by ---------------
Date
Cable length (OTDR) --------------
---------------Start cable jacket sequence no. ------------
End cable jacket sequence NO.
----------------- OTDR location ----------------------------Index of Ref. --------------------------------------Fiber number and bundle color / fiber color
Fiber type Cable manufacturer
Power meter/source type
nm Test wavelength ------------Power OTDR measurements meter loss Average End to end dB attenuation loss dB dB/km
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
- ٢٠١ -
Cable location
OTDR type
nm Test wavelength ------------Power OTDR measurements meter loss Average End to end dB attenuation loss dB dB/km
١
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Optical Splice Test Results א -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Tested by
--------------
Date
Cable length(OTDR) ----------- (Physical) -------- ( Factor) ----------Cable location
-----------------------------
End cable jacket sequence No -------Start cable jacket sequence No.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fiber type --------------Location A ---------------------- Location B.
Cable manufacturer
----------------------- OTDR type
Fiber
ـnumber Splice location from A in km
Test wavelength --------------- nm
Test wavelength --------------- nm
OTDR measurements
OTDR measurements
From location A loss dB
From location B loss dB
Average loss (A+B)/2 dB
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
- ٢٠٢ -
From location A loss dB
From location B loss dB
Average loss (A+B)/2 dB
١
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Equipment Optical Power Record אאאא --------------------------------------------Tested by ---------------
Data
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Location
Power meter model -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Equipment Type
Fiber Jumper FPP Position
Location
- ٢٠٣ -
Output Power dBm
١
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Optical Fiber Return Loss Record אאאא
Tested by ------------------------------------- ------------------- Data -------------------------------------------------------------------Location
Return power loss meter model ---------------------------------------
Fiber FPP Number
Fiber Panel Location
- ٢٠٤ -
Return Loss dB
١
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
Optical Link Budget Estimate אאא
µm-------------- µm / cladding -------------- Optical fiber diameter: core --------------------------Optical fiber numerical aperture (NA):
Lightwave equipment operating wavelength : ------------------
Description a
d
Optical fiber loss at operating wavelength ----------------km length at ------------ dB/km -------Splice loss: dB/splice -------- splices × --------Connection loss: dB/connection------- connection × -----Other component losses:
e
Design margin:
dB
-----
f
Total link loss (a + b + c + d + e)
dB
-----
g
Transmitter average output power:
dB
-----
h
Receiver input power (g-f)
dB
-----
i
Receiver dynamic range:
dB
-----
j
Receiver sensitivity for (BER or S/N)
dB
-----
k
Remaining margin: (h-j)
dB
-----
b C
- ٢٠٥ -
dB
-----
dB
-----
dB
-----
dB
-----
אא
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אאא REFERENCES 1. Bob Chomycz,: Fiber Optic Installer’s Field Manual, McGraw-Hill, 2000. 2. Djafar K. Mynbaev, Lowell L. Scheiner,: Fiber Optic Communications Technology, Prentice Hall, 2001. 3. Franz J.H., Jain V.K.,: Optical Communication Component and Systems, Alpha Science, 2000. 4. Jeff Hechet,: Understanding Fiber Optics, Prentice Hall, 1999. 5. John M. Senior,: Optical Fiber Communications, Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall, 1992. 6. Robbert J. Hoss,: Fiber Optic Communications Design Handbook, Prentice Hall, 1990.
אאא ،א،א،١٩٩٥،אאא،אאK K١ Kאאא
K١٩٨٩L١٤٠٩אאאא،אא،א K٢
K١٩٨٩L١٤١٠אאאא،אא،א K٣
- ٢٠٦ -
א
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
א אא א ٢א א١J ١
٢אאאא
١J ١J ١
٣אאאא
٢J ١J ١
٧אאאא
٤J ١J ١
٥אאא
٣J ١J ١
٨אא٢J ١
٩אא١J ٢J ١
١٢אאא٣J ٢J ١
١١אאאא٢J ٢J ١
١٣אאאא٤J ٢J ١
١٥
אא
אא ١٨א א١J ٢ ٢٠אאא א٢J ٢
٢٣אאאא א٣J ٢ ٢٧אא ٤J ٢ ٢٨
אא אא
٣١אא ١J ٣
٣٢
١J ١J ٣
٣٤אאאא
٣J ١J ٣
٣٣אאא
٢J ١J ٣
א
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
٣٦אא
٣٧אא
٤J ١J ٣
٥J ١J ٣
٣٨אאא ٢J ٣ ٤٠אאא ٣J ٣
٤٠אא
١J ٣J ٣
٤٥אא
٣J ٣J ٣
٤٣אא
٤٩אא
٢J ٣J ٣
٤J ٣J ٣
٥٤אאא٤J ٣ ٥٨
אאא אא
٦٣א א١J ٤
٦٣אאאא
١J ١J ٤
٦٤8א
٢J ١J ٤
٦٦אא
٤J ١J ٤
٦٥אאא
٣J ١J ٤
٦٨אאא٢J ٤
٦٨אאאאא١J ٢J ٤
٧٠אא٣J ٢J ٤
٦٩אאא٢J ٢J ٤
٧٠אא٣J ٤
٧١אאאאא٤J ٤ ٧٥
א
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
אא אאא
٧٧ א١J ٥
٧٨א١J ١J ٥
٨٢א٢J ١J ٥
٨٤ א٢J ٥
٨٦אא
١J ٢J ٥
٨٧אאא
٢J ٢J ٥
٨٩אא٣J ٥ ٩١
אא
אא ٩٥אאאא ١J ٦ ٩٥א
١J ١J ٦
٩٧אאא
٢J ١J ٦
١٠٣א٢J ٦ ١٠٤אא٣J ٦
١٠٤אא١J ٣J ٦
١٠٥אא٢J ٣J ٦
١١٠א٤J ٦
אא
١١٤
אאא ١١٧אא ١J ٧
١١٧אאא
١١٨אא ١J ١J ١J ٧
١J ١J ٧
א
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
١١٩אא א٢J ١J ١J ٧
١٢٠אאאא א٢J ١J ٧ ١٢١א ٣J ١J ٧
١٢٢אא٢J ٧
١٢٢אאא١J ٢J ٧
١٢٥א٣J ٢J ٧
١٢٣אא٢J ٢J ٧ ١٢٨אא٤J ٢J ٧ ١٣٠אא٥J ٢J ٧
١٣١אא٣J ٧ ١٣٥
אא אאאא
١٣٧אא١J ٨
١٣٧א١J ١J ٨
١٤٥א٣J ١J ٨
١٤١אא٢J ١J ٨
١٤٦א٤J ١J ٨
١٥٠אאא٢J ٨
١٥٠א١J ٢J ٨
١٥٩אאא٣J ٢J ٨
١٥٦אאאא٢J ٢J ٨
אא אא
١٦٥
١٦٩א א١J ٩
א
٢٣٩
א
אאא
א
١٧٠אא
١J ١J ٩
١٧٢אא
٣J ١J ٩
١٧١אא
١٧٣אא
٢J ١J ٩ ٤J ١J ٩
١٧٣אאא٢J ٩
١٧٥אאא٣J ٩
١٧٩אא٤J ٩ ١٨٠אא٥J ٩
אא
١٨٣
אאאא ١٨٧אאא
١J ١٠
١٩١אא
٣J ١٠
١٨٩א
١٩٢אא
١٩٣ OTDRאא
١٩٥אא א١J ٥J ١٠
٢J ١٠ ٤J ١٠
٥J ١٠
١٩٦OTDRאא ٢J ٥J ١٠
١٩٩
٢٠٣١
٢٠٢אא
אאאאאא
אEאFאא GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS