Transmission Planning Mod 4

Appendix 3.1 Appendix

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

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Objectives Network Planning - Appendix

3-1-

3

To be able to understand the modulation concepts. To be able in an example to calculate the unavailability objective due to the equipment failures. To be able to understand the general concepts of the M.21xx series and the differences between G.821/826 and M.21xx recommendations.

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Table of Contents Network Planning - Appendix

3-1-

5

Page

Switch to notes view! 1 Refresh on modulation concepts Modulation Concepts BB Transmission Bandwidth Formula Modulated Signal Spectrum 2-PSK 4-PSK 16-QAM 16-TCM Performances Versus Noise Exercise Main Modulation Types Characteristics Thermal Noise (C/N versus BER) Comparison of Different Mod. Schemes Roll-off calculation example Blank Page 2 Equipment unavailability Introduction Unavailability objective Unavailability of a non-protected section (1+0) Unavailability of a protected section (1+1) 3 M.21xx-series Recommendations End of Module - RADIO NETWORK PLANNING

7 8 10 11 12 17 20 22 27 30 31 32 33 37 39 40 41 43 44 47 50 51 54 All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

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Table of Contents [cont.] Network Planning - Appendix

3-1-

6

Switch to notes view!

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3-1-7

Network Planning - Appendix

1 Refresh on modulation concepts

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Modulation Concepts 3-1-8

Network Planning - Appendix

Why modulation? Modulation is necessary to occupy RF narrow bandwidth! Without modulation (BB transmission) the occupied bandwidth is:

Bw =

where:

fb (1 + 2

)

fb = bit rate = roll-off factor

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BB Transmission [cont.] 3-1-9

Network Planning - Appendix

Ideal Transmission Channel

Att. = constant

Att.

Tx

Rx 0

f

0

f

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BB Transmission

3 - 1 - 10

Network Planning - Appendix

Real Transmission Channel Att.

Att. = Kost.

Tx

Rx 1 2fc

Att. =

0

fc

3 2fc

t

f 2 2fc 3

Att.

3

2

1

T=

fc

t

f

T

1 fb

fb = Bit rate frequency

1

Att. =

0 T

2

Att. = Kost.

T

1 1 = fb 2fc

fc =

T

T=

1 2fc

fb 2

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Bandwidth Formula 3 - 1 - 11

Network Planning - Appendix

R(f) a 0.3

0.1

= 1.0

Roll Off =

a = c

C

R(f) -2fC

-fC

+fC

+2fC

Antisymmetrical Freq. Responce

-fc

r (t)

+f c = 1.0 = 0.3

Ideal Freq. Responce

0 < fb Bw = 2

= 0.1

Bw = -4T

-3T

-2T

-T

0

+T

+2T

+3T

< 1

Bw = fb fb (1+ ) 2

+4T

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Modulated Signal Spectrum 3 - 1 - 12

Network Planning - Appendix

f0

V

fc

f MOD

70 MHz

70-fc

70

70+fc Bw = 2fc

B 2fc

IF LO f0

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2-PSK [cont.]

3 - 1 - 13

Network Planning - Appendix

B

2 PSK Modulator

A

1

100111 Data

0 2 PSK Mixer

IF signal

DIFF. ENC. BTF

IF

Post Conversion Filter

L.O.

2 PSK Demodulator

IF signal

DIFF. DEC. IF

100111 Data

BTF

L.O.

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2-PSK [cont.]

3 - 1 - 14

Network Planning - Appendix

2-PSK Waveforms - Modulator

+V

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

DATA IN -V

CARRIER

IF OUTPUT

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2-PSK [cont.]

3 - 1 - 15

Network Planning - Appendix

2-PSK Waveforms - Demodulator

CARRIER

IF INPUT

DEMODULATED SIGNAL

+V DATA OUT -V 1

1

0

1

0

1

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1

0

0 All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

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2-PSK [cont.]

3 - 1 - 16

Network Planning - Appendix

Absolute Coding

Differential Coding

0=B 1=A

0 = No change in the phase of the carrier 1 = 180° change in the phase of the carrier Switch ON

TX A

1

0

B

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

A

A

B

B

A

B

B

A

A

A

B

B

A

B

B

A

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

A

B

B

A

B

B

A

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

RX B

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2-PSK

3 - 1 - 17

Network Planning - Appendix

BTF Binary Transversal Filter (digital filter) IN

A 10

X

T 5

T 5

T 5

T 5

A 5

A 2

A 5

A 10

X

X

X

H(f) X

0 0.4

=1

OUT

-2fN

A

IN

-fN

fN

fN(1+ )

2fN

A/10 T/5

H(t)

A/5 T/5

A/2 T/5

A/5 T/5

A/10 - 1 W

- 1 2W

+ 1 2W

+ 1 W

OUT

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1 Refresh on modulation concepts

4-PSK [cont.]

3 - 1 - 18

Network Planning - Appendix 1

4-PSK Modulator

0 2 PSK Mixer

BTF

0010111

L.O.

DIFFER.

S P

IF

ENCODER 90°

Post Convertion Filter

Branching Filter

L.O.

0 BTF

RF

2 PSK Mixer

fs Bw = fb (1+ ) 2 PSK 4 PSK 8 PSK 16 PSK

Bw = fs (1+ )

1

B (10)

A (00)

C (11)

D (01)

fs = fb fb 2 f fs = b 3 f fs = b 4 fs =

22 23 24

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4-PSK [cont.]

3 - 1 - 19

Network Planning - Appendix

Differential Coding B (10)

A (00) -

C (11)

+

D (01)

001001110101......... Switch ON

00

10

01

11

01

01

A

B

D

C

D

D

TX

B

B

C

B

B

C

B

RX

D

B

C

B

B

C

B

11

10

01

11

01

01

00 = No change 01 = -90° change 10 = +90° change 11 = -180° change

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4-PSK

3 - 1 - 20

Network Planning - Appendix

4-PSK Demodulator

2 PSK Mixer

IF

Decision Circuit

BTF

X1

X1

L.O.

P

DIFFER. 90°

2 PSK Mixer

S

DECODER Decision Circuit

BTF

Y1

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Y1

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16-QAM [cont.]

3 - 1 - 21

Network Planning - Appendix

16-QAM Modulator X1

X1

X1

X1

X1

2R

BTF X2

S

X2

X2

X2

2R

X2 L.O.

DIFFER. P

FEC

ENCODER Y1

Y1

IF 90°

Y1

Y1

Y1

2R

BTF Y2

Y2

Y2

Y2

2R

Y2

Vy

X1 X2

X

Y1 Y2

Y

1

1 +3V

1

0 +1V

0

1

-1V

0

0

-3V

11

10

00

01

10

11

Vx

01

00

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16-QAM

3 - 1 - 22

Network Planning - Appendix

16-QAM Demodulator

Decision Circuit

IF

X1

X1

X1

X2

X2

BTF X2

L.O.

P

DIFFER.

S

DECODER

90°

Decision Circuit

Y1

Y1

Y1

Y2

Y2

BTF Y2

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16-TCM [cont.]

3 - 1 - 23

Network Planning - Appendix

16-TCM Modulator

X1

X1

X1

X1

2R

X1

BTF X2

DIFFER.

S

X2

X2

X2

2R

X2 L.O.

+ MAPPING

CONVOL.

P Y1

ENCODER

Y1

IF 90°

Y1

Y1

2R

Y1

BTF Y2

Y2

Y2

Y2

2R

Y2

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16-TCM [cont.]

3 - 1 - 24

Network Planning - Appendix

16-TCM Demodulator

Decision Circuit

IF

X1

X1

X1

BTF X2

X2

VITERBI DECODER + DIFFER. DECODER

L.O. 90°

Decision Circuit

Y1

X2

P S

Y1

Y1

Y2

Y2

BTF Y2

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16-TCM [cont.]

3 - 1 - 25

Network Planning - Appendix

TCM Principles - State Diagram (Example with 8-TCM)

a b

S P

S0

b c 0/0

0 0

S1

S0 S1

b c 0/1

b c 1/0

0 1

1 1 S0 S1

S0 S1

c b c 0/0

CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODER

b c 1/1

b c 1/0

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b c 0/1

1 0

b c 1/1

S0 S1

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16-TCM [cont.]

3 - 1 - 26

Network Planning - Appendix

TCM Principles - Mapping (Example with 8-TCM) 2

1

3

0

4

7 5

6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

a

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

b

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

c

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

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16-TCM

3 - 1 - 27

Network Planning - Appendix

TCM Principles - Trellis Diagram (Example with 8-TCM) T0

S0

S1

0

0

T1

T2

T3

b=0 0

0

0

4

4

4 2

b=1

6

2 6 b=0

0

6

1

2 0

1

4

5

b=1

1 5

1

0

3 7 3

3

7

7

1

1

1 5

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Performances Versus Noise [cont.] 3 - 1 - 28

Network Planning - Appendix

2-PSK

C+N

N

C = Carrier N = Noise

C B

1

1

A

Threshold

We have "ERROR" if

N>C

N>1

Errors depend of the distance between two points.

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Performances Versus Noise [cont.] 3 - 1 - 29

Network Planning - Appendix

4-PSK

Two Different Threshold B

A If the Noise (N) is:

1

2 = 0.7 2

1

C

D

N > 0.7 you have error

2

Modulation Type

Error Condition

Bandwidth

Symbol Freq. (fs)

2 PSK

N>1

4 PSK

N > 0.7

BW BW (-3dB) 2

fb fb 2

Noise Power (N) = Amplitde x Bandwidth

2 PSK and 4 PSK have the same performance versus noise, but for this reason is never used 2 PSK due to its double bandwidth

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Performances Versus Noise 3 - 1 - 30

Network Planning - Appendix

IF

DEMODULATOR

data

ERROR DETECTOR

S = 13.5 dB N 10-6

S = 18.6 dB N 10-6

4 PSK

8 PSK

S = 20.5 dB N 10-6

S = 26.5 dB N 10-6

16 QAM

64 QAM

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10-6

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Exercise

3 - 1 - 31

Network Planning - Appendix

Why is used the 16 QAM modulation and not the 16 PSK?

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Main Modulation Types Characteristics 3 - 1 - 32

Network Planning - Appendix

4 PSK

8 PSK

16 QAM

64 QAM

0

0

2.5

3.7

Nyquist Bandwidth (Bny) Symbol frequency (S) (R = Binary information capacity)

R/2

R/3

R/4

R/6

Modulation efficiency (bit/sec/Hz) (Theoretical)

2

3

4

6

13.5

18.6

20.5

26.5

Modulation type

Position of Vectorial modulation states (levels) at equal peak power (Cmax)

Peak-to-Mean power ratio (dB)

S/N (dB) (Theoretical at BER = 10-6)

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Thermal Noise (C/N versus BER) 3 - 1 - 33

Network Planning - Appendix

8 PSK

Q

16 QAM

Q

v v

Phase level decision threshold

I

I

= noise voltage v = carrier peak voltage

C/N (20log v/ )

Mod.

v

2 PSK

1

1

4 PSK

1

0.70

+3.1 dB

8 PSK

1

0.38

+8.4 dB

16 PSK

1

0. 19

+14.2 dB

16 QAM

0.7 0.23

+9.7 dB

64 QAM

0.6 0.10

+15.6 dB

256 QAM

0.6 0.047

+22.1 dB

0 (normalized)

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Comparison of Different Mod. Schemes [cont.] 3 - 1 - 34

Network Planning - Appendix

16 QAM

16 PSK

Bit/s 6 (Hz) 16

4

16

8

2

32

8

4

4 2

10

64 PSK

QAM

BER = 10-6

FSK

2

15

20

25 W (dB)

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Comparison of Different Mod. Schemes [cont.] 3 - 1 - 35

Network Planning - Appendix 10-2 16QAM

16PSK

10-3 32PSK 8PSK 10-4 64QAM

2PSK 4PSK

10

-5

10-6

10-7

10-8

10-9

10-10 5

10

15

20

25

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W (dB)

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Comparison of Different Mod. Schemes [cont.] 3 - 1 - 36

Network Planning - Appendix

Comparison of different modulation schemes (Theoretical W and S/N values at 10-6 BER; calculated values may have slightly different assumptions) a) Basic modulation scheme System

Variants

W (dB)

S/N (dB)

Nyquist Bandwidth (bn)

FSK

2-state FSK with discriminator detection 3-state FSK (duo-binary) 4-state FSK

13.4 15.9 20.1

13.4 15.9 23.1

B B B/2

PSK

2-state PSK with coherent detection 4-state PSK with coherent detection 8-state PSK with coherent detection 16-state PSK with coherent detection

10.5 10.5 14.0 18.4

10.5 13.5 18.8 24.4

B B/2 B/3 B/4

QAM

16-QAM with coherent detection 32-QAM with coherent detection 64-QAM with coherent detection 128-QAM with coherent detection 256-QAM with coherent detection 512-QAM with coherent detection

17.0 18.9 22.5 24.3 27.8 28.9

20.5 23.5 26.5 29.5 32.6 35.5

B/4 B/5 B/6 B/7 B/8 B/9

QAM with block (1) codes

16-QAM with coherent detection 32-QAM with coherent detection 64-QAM with coherent detection 128-QAM with coherent detection 256-QAM with coherent detection 512-QAM with coherent detection

17.6 20.6 23.8 26.7 29.8 23.4

B/4*(1+r) B/5*(1+r) B/6*(1+r) B/7*(1+r) B/8*(1+r) B/9*(1+r)

(1)

As an example, error correction with redundancy (r) of 6.7% is used for calculation in this Table.

Basic modulation schemes with FEC 13.9 15.6 19.4 21.1 24.7 25.8

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Comparison of Different Mod. Schemes 3 - 1 - 37

Network Planning - Appendix

B) Coded modulation scheme System

Variants

W (dB)

S/N (dB)

Nyquist (1) Bandwidth (bn)

BCM

(2)

16 BCM - 8D (QAM. One step partition) 80 BCM - 8D (QAM. One step partition) 88 BCM - 6D (QAM. One step partition) 96 BCM - 4D (QAM. One step partition) 128 BCM - 8D (QAM. One step partition)

15.3 23.5 23.8 24.4 23.6

18.5 28.4 28.8 29.0 28.2

B/3.75 B/6 B/6 B/6 B/6

TCM

(3)

16 TCM - 2D 32 TCM - 2D 64 TCM - 4D 128 TCM - 2D 128 TCM - 4D 512 TCM - 2D 512 TCM - 4D

12.1 13.9 18.3 19.0 20.0 23.8 24.8

14.3 17.6 21.9 23.6 24.9 29.8 31.1

B/3 B/4 B/5.5 B/6 B/6.5 B/8 B/8.5

32-MLCM - 2D (QAM) 64-MLCM - 2D (QAM) 128-MLCM - 2D (QAM)

14.1 18.1 19.6

18.3 21.7 24.5

B/4.5 B/5.5 B/6.5

MLCM

(4)

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(1)

The bit rate B does not include code redundancy.

(2)

The block code length is half the number of the BCM signal dimensions.

(3)

The performances depend upon the implemented decoding algorithm. In this example, an optimum number is used.

(4)

In this example, convolutional code is used for lower 2 levels and block codes are used for the third level to give overall redundancies as those of 4D-TCM. Specially redundancies on the two convolutional coded levels are 3/2, 8/7 and 24/23 on the block coded third level.

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005 Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 37

1 Refresh on modulation concepts

Roll-off calculation example [cont.] 3 - 1 - 38

Network Planning - Appendix

Example 1 Available bandwidth Transmitted stream Modulation type Roll-off BW 40 a

= = =

= = = =

fb (1+K) 34 (1+ K) 40/34-1 =

40 MHz 34 Mbit/s 2 PSK ?

0.05

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN fb and fs AS FUNCTION OF THE MODULATION TYPE 2 PSK 4 PSK 8 PSK 16 QAM

fs = fb fs = fb/2 fs = fb/3 fs = fb/4

fb = 34 Mbit/s fs = 34 MHz fb = 34 Mbit/s fs = 17 MHz fb = 34 Mbit/s fs = 11.3 MHz fb = 34 Mbit/s fs = 8.5 MHz

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Roll-off calculation example 3 - 1 - 39

Network Planning - Appendix

Example 2 Available bandwidth Transmitted stream Modulation type

= = =

BW n

= =

fb/n fb/BW

27 28

= =

128 256

20 MHz 140 Mbit/s ?

= 140/20 = 7 128 QAM 256 QAM

with K = 0 with K = 1

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Network Planning - Appendix

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3 - 1 - 41

Network Planning - Appendix

2 Equipment unavailability

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2 Equipment unavailability

Introduction [cont.] 3 - 1 - 42

Network Planning - Appendix

Unavailability = Part of the time in which the link is out of order.

U=

Where:

MTTR MTTR+ MTBF

E quipment unavailability

MTTR = Mean Time To Repair

MTBF = Mean Time Between Failures

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2 Equipment unavailability

Introduction

3 - 1 - 43

Network Planning - Appendix

By supposing: Failures statistically independent MTTR << MTBF UNAVAILABILITY OF SERIES BLOCKS

1

A

B

U1-2 = UA + UB

2

UNAVAILABILITY OF PARALLEL BLOCKS A

U1-2 = UA • UB 1

B

2

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2 Equipment unavailability

Unavailability objective 3 - 1 - 44

Network Planning - Appendix

EQUIPMENT UNAVAILABILITY OBJECTIVE for HRDP (L = 2500 km) is supposed to be 1/3 of the total unavailability: Ueq. < 0.1% = 0.001

The HRDP consists of 9 switching sections (section length = 280 km approx.)

Ueq.s =

Ueq. 9

1.1• 10 4

For one-direction of the link only: Ueq.s1 < 55.10-6

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Network Planning - Appendix

Suppose that a radio section consists of: 1 Tx Terminal 1 Rx Terminal 5 Repeaters (egual each other)

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Network Planning - Appendix

Z'

Z Mod.

Tx

Rx

PSU

Dem

Mod

Tx

Rx

PSU

L = 50 km

Dem

PSU

L = 50 km

1+0 radio section: 6 hops, 5 repeater stations

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Network Planning - Appendix

UTx Term. = UTerm. Mod + UTx + UPSU URep.

= URx + URep. Dem + URep. Mod + UTx + UPSU

URx Term. = URx + UTerm. Dem + UPSU

Unavailability of the non-protected section (uni-directional) (points Z-Z’): US(1+0) = UTx Term + 5 • URep. + URx Term

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Network Planning - Appendix

US R'

R RS

TS

US Lp

TS = Tx part of the switching system, the failure of which causes the total unavailability of the section. RS = Rx part of the switching system, the failure of which causes the total unavailability of the section. Lp = Part of the switching system, the failure of which doesn’t allow the regular operation of the switching system. MTBFs = Global MTBF of the switching system “series” part. MTBFp = Global MTBF of the switching system “parallel” part.

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Network Planning - Appendix

Z'

Z Mod.

R'

Tx

Rx

Dem

PSU

Mod

Tx

Rx

PSU

Dem

R

PSU

Z'

Z Mod.

Tx

Rx

PSU

Dem

Mod

Tx

Rx

PSU L = 50 km

Dem

PSU

LOGIC

L = 50 km

1+1 radio section: 6 hops, 5 repeater stations

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Network Planning - Appendix

Global unavailability of the 1+1 protected section:

Us(1+1) = Us2(1+0) + User + $ Upar • Us(1+0)

($

0.5)

The section is unavailable due to: failures of the 2 channels failure of the “series” part of the switching system failure of a channel and of the “parallel” part of the switching system

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Network Planning - Appendix

3 M.21xx-series Recommendations

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Differences between Recommendations G.821/G.826 and the M.21xx series start with their different origins: G-series Recommendations are from ITU-T Study Group 13 (General network issues); M-series are from Study Group 4 (Network Maintenance and TMN). Main differences: G.821/G.826 define long-term performance objectives to be met. G.821/G.826 require very long test intervals (one month). The M-series Recommendations are particularly useful when bringing-into-service new transmission equipment. They are intended to assure that the requirements of the G series are met in every case. As a general rule, the requirements of the M-series are tougher than those of the G-series. For practical reasons, the M.21xx-series Recommendations allow short test intervals.

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Network Planning - Appendix

Media independent (ITU-T) M.2100 for PDH paths sections and transmission systems M.2110 how to apply M.2100 and M.2101 for BIS (Bring-Into-Service) M.2120 how to apply M.2100 and M.2101 for maintenance M.2101 for SDH paths and multiplex section

Radio specific (ITU-R) F.1330 for parts of international PDH and SDH paths and sections.

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Network Planning - Appendix

End of Module

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